Minecraft modding

A Minecraft mod is a mod that changes aspects of the sandbox game Minecraft. Minecraft mods
can add additional content to the game, make tweaks to specific features, and optimize
performance. Thousands of mods for the game have been created, with some mods even
generating an income for their authors. While Mojang Studios does not provide an API for
modding, community tools exist to help developers create and distribute mods. The popularity of
Minecraft mods has been credited for helping Minecraft become one of the best-selling video
games of all time. As of March 2025 there are more than 257,308 Mods for Minecraft across
different mod hosting sites such as CurseForge, Modrinth, and PlanetMinecraft.

Most Minecraft mods focus on adding

new content. The Undergarden (pictured)
adds a new dimension to the game.
The first Minecraft mods worked by decompiling and modifying the Java source code of the
game. The original version of the game, now called Minecraft: Java Edition, is still modded this
way, but with more advanced tools. Minecraft: Bedrock Edition, a version of the game available
for mobile, consoles, and Microsoft Windows, is written in C++, and as a result cannot be modded
the same way. Instead, modders must use "add-ons" written in a scripting language to add
content.
Background

Minecraft: Java Edition (available for Windows, macOS, and Linux) can be modded on the client
(local installations of the game), on servers, or on both simultaneously.[1] Client mods can change
the appearance and some behavior of the game. Server only mods (commonly referred to as
plugins) can change behavior, and often add minigames, anti-cheat, or login systems. For more
complex features such as adding new blocks, items, mobs, or dimensions, or changing some
existing features, an equivalent mod must be added to both the client and server, so that they
can interoperate. In single-player mode, the client acts as both client and server, and can run
both client and server mods.[1][2]
Client mods can result in loss of performance (due to generally heavy resource demands) on
older or weaker computers,[3] especially if players run many mods together at once in what is
known as a "modpack". Modifications to the game are possible because the community reverse-
engineers Minecraft 's source code, which is written in Java, to make these modifications.[4]
While not officially supported by Mojang, Minecraft mods are allowed to be created and shared
online, and the game's development team has an informal relationship with many modders. Some
developers have gone on to work at Mojang after publishing popular mods.[5] Minecraft mods are
generally provided free of charge as a hobby. Modders that do make money generate it through
revenue sharing on ads on download sites and crowdfunding. This income has allowed some
developers to work full time and even open small game studios dedicated to mods or modding
platforms.[5]
Modding for the mobile and console versions of Minecraft on the Bedrock codebase is different
as those versions are written in C++ rather than Java.[6][7] Players who wish to mod their game on
Bedrock codebase versions have a simpler process due to the version's built-in official support
for "add-ons", which can be installed faster and easier than Java Edition mods and do not require
external mod loaders. However, addons in Bedrock Edition have less flexibility and features
because they can only modify features that Mojang explicitly exposes.[8]

In 2012, Mojang said they were starting work on a repository for Minecraft mods.[9] Minecraft 's
creator Markus "Notch" Persson admitted in 2012 that he was initially skeptical of mods, fearing
that the user-made content would threaten his vision for the game. Persson says he came
around, as he claims to have realized that mods are "a huge reason of what Minecraft is".[10]
Minecraft 1.13 also provides a feature known as "data packs" which allows players or server
operators to provide additional content into the game. What can be added is limited to building
on existing features, such as adding recipes, changing what items blocks drop when broken, and
executing console commands.[11]
History

The first ever version of Minecraft was released in May 2009,[12] but client-side modding of the
game did not become popular in earnest until the game reached its alpha stage in June 2010.
The only mods that were released during Minecraft 's Indev and Infdev development stages were
a few client-side mods that had minor changes to the game.

Alpha
With the release of Minecraft Alpha, the first server-side mods began to appear. One of them was
hMod,[13][14] which added some simple but necessary tools to manage a server. Michael Stoyke,
also known as Searge[15] (who would later go on to work for Mojang), created Minecraft Coder
Pack (MCP). This was later renamed to Mod Coder Pack, keeping the same acronym. MCP[16] was
a tool that decompiled and deobfuscated Minecraft code. MCP would recompile and obfuscate
new and changed classes, which could be injected into the game. However, if multiple mods
modified the same base code, it could cause conflicts resulting in an error. To solve this problem,
Risugami's ModLoader[17] was created to prevent any conflicts from occurring due to multiple
mods modifying the same base classes or game resources.

Beta
Towards the end of 2010, Minecraft was preparing to move into its beta development phase, and
popular mods such as IndustrialCraft, Railcraft and BuildCraft were first released. As opposed to
their predecessors, these mods added substantial new content and mechanics instead of simply
tweaking minor aspects of it.[18]
Bukkit, a project to create a sufficient replacement for hMod following stagnating development,
began development on December 21st, 2010 and was subsequently released in 2011. The project
primarily consisted of "Bukkit", a GPL-licensed API for creating plugins which modified the
Minecraft server, and "CraftBukkit", a modified version of the vanilla Minecraft version software
which allowed Bukkit to run. Like hMod, it allowed server owners to install plugins to modify the
server's way of taking input and giving output to the player without players having to install
client-side mods.[19][20]
CurseForge, a website that hosts user-generated content for games, added forums and a section
for Minecraft mods in mid-2011.[21] At first, CurseForge mainly linked to Bukkit plugins hosted on
Bukkit's website.[22]

Release

In 2012, Mojang organized a panel on

modding at MineCon 2012, where
Minecraft 's lead developer Jens
Bergensten held a talk.
Around November 2011, the Forge Mod Loader and Minecraft Forge were released. Forge
allowed players to be able to run several mods simultaneously, utilizing Mod Coder Pack
mappings. A server version of Forge was also released, which allowed players to create modded
servers. Forge ended the necessity to manipulate the base source code, allowing separate mods
to run together without requiring them to touch the base source code. Forge also included many
libraries and hooks which made mod development easier.[18]
After Minecraft was fully released in November 2011, the game's modding community continued
to grow.[18] In February 2012, Mojang hired developers of Bukkit to work on an official modding
API, allowing mod developers easier access to the Minecraft game files.[23] Bukkit was then
maintained by the community.
A fork of CraftBukkit, called Spigot which was backward compatible with plugins started to be
developed. In 2012, Spigot released a server software, called BungeeCord, made to link many
servers together via a proxy "linking" server. BungeeCord had a separate plugin API from Spigot
where Spigot plugins could work side by side. Many popular Minecraft servers use BungeeCord
to link up Minecraft servers together.[24]
In early 2014, a server software named Sponge was released with a very powerful plugin API
compared to Bukkit and support for Forge mods. Sponge also introduced mixins, an alternative
to modifying byte code.
Microsoft's acquisition
Concern arose following Microsoft's acquisition of Mojang in mid 2014. Members of the modding
community feared that Minecraft 's new owners would put an end to Mojang's established
practice of giving free rein to mod developers.[25] Despite the concerns, Microsoft did not
announce any changes to Mojang's policies, and modding was unaffected.[25]
In April 2015, Microsoft announced that it was adding a Minecraft Mod Developer Pack to
Microsoft Visual Studio, granting users of the application creation software an easier way to
program Minecraft mods.[26] Microsoft released the new pack open source and free of charge,
amidst a drive to push towards more open source software.[26][27]
On 4 July 2015 a "Windows 10" version of Minecraft was announced. This, unlike the previous
versions, was to be programmed in C++.[6] This announcement sparked concern amongst the
game's fanbase that the Java-based versions would end up being phased out entirely, which
would hamper the production of mods as C++ can not be reverse engineered like Java. However,
Mojang developer Tommaso Chechi reassured fans on Reddit that modding was "too important"
to Minecraft for the Java-based versions to be discontinued.[6]
In April 2017, Mojang announced the upcoming creation of the Minecraft Marketplace, where
players would be able to sell user-created content for the Windows 10 version of the game
(Running on the Minecraft Bedrock codebase).[28] This new digital store would specialize in
adventure maps, skins, and texture packs. PC World noted that this addition would move the
Windows 10 version "a bit closer to the moddable worlds familiar to classic players" of the
original Java Edition.[29]
In December 2018, a new modding toolchain and mod loader called Fabric was released.[30][31]
In April 2022, a fork of Fabric, known as Quilt, was released. The Quilt loader is intended to be
compatible with mods created for Fabric.[32][31]
In July 2023, a significant part of Forge developers and contributors stated that they were
splitting from the project and creating a fork called NeoForge.[33]
Mod content

The mod Tinkers' Construct adds

foundries to the game, which can be used
to smelt raw metals into parts for custom-
made tools and weapons.
The total number of Minecraft mods is difficult to calculate because of how numerous they are.
One repository website, CurseForge, features over 200,000 mods as of March 2025.[34]
Some mods enhance existing features of the game. The mod Journeymap adds a mini-map to the
game's user interface. Just Enough Items adds a browser for the game's crafting recipes. Chisel
adds many new variants of existing blocks for visual appeal. Other mods add biomes, crops,
dimensions, food, armor, tools, and other content.[35] Reviewer Julia Lee of Polygon remarked
that she "cannot live without" modded tools like a hammer that breaks 3x3x1 blocks at a time
and an axe to cut down an entire tree.[36]
Mods are sometimes grouped together in downloadable content called "modpacks". These can
be easily downloaded and played by the user without requiring the player to have extensive
knowledge on how to set up a modded environment.[37][38] Interactions between these mods can
be managed and enhanced by content creators,[39] often aided by the use of configuration files
and custom textures.[40][41]

WorldEdit
WorldEdit is an editing tool developed by software group EngineHub that assists the player in
building structures and with creating customized terrain. It offers a variety of tools such as
brushes and block replacers; and actions such as copying and pasting and filling and selecting
geometric shapes. These tools can speed up building time compared to building without the mod
as it offers functionality which the game does not have out of the box.[42][43][44] The mod has
been featured on the Minecraft website as one of the most popular building tools,[45] been used
in United States patents,[46][47][48] and cited in scientific papers.[49][50] It was initially released
worldwide on 28 September 2010 as a plugin for the hMod modification, and has since been
ported as a Bukkit plugin and as a mod for the Fabric and Forge mod loaders.[51][52]

Malware
Minecraft mods have been an attack vector of malware by downloading and running malicious
mods.[53][54]
In March 2017, Slovak cyber company ESET revealed that 87 examples of trojan horse malware
were distributed through the Google Play Store under the guise of Minecraft mods. Their purpose
was to either display adverts or con players into downloading other apps. Combined, these fake
mods gathered over 1,000,000 downloads in the first three months of early 2017.[55][56]
In June 2023, attackers gained access to popular mods and modpacks including "Better
Minecraft" and created new releases which contained malware, dubbed "Fractureiser" after the
CurseForge account that uploaded it.[54][53]
In July 2023, an arbitrary code execution vulnerability was found in several Forge-based
Minecraft mods such as BdLib and EnderCore. The malware was named "BleedingPipe" by a
Minecraft security community. It takes advantage of mods incorrectly using deserialization in the
"ObjectInputStream" class. Although the vulnerability existed since 2017, a blog post by MMPA
brought it mainstream, spreading its use before fixes could be made.[57][58]
Reception

PC World 's Nate Ralph calls installing mods for Minecraft "a somewhat convoluted process", but
does admit it could serve the player who desires "a little more out of the experience" of playing
the game.[1]
Max Eddy of PC Magazine also raises a point concerning the process of setting up a game
augmented with mods, claiming "it seems rather complicated" and that at first he was "too afraid
to mod Minecraft at all", but learned to appreciate it when he realized that modding Minecraft is
"pretty forgiving".[59] Eddy does nevertheless mention that he feels Mojang's fast development
pace regarding the main game has slowed down the progress of the most popular mods.[59]
Minecraft mod Galacticraft was mod of the week in PC Gamer in July 2013.[60]
At San Jose Mercury News, George Avalos claims that mods are definitely suited for "mainstream
enthusiasts", but does warn that precaution must be taken in order to avoid downloading
"dangerous and spammy software" when looking for Minecraft mods. Avalos also remarks that
installing mods will probably require adult attention,[61] even though Minecraft typically appeals
to children.[62]
Official support

Education

Minecraft is a game which is occasionally

used in schools worldwide for educational
purposes.
Minecraft mods are credited for being a gateway for children to pick up coding and
programming.[63] Several educational projects have been created to further encourage students
to learn coding through Minecraft, including LearnToMod,[64] ComputerCraftEdu,[65] and
Minecraft: Pi Edition,[66] all of which are offered free to teachers. Programming classes utilizing
Minecraft were also started by the University of California, which aims to teach children aged 8–
18 how to program applications.[64][67][62]
In 2011, "MinecraftEDU" was created as a paid mod sold to schools that enabled the teaching of
a wider variety of subjects including language, history and art.[68] In January 2016, Microsoft
bought it and turned it into a separate edition of Minecraft called "Minecraft: Education
Edition".[62]
In The Parent's Guidebook to Minecraft, author Cori Dusmann denotes that homeschooling and
Minecraft make for an interesting match, as creating simple mods can be an "illustration of
scientific principles", to which homeschooling providers are receptive.[69]
The idea of introducing Minecraft into school curriculums was resisted by Tom Bennett, who
serves as an adviser to the British government. According to Bennett, Minecraft was a gimmick,
and schools would do well to "drain the swamp of gimmicks" and resort to just books for
teaching.[70] Bennett's condemnation was rebutted by a number of journalists for The Guardian,
who thought that Minecraft in schools was a worthwhile innovation.[71]

Influence on Minecraft itself

Mod developer Dr. Zhark added horses to the game through the Mo' Creatures mod. Later on, he
helped Mojang adapt horses for use in standard-issue Minecraft.[72][73] Pistons were also
originally a part of a mod made by another developer, Hippoplatimus, but they impressed
Minecraft 's creators so much that they added the feature to the main game.[74] Kingbdogz,
creator of The Aether mod, a popular mod adding a new eponymous dimension to the game, was
hired by Mojang in January 2020. [75][76][77]
Mojang also admitted that they admired all of the work done on server-side modding API Bukkit.
In 2012, the Swedish company ended up hiring the lead developers of the project.[18]
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