ID: 0147b080

Pyramids in Egypt and the Americas

Pyramid Country Height (meters) Age (years before present)

The Great Pyramid Mexico 33 2,050 to 2,400

The Pyramid of Djoser Egypt 60 4,600 to 4,700

The Pyramid of Sahure Egypt 47 4,400 to 4,500

El Castillo Belize 40 1,100 to 1,400

A student is writing an essay about four pyramids for a history class and wants to note how long ago each pyramid was
built and how tall each pyramid is. Consulting the table, the student finds that el Castillo was built 1,100 to 1,400 years ago
and is ______

Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the text?

A. 33 meters tall.

B. 47 meters tall.

C. 40 meters tall.

D. 60 meters tall.
 ID: ce4448b7
Researchers recently found that disruptions to an enjoyable experience, like a short series of advertisements during a
television show, often increase viewers’ reported enjoyment. Suspecting that disruptions to an unpleasant experience
would have the opposite effect, the researchers had participants listen to construction noise for 30 minutes and
anticipated that those whose listening experience was frequently interrupted with short breaks of silence would thus
______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. find the disruptions more irritating as time went on.

B. rate the listening experience as more negative than those whose listening experience was uninterrupted.

C. rate the experience of listening to construction noise as lasting for less time than it actually lasted.

D. perceive the volume of the construction noise as growing softer over time.
 ID: 040583a5

Banana Ripening Time at Different

Temperatures with and without
Ethylene Treatment
12
11
10
9
8
Time (days)

7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
°C °C °C °C
14 16 18 20
Temperature (degrees Celsius)
ethylene no ethylene
A student is conducting an experiment to test the effect of temperature and ethylene treatment on the ripening speed of
bananas. The student treated some bananas with ethylene while leaving others untreated, then allowed both types of
bananas to ripen at one of four different temperatures. Comparing the data for bananas with and without ethylene, the
student concluded that ______

Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the student’s conclusion?

A. 20°C is the ideal temperature at which to store bananas to slow ripening time.

B. for those bananas that were not treated with ethylene, differences in temperature were not associated with absolute
differences in ripening time.

C. bananas treated with ethylene ripen faster at 14°C and 16°C than at 18°C and 20°C.

D. ethylene was associated with a greater absolute change in ripening time at 14°C, 16°C, and 18°C than at 20°C.
 ID: 7a1877be
Nucleobase Concentrations from Murchison Meteorite and Soil Samples in Parts per Billion
Murchison meteorite sample Murchison meteorite sample Murchison soil
Nucleobase 1 2 sample

Isoguanine 0.5 0.04 not detected

Purine 0.2 0.02 not detected

Xanthine 39 3 1

Adenine 15 1 40

Hypoxanthine 24 1 2
Employing high-performance liquid chromatography—a process that uses pressurized water to separate material into its
component molecules—astrochemist Yashiro Oba and colleagues analyzed two samples of the Murchison meteorite that
landed in Australia as well as soil from the landing zone of the meteorite to determine the concentrations of various
organic molecules. By comparing the relative concentrations of types of molecules known as nucleobases in the
Murchison meteorite with those in the soil, the team concluded that there is evidence that the nucleobases in the
Murchison meteorite formed in space and are not the result of contamination on Earth.

Which choice best describes data from the table that support the team’s conclusion?

A. Isoguanine and purine were detected in both meteorite samples but not in the soil sample.

B. Adenine and xanthine were detected in both of the meteorite samples and in the soil sample.

C. Hypoxanthine and purine were detected in both the Murchison meteorite sample 2 and in the soil sample.

D. Isoguanine and hypoxanthine were detected in the Murchison meteorite sample 1 but not in sample 2.
 ID: 11a9f635
Paleontologists searching for signs of ancient life have found many fossilized specimens of prehistoric human ancestors,
including several from the Pleistocene era discovered in a geological formation in the Minatogawa quarry in Japan.
However, to study the emergence of the earliest multicellular organisms to appear on Earth, researchers must turn
elsewhere, such as to the Ediacaran geological formation at Mistaken Point in Canada. A UNESCO World Heritage Site, the
146-hectare reserve contains more than 10,000 fossils that together document a critical moment in evolutionary history.

What does the text indicate about the geological formation at Mistaken Point?

A. It holds a greater number of fossils but from a smaller variety of species than the formation in the Minatogawa quarry
does.

B. It has provided evidence that the earliest human species may have emerged before the Pleistocene era.

C. It is widely considered by paleontologists to be the most valuable source of information about prehistoric life forms.

D. It contains specimens from an older time period than those found in the formation in the Minatogawa quarry.
 ID: 2312021b
In a study by Mika R. Moran, Daniel A. Rodriguez, and colleagues, residents of Quito, Ecuador, and Lima, Peru, were
surveyed about parks in their cities. Of the 618 respondents from Quito, 82.9% indicated that they use the city’s parks, and
of the 663 respondents from Lima, 72.7% indicated using city parks. Given that the percentage of Quito respondents who
reported living within a 10-minute walk of a park was much lower than that reported by Lima respondents, greater
proximity alone can’t explain the difference in park use.

The text makes which point about the difference between the proportions of Quito residents and Lima residents using
parks?

A. It was much larger than the researchers conducting the study expected.

B. It is caused by something other than the parks’ proximity to city residents.

C. It could be due to inaccuracies in the survey results.

D. It was calculated using sources that predate the survey.

 ID: e677fa6c
The following text is adapted from Edgar Allan Poe’s 1849 story “Landor’s Cottage.”

During a pedestrian trip last summer, through one or two of the river counties of New York, I found myself, as the day
declined, somewhat embarrassed about the road I was pursuing. The land undulated very remarkably; and my path,
for the last hour, had wound about and about so confusedly, in its effort to keep in the valleys, that I no longer knew in
what direction lay the sweet village of B——, where I had determined to stop for the night.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A. The narrator remembers a trip he took and admits to getting lost.

B. The narrator recalls fond memories of a journey that he took through some beautiful river counties.

C. The narrator describes what he saw during a long trip through a frequently visited location.

D. The narrator explains the difficulties he encountered on a trip and how he overcame them.
 ID: 4b3d6062
The Mammillaria cactus M. boolii occurs naturally only in the state of Sonora in Mexico, and the smallness of its range
makes it especially vulnerable to extinction. The traditional single-species approach to conservation emphasizes the need
to focus on individual species most at risk, like M. boolii, but recently, conservationists have argued that an ecosystem-
based approach that incorporates the many interactions between the climate, terrain, and various species of a given
geographical area may lead to better outcomes for all the species in a given location. If this view is correct, the single-
species approach to the conservation of M. boolii could thus ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. lead to a better understanding of how the distribution of Mammillaria species throughout Mexico has affected their
survival.

B. allow conservationists to better consider how climatic changes affecting Sonora may reduce the number of species
competing with M. boolii.

C. erroneously shift the focus of conservation efforts away from M. boolii itself.

D. fail to consider the ways in which the survival of M. boolii may be influenced by changes in the populations of other
species that inhabit Sonora.
 ID: 66c47028
In 1934 physicist Eugene Wigner posited the existence of a crystal consisting entirely of electrons in a honeycomb-like
structure. The so-called Wigner crystal remained largely conjecture, however, until Feng Wang and colleagues announced
in 2021 that they had captured an image of one. The researchers trapped electrons between two semiconductors and then
cooled the apparatus, causing the electrons to settle into a crystalline structure. By inserting an ultrathin sheet of
graphene above the crystal, the researchers obtained an impression—the first visual confirmation of the Wigner crystal.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A. Researchers have obtained the most definitive evidence to date of the existence of the Wigner crystal.

B. Researchers have identified an innovative new method for working with unusual crystalline structures.

C. Graphene is the most important of the components required to capture an image of a Wigner crystal.

D. It’s difficult to acquire an image of a Wigner crystal because of the crystal’s honeycomb structure.
 ID: 58e9e497
In the early nineteenth century, some Euro-American farmers in the northeastern United States used agricultural
techniques developed by the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) people centuries earlier, but it seems that few of those farmers
had actually seen Haudenosaunee farms firsthand. Barring the possibility of several farmers of the same era
independently developing techniques that the Haudenosaunee people had already invented, these facts most strongly
suggest that ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. those farmers learned the techniques from other people who were more directly influenced by Haudenosaunee
practices.

B. the crops typically cultivated by Euro-American farmers in the northeastern United States were not well suited to
Haudenosaunee farming techniques.

C. Haudenosaunee farming techniques were widely used in regions outside the northeastern United States.

D. Euro-American farmers only began to recognize the benefits of Haudenosaunee farming techniques late in the
nineteenth century.
 ID: f1bfbed3
Marta Coll and colleagues’ 2010 Mediterranean Sea biodiversity census reported approximately 17,000 species, nearly
double the number reported in Carlo Bianchi and Carla Morri’s 2000 census—a difference only partly attributable to the
description of new invertebrate species in the interim. Another factor is that the morphological variability of
microorganisms is poorly understood compared to that of vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, and algae, creating
uncertainty about how to evaluate microorganisms as species. Researchers’ decisions on such matters therefore can be
highly consequential. Indeed, the two censuses reported similar counts of vertebrate, plant, and algal species, suggesting
that ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. Coll and colleagues reported a much higher number of species than Bianchi and Morri did largely due to the inclusion
of invertebrate species that had not been described at the time of Bianchi and Morri’s census.

B. some differences observed in microorganisms may have been treated as variations within species by Bianchi and
Morri but treated as indicative of distinct species by Coll and colleagues.

C. Bianchi and Morri may have been less sensitive to the degree of morphological variation displayed within a typical
species of microorganism than Coll and colleagues were.

D. the absence of clarity regarding how to differentiate among species of microorganisms may have resulted in Coll and
colleagues underestimating the number of microorganism species.
 ID: 87aa7bab
A common assumption among art historians is that the invention of photography in the mid-nineteenth century displaced
the painted portrait in the public consciousness. The diminishing popularity of the portrait miniature, which coincided with
the rise of photography, seems to support this claim. However, photography’s impact on the portrait miniature may be
overstated. Although records from art exhibitions in the Netherlands from 1820 to 1892 show a decrease in the number of
both full-sized and miniature portraits submitted, this trend was established before the invention of photography.

Based on the text, what can be concluded about the diminishing popularity of the portrait miniature in the nineteenth
century?

A. Factors other than the rise of photography may be more directly responsible for the portrait miniature’s decline.

B. Although portrait miniatures became less common than photographs, they were widely regarded as having more
artistic merit.

C. The popularity of the portrait miniature likely persisted for longer than art historians have assumed.

D. As demand for portrait miniatures decreased, portrait artists likely shifted their creative focus to photography.
 ID: d748c3fd
In her 2021 article “Throwaway History: Towards a Historiography of Ephemera,” scholar Anne Garner discusses John
Johnson (1882–1956), a devoted collector of items intended to be discarded, including bus tickets and campaign
pamphlets. Johnson recognized that scholarly institutions considered his expansive collection of ephemera to be
worthless—indeed, it wasn’t until 1968, after Johnson’s death, that Oxford University’s Bodleian Library acquired the
collection, having grasped the items’ potential value to historians and other researchers. Hence, the example of Johnson
serves to ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. demonstrate the difficulties faced by contemporary historians in conducting research at the Bodleian Library without
access to ephemera.

B. represent the challenge of incorporating examples of ephemera into the collections of libraries and other scholarly
institutions.

C. lend support to arguments by historians and other researchers who continue to assert that ephemera holds no value
for scholars.

D. illustrate both the relatively low scholarly regard in which ephemera was once held and the later recognition of
ephemera’s possible utility.
 ID: 6b8a7c74
One recognized social norm of gift giving is that the time spent obtaining a gift will be viewed as a reflection of the gift’s
thoughtfulness. Marketing experts Farnoush Reshadi, Julian Givi, and Gopal Das addressed this view in their studies of
norms specifically surrounding the giving of gift cards, noting that while recipients tend to view digital gift cards (which
can be purchased online from anywhere and often can be redeemed online as well) as superior to physical gift cards
(which sometimes must be purchased in person and may only be redeemable in person) in terms of usage, 94.8 percent of
participants surveyed indicated that it is more socially acceptable to give a physical gift card to a recipient. This finding
suggests that ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. gift givers likely overestimate the amount of effort required to use digital gift cards and thus mistakenly assume gift
recipients will view them as less desirable than physical gift cards.

B. physical gift cards are likely preferred by gift recipients because the tangible nature of those cards offers a greater
psychological sense of ownership than digital gift cards do.

C. physical gift cards are likely less desirable to gift recipients than digital gift cards are because of the perception that
physical gift cards require unnecessary effort to obtain.

D. gift givers likely perceive digital gift cards as requiring relatively low effort to obtain and thus wrongly assume gift
recipients will appreciate them less than they do physical gift cards.
 ID: a15b3219

Municipalities’ Responses to Inquiries

about Potential Incentives for Firm
1,300
1,200
Number of municipalities

1,100
1,000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
e iry ve
ons u ti
p nq en
res o i nc
no edt redi
ond o ffe
p
res

announcement before election

announcement after election

In the United States, firms often seek incentives from municipal governments to expand to those municipalities. A team of
political scientists hypothesized that municipalities are much more likely to respond to firms and offer incentives if
expansions can be announced in time to benefit local elected officials than if they can’t. The team contacted officials in
thousands of municipalities, inquiring about incentives for a firm looking to expand and indicating that the firm would
announce its expansion on a date either just before or just after the next election.

Which choice best describes data from the graph that weaken the team’s hypothesis?

A. A large majority of the municipalities that received an inquiry mentioning plans for an announcement before the next
election didn’t respond to the inquiry.

B. The proportion of municipalities that responded to the inquiry or offered incentives didn’t substantially differ across the
announcement timing conditions.

C. Only around half the municipalities that responded to inquiries mentioning plans for an announcement before the next
election offered incentives.

D. Of the municipalities that received an inquiry mentioning plans for an announcement date after the next election, more
than 1,200 didn’t respond and only around 100 offered incentives.
 ID: ed314256
The most recent iteration of the immersive theater experience Sleep No More, which premiered in New York City in 2011,
transforms its performance space—a five-story warehouse—into a 1930s-era hotel. Audience members, who wander
through the labyrinthine venue at their own pace and follow the actors as they play out simultaneous, interweaving
narrative loops, confront the impossibility of experiencing the production in its entirety. The play’s refusal of narrative
coherence thus hinges on the sense of spatial fragmentation that the venue’s immense and intricate layout generates.

What does the text most strongly suggest about Sleep No More’s use of its performance space?

A. The choice of a New York City venue likely enabled the play’s creators to experiment with the use of theatrical space in
a way that venues from earlier productions could not.

B. Audience members likely find the experience of the play disappointing because they generally cannot make their way
through the entire venue.

C. The production’s dependence on a particular performance environment would likely make it difficult to reproduce
exactly in a different theatrical space.

D. Audience members who navigate the space according to a recommended itinerary will likely have a better grasp of the
play’s narrative than audience members who depart from that itinerary.
 ID: 22e4d633
Although many transposons, DNA sequences that move within an organism’s genome through shuffling or duplication,
have become corrupted and inactive over time, those from the long interspersed nuclear elements (LINE) family appear to
remain active in the genomes of some species. In humans, they are functionally important within the hippocampus, a brain
structure that supports complex cognitive processes. When the results of molecular analysis of two species of octopus—
an animal known for its intelligence—were announced in 2022, the confirmation of a LINE transposon in Octopus vulgaris
and Octopus bimaculoides genomes prompted researchers to hypothesize that that transposon family is tied to a species’
capacity for advanced cognition.

Which finding, if true, would most directly support the researchers’ hypothesis?

A. The LINE transposon in O. vulgaris and O. bimaculoides genomes is active in an octopus brain structure that functions
similarly to the human hippocampus.

B. The human genome contains multiple transposons from the LINE family that are all primarily active in the
hippocampus.

C. A consistent number of copies of LINE transposons is present across the genomes of most octopus species, with few
known corruptions.

D. O. vulgaris and O. bimaculoides have smaller brains than humans do relative to body size, but their genomes contain
sequences from a wider variety of transposon families.
 ID: 0d7f4966
Jean-Bernard Caron and colleagues recently discovered a cache of jellyfish fossils in the Burgess Shale, a site in the
Canadian Rockies that is rich in fossils from the Cambrian period (over 500 million years ago). Caron and colleagues claim
that these are the oldest jellyfish fossils ever discovered. In the past twenty years, two sites in China and the United States
have yielded fossils of a similar age that some experts believe are most likely jellyfish due to their shapes and the
appearance of projecting tentacles. But Caron and colleagues argue that the apparent tentacles are in fact the comb rows
of ctenophores, gelatinous animals that are only distantly related to jellyfish.

Which statement, if true, would most directly weaken the claim by Caron and colleagues about the fossils found in China
and the United States?

A. Sites in the Canadian Rockies from later periods than the Cambrian period have yielded fossils that have been
conclusively identified as ctenophore fossils.

B. The fossils found in China and the United States are so poorly preserved that though they cannot be conclusively
identified as jellyfish, they cannot be conclusively identified as ctenophores either.

C. While ctenophore fossils have been discovered in China and the United States, they have never been discovered in the
Burgess Shale.

D. The fossils discovered by Caron and colleagues in the Burgess Shale were better preserved than the fossils discovered
by other researchers in China and the United States.
 ID: 602b47c7
Biologists have predicted that birds’ feather structures vary with habitat temperature, but this hadn’t been tested in
mountain environments. Ornithologist Sahas Barve studied feathers from 249 songbird species inhabiting different
elevations—and thus experiencing different temperatures—in the Himalaya Mountains. He found that feathers of high-
elevation species not only have a greater proportion of warming downy sections to flat and smooth sections than do
feathers of low-elevation species, but high-elevation species’ feathers also tend to be longer, providing a thicker layer of
insulation.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A. Barve’s investigation shows that some species of Himalayan songbirds have evolved feathers that better regulate body
temperature than do the feathers of other species, contradicting previous predictions.

B. Barve found an association between habitat temperature and feather structure among Himalayan songbirds, lending
new support to a general prediction.

C. Barve discovered that songbirds have adapted to their environment by growing feathers without flat and smooth
sections, complicating an earlier hypothesis.

D. The results of Barve’s study suggest that the ability of birds to withstand cold temperatures is determined more
strongly by feather length than feather structure, challenging an established belief.
 ID: 068f939b
The ancient Greek concept of “mimesis,” a term used in the works of Plato, Aristotle, and other Greek philosophers in
discussions of representational art—visual, performance, or literary art that aims to depict the real world—is a foundational
concept of the Western philosophy of aesthetics. Mimesis is typically translated as “imitation” in modern editions of
ancient Greek texts, but scholar Stephen Halliwell warns that this is overly reductive: “imitation” implies that art merely
copies—and is thus by definition entirely derivative of—a reality that exists outside and prior to the work of art, and
translating “mimesis” thusly obscures the multifaceted ways in which the ancient Greeks understood the relationship
between art and reality.

Which statement, if true, would most directly support the claim by Halliwell presented in the text?

A. One of the earliest appearances of mimesis’s root word, mimos, can be found in an ancient Greek tragedy in reference
to dramatic impersonation, and the mim- root came to be generally associated with the musical and poetic arts by the
fifth century BCE.

B. Both Plato’s and Aristotle’s theorizations of mimesis examine the psychological effects that works of art induce in the
viewer or listener.

C. Although several of Plato’s earliest philosophical works discuss aesthetic ideas, the term “mimesis” doesn’t appear in
Plato’s discussions of art until Cratylus, a relatively late work.

D. Although Plato’s writings typically characterize representational art as an inferior reflection of the physical world,
Aristotle suggests that mimesis can refer to art’s capacity to envision hypothetical conditions that could, but don’t yet,
exist.
 ID: 25a197dd
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
The human body requires magnesium for over 300 essential processes.
Magnesium is a mineral present in many foods.
Peanuts contain 49 milligrams per ounce (mg/oz) of magnesium.
Almonds contain 80 mg/oz.
Chia seeds contain 150 mg/oz.

The student wants to identify which of the three foods has the highest magnesium content. Which choice most effectively
uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. At 80 mg/oz, almonds contain more magnesium than peanuts (49 mg/oz).

B. Chia seeds contain 150 mg/oz of magnesium, which is more than peanuts and almonds.

C. Magnesium is present in many foods, including peanuts, almonds, and chia seeds.

D. Peanuts contain 49 mg/oz of magnesium, a mineral the human body requires for over 300 essential processes.
 ID: e3edc138
In a heated debate in biogeography, the field is divided between dispersalists and vicariancists. ______ there are those who
argue that dispersal is the most crucial determining factor in a species’ distribution, and those who insist that vicariance
(separation due to geographic barriers) is. Biogeographer Isabel Sanmartín counts herself among neither.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. Furthermore,

B. By contrast,

C. Similarly,

D. That is,
 ID: cf11282b
Scientists were able to isolate a relatively pure sample of selenium in 1817, the same year they first discovered the
element’s existence. ______ the isolation process took longer for molybdenum, which was isolated in its pure form three
years after scientists first discovered it.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. By contrast,

B. Thus,

C. Similarly,

D. For instance,
 ID: 00221c00
In 1815, while in exile in Jamaica, Venezuelan revolutionary Simón Bolívar penned a letter praising England’s republican
government and expressing hope that Latin American nations seeking independence from Spain might achieve something
similar. The letter was addressed to a local merchant, Henry Cullen; ______ though, Bolívar’s goal was to persuade political
leaders from England and Europe to support his cause.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. additionally,

B. ultimately,

C. accordingly,

D. consequently,
 ID: 16631d34
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
The Million Song Dataset (MSD) includes main audio features and descriptive tags for popular songs.
Audio features include acoustic traits such as loudness and pitch intervals.
Many algorithms use these audio features to predict a new song’s popularity.
These algorithms may fail to accurately identify main audio features of a song with varying acoustic traits.
Algorithms based on descriptive tags that describe fixed traits such as genre are more reliable predictors of song
popularity.

The student wants to explain a disadvantage of relying on audio features to predict a song’s popularity. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. Many popularity-predicting algorithms are based on a song’s audio features, such as loudness and pitch intervals.

B. Algorithms based on audio features may misidentify the main features of a song with varying acoustic traits, making
such algorithms less reliable predictors of popularity than those based on fixed traits.

C. Audio features describe acoustic traits such as pitch intervals, which may vary within a song, whereas descriptive tags
describe fixed traits such as genre, which are reliable predictors of popularity.

D. The MSD’s descriptive tags are reliable predictors of a song’s popularity, as the traits they describe are fixed.
 ID: e2693197
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Oracles of the Pink Universe was a 2021 exhibition at the Denver Museum of Art in Colorado.
It featured eight artworks by South African artist Simphiwe Ndzube.
One of these works is a painting titled Assertion of Will.
Assertion of Will depicts three standing figures.
The figures wear clothing made of fabric pieces stitched to the painting’s canvas.

The student wants to describe how fabric is used in Assertion of Will. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. In Assertion of Will, the figures’ clothing is made of fabric pieces stitched to the painting’s canvas.

B. The exhibition Oracles of the Pink Universe featured artworks by artist Simphiwe Ndzube.

C. Depicting three standing, clothed figures, Assertion of Will is a painting by Simphiwe Ndzube.

D. Simphiwe Ndzube’s Assertion of Will was one of eight artworks exhibited in Oracles of the Pink Universe at the Denver
Museum of Art.
 ID: 54227b8e
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
The mountain pygmy possum is a mammal species.
Up until 1966, it was believed to be extinct.
That year, a live mountain pygmy possum was identified in the wild in Australia.
The mountain pygmy possum is considered a Lazarus species.
“Lazarus species” is a term for living species of organisms that were once believed to be extinct.

The student wants to define the term “Lazarus species” and provide an example of one. Which choice most effectively
uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish these goals?

A. The term “Lazarus species” describes a living species of organism, such as the mountain pygmy possum, that was
once believed to be extinct.

B. One example of a Lazarus species is the mountain pygmy possum, a mammal species that was identified in the wild in
Australia in 1966.

C. The mountain pygmy possum, a species of mammal, was identified in the wild in 1966.

D. Sometimes, a species once believed to be extinct is later found living in the wild.
 ID: 84e108cf
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Platinum is a rare and expensive metal.
It is used as a catalyst for chemical reactions.
Platinum catalysts typically require a large amount of platinum to be effective.
Researcher Jianbo Tang and his colleagues created a platinum catalyst that combines platinum with liquid
gallium.
Their catalyst was highly effective and required only trace amounts of platinum (0.0001% of the atoms in the
mixture).

The student wants to explain an advantage of the new platinum catalyst developed by Jianbo Tang and his colleagues.
Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. Researcher Jianbo Tang and his colleagues created a platinum catalyst that combines platinum, a rare and expensive
metal, with liquid gallium.

B. Like other platinum catalysts, the new platinum catalyst requires a particular amount of the metal to be effective.

C. Platinum is a rare and expensive metal that is used as a catalyst for chemical reactions; however, platinum catalysts
typically require a large amount of platinum to be effective.

D. While still highly effective, the new platinum catalyst requires far less of the rare and expensive metal than do other
platinum catalysts.
 ID: 326017ce
For years, biologists have experimented with using grime-eating bacteria rather than harsh chemicals to clean artworks,
and results have been impressive overall. ______ these bacterial strains—which can metabolize centuries’ worth of oil, glue,
dirt, and other surface impurities without creating harmful byproducts—have proven more effective than traditional
chemical cleaning methods.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. However,

B. In many cases,

C. As a result,

D. Additionally,
 ID: 20733eac
It has long been thought that humans first crossed a land bridge into the Americas approximately 13,000 years ago. ______
based on radiocarbon dating of samples uncovered in Mexico, a research team recently suggested that humans may have
arrived more than 30,000 years ago—much earlier than previously thought.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. As a result,

B. Similarly,

C. However,

D. In conclusion,