VOCABULARY} TOPIC 5 NATURE IN DANGER str] Tirvyng | Tirloai Phién am Nghia 1 | Aquatic a Jolkwatik/ | s6ng duedi nuréc, thily sinh 2_ | Avalanche n favelant/ | tuyé le 3. | Bequeath v [orkwitd/ | dé Iai, truyén lai 4 | Circulation n /ssikjolleyfan/ | sy liu théng, sy lieu hanh Clean water 2 Jklin'wortar/ | nuréc sach | Fresh water n /Mrefwoxtor/ | nude ngot : Spring water n /spriywo:tar/ | nuréc nguén, née sudi Mineral water na | /mmorol wortor/ | nuée khodng 6 [Combustion a /kom'bastfon/ | sy dét chdy 7 | commercial Jko'msifal/ | thudc thong mai Commerce /'koms:s/ thuong mai 8 | Consequence n /'konsikwans/ | hdu qua | Conservationist n /\konsa'verfanist/ | nha bdo tin g | Conservation a /konso'vefon/ | sw bdo ton Conservational a | /\konso'verfanal/ | thudc bdo tin Conserve v /kon'sav/ | bdo ton Contaminated a | /kon'temiertid/ | bid nhiém Contaminant a /kon'teemmant/ | chdt gay 6 nhiém 10 | Contamination n— | /kon,teemi‘neifan/ | sé nhiém | contaminate v /kon'teemmneit/ | 6 nhiém Decontaminated | a _| /,ditkon'taemmmertid/ | durgc khit triing, lam sach 11 | Decomposed a /.diskom'pauzd/ _| phan hily a | Depletion /atplifan/ | sw trat ra, sw can kiét Deplete /ar’plist/ triit ra, xd ra, rit hét 148 |STT| Tirvyng | Tirloai Phién am Nghia 13 | Disastrous a Javza:stras/ | thém khdc 14 |Domain n /do'mem/ lanh tho "| ag | Freauency n [riskwonsi/ | tn s6, tinh throng xuyen Frequent a [frikkwant/ | thuong xuyén 16 | Highland n Thalond/ | cao nguyén Ice cap np /aiskep/ chém béing, mi bang Polar ice np /'pavlaras/ | bang & ving cve 17 | Ozone layer np ['avzavn lerr/ | ting ozon Greenhouse np /'grimhaus/ | nha kinh Iceberg np /aisbsig/ tang bang trot 18 [Intensity a Jin'tensati/ | ewong d6 19 | jeopardize v [dgepadarz/ | gay nguy hiém 20 | Likelihood n Tiatkdihed/ | sye 6 khd nding xdy ra 24 Pee a ee khong thé phan hiy gz | Permanently adv /'psimanantli/ | mét cdch vinh vién | Temporarily adv | /'temparerali/ | mét cdch tam thai 23 | Perpetuate v /pa'petfuert/ lam cho bat diét, mai duy tri 24 | Prairie 2 /'preari/ théo nguyen ag | Precautionary a prtko:fonari/ | phong ngita, a8 pong Precaution A Jpr'koxfon/ | sud phong 26 | Probability a Jproba'biloti/ | sy cé thé 6, xdc sudt 27 | Radiation a /eidi'eyfon/ | phéng xa Recycling n su tdi ché 28 | Recycle v tdi ché Recyclable a 6 thé tdi ché go | Renewable a /evnjurabal/ | cd thé tdi tao Non-renewable | a | _/monrv'njurobal/ | khdng thé tdi tao 30 | Respiratory a [rispirateri/ | thudc ho hap “| Run-off 2 /ranoi/ train déu phan théng bai eT (sau tran héa), déng chay Run-in /'ranun/ cuge cai va, bat déng | Run-out [ranavt/ | su léch tam, mat céin bang | TOPIC 5+ NATURE IN DANGER | 149stt] Tirvyng — | Trloai Phién 4m Nghia 32 | Sector n /'sektar/ Khu vue 33 | Snowball n /'snaubal/ ndm tuyét, bong tuyét 34 | Soot n /sut/ nho ndi, bd héng 35 | Speculate v ['spekjalert/ | dau co, tich tri 36 | Spray v /spret/ phun 37 | Tenterhook n /'tentahuks/ _| di méc ciing vai (nganh dét) 38 | Territory n [teritari/ dia hat, khu vec 39 | Typhoon n /tar'fu:n/ bao thai binh duong Hurricane n /harikon/ lc xody | 40 | Unleaded a /an'ledid/ khéng chita chi 41 | Unveil v /an'vell/ tiét 16 42 | Utensil n /ju'tenstl/ dung cu (nha bép) 43 | Wilderness n /wildenas/ | viing hoang vu, hoang da = STRUCTURES } sTT Cau trae Nghia 1 | Cause the damage to st gay thiét hai dén cdi gi 2 | Cool down Tam lanh, ngudi di, binh tinh lai 3. | Cool off -gidm di (su nhide tinh) 4 | Derive from = date back = come from = stem from: c6 ngudn géc tir | s |Doharmto ‘gay hai cho 6 | draw attention to huéng sue chu ¥ toi 7 | Give rise to gay ra 8 | Heat up st: lam néng Ién (nhiét 46), lam nghiém trong hon (tinh huéng) 9 | Inaddition + clause = in addition to+ N/Ving: ngodi ra, thém vao a6 10 | Lead to st dan dén Cause to st gay ra Result from 6 két qua tir Result in gay ra; dura dén két qué Escape from trén thodt, thodt khdi 150 |STT Cau trac Nghia 11. | Make benefit for 6 Igi cho 12 | Make way/room for nhwéng ché cho 13 | Nonetheless = however = nevertheless = yet: tuy nhién 14 | On the contrary = in contrast = on the other hand = whereas: trdi lai, tri voi 15 | Putit down to st quy cho la do cdi gi 16 | Runonst chay bang cdi gi Run into = come across = bump into | tinh co gdp Run out of st hét sach cdi gi Run out = use up can kiét 17 | "Take to sb/st bat dau thich ai; cdi gi ~ 18 | Wipe out pha hily hoan toan Exercise 1: Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions. Question 1: A. impossibly B. especially Question 2: A. lifestyle B. product Question 3: A. natural B. disposal Question 4: A. technology Question 5: A. deplete Exercise B. initiative B. delay C. naturally G friendly C. habitat D. importantly D. campaign D. neighborhood C. conservation D. environment C.climate D. remove Mark the letter A, B, C, or D indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions. Question 6: A. pollute B. develop Question 7: A. survival B. natural Question 8: A. endangered _B. died Question 9: A. extinct Question 10: A. forest B. species B. extinction C. constant D. provide C.vulnerable Dz agricultural C.evolved D. stopped G special D. ocean C. pollutant D. diversity TOPIC 5 + NATURE IN DANGER | 151Exercise 3: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions. Question 11: Rapid would cause frequent floods and leave little water during dry seasons. A.run-off B.run-in C.run-out D.run-over Question 12: These days it is impossible to open a newspaper without reading about the damage we are to the environment. A. taking B. doing C. making D. causing Question 13: Opencast coal mining is among the most environmentally activities carried out in Wales. A. destruction B. destructive C. destructor D. destroy Question 14: Countries around the world have growing - of trash because people are throwing out more trash than ever before. A. mountains B.hills C. dumps D. dunes Question 15: Many people do not know that polar ice is melting and sea levels are A. raising B.rising C. degrading D. dissolving Question 16: The coastal areas are being seriously contaminated, which from disposing harmful chemical rubbish into seas. A. leads B. causes G results D. escapes Question 17: Overusing pesticides is also considered to bea of pollution. A. cause B. reason C origin D. threat Question 18: Nowadays, we are facing many threats such as _.--» pollution, global warming and fossil fuel depletion, A. afforestation B.reforestation _C. forestation D. deforestation Question 19: Dumping .... such as detergents, pesticides and other chemicals in lakes, rivers and seas contaminates our water source. A. pollution B. pollutants C polluted D. pollute Question 20: is very important to life, as no one can live long without it. A. Clean water B. Fresh water C. Spring water D. Mineral water Question 21: Because non-renewable resources are being consumed at a rapid rate, human beings are likely to face fossil fuel — A. disappearance _B, degradation C. depletion D. destruction 152 |Question 22: In Africa, people's interference in the rhino's leads to habitat loss. A.sector B.territory C. domain D. country Question 23: Soot comes from the _.. combustion of fossil or other fuels. A. completion B. complete C.incompletion _D. incomplete Question 24: _is destroying larger areas of tropical rain forests. A.Afforestation _B.Deforestation —C. Reforestation —_—D Forestry Question 25: Environmental pollution is becoming an serious problem that needs to be taken care of as soon as possible, A. increasingly B. increasing G. increase D. increased Question 26: Most of the air pollution results the burning of fossil fuels, motor vehicles, factories, aircraft and rockets. A.in B.to C.on D. from Question 27: Some scientists argue that the historical evidence shows that over time the Earth heats _ and cools naturally, A. up - away B. away - down C.up- down D. down - up Question 28: There’s has been a steady rise in the average temperature around the planet over the last hundred years or so, and the majority of scientists put it _-- to human activity. A.down B. back Cup D. across Question 29: Greenpeace is an international group that protests against anything which ‘a to the environment. A. threat B. threaten C. threatening D. threatened Question 30: Scientists have found holes in the , particularly over Antarctica, Avice caps B. polar ice C. ozone layer D. greenhouse Question 31: Make sure your car runs on unleaded petrol and your home uses sources of. _.energy. A. recycling B. reused C.renewable . recyclable Question 32: Many of the world’s largest cities are and some are permanently covered by a... 5 A. heavily polluted - polluted cloud B. heavy pollution - polluted cloud C. heavy pollution - cloud of pollution D. heavily polluted - cloud of pollution TOPIC 5 + NATUREIN DANGER | 153Question 33: Thousands of acres of forest are being cut down every year and the _... of many animals are being destroyed. A. natural resources B. natural habitats C. ways of life D. living surroundings Question 34: There will be — ung tOO. Some areas will become wetter while others will become much drier. A. weather changes B. weather forecasts C. climatic changes D. climate changes Question 35: As the Earth gets hotter, the Arctic and Antarctic will slowly melt and the level of the oceans will rise. A. snowballs B. avalanches C. ice caps D. icebergs Question 36: The... that are produced by factories and cars are allowing more from the sun to reach earth. A.gases- radiation _B. gases - light C. gas - light D. gas - radiation Question 37: The gradual rise in the Earth's temperature is known as a A. greenhouse effect B. global warming C., ozone layer D. acid rain Question 38: Farmers contribute to environmental damage by spraying with , which stay in the soil for years. A. agriculture - pesticides B. agriculture - fertilizers C.crops - fertilizers D. crops - pesticides Question 39: During the last hundred years we have done great to the environment. A. injury B. pollution C. damage D. destruction Question 40: As towns grow, they tend to destroy the surrounding, areas. A.urban B. commercial Gland D. rural Exercise 4: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions, Question 41: When the wastes are poured into the atmosphere, the air becomes contaminated and unpleasant to breathe. A. dense B. dirty C.decontaminated _ D. biotic Question 42: Water pollution is a result of dumping pollutants such as detergents, pesticides, oil, and other chemicals in rivers, which makes the water unclean. A. substances B. stuffs C.contaminants —_—D. wastes, 154 |Question 43: The natural environment has been seriously influenced and degraded by human activities through many decades. A.worsened B. damaged C. destroyed D. reduced Question 44: Scientific evidence now clearly indicates that the Earth’s atmosphere and ocean are warming, and that these changes are primarily due to greenhouse gases derived from human activities, A. came from B. resulted in C. caused to D, blamed for Question 45: Climate change will affect coral reef ecosystems, through sea level rise, changes to the frequency and intensity of tropical storms, and altered ocean circulation patterns. A. threaten B. impact C. warn D. endanger Question 46: Polluted air in the factory accounts for the workers’ respiratory illn A. results from B. brings up C. causes of D. explains se Question 47: Because plastic bags are non-biodegradable, they are harmful to the environment, especially to the aquatic wildlife. A. marine B. submarine C.undersea D. mammal Question 48: Development of the area would endanger wildlife. A. imperil B. perish C. degrade D. deplete Question 49: Conservationists have been trying to look for ways to protect wilderness areas, A. highland B. prairie C. temperate D. desert Question 50: Peru's Bahuaja Sonene National Park, a remarkable protected area, is home to 174 species of mammals, including rare animals. A. significant B. outstanding C. prominent D. dominant Question 51: Mass tourism has contributed to the destruction of the environment. A. organization B. structure C.construction D. devastation Question 52: A lot of waste from hotels and vehicles is also discharged into the water and air, A. discussed B. collected C. released D. treated Question 53: The loss of much forest is destroying Earth's plant and animal variety. A. consuming B. demolishing C. erasing D. removing Question 54: Without plants, most water would run off as soon as it falls, taking away valuable soil. A. costly B. estimable C. cherished D. admirable TOPICS + NATUREIN DANGER | 155Question 55: Air pollution is a consequence of fossil fuel burning by motor vehicles, factories, aircraft and rockets. A. product B. example Charm D. result Exercise 5: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions. Question 56: Fresh water is very important to life because no one can live without it Yet it is one of the limited and most endangered natural resources on our planet. A. Clean B. Drinkable C. Polluted D. Running Question 57: Soil pollution leads to lack of fe increasing population. A. arid B. rich C. unclean D. deserted Je land to grow enough food for an Question 58: Global warming may lead to many negative changes, including harsher weather conditions. A. more unbearable B. milder C.more extreme _D. more serious Question 59: The river is badly polluted with toxic chemicals from that factory. A. poisonous B. harmful C harmless D. deadly Question 60: If we continue to deplete our planets natural resources, we will damage the environment significantly. A.use up B. add to C. reduce D. exhaust Question 61: Poverty in many African countri poach animals to earn their living. A. chance B. prospect C. possibility D. improbability s increases the likelihood that people Question 62: The burning of fossil fuels has led to air pollution and deforestation caused land erosion. A. resulted in B.resulted from C.broughtabout —_D. caused Question 63: It is reported that humans are the main reason for most species’ declines and habitat destruction and degradation are the leading threats. A. depletion B. emission C. development D. damage Question 64: Wildlife is under threat from many different kinds of human activities, from directly destroying habitat to spreading invasive disease. A. difficult to stop B. easy to transmit C.easy to stop D. difficult to transmit Question 65: The fire will go out unless we put some more wood on. A. g0 off B.goin C.stop burning D. continue burning 156 |Question 66: The environmental pollution level in this area has built up a lot over recent years. A. increased B. decreased C. blocked D. concentrated Question 67: It is predicted that the natural resources will run out by the end of the century. A.come in B.run short C.run away D. remain intact Question 68: Deforestation may seriously jeopardize the habitat of many species in the local area, A.do harm to B. make benefit for _ C. give rise to D. make way for Question 69: Deforestation increases the evaporation of water from the ground which can lead to extensive droughts. A. plummets B. decreases C.alleviates D. boosts Question 70: The consequences of the typhoon were disastrous due to the lack of precautionary measures. A. physical B. severe C. beneficial D. damaging Exercise 6: Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 71 to 75. Have you heard about the great flood? Perhaps you have heard about a man named Noah, who built a huge boat to escape the flood. In this legend of the great flood, water covered all the land, killing most of the people and animals on Earth. Only Noah's (71) family, including his wife, three sons, and the sons’ wives, survived the flood, along with all of the animals on his boat. After the flood waters receded, the people and animals on Noah's boat set about repopulating the Earth. This legend of Noah and his family is familiar to many people. However, it is not the only legend about a great flood, Actually, many cultures have similar stories about a great flood that wiped (72)... almost everyone on Earth. Many people today believe that the great flood is only a legend. (73) : other people say that the striking similarities among all of the flood legends suggest that a real flood covered the Earth at some point long ago. In fact, some scientists (74) that the ancient flood waters are now frozen in glaciers at the poles of the Earth. But why do the legends disagree with each other? The flood happened long before humans could write, so the story of the flood could only be (75) through generations by oral retellings. As the story was passed by word of mouth, it may have changed as various cultures learned the story. This may explain why some parts TOPICS * NATURE IN DANGER | 157of the legend differ, Through careful examination of similar elements in these legends, however, certain facts about an accident catastrophic flood may be revealed. (Adapted from Reading Challenge 3 by Casey Malarcher and Andrea Janzen) Question 71: A.immediate B. extended C. nuclear D. present Question 72: A. down B. off Cout D. away Question 73: A. In addition B.Nonetheless _C. On the contrary D. In contrast Question 74: A. speculated _B. have speculated C. are speculating D. speculate Question 75: A. altered B, converted C.perpetuated —_D, bequeathed Exercise 7: Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 76 to 80. A report from the United Nations given at the conference unveils how worrying the pollution caused by plastic utensils, especially plastic bags, is becoming. In a single minute, the world consumes one million plastic bottles; in a year, the world consumes five billion single-use plastic bags, according to Vietnamplus. The scary fact is that such plastic bottles and bags are not properly treated, as each year, the world discharges 300 million tons of plastic waste, accounting for some 10% of all solid waste, putting the environment and human health under tenterhooks, according to the news site. The conference also drew attention to another fact: “For a plastic bag that can be used for five minutes, it takes five seconds to produce, one second to discard, but 500 to 1,000 years to become totally decomposed,” says Vietnamplus. In another message given by the UN General Secretary and delivered at the conference, itis reported that since more than eight million tons of plastic bags end up in the oceans each year, “microplastics in the seas now outnumber stars in our galaxy” “If present trends continue, by 2050 our oceans will have more plastic than fish,” Dan Tri reports, quoting Caitlin Wiesen, country director of the UN Development Programme in Vietnam. ‘These above-mentioned fearful facts, however, are not merely global issues, but domestic problems as well, according to local media. Many local news outlets, when relating data from the conference, point out that white pollution - a term used to indicate the overwhelming discharge of plastic bags into the environment - is even getting worse in Vietnam than elsewhere. (Source: https://english.thesaigontimes.vn) 158 |Question 76: Which of the following could be the main idea of the passage? A. White pollution is getting worse and worse. B. White pollution ~ a new type of pollution. C. The facts about plastic bags are scarier than what we can see. D, The problems caused by white pollution are increasing, Question 77: The word “tenterhooks" in the first paragraph mostly means. A. The feeling of happiness to know the good results. B. The possibility of harm or death to someone. C. Worry or nervousness about something that is going to happen. D. A statement about what you think will happen in the future. Question 78: The following are the facts about white pollution, EXCEPT . A. Five billion is the number of single-use plastic bags consumed by the world population in one year. B. Plastic waste makes up about one tenth of the solid waste on the Earth. C.Itis as effortless to decay plastic bags as to manufacture them, D. Every year over eight million tons of plastic bags are littered in the oceans. Question 79: What does the phrase “present trends” in paragraph 3 refer to? A. Microplastics in the seas now are much more than the stars in the sky. B. Million tons of plastics bags are discharged into the oceans. C.It takes 500 to 1,000 years to decompose the whole plastic bags. D. There are more plastic bags in the oceans than fish. Question 80: What does the author imply in the last paragraph? A. White pollution in Vietnam is almost out of control. B. Vietnamese should solve this environmental problem themselves. C. The state of plastic pollution in Vietnam is becoming the worst in the world, D. To reduce pollution, every country in the world has to join hands together. TOPIC 5 « NATURE IN DANGER | 159