History of Landscape Planning
Garden Design
Garden Design is an ancient art for which we have records reaching back for more than 4,000 years.
• The etymology of the word gardening refers to enclosure. A garden is a planned space, usually
outdoors, set aside
• for the display, cultivation, and enjoyment of plants and other forms of nature. The garden can
incorporate both natural and man-made materials.
• The most common form today is known as a residential garden, but the term garden has traditionally
been a more general one.
• Zoos, which display wild animals in simulated natural habitats, were formerly called zoological
gardens.
• Western gardens are almost universally based on plants, with garden often signifying a shortened
form of botanical garden. E.g Botanical garden, zoological garden
Garden Design
A garden were mainly used for aesthetic, functional, and recreational, religious purposes
Cooperation with nature Relaxation
•Plant cultivation • Family dinners on the terrace
• Children playing in the garden
• Garden-based learning
• Reading and relaxing in the hammock
Observation of nature
• Maintaining the flowerbeds
• Bird- and insect-watching • Pottering in the shed
• Reflection on the changing seasons • Basking in warm sunshine
Growing useful produce • Escaping oppressive sunlight and heat
• Flowers to cut and bring inside for indoor
beauty Religious
• Fresh herbs and vegetables for cooking
Garden Design
Difference between Gardening and Landscaping
Gardening Landscaping
Definition The practice of The design and construction of gardens and
growing plants outdoor areas.
outdoors or indoors
Practiced Can be done by Mostly professionals and landscape architects,
anyone but can be done by anyone with a keen
interest and basic knowledge.
Purpose Hobby, interest. Designed to achieve a desired aesthetic –
purpose built.
History
• Early cultures attempted to re-create or express in their built landscapes the sacred meanings and
spiritual significance of natural sites and phenomena.
• The landscape started by impulse to dig and to mound earthworks, raised stones, and marked the
ground.
• Around 8,000 years ago, complex social systems began to emerge simultaneously in South and Central
America, in Egypt and the Middle East, and in India and Asia.
• As cultures advanced and humans gained more control over the natural world, we organized the
landscape for physical and spiritual comfort.
• The idea of the garden as a managed pleasure ground evolved from the simple enclosed hunting
grounds of Europe and Asia. In ancient Greece and Rome, a new trust in human logic resulted in
the substitution of anthropomorphic deities for nature spirits. Sacred structures soon replaced
sacred landscapes.
In the Prehistory to 6th century, the goal for landscape architecture was
Trying to understand/honor the mysteries of nature
Cemeteries
Some of them (in south America) was built for unknown purpose yet
For pleasure and for medicine, for food and for worship
PreHistory to 6th Century _Cosmologicals Landscape
3200 BCE ,NEW GRANGE-IRELAND.
• The circular passage tomb at New Grange contains three
recessed chambers.
• On the winter solstice, the sun rises through a clerestory
above the entryway, illuminating the central chamber
2950 BCE–1600 BCE , Stonehenge –U.K
Archeological Observatory
Solar Calendar
Megalith structure
Sacred place
2000 BCE , Wood hinge –U.K.
• located about 2 miles from Stonehenge, was a timber circle of
roughly the same diameter that marked a burial site dating from
the Neolithic era.
• Sunrise on the summer solstice aligned with its entryway.
200 BCE – 600 CE , NAZCA LINES-PERU .
An extensive series of straight lines, geometric shapes, and animal figures
were inscribed on the dry lake bed by overturning gravel and
exposing the lighter-colored earth below.
Archeologists are not certain which culture produced these geoglyphs, nor
whether their purpose was related to religion, ritual, water
sources, or astronomy
Ancient Garden Design
1380 BCE TOMB OF NEBAMUN, THEBES
The gardens depicted on the walls of wealthy Egyptian officials are
an important primary source of information about the ancient
Egyptian landscape. Shown here is an ordered arrangement of
specific plants around a rectangular basin
stocked with fish.
546 BCE , PASARGADAE-PERSIA .
Pasargadae was the first dynastic capital of the Achaemenid
Empire, founded by Cyrus II the Great, in Pars, homeland of
the Persians, in the 6th century BC. Mausoleum of Cyrus II;
Tall-e Takht, a fortified terrace; and a royal ensemble of
gatehouse, audience hall, residential palace and gardens.
Hanging Garden Babylon
• The special feature of this period is the active construction
of houses and stepped towers -ziggurats - on the terraces ,
slightly elevated above the surface of the streets .
• On the terraces the trees and bushes seemingly climbed
at the sky, possibly because of this they named them "the
Hanging Gardens“.
• It consists of vaulted terraces raised one above another,
and resting upon cubeshaped pillars.
• These are hollow and filled with earth to allow trees of the
largest size to be planted.
• The pillars, the vaults, and terraces are constructed of
baked brick and asphalt.
• Deodars Siculus described the hanging gardens as a "series
of super imposed terraces of reducing size, rising to a
height of 75 feet.
200 BCE
ATHENIAN AGORA
The agora was the civic heart of Athens, where people
gathered to conduct personal business and participate in
municipal affairs. Tracing the use and development of this
open space over the centuries frames an informative picture
of Greek culture during the Archaic (c. 750–c. 480 BCE),
Classical (c. 500–323 BCE), and Hellenistic (323–146 BCE)
periods. The shaping of public space became more self-
conscious.
The Ganges
More than 1,500 miles long, the Ganges River is believed
to be the sacred river of salvation by Hindus. The
riverside city of Varanasi became the capital of the Kashi
kingdom in the 6th century BCE and remains a
particularly holy place of worship in northern India. The
riverbank is lined with temples, shrines, and steps, called
ghats
The goal for Landscape architecture in 6th to 15th century was :
1. Utilitarian: Was the main function in Western Europe .
2. People grew vegetables and herbs for food and medicine.
3. People were tied to the landscape socially, politically, and economically in a feudal system where
entitlement to land equaled power.
4. The garden became laden with allegorical symbolism both sacred and profane, and was the locus
for literary tales of chivalry and courtly love.
5. Gardens made for pleasure (Hunting gardens ).
6. Show the power and wealthy of Empire
The French Garden
The French garden were inspired by the Italian
renaissance garden and symmetry and geometry
were the keywords when designing such garden
The whole garden is composed like a painting
reaching for pure aesthetic qualities
Most French Gardens were designed to be looked
at from specific places, such as terraces or
balconies
The focus of the garden tends to be the house.
Usually a palace or chaleau and paths radiate out
of this creating long axial views
Statuary is often used in French Garden Design.
Pavilions and follies are often incorporated too
Water is often a key feature of French garden
design. Round pools, long rectangles of water,
fountains, cascades are very common features
Trees are always planted in straight lines adding
perspective and reinforcing the symmetry of the
garden
Mughal Gardens
Mughal Gardens are a group of gardens built by the Mughals in the Islamic style of architecture
Significant use of rectilinear layouts are made within the walled enclosures
Typical features are- pools, fountains, canals inside the gardens
Mughal Gardens are divided into sections like rectangular peal garden, long butterfly garden, circular
garden, terraced garden
Running water perhaps the most important element and a pool to reflect the beauties of sky and
garden
Flowers and roses of different species were used for beautification of the gardens. Trees of various
types were used for fruits and shade.
NISHAT BAGH
Thank You
