INTELLIGENCE

•Meaning
•Definition
•Types
•Factors
•IQ
MEANING:
•Intelligence came from Latin word intelligere "to understand”
•Intelligence is a key construct employed to know how individuals
differ from one another.
•It also provides an understanding of how people adapt their
behaviour according to the environment in which they live.
•Intelligence is the ability of an individual to cope with his
environment.
•Intelligence characterizes the whole behaviour of an individual
and is sum of her/his abilities which are quantitatively
differentiable.
 Definitions of Intelligence
Intelligence is the ability to judge well, reason well and act well
(Binet).

• Intelligence is the global or aggregate capacity of an individual to

think rationally, act purposefully, and to deal effectively with
her/his environment (Wechsler).

• Intelligence is the capacity to learn and adjust to relatively new

and changing conditions (Wagnon).

• Intelligence is the the ability to adapt, to shape and select

environment to accomplish one’s goals and those of one’s society
and culture (Sternberg).
 Nature of Intelligence
• It is an innate mental ability which grows and is influenced by
the environment.
• It shows the capacity to adapt to new or changed situations
quickly and correctly.

• It is the ability to carry on higher mental processes such as

reasoning, criticism, rational and judgment.

• It shows the capacity to observe the relationship and

absurdities.

• It implies the capacity to learn and solve difficult tasks and

problems.
 Types of intelligence:

Intelligence is divided into three kinds.

1. Concrete intelligence/ Mechanical

2. Social or emotional intelligence

3. Abstract or general intelligence

Types cont…..
1. Concrete/ Mechanical intelligence:
• This type of intelligence is applicable for using machines, tools and
instruments. Ex. Mechanics, engineers are concrete intelligent.
2. Social intelligence:
• It is the ability to understand social situations and act wisely in
human relationship.
• Socially intelligent people know the art of winning friends and
influence them.
Ex. Leaders, ministers, salesmen, and diplomats are socially
intelligent.
3. Abstract and general intelligence
• It is the ability to respond to words, numbers
and letters etc.
• This type of intelligence is required from
study of books literature.
Ex. Teachers, lawyers, doctors and philosophers.
 Emotional intelligence
• First called social intelligence.
• The ability to perceive, express, understand, and
regulate emotions.
• Some studies show EQ to be a greater predictor for future
success than IQ.
• It is basis of the empathy for others, self awareness , and
social skills. e.g. eye contact, flexibility and cooperation
• It helps in building the therapeutic
relationship with patient.
 Intelligence quotient (IQ)
• The abbreviation "IQ" was coined by the psychologist
William Stern.
• The idea of intelligence quotient was utilized first in 1916 by
Binnet and Simon test.
• Binnet and Simon used mental age to distinguish “bright” from
“dull” children.
• IQ is the ratio between the metal age and chronological age.
IQ = MA/CA x 100
Ex. A 6 years old boy with the mental age of 4.
IQ = 4/6 x 100 = 66.6
 Classification of individual
according to IQ
Genius 140above
Very superior 130-140
Superior 120-130 • The Individual
Above average 110-120 those perform
more than average
Average 90-110
of their age have
Dull average 80-90
IQ more than 100.
Borderline 70-80 • And those perform
Mild mental retardation 50-70 less than average
Moderate mental 35-50 of their age have
retardation IQ less than 100.
Severe mental retardation 20-35
Profundamental retardation 0-20
 Multiple intelligence

• According to Howard Gardner there are eight types of

intelligence.

• The theory of multiple intelligences differentiates

human intelligence into specific 'modalities', rather than
seeing intelligence as dominated by a single general ability.

• Howard Gardner proposed this model in his 1983 book Frames

of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences.
Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
• Visual / Spatial
• Verbal / Linguistic
• Logical/
Mathematical
• Bodily / Kinesthetic
• Musical / Rhythmic
• Interpersonal
• Intrapersonal
• Natural
 LINGUISTIC INTELLIGENCE
• It’s the ability to use the
words effectively when
writing or speaking.
• It can improve Reading the
best authors of the language
and having a dictionary near
when is reading.

PROFESSIONAL PROFILES:
Political
or religious leaders, poets or
writes.
 LOGICAL- MATHEMATICAL
INTELLIGENCE
•It is the ability to make
quickly numerical
calculations, formulate and
verify hypotheses and use
the scientific method.
• It can improve solving
abstract problems, doing
mental calculations and
with numeric games,
among other.
PROFESSIONAL PROFILE: Economist,
Scientist, Engineer, Mathematician
 SPATIAL OR VISUAL INTELLIGENCE

• It is the abilities to present his

ideas visually, create mental
images, perceive visual details,
draw and make sketches.
• it can improve artistic activities,
mental maps, visuals, metaphor
etc.

PROFESSIONAL PROFILES:
Artist, Photographer, Architect,
Designer, among other.
 MUSICAL INTELLIGENCE
• It’s the ability to listen, sing, play
instruments as well analyze sound
in general.
• It can improve singing, playing
instruments, listening to music,
attending concerts, etc.

PROFESSIONALES PROFILES:
Singer, composer, musical critic,
among
other.
 BODILY KINESTHETIC
INTELLIGENCE
• It’s the ability to do activities
that require strength, speed,
flexibility, hand eye
coordination and balance.
• It can improve with manual
activities, theater, dance,
relaxation and sports

PROFESSIONAL PROFILES:
Sculptor, surgeon, actor,
model, dancer, sportsman, among
other.
INTRAPERSONAL INTELLIGENCE
• It’s the ability to set goals,
evaluates skills and personal
disadvantages and control own
thinking.
• It can improve with
individualized instruction, self-
esteem activities, newspaper
writing, individual projects and
meditation.
PROFESSIONAL PROFILES:
mature individuals who are self-
aware
INTERPERSONAL INTELLIGENCE

• It’s the ability to work with

people, help people indentify
and overcome problems.
• It can improve with
cooperative learning,
tutorials, board games and
theater materials

PROFESSIONAL PROFILES:
Administrator, Psychologist, teacher, therapist,
attorney
 FACTORS AFFECTING
INTELLIGENCE
Heredity and environment

Age

Health and physical development

Culture

Social and economic conditions

 THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE

Uni or one factor theory

Two-factor theory

Multiple theory of intelligence

Sternberg’s view of Intelligence

Uni or one factor theory

Some psychologists believe intelligence is a basic ability that affects

performance on all cognitively oriented tasks. will do well in
computing mathematical problems, analyzing poetry, taking history
essay examinations, and solving riddles.

Two factor theory:

• Two factor theory was developed by Charles Spearman
(father of factor analysis) in 1927.
• Intellectual abilities were comprised of two factors: one general
ability or common ability known as ‘G’ factor and the other a
group of specific abilities known as ‘S’ factor.
• ‘G’ factor is universal inborn ability. Greater ‘G’ in an
individual leads to greater success in life.
• ‘‘S” factor is acquired from the environment. It varies from
activity to activity in the same individual.

• These specific abilities may be represented as :

S1, S2, S3 etc.

According to this theory:

An individual’s total intelligence (A) is the sum of the general

factor (G) and all his specific abilities (S). This can be expressed
as:

A = G+S1+S2+S3 +…….
 G factor vs. S factor
G factor S factor
It is Universal inborn ability Learned and acquired
from environment.
It is General mental ability These are specific abilities.
It is constant in one individual. It varies from activity to activity
in same individual.
G factor differs from Individuals differs in the
individual to individual. amount of S ability
Used in every activity of life.
Group factor or Multifactor theory

• This theory was advocated by LL Thurstone in 1938.

• This theory rejected General Intelligence.

• This theory considers intelligence a combination of numerous

separate factors.

• Instead of viewing intelligence as a single , general ability ,

Thurstone's theory focused on seven primary mental abilities.
 Thurstone 7 factors
1. The Verbal Factor (V)—Found in tests involving Verbal
Comprehension.
2. The Spatial Factor (S)—ability to imagine an object in space.
3. The Number Factor (N)—Ability to do Numerical
Calculations rapidly and accurately.
4. Memory Factor (M)—Involving ability to memorize quickly.
5. The Reasoning Factor (R)—Found in tasks that require a
subject to discover a rule or principle involved in a series or
groups of letters.
6. The Perceptual Factor (P)- ability to perceive objects
accurately.
7. The Problem solving Factor (PS)- ability to solve problems
Independently.
Based on these factors Thurstone constructed a new test of
intelligence known as: ‘‘Test of Primary Mental Abilities
(PMA).
 Sternberg’s Triacharic theory
Three aspects of intelligence:
Componential:
• Analytical thinking “book smart”
Experiential thinking:
• Creative thinking and characterizes the person who can
separate elements of experience and combine them
insightfully.
Contextual:
• “Street smart” one who know how to play the game and
can successfully manipulate the environment.
Answer: D
Explanations: 15 is added each number, and D only added 10,
while the other numbers are added 15
Answer: D. 7
Explanation: A (1) + B (3) + c (3) = D (7)
Which one of the following is different
from others?

Answer: B
Explanations: The only one shape the outer and the inner
shape are the same, while the other are different shapes
(inner and outer).