Biomolecules

biomolecules
All the Carbon compounds we
get from a
living tissues can
be a

Carbohydrates
Proteins
<
Lipids
> Nucleic
Acids
>
'Enzymes's Proteins

chemical
Analysis of compound
* :

Tissue: liver
Living Vegetable piece or

(Slurry)
Make
paster using mortar pestle
in trichloroacetic acid (CzCCOOH)

Filter
using Cheesecloth
Sid Soluble
Filterate
pool Acid insoluble
pool Retentate
Biomicromolecule Biomacromolecule
small Size
size : 1000 Da or 18Da to 800 Da more : 10, 000 Da
·
·

< Amino-acid (aa) Proteins

Simple Sugar -
complex Sugar
Nucleic Acids
>
Nitrogenous base
<*
Nucleotides Nucleosides >
not biomacromolecule
strictly
> : It C is a

<
Inorganic components
NOTE : biomacromolecule ?
Why lifieds are not
strictly a

Whenever we make
Slurry
~ Cell membrane disrupt
Sail :
Hydrophobic
M - lipids form vessicles

Phospholipid bilayer mol t

Cell Membrane
Individually
: .

t
is less than 800Da
but it
forms vessicles
B

part
comes

as
in acid

insoluble
overall mol cot .

L
acceeds

* Acid
Analysis Test (To know about
inorganic compound (
Cell Ash
Weigh
Wet
Weight Heat Dry Weight [Inorganic
Burn

organic part gonecomponents

Most abundant chemical in

living
all

-Most abundant bomolecules

** Metabolites The
components of metabolic reaction
: .
a

Sum total
of Catabolism (Breakdown) B Anabolism
(form") .
1 metabolites 20 Metabolites

The metabolites which is

absolutely essential for In certain plants
,
fungi, microbes certain
the
organism
it
directly
controls as their metabolites
found
are not essential to

physiological process them or with unknown but can be

utilised
for human
welfare/ ecological imp
Eg Glucose
:
,
aa
,
Chlorophyll Eg :

* Carbohydrates
Carbon
hydrates
>
-
Cn (H20n CHzCOOH -C (H2O) ,

of
Acetic did Not a
Carbohydrate
Carbohydrates POLYHYDROXYALDEHYDE : E POLYHYDROXYKETONE
Minn no
of more OH Aldose more OH Ketose
C in Carbs than 1 than 1
H H
is 3 ·
Terminal
1C = 0 H -C OH

H2C OH C0 -
Intermediate

3
H3C OH HC OH

H
(Saccharides-Sugar) Carbohydrates
*

Monosaccharides
-
(C-()
Oligosaccharides 10)
Polysaccharides
-

12709)
few
I
sugar sugar many sugars
C : Triose 2 : Diasaccharide
sugar <

: Setrose Trisaccharide
Sugar <
3 :

'
Cs Pentose 4 Tetrasaccharide
Sugar Most
: :
>

'C Herose 5 Pentasaccharide

Sugar
: :
<
Common
'C Heptose Sugar
:
>
6 :
Hexasaccharide

Carbohydrates
Straight chain
Pyranose [5C]
-

FuranoseRing form
- -- -- - 4
8/e
5 -

40 (4]
32 32
* Monosaccharide : 11
sugar
GLUCOSE : 1) Henose
Sugar 2)
Polyhydronyaldehyde 3)
Straight chain 4) CzHon right side
·

H
Right side s Tower side
OH
Left side - upper Side

-C O

life a
CHOH 3 Bulky group usually upper side
form >2 -OS Hs H

H
OH HE
H "C OH
3 2

OH OH

H C OH remove H OH
°

C
-Glucose
H OH X Not a

part of ring
H To know
<
Always
or
Be see
functional group
Carbon OH' lower side -
form
RIBOSE : 1) Pentose 4) All 'OH' on right
Sugar 2)
Polyhydronyaldehyde 3)
Straight chain side
·

H
OH

-C O

~
CHz0H H
H "C OH X-Ribose

" 4 1
H C OH
B-form found in
RNA
# "C O remove H OH
H H
HC OH 2
3

H
OH
OH

DEOXYRIBOSE : Found in Du
H Derived
OH sugar
-C O CHz0H H

~
HCH 1
4
"
H C OH
OH
H "C Of remove
HH H
2
# C OH 3

H
H OH
 B forms of ribose B
deoxyribose are
found in RNA DNA
.

(2-9)
Oligosaccharides
:
sugar
Disaccharides
*Maltose 2 L
glucose
:

Lactose :
B Glucose +
B Galactose
Sucrose : Glucose
B Fructose
<
< +

·
MALTOSE :
CH20H CH20H

T
CH20H

Hi Hi Ma
H H H H
H20
HE HE HE
3 2 3 2 - 0- 3
OH OH
-
2
OH OH

H OH H OH H H
OH OH
Remove

X-Glucose 2-Glucose 4. D , 4)
Glycosidic linkage
-

Glycosidic Linkage Linkage formed :

blw the subunits
of sugars
in
carbohydrate i
·
a

loss
10 .
of a

*
Polysaccharides
Homopolysaccharides : SimilarSubunit
Different Subunit Heteropolysaccharides
&

Structural Structural
Storage
Exist in stored
a
form found in certain structure
Peptidoglycan
Non-Reactive
Hyaluronic Said

Cellulose
Glycogen
· ·

Starch
· ·
Chitin
·
Inulin

Storage homopolysaccharide :
·

GLYCOGEN :

stored
food in animals stored in liver
·

Made
up of 30 , 000
D-glucose Branched polymer
Branched
part (1-6)
G
· ↑
-
Glucose
subunit CH20H
Straight part (1-4)

Hi
H g H

HE I HE
3 - 0- 3 2

OH OH

H OH H OH

Straight Chain

Glycosidic linkage
 &
COX
After thisa O
Y

only branching · *
Bond when is there
(1 6) & branching
-

OX ⑧ (1 6)
-

CH20H CHOH

#
H g H

HE I HE
- - 0- 3 2

OH OH

H OH H OH

TE Glycogen Right side-reducing

: :
Left sider
non-reducing

STARCH : INULIN :

polysaccharides
storage plants
Storagepolysacchariclose
des plast
.
in

Exists in 2
forms :

Amylose ·::
=
I test : BLUE COLOR
·

Amylopectin trapped : te

Made
up of x-glucose
structural
homopolysaccharides
·
:

CELLULOSE : CHITIN :

Found in plant CW Found in exoskeleton

of insects like
.

cockroach
2nd most abundant
Most
on
abundant
Earth
organic
substance
found on Earth
organic
substance
found
unbranched
Made up of B-Glucose Made
up of NAG
(N-acetyl glucosamine

Heteropolysaccharides
· :

HYALURONIC ACID : PEPTIDOGLYCAN :

bacterial cell wall

Cartilage Matrise
found in

Scid acid)
NAG + Glucoronic NAG NAM
CN-acetyl muramic
Modified Sugars : Glucosamine ,
N-acetyl glucosamine which are a more
comps are
polysaccharide also exist nature .
in

Reducing non-reducing
or
Sugar Benedict : or
Fehlings test
·

If the sugar reduces the cutions the in solution it

reducing I
,
is .

I anysubunit fre
fundedgrocarbon
All monosaccharides has a
I Reducing
*

Disaccharides except sucrose i

A Amino Acid Substituted Methane
:

R- Variable
H group
H C H HaN C COOH

H
amino
group Carbonylic acid
H
chemical
properties defined by 'R , COOH'
Amino did
physical or
group
·

20
different makes up the
protein
· .
an

Classify on the basis

of 'R' group :

Additional COOH'
1) Acidic aa :

H
in their 'R'
group
H2NC COOH
Eg Aspartic
: Acid ,
Glutamic Scid
ku
Additional NH; in 4) Sulphur Additional's'
2) Basic their'R'
group group in R group
aa :
aa :

Eg Lysine Arginine , Histidine

Eg Methionine Cysteine
: :
, ,

G400cTN 5) Hydroxyl
Eg : Serine
aa

,
: Additional
Theronine
OH group in R group
-

3) Neutral aa :
Equal 'COOH'E'NH2
*
Flamine Valine Aromatica : Additional
Eg Glycine 6)
ring
in R
-
group
:

(simplest
, ,

Eg Tyrosine Tryptophan Phenylalanine

:
, ,

cook

crizeR
un-con 7)
HeterocyclicaaProline
Rings different atoms
Eg
:
:

,
Hydroxyproline
in 'R'
group

·
Zwitter Don : So has an ionisable nature in solutions
.

-HNC Coon-T
R R
H
+
C COOH ↓ C
HIN HeN COO

R
>
- Overall neutral
H Zwitter ion H

HEN" C COO All

·

a can exist in this

form but at
diff pH&
H this
pH is
Da
Isoelectronic
pH .
 Amino-Scid
V

Essential aa Semi-Essential aa Non-Essential as

Synthesisbod
a slowly synthesised already synthesised
not
a in a

an are
body
.

in
body not required
,

from outside
* Proteins
Polymers of Always heteropolymer Most abundant
protein
biosphere in :
an

RuBis
· Co-Carbonylase Oxygenase
animal Ribulose Bisphosphate
Most abundant
protein in world :

Collagen
Ry ⑧ Rz Ry O H Rz
H

"C
Il
H20
H-NC
-

HaN C C OH COOH HaN C COOH

terminaleptice band
H remove H

~
C-terminal

structure
of proteins :
·

10 20 zo 40

d
~.........
structure
of protin when many polypeptides a
straight
#bondBpleatedproteinchain foldda forms 4:
chain interacts

positional info of
tell about
aa
get b
can
only bond 1 subunit

. apocket
has
peptide
>
-

· ·

-Bond cc "

Eg : Hb Haem +
globen
Most the
Right handed of proteins protein chain
Eg
: Keratin are

State
functional in this -
2B
2x

Functions
of
proteins :
·

a) Hormoness proteinaceous various interactions

b)
Enzymes proteinaceous
~ H-bond ,
hydrophobic ,

6) Receptors proteinacious
- Vanderwaal
forces covalent
,

d) Defense proteins Antibody

-
(disulphide) peptide
,
conic
,

proteins
2) Transport

Eg Enzymes Myoglobin
:

, Active ,

d
Don Sit
 HCs
hydrocarbon

Af Lipids
Never
polymers Wany greasy oily , ,
substance not soluble in H20.
·

simply be Fatty acid

&
Lipids could : <

Glycerol SIMPLE

-Glycerol Fatty acid +

LIPID
CHOLESTROL
H
Lipids
V

simple lipids conjugate lipids

Derived lipids
Glycerol Clipid +
↓
non-lipid) 27c(Cholestral)

Fatty acid Lecithin" :

Phospholipid derived
lipid
Found in CM
fused Carbon
ring
modified form of diglyceride Synthesised in
·
simple lipid : liver
from acctic acid
GLYCEROL FATTY ACIDS
Trihydroxypropane of
:
:
Long chain HC i

H
I
acidic
group
.
H C OH CH3-CHz COOH
-
. . . ----------
- -

H -

C -
OH IR 1- masem 19C

H -

C -
OH -
H Saturated FA Unsaturated FA
Double bond also
Only single bond
· .

True
fats (Glycro A) Palmitic Seid (16) Olic Acid (18C)(1 = )
· : + F . - ~

CHz(CH2) , < COOt

Stearic Scid (18C) Linoleic Scid (18C)(2 )
1)
Monoglyceride (2 Glyaro + 10. Al - · =

remove-R
H

H-c- O4 >
Archidic Scid (20C) , Linolenic Scid (18((3 ) =

n - C -

OH +
H
C
H -C (201)
H -
-

0 C -

R Arachidonic
Scid
OH
-on ester bond
-

n-

H -C -

OH

2)
/Iglycro
Diglyceride
2
+

-R
H H

H- C -

OH/HO--R <
H -

co

Me
C
HO-C-R
n - -

OH +

H -C -

OH

Trigliperide 1glpero
BFA Lipidswe on
actual
) :
e

(Veg oil
H Fats (ohee butter) Oils oil
gingely
.

, ,

at .
Liquid
·
room
temp
n - O C -
R ·

High .
M P .
·
Low M P. .

'
H - R
o
D Nucleic Acid
nature 1st time- Pus Cells (dead WBC)
found in nucleus ,
Acidic in
,

-Nucleic did
DNA
Ideoxyribonucleic acid) RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Nucleotides are
building .
blocks

Bsugar Deoxyribose
D
·

Phosphoric Acid -HzP03HO-p -

OH

Suctio OH

Purines
<Adenine(A YONAR
>
I
Nitrogen base ,

*
Cytosine (C) -RNA DNA
Pyrimidines
,
<

Thymine (T) -DNA only

Nucleoside
Sugar + Phosphate group
=

Nucleotide w/o Uracil (U) <RNA

only
Phosphate

Nitrogenous Bases
Purine
(Heterocyclic Ring) Pyrimidine
6

* 5
3 5
8

2 2 6

* -

Purines
Adenine (6 amino
purine) (2-amino---oxy purine) Guanine
O

Nt * 8

a Nhe
4
N

Pyrimidines
Uracil
Cytosine
(2
,
4-dioxypyrimidine) Thymine (4-amino-2-oxy pyrimidine
8 15-methyl
8
uracil)
N +2
Il I
Il
5
3 5
3
3 -
CHz
of 6
of 6
of 6

1
 Nucleotide
formation
:
*

O
Phosphoester bond Nucleic Acid :

o - 0H O N2 Base
Nucleotide Nucleotide Nucleotide Nucleotide
- a

Phosphodiester hand
H
H
HH

OH OH

Nucleoside

D
=
Enzymes
Within
Uridine

Thymidine Thymidilic Scid

Zymase st
enzyme
-yeast

Enzymes #gamorganic Catalyst

Biocatalyst (living organism) Usually used in .
lab

Highly specific Less

Specific
Effecient
Highly Less
Effecient
Proteinacious
(Organic Inorganic
Thermolabile Thermostable
High : Denature

except
Low : Inactive
tag (Thermus
<

aquatic bacterial)

polymerase
*
Properties of Enzymes :

Ribonuclease P
1) Proteinaceous except Ribozyme 3) Unused at the end
of chemical ran

RNA
Enzyme
2) structure
Effecient 4) 3-D structure 3
wo enzyme only 200/hr .
+

H20 + CO2 H203 H + HC0z

CA +

H20 + CO2 ↓ HzC3 H + HC0z

enzyme Glakh/see
Carbonic w .

Anhydrase

Working ofEnzyme
ActivationEnerg
Activation
energy cubstrate to convert into
t
prod

transition
t
·· Enzyme
↑* Ea enzyme
-
>
enzyme

Product
*
Substrate Product
Exothermic
Fabtrate- Endothermic Ran

Ran
Progress of Ran Progress of ren

N Transition intermediate stage obligator

:

ES EP E + P
Substrate Product
Enzyme Enzyme
complex complex
substrate

Active Site

to
1) First , the substrate binds the active site
of the
enzyme fitting into the active site .

2) The

around
binding
the
of the substrate
substrate .
induces the
enzyme
to alter its shape ,

fitting more
lightly

3) The active site

of the
enzyme ,
now in close
proximity of the substrate breaks the chemical
bonds
of the substrate and the new
enzyme-product complex is
formed
.
4) The
enzyme
releases the
products of the reaction and the
free enzyme is
ready to bind to
another molecule
of the substrate I run
through the
.
catalytic cycle
 Factors
affecting Enzyme activity
:

1) Temperature :
2) PH

· ·
Temp .
-
<
Optimum temp : The
temp at which enzyme shows OptimumpH : The
pH at which
enzyme
shows
max
activity masn
activity
With temperature rate
°

10 C rise in ven
every
either doubles
↓
or becomes
half
↓

till Opt temp. after opt. temp

.

3) Substrate Conc: 4) Inhibitors :

Decrease the rate
of run

Vmat V
mase
= Masem
velocity
↓ km = The [S] at which Vmas is
Michaelis

verm
2
menton const" achieved
Ei = km / E2 =
kmd
&
Better
substrate cone Enzyme

Rmx2
Effeciency of enzyme