SUGAR CANE
Botanical name : Saccharum officinarum
Family : Graminea
Origin : Guinea
INTRODUCTION :
* Sugar cane is the main source of sugar in India and hold prominent position as a cash crop.
* India has the largest area under sugarcane cultivation in the world and also ranks first in sugar
production
* Sugar is used for making while making brown sugar and jaggery.
* Sugarcane is one of the main crop of earning foreign exchange.
SPECIES:
There are 3 species of sugarcane i.e., Saccharum officinarum, Saccharum sinensis, Saccharum barberi.
Saccharum officinarum :
* These are thick and juicy canes good for chewing.
* High sugar content
* Higher yield
* Resistance to smut diseases.
* Susceptible to red rot and mosaic diseases.
Saccharum sinensis:
It is commonly cultivated in North eastern India.
Saccharum barberi :
* Stalk of thin and mayire earlier it contain medium sugar.
* It has poor yield.
* Susceptible to smit diseases but resistant to red rot and mosaic diseases.
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION:
ROOT: root system is fibrous and consists of two types of roots
1) sett roots
2) shoot root
Sett roots - they emerge with in 24 hrs of planting. They sustain the growing plant in the first weeks
after germination.
Shoot roots - they emerge from base of the new shoot 5-7 days after planting.
STALK : above the ground portion of the plant bears leaves and flowers.
LEAVES: divided into two parts as sheath and blade.
INFLORESCENCE: The inflorescence is called as "ARROW"
CLIMATIC REQUIRE :
* Sugarcane is a tropical plant temperature above 50°c arrest its growth those below 20°c slow it down
* Low temperature reduces tillering
* Optimum temperature fir its growth 26-32°c
* The crop does best in the tropical regions receiving a rainfall of 75 -120cm per annum.
SOIL :
* Sugarcane can be grown on all types of soils ranging from sandy lian to clay loam.
* Saline, alkaline and acidic soils are not at all suitable for this crop in northern India.
VARIETIES :
1) Co - 0238( karan -4)
2) Co - 05011( karan -9)
3) Coj -64
4) coj - 8436
5) UP - 5929
FIELD PREPARATION :
* Sugarcane needs deep tillage
* Shallow ploughing with local plough limits the development of root system in lodging of cane plants.
* Deep ploughing specially in heavy soils helps in the root system penetrating deep into the soils
COST :
Mechanical ploughing using tractor - 5 times
Each ploughing costs - 2000/-
Total cost of ploughing - 5×2000
=10, 000/-
Fym required - 5 tonnes pee acre
Each tonn of fym cost - 1000/-
Total cost of FYM - 5000/-
Transportation cost of FYM - 5000/- for 5 tonnes
Labour required for FYM application - 10 members
Each labour wage - 400/-
Total labour cost - 4000/-
Furrow making :
Furrows are made using Bullock
Cost for furrow making - 1500/-
Total cost of land preparation - 10,000+5, 000+5,000+4,000+1,500
= 25,500/-
SEED AND SOWING:
* The top 1/3 to half portion of a cane being comparatively immature has buds of high viability and ease
best for sowing.
* 3 budded 14000-16000 per acre i.e, 3-4 tonnes per acre.
Each tonn of setts costs - 3000/-
Total cost of setts per acre - 3× 3000/-
- 9000/-
Transportation cost - 3000/-
Planting of setts required 10 female labour and 3 male labour
Labour wage for female is 200/- per day
Labour wage for male is 400/- per day
Total labour cost - 10(200) + 3(400)
- 3200/-
Total cost of planting - 15,200/-
TIME OF PLANTING
* Planted in jan-feb and takes about one year time for harvesting.
METHOD OF PLANTING:
* Types of planting :
1) Flat planting
2) Trench planting
3) Furrow planting.
Commonly followed planting method in Puttur (ap) is furrow planting.
* In this method furrows are made with a sugarcane ridger about 20cm .
* The furrows are covered with 5-6cm soil leaving upper portion of furrow unfilled.
* Immediately after covering the setts water is allowed to furrows.
* This method is practiced in particularly in heavy soils.
MANURES AND FERTILIZERS
* Application of DAP after 3 months of planting will be done
* 2 bags of DAP is applied
* Each bag of DAP cost - 1350/-
*Total DAP cost - 2× 1350
= 2700/-
* 2bags of Urea is applied
Each bag of urea costs- 268/- per bag
Total cost of urea - 2× 268
- 536/-
* Murate of potash -1 bag
Cost of Murate of potash - 900/-
Total cost of fertilizers - 2700+ 536+900
= 5,136/-
WEED CONTROL:
* Two months after planting weeding is done
Labour required for weeding - 10 female labour
Total cost of labour - 10× 200
- 2000/-
WATER MANAGEMENT:
* For high yield the seasonal crop water requirement for sugarcane crop were estimated at between
1100- 1500 mm per hec ie., 440mm per acre
* Furrow method of irrigation is most common method of irrigation in sugarcane.
PHASE DURATION :
1) Germination - 0-60 days after planting
2) formative - 60-130 DAP (maximum water requirement)
3) Grand growth - 130-250 DAP
4) Maturity - 250- 365 DAP
EARTHING UP :
*Earthing up operation is also know as a hilling up
* This operation is carried out in 2or 3 stages
* Labour required for earthing up - 4 males
Total labour cost - 4×400
=1600/-
PROPPING:
* The operation of tying the leaves together using bottom dry and green leaves is know as propping.
Cost
DISEASES :
1) Red rot
2) Whip smut
3) Grassy shoot disease
4) Red strip disease
5) Rotton stunting
Commonly observed diseases in near by area ( puttur)
1) RED ROT:
* It is most Districtive disease in sugarcane.
*It is caused by a fungus Colletotricum .
* Red rot appear in the july and continuou to develop till harvesting.
* The disease tissue of stalk emit alcoholic smell as a result of the investion causes by the pathogen.
Control :
* Use the healthy cane setts.
* Dip the setts in 0.25 percentage solution of Mercurial compound like Agellol For5min
* Rogue out and burn the disease canes.
2) Whip smut :
* It causes by Usetilogo scitaminea .
* Smut affected canes in generally contain 10%less juice than healthy cane.
* The disease appears in the form of a long Black whip like structure at the apex of the stalk.
Control :
* Use only smut free canes for planting.
* No rotton should be keep were the incidence of disease is high.
* Grow smut resistance variety.
3) RED STRIP :
Causes by Xanthomonas.
* It appears in may.
* Leaves show red strikes
Control:
* Rouge out the affected tops of the cabe and burn them.
* Select well drained filled for cane planting.
INSECTS PESTS IN SUGARCANE:
1) Early shoot borer
2) Root borer
3) Pyrilla.
4) Gurdeaspur Borer
5) Lygaeid or black bug
Black bug is the most commonly observed pest in puttur.
BLACK BUG :
*The black adult and pink young nymph sucks the sap from the leaf sheath.
Control :
* Spray 1.5 lit Monocrotophos 36EC in 1000 lit per hac
MATURITY SIGHNS OF SUGARCANE
* Generally yellowish color of whole crop
*Breaking of cane at node region.
* Metallic sound of cane when tapped with finger nail.
* Brix saccharo meter of hand refractometer reading is the sure sign of maturity and it should be
between 2 brix.
HARVESTING
* To harvest the cane at peak maturity.
* Cutting cane to ground level so that the bottom sugar rich internode are harvested which add to yield
and sugar.
* De- topping at appropriate height so that the top immature internode are eliminated.
* Labour required for harvesting of one acre sugare cane - 18 male labour
Labour wage is based for number of tonnes harvested
For harvesting of one tonn sugarcane, wage paid is 700/-
Each acre yields about 50-70 tonnes
Total labour wage per acre - 60 ×700
= 42, 000/-
Transportation cost to factory :
Each trip of sugarcane transport - 700/-
Total 3 trips are required for one acre field, so, total cost of transportation
- 2,100/-
* In general sugarcane is transported to Pallipat factory from putt and near by areas.
YIELD
*A good crop under good management may yield about 50-70 tonnes per acre.
FINANCIAL ANALYSIS :
Total cost for cultivation of sugarcane in one acre area = Fixed cost + variable cost
Variable cost:
Field preparation 25,500/-
Seed sowing 15,200/-
Manures and fertilizers 5,136/-
Weed control 2,000/-
Earthing up 1,600/-
Harvesting 42,000/-
Transportation 2,100/-
Total variable cost 93,536/-
Total cost = 93,536/-
Gross income :
Total yield per acre - 60 tonnes per acre
Returns from each tonn = 3000/-
Total returns = 3000× 60
= 1,80,000/-
Net income =gross income - total cost
= 1,80,000-93, 536
Net income = 86,464/-
Benefit cost ratio = total discounted benifits/ total discounted costs
=1, 80,000/93, 536
=1.
