1.

While attending school in New York City in the 1980s, Okwui Enwezor encountered few
works by African artists in exhibitions, despite New York’s reputation as one of the best
places to view contemporary art from around the world. According to an arts journalist,
later in his career as a renowned curator and art historian, Enwezor sought to remedy
this deficiency, not by focusing solely on modern African artists, but by showing how
their work fits into the larger context of
global modern art and art history.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support the journalist’s claim?
A. As curator of the Haus der Kunst in Munich, Germany, Enwezor organized a
retrospective of Ghanaian sculptor El Anatsui’s work entitled El Anatsui: Triumphant
Scale, one of the largest art exhibitions devoted to a Black artist in Europe’s history.
B. In the exhibition Postwar: Art Between the Pacific and the Atlantic, 1945–1965,
Enwezor and cocurator Katy Siegel brought works by African artists such as
Malangatana Ngwenya together with pieces by major figures from other countries, like
US artist Andy Warhol and Mexico’s David Siqueiros.
C. Enwezor’s work as curator of the 2001 exhibition The Short Century: Independence
and Liberation Movements in Africa, 1945–1994 showed how African movements for
independence from European colonial powers following the Second World War
profoundly influenced work by African artists of the period, such as Kamala Ibrahim
Ishaq and Thomas Mukarobgwa.
D. Enwezor organized the exhibition In/sight: African Photographers, 1940 to the Present
not to emphasize a particular aesthetic trend but to demonstrate the broad range of
ways in which African artists have approached the medium of photography.

2. Paleontologists searching for signs of ancient life have found many fossilized specimens
of prehistoric human ancestors, including several from the Pleistocene era discovered in
a geological formation in the Minatogawa quarry in Japan. However, to study the
emergence of the earliest multicellular organisms to appear on Earth, researchers must
turn elsewhere, such as to the Ediacaran geological formation at Mistaken Point in
Canada. A UNESCO World Heritage Site, the 146-hectare reserve contains more than
10,000 fossils that together document a critical moment in evolutionary
history.
What does the text indicate about the geological formation at Mistaken Point?

A. It holds a greater number of fossils but from a smaller variety of species than the
formation in the Minatogawa quarry does.
B. It has provided evidence that the earliest human species may have emerged before
the Pleistocene era.
 C. It contains specimens from an older time period than those found in the formation
in the Minatogawa quarry.
D. It is widely considered by paleontologists to be the most valuable source of
information about prehistoric life forms.
3. The following text is adapted from Edgar Allan Poe’s 1849 story “Landor’s Cottage.”
During a pedestrian trip last summer, through one or two of the river counties of New
York, I found myself, as the day declined, somewhat embarrassed about the road I was
pursuing. The land undulated very remarkably; and my path, for the last hour, had
wound about and about so confusedly, in its effort to keep in the valleys, that I no longer
knew in what direction lay the sweet village of B——, where I had determined to stop
for the night.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A. The narrator recalls fond memories of a journey that he took through some beautiful
river counties.
B. The narrator describes what he saw during a long trip through a frequently visited
location.
C. The narrator explains the difficulties he encountered on a trip and how he overcame
them
E. The narrator remembers a trip he took and admits to getting lost.
4. Mosasaurs were large marine reptiles that lived in the Late Cretaceous period,
approximately 100 million to 66 million years ago. Celina Suarez, Alberto Pérez-Huerta,
and T. Lynn Harrell Jr. examined oxygen-18 isotopes in mosasaur tooth enamel in order
to calculate likely mosasaur body temperatures and determined that mosasaurs were
endothermic—that is, they used internal metabolic processes to maintain a stable body
temperature in a variety of ambient temperatures.
Suarez, Pérez-Huerta, and Harrell claim that endothermy would have enabled mosasaurs
to include relatively cold polar waters in their range.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support Suarez, Pérez-Huerta, and Harrell’s
claim?
A. Mosasaurs’ likely body temperatures are easier to determine from tooth enamel
oxygen-18 isotope data than the body temperatures of nonendothermic Late Cretaceous
marine reptiles are.
B. Fossils of both mosasaurs and nonendothermic marine reptiles have been found in
roughly equal numbers in regions known to be near the poles during the Late
Cretaceous, though in lower concentrations than elsewhere.
C. Several mosasaur fossils have been found in regions known to be near the poles
during the Late Cretaceous, while relatively few fossils of nonendothermic marine
 reptiles have been found in those locations.
D. During the Late Cretaceous, seawater temperatures were likely higher throughout
mosasaurs’ range, including near the poles, than seawater temperatures at those same
latitudes are today.
5. A student is examining a long, challenging poem that was initially published in a
quarterly journal without explanatory notes, then later republished in a stand-alone
volume containing only that poem and accompanying explanatory notes written by the
poet. The student asserts that the explanatory notes were included in the republication
primarily as a marketing device to help sell the stand-alone volume.
Which statement, if true, would most directly support the student’s claim?
A. The text of the poem as published in the quarterly journal is not identical to the text of
the poem published in the stand-alone volume.
B. Many critics believe that the poet’s explanatory notes remove certain ambiguities of the
poem and make it less interesting as a result.
C. Correspondence between the poet and the publisher reveals that the poet’s explanatory
notes went through several drafts.
D. The publishers of the stand-alone volume requested the explanatory notes from the
poet in order to make the book attractive to readers who already had a copy of the
poem in a journal issue.

6. In the early nineteenth century, some Euro-American farmers in the northeastern United
States used agricultural techniques developed by the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) people
centuries earlier, but it seems that few of those farmers had actually seen
Haudenosaunee farms firsthand. Barring the possibility of several farmers of the same
era independently developing techniques that the Haudenosaunee people had already
invented, these facts most strongly suggest that ______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. those farmers learned the techniques from other people who were more directly
influenced by Haudenosaunee practices.
B. the crops typically cultivated by Euro-American farmers in the northeastern United
States were not well suited to Haudenosaunee farming techniques.
C. Haudenosaunee farming techniques were widely used in regions outside the
northeastern United States.
D. Euro-American farmers only began to recognize the benefits of Haudenosaunee
farming techniques late in the nineteenth century.
7. Linguist Deborah Tannen has cautioned against framing contentious issues in terms of
two highly competitive perspectives, such as pro versus con. According to Tannen, this
debate-driven approach can strip issues of their complexity and, when used in front of
 an audience, can be less informative than the presentation of multiple perspectives
in a noncompetitive format. To test Tannen’s hypothesis, students conducted a study in
which they showed participants one of three different versions of local news
commentary about the same issue. Each version featured a debate between two
commentators with opposing views, a panel of three commentators with various views,
or a single commentator.
Which finding from the students’ study, if true, would most strongly support Tannen’s
hypothesis?
A. On average, participants perceived commentators in the debate as more
knowledgeable about the issue than commentators in the panel.
B. On average, participants who watched the panel correctly answered more
questions about the issue than those who watched the debate or the single
commentator did.
C. On average, participants perceived commentators in the panel as more
knowledgeable about the issue than the single commentator
D. On average, participants who watched the single commentator correctly answered
more questions about the issue than those who watched the debate did.
8. In 1534 CE, King Henry VIII of England split with the Catholic Church and declared
himself head of the Church of England, in part because Pope Clement VII refused to
annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. Two years later, Henry VIII introduced a policy
titled the Dissolution of the Monasteries that by 1540 had resulted in the closure of all
Catholic monasteries in England and the confiscation of their estates. Some historians
assert that the enactment of the policy was primarily motivated by perceived financial
opportunities.
Which quotation from a scholarly article best supports the assertion of the historians
mentioned in the text?
A. “At the time of the Dissolution of the Monasteries, about 2 percent of the adult male
population of England were monks; by 1690, the proportion of the adult male
population who were monks was less than 1 percent.”
B. “A contemporary description of the Dissolution of the Monasteries, Michael
Sherbrook’s Falle of the Religious Howses, recounts witness testimony that monks were
allowed to keep the contents of their cells and that the monastery timber was purchased
by local yeomen.”
C. “In 1535, the year before enacting the Dissolution of the Monasteries, Henry
commissioned a survey of the value of church holdings in England—the work,
performed by sheriffs, bishops, and magistrates, began that January and was
swiftly completed by the summer.”
D. “The October 1536 revolt known as the Pilgrimage of Grace had several economic
 motives: high food prices due to a poor harvest the prior year; the Dissolution of the
Monasteries, which closed reliable sources of food and shelter for many; and rents and
taxes throughout Northern England that were not merely high but predatory.”
9. Roasted green chiles are a popular ingredient in Southwestern cuisine, but the
traditional roasting method of burning propane is not environmentally friendly. To see if
solar power could provide a better alternative, engineer Kenneth Armijo and his team
roasted batches of green chiles using between 38 and 42 heliostats, which are devices
that concentrate sunlight. The team was successful in reaching the same roasting
temperature used in traditional propane roasting, but they found that propane yielded
faster results. While the fastest solar-roasted green chiles took six minutes, batches
using propane took only four. Armijo hypothesizes that they can reduce the roasting
time for solar-roasted green chiles by using more heliostats.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support Armijo’s hypothesis?
A. The temperature inside the roasting drum is distributed more evenly when roasting
green chiles with solar power than with propane.
B. Green chile connoisseurs prefer the flavor of solar-roasted green chiles over the
flavor of propane-roasted green chiles.
C. The skins of solar-roasted green chiles are easier to peel than the skins of propane-
roasted green chiles.
D. Attempts to roast green chiles using 50 heliostats yields results in fewer than six
minutes.
10. Some ethicists hold that the moral goodness of an individual’s actions depends solely on
whether the actions themselves are good, irrespective of the context in which they are
carried out. Philosopher L. Sebastian Purcell has shown that surviving works of Aztec
(Nahua) philosophy express a very different view. Purcell reveals that these works
posit an ethical system in which an individual’s actions are judged in light of how well
they accord with the individual’s role in society and how well they contribute to the
community. To the extent that these works are representative of Aztec thought, Purcell’s
analysis suggests that ______
Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. the Aztecs would not have accepted the notion that the morality of an individual’s
actions can be fairly evaluated by people who do not live in the same society as that
individual.
B. actions by members of Aztec society who contributed a great deal to their
community could be judged as morally good even if those actions were inconsistent
with behaviors the Aztecs regarded as good in all contexts.
C. the Aztecs would have disputed the idea that the morality of an individual’s
actions can be assessed by appealing to standards of behavior that are
independent of the individual’s social circumstances.
D. similar actions performed by people in different social roles in Aztec society would
have been regarded as morally equivalent unless those actions led to different
outcomes for the community.