Abstract

This project presents the design and implementation of a digital clock system using a dot matrix
LED display, aimed at providing a visually dynamic and customizable timekeeping solution. The
system utilizes a microcontroller (Arduino UNO) to accurately track and update time in real-
time, while controlling a dot matrix LED module to display the current hour, minute, and
second. Unlike traditional seven-segment displays, the dot matrix configuration allows for
greater flexibility in design, animation effects, and character rendering, making the display more
engaging and modern. The design incorporates a real-time clock (RTC) module for precise
timekeeping, ensuring that the clock maintains accuracy even in the absence of power. User
interaction is enabled through tactile buttons for setting and adjusting time, with provisions for
both 12-hour and 24-hour formats. The system architecture focuses on simplicity, low power
consumption, and ease of replication, using widely available electronic components. This project
serves educational, decorative, and functional purposes, demonstrating how embedded systems
can be integrated with creative display technologies to produce reliable digital systems. The
implementation further explores software algorithms for matrix scanning, time multiplexing, and
user input handling. Overall, the project highlights the practicality and versatility of dot matrix
displays in real-world digital timekeeping applications.
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

In recent years, dot matrix LED displays have become increasingly popular due to their wide
applications in public information systems such as shopping malls, transport terminals, traffic
signs, and billboards. These displays are capable of visually presenting scrolling messages,
symbols, and numerical data with high clarity and flexibility. Their ability to attract attention and
convey dynamic information makes them an essential component of modern digital
communication systems.

A major limitation of traditional LED display systems, however, lies in the complexity and cost
of updating displayed information. Conventionally, these systems require a computer, special
keyboard, or wireless module to input messages, making the display units bulky, costly, and less
user-friendly, especially where portability and simplicity are essential.

To overcome this challenge, more portable and cost-effective solutions have emerged using
microcontrollers and GSM modules. With such setups, users can send SMS messages via a
mobile phone, which are then received and decoded by a microcontroller (such as an Arduino
UNO with an ATmega328P chip) to dynamically update the content displayed on the LED
matrix. This approach eliminates the need for dedicated computers or expensive wireless
keyboards, significantly reducing cost while enhancing ease of use.

While most existing systems focus on message display, this project explores the design and
implementation of a digital clock using a dot matrix LED display. Instead of displaying static
digits using seven-segment displays, the system uses a scrolling or fixed-text format to display
real-time hours, minutes, and seconds. Dot matrix displays offer greater versatility compared to
seven-segment displays, as they can display not only numbers but also characters, symbols, and
animated visuals.

The project uses an Arduino-based system that interfaces with a Real-Time Clock (RTC) module
to maintain accurate time, even during power outages. The output is sent to a 4-in-1 8x8 LED dot
matrix module, controlled via a MAX7219 driver, allowing for compact and efficient LED
control. Supporting hardware such as voltage regulators, push buttons for time-setting, and a
regulated power supply form the complete circuit.

This project demonstrates the potential of low-cost embedded systems in building visually
appealing and functional digital clocks. It merges timekeeping with display innovation,
promoting creativity in electronics design, and serving as a valuable educational and practical
tool.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

In today's digital world, the need for precise and real-time information display is becoming
increasingly vital. Traditional analog clocks are being replaced by digital timekeeping devices
due to their readability and integration with modern systems. Most conventional digital clocks
employ seven-segment displays, which are limited in terms of design flexibility, resolution, and
character representation. They cannot effectively display custom fonts, symbols, or scrolling text
and are unsuitable for multilingual or animated time representations.

Furthermore, many existing digital clock designs are either too simplistic, lacking in visual
appeal, or too complex and costly due to the use of graphical displays. There is a gap in the
availability of an affordable, visually engaging, and scalable digital clock system that can present
time in an innovative and attractive format.

This project addresses the above challenge by designing and implementing a digital clock system
using a dot matrix LED display driven by an Arduino microcontroller and synchronized with a
Real-Time Clock (RTC) module. The system is capable of dynamically displaying hours,
minutes, and seconds with custom character fonts, scrolling effects, and high visual contrast,
making it ideal for educational, residential, and commercial applications.

1.3 Aim and Objectives

Aim: To design and implement a functional and visually engaging digital clock using a 4-in-1
dot matrix LED display module controlled by an Arduino microcontroller and synchronized with
a Real-Time Clock (RTC).

Specific Objectives:
i. To interface a 4-in-1 8x8 dot matrix LED display with the Arduino UNO microcontroller using
the MAX7219 driver IC.

ii. To connect and program a DS3231 or DS1307 RTC module for continuous and accurate
timekeeping.

iii. To develop embedded software (Arduino sketch) capable of reading time from the RTC and
updating the LED display in real-time.

iv. To implement time display in the HH:MM:SS format using custom characters or scroll text
on the dot matrix display.

v. To incorporate push-button inputs for manually adjusting the time when necessary.

vi. To construct a regulated power supply system to power all circuit components reliably.

1.4 Scope of the Project

This project is focused on the hardware and software development of a digital clock display
system using dot matrix technology. The scope is limited to the following key areas:

 The hardware design involves the use of a 4-in-1 8x8 red dot matrix LED module,
Arduino UNO microcontroller, RTC module (DS3231 or DS1307), MAX7219 display
driver, tactile push buttons, and supporting power circuitry.
 The software component involves programming the Arduino to initialize
communication with the RTC, extract and format the time data, and render the output on
the LED matrix in a readable format.
 The dot matrix technology chosen is single-color (red), which reduces the complexity and
cost of the project compared to RGB matrices.
 The design is modular and scalable, allowing additional display modules to be added in
the future for larger clocks or additional information such as temperature or date.
 The project strictly focuses on the real-time display of digital clock data. It does not
include internet-based time synchronization, alarms, or advanced GUI features, though
these can be added in future developments.
1.5 Limitations of the Project

While the project achieves its core objectives, it is constrained by the following limitations:

i. Limited Display Resolution: The 32x8 pixel resolution of the 4-in-1 dot matrix module
restricts the size and complexity of the characters and limits the amount of information
displayed at once. Multi-line or higher-resolution displays would require more hardware
and complex coding.
ii. Single Color Output: The display is limited to a single color (red), which restricts visual
customization and the ability to emphasize different time components using color.
iii. Manual Time Setting: The clock must be manually set using push buttons. Automatic
time synchronization via GPS or internet time servers is not implemented due to cost and
complexity considerations.
iv. Lack of Real-Time Interactivity: The system displays the time only and does not support
features such as alarms, calendar, or sensor-based functions like ambient light
adjustment.
v. Power Dependency: Though the RTC maintains time during power loss, the display and
microcontroller do not, meaning the display goes blank unless power is restored.
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

This chapter presents a review of the literature that forms the basis of this research work. The
review is grouped into two categories: a review of fundamental concepts and a review of related
works.

2.2 Review of Fundamental Concepts

This section discusses the basic concepts integrated to achieve this project work, including
microcontrollers and Light Emitting Diode (LED) displays.

Of course. Here is the updated **Chapter Five**, which now includes a new section "5.3 Future
Improvements" in addition to the existing Conclusion and Recommendations.

2.2.1 Microcontroller

Microcontrollers and microcomputers have developed rapidly since the 1970s. Although they
initially had the functionality of a simple calculator, they are now single-chip microcomputers
(SOCs) that can perform a vast array of functions in all electronic systems. Microcontrollers with
leading 8- and 16-bit processors are often preferred for their low cost and ease of
implementation. These systems, which have met diverse needs for a long time, now boast high
processing capacities of 32 and 64 bits.

Selecting the right microcontroller for an application can be challenging for beginners. A correct
choice facilitates implementation, while a wrong one can cause project delays and require a
return to the planning stage. The following steps can guide the selection process.

 List the equipment required for the application: Specify the hardware needed for
communication interfaces (USB, SPI, UART, etc.) and special processes (ADC, PWM,
DSP, FPU). Also, list the port connections for input/output elements such as sensors,
LCD displays, drivers, and relays.
  Observe your software architecture**: Specify the length of the program to be operated
and the operating speed. The content of the codes and their operating frequency will
determine hardware requirements.
 Specify the hardware architecture**: Determine the architecture based on the length of
the data to be operated and the variety of instructions.
 Specify the memory requirement**: Define the program memory and data memory
required for the application. Calculate the RAM needed to run the program.
 Cost and energy consumption analysis**: Check the cost and availability of the
components. Analyze the application's energy consumption, operating frequency, and
other variables.
 Examination of software development environment**: Check the development
environment and programming languages supported by the selected hardware.
 Exploring the compiler and other development tools**: Research the available
programming interfaces and tools.
 System testing and application experiments**: If possible, conduct small practice tests to
ensure all system components are compatible and functional.

2.2.2 Light Emitting Diode (LED)

A Light Emitting Diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a P-N junction
diode that emits light when activated. When a suitable current is applied to the leads, electrons
recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons,
typically as visible light. For this project, red LEDs are used. Each LED typically consumes 10-
20 mA of current at 2.5-5.0 V DC [7]. An LED consists of the following parts: an epoxy
lens/case, wire bonds, reflective cavity, semiconductor die, anvil post, flat spot, anode lead, and
cathode lead, as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Light Emitting Diode

Led biasing is the process of connecting the P-N leads of a LED to a DC supply. LED biasing
can be divided into two, namely: 1. Forward bias 2. Reverse bias Forward biasing is a biasing
type whereby voltage is applied across the LED in such a way to allow the flow of current and
the voltage applied is called the Forward voltage. Reverse biasing is a biasing process whereby
voltage is applied across the LED in such a way to prohibit the flow of current [8]. For the
purpose of this project, the biasing method to be used will be the forward bias, since this
activates the LED and enable it to emit light. The biasing is illustrated in Figure 2.

Figure 2: LED Biasing

2.2.3 Dot Matrix LED Displays

An LED matrix is an arrangement of LEDs packed in rows and columns. A dot matrix LED
display is a flat panel display that uses an array of light-emitting diodes as pixels for a video
output. LED displays are capable of providing general illumination in addition to visual output,
as seen in stage lighting or other decorative purposes [9]. A typical dot matrix display board with
drivers is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3: Dot Matrix Display Board with Drivers

2.3 Review of Related Works

In the work of S. Surendiran, M. Mathumathi, S. Nivetha, and A. Pon Lucina (2020) IoT Based
Message Scrolling Led Display. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology
(IRJET). 223-229, An IoT-Based Message Scrolling LED Display was constructed as a notice
board. Notice boards play a vital role in day-to-day life. Replacing conventional analog notice
boards with digital ones makes information dissemination easier in a paperless community. This
project aimed to design a dot-matrix moving message display using a microcontroller and IoT,
where characters shift continuously from left to right. The system used an ATmega8
microcontroller and a 16x32 dot-matrix display. The project demonstrated an advanced wireless
notice board where the internet is used to send messages from a browser to the LED display via a
mobile application.

A similar research effort was carried out by Oladimeji Tolulope Tunji and Idowu OD, (2019)
Design and Implementation of Dot Matrix Display System. Journal of Telecommunications
System & Management. 1-9, which defined an LED dot matrix display as a system for
disseminating information to a large audience. The system has three sections: power, control, and
display, which can be grouped into hardware and software components. The hardware comprises
LED modules, a power supply module, a controller card, and a casing. The software on the
controller card stores the programmed data in volatile memory, allowing for reprogramming. The
casing is made of aluminum rod, ACO Board, and transparent plastic. The system switches on
automatically when connected to AC supply and has a lifespan of 50,000 hours with a viewing
angle of 140 degrees and a distance of 25 meters.

CHAPTER THREE
3.0 METHODOLOGY AND IMPLEMENTATION

3.1 Introduction

This chapter details the methodology for implementing the digital clock system using a dot
matrix display. It covers the materials used and the method of implementation.

3.2 Materials Used

The following materials were used in the implementation of the digital clock display system:

1. Arduino UNO

2. 4-in-1 Dot Matrix Display Module

3. Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE)

4. Soldering Iron and Solder

5. Wooden Casing

6. Jumper Wires

7. Battery

8. Switch

i. Arduino UNO

The Arduino UNO is an open-source microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P chip. It
acts as the central processing unit for this project, controlling all operations.
Figure 3.1: Arduino UNO Board

Arduino is a small microcontroller board with a USB plug for computer connectivity. It features
several connection sockets for interfacing with external electronics like motors, relays, and
sensors. It can be powered via USB or an external 9V battery and can be controlled from a
computer or programmed to operate independently.

ii. 4-in-1 Dot Matrix Display Module

This module consists of four 8x8 LED matrices controlled by a MAX7219 driver IC. It is used
for displaying text, numbers, and simple graphics. The module can be daisy-chained for larger
displays and is controlled via a convenient 3-wire serial interface.
 Figure 3.2: 4-in-1 Dot Matrix Display Module

iii. Arduino IDE :The Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is used for
writing,compiling, and uploading programs (sketches) to the Arduino board. It supports C/C++
programming and includes numerous libraries for sensors, displays, and motors, along with a
Serial Monitor for debugging.

iv. Soldering Iron and Solder :A soldering iron is a tool with a heated metal tip used to melt
solder, creating permanent electrical connections between components. Solder is typically a tin-
lead or lead-free alloy.

Figure 3.3: Soldering Iron and Solder

v. Wooden Casing: A wooden enclosure is used to house the electronic components,

providing protection from physical damage and electric shock, while also improving aesthetics.

vi. Jumper Wires: Jumper wires are insulated wires with metal ends used for making temporary
connections during prototyping. They are reusable and essential for testing circuits on a
breadboard before permanent soldering.

Jumper wires are simple, reusable wires used to make temporary electrical connections between
different parts of a circuit. Instead of soldering components together, which is permanent, these
wires let you easily connect and disconnect points as needed. Because they’re flexible and don’t
require tools to connect, they make it easy to try different setups, fix issues, and test new ideas
quickly.

Jumper wires also help avoid the heat damage that can come from soldering, which protects
sensitive parts. In more advanced environments, they’re used to build quick prototypes or
simulate how a circuit will behave before committing to a printed circuit board (PCB). You can
use them to inject signals, check if parts are working, or temporarily bypass sections of a circuit.
They are good for fast development and experimentation in electronics.

Figure 3.4: Jumper Wires

vii. Battery: A portable DC power source, such as a 9V battery or Li-ion cell, is used to power
the system, ensuring portability and operation during power outages.
 Figure 3.5: 9V Battery

viii. Switch: A switch is an electromechanical device that opens or closes an electrical circuit
manually. It is used for controlling power or resetting the system.

Figure 3.6: Switch

3.3 Method

The system implementation involves both hardware interconnection and software development.
The circuit diagram in Figure 4 shows the connection between the Arduino UNO and the 4-in-1
dot matrix display modules.

Figure 4: Circuit Diagram of Four 8x8 Dot Matrix Modules with Arduino

Let’s first consider the supply power to the module. Because the display draws a lot of current,
we will run the module from the external power supply instead of the 5V supply from the
Arduino board. If it is a single MAX7219 module one can power the module directly from the
Arduino, but for the sake of safety, it is better to use external power supply to avoid burning the
Arduino board.

The data transfer between the Arduino and dot matrix display driver (MAX7219) is through the
SPI communication. Now, let’s consider the Arduino pins that are used for SPI communication.
As MAX7219 module require a lot of data transfer, it will give the best performance when
connected up to the hardware SPI pins on a microcontroller. The hardware SPI pins are much
faster than software SPI.

Note that each Arduino Board has different SPI pins which should be connected accordingly. For
Arduino boards such as the UNO/Nano V3.0 those pins are digital 13 (SCK), 12 (MISO), 11
(MOSI) and 10 (SS). Figure 1 above shows the wiring diagram of the Arduino Uno and the four
8*8 dot matrix display modules.

After wiring the hardware components, there will be need for writing C programming language
on an Arduino IDE, which will instruct the hardware to act in a desired manner. The flowchart in
Figure 2 below explains the program execution.

Sta rt

Include the
MAX72XX library

Initialize and
Declare Va riables

Enter the bit

map of dot
matrix
display

Enter the
message to
be dis played

End

Figure 5: Flowchart of Digital Clock Implementation

3.4 Implementation

After the circuit diagrams were thoroughly examined, all the required components were bought.
The printed circuit boards were produced and all components were mounted and soldered
properly; the PIC microcontroller is a 5volt microcontroller that is mounted and installed on the
PCB.. A multiplexer integrated circuit is installed on the main board circuit which communicates
with the circuits for the dot matrix digital clock.
3.5 Implementation of the Power Supply Unit

Electronics components used of various types used in this project prototype has various voltage
levels ranging from 3.5volts to 5volts. A power pack of 5 volts and 10 amps switch mode power
supply which is light in weight and generates high voltage was gotten for this project. Below is
the diagram for the Unit that supplies power.

Figure 7: The power supply unit

 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 TESTING AND RESULTS

4.1 Introduction

This chapter presents the systematic testing procedures undertaken to validate the functionality
and reliability of the implemented digital clock system. The results of these tests are documented
to demonstrate that the system meets its specified design objectives.

4.2 Testing Methodology

Testing was conducted in phases to isolate and verify the functionality of individual subsystems
before integrating them into the complete system. The phases were:

1. Power Supply Unit Test: Verifying stable voltage output.

2. Microcontroller and RTC Module Test:: Ensuring the Arduino could communicate with and
read accurate time from the RTC.

3. Display Driver and LED Matrix Test: : Checking the MAX7219's ability to correctly drive the
dot matrix modules.

4. User Input Test: Validating the functionality of the push buttons for setting the time.

5. Integrated System Test: : Assessing the performance of the fully assembled clock.

4.3 Test Results and Discussion

4.3.1 Power Supply Unit Test

Procedure: The 5V switch-mode power supply (SMPS) was connected to a multimeter under
no-load and full-load (with the entire system connected) conditions.

Result: The SMPS consistently provided a stable output of 5.02V ± 0.05V in both scenarios.
This confirmed its capability to power the system reliably without significant voltage droop.
Discussion: A stable power supply is crucial for the consistent operation of the microcontroller
and the LED matrices, which are sensitive to voltage fluctuations.

4.3.2 Microcontroller and RTC Module Test

Procedure: A simple Arduino sketch was uploaded to read time data from the DS3231 RTC
module and print it to the Serial Monitor.

Result: The Serial Monitor successfully displayed the correct date and time in the HH:MM:SS
format. The time was observed to be accurate when compared to a standard time source. The
RTC also maintained the correct time after the Arduino was powered off and on again.

Discussion: This test confirmed successful I²C communication between the Arduino and the
RTC, fulfilling Objective ii.

4.3.3 Display Driver and LED Matrix Test

Procedure: Using the `MD_MAX72XX` and `MD_Parola` libraries, a test sketch was run to
display static characters and a scrolling "Hello World" text on the dot matrix display.

Result: All four 8x8 matrices lit up correctly. Characters were rendered clearly, and the text
scrolled smoothly from right to left without any flickering.

Discussion: The test verified the correct wiring of the SPI pins and the proper functionality of
the MAX7219 driver, achieving part of Objective i and iv.
4.3.4 User Input Test

Procedure: The push buttons were connected to digital pins on the Arduino. A program was
written to detect button presses and print a corresponding message to the Serial Monitor (e.g.,
"Hour Button Pressed").

Result: Each button press was registered accurately by the Arduino without false triggers.
Debouncing logic in the code ensured reliable input detection.

Discussion: This confirmed that the user interface for setting the time was implemented
correctly, meeting Objective v.

4.3.5 Integrated System Test

Procedure: The final integrated code was uploaded to the Arduino. The system was powered
on, and its operation was observed over a 24-hour period.

Result:

* The clock successfully displayed the current time in a clear HH:MM:SS format.

* The time updated in real-time every second without any lag or skipping.

* The push buttons allowed for successful adjustment of hours and minutes.

* The display remained stable and bright throughout the test period.

* Upon a brief intentional power interruption, the RTC maintained the correct time, and the
display resumed showing the accurate time once power was restored.
 Figure 4.1: Final Implemented System

Discussion: The integrated system test demonstrated that all components worked together
harmoniously to achieve the project's aim. All core objectives—interfacing the display, reading
from the RTC, updating the time in real-time, formatting the output, and allowing user input—
were successfully met. The system proved to be a functional and reliable digital clock.

4.4 Conclusion of Testing

The comprehensive testing regime confirmed that the digital clock system operates as designed.
All individual modules function correctly, and their integration results in a stable and accurate
timekeeping device. The project successfully transforms the theoretical design into a practical,
working prototype.
4.5 Bill Of Engineering Measurement and evaluation

components UNIT Price(#) Quantity Total Price (#)

Jumper wire 50 15 750

Arduino uno 25000 1 25000

USB 2500 1 1500

Dot matrix display 15000 1 15000

module

Power Supply 3000 1 3000

RTC Module 10000 1 10000

Rubber Case 2000 1 2000

57250

TOTAL
 CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusion

Technological advancement has revolutionized how information, including time, is displayed to

the public. This project successfully designed and implemented a digital clock system using a dot
matrix LED display. The system employs an Arduino UNO microcontroller, a 4-in-1 dot matrix
display driven by a MAX7219 IC, and an RTC module for accurate timekeeping. The power
supply was designed to adequately power all components. The Arduino was programmed to
control the display, utilizing dedicated libraries to simplify the process of rendering characters on
the matrix. The final constructed project was enclosed in a plastic case for component security
and aesthetic appeal. This project demonstrates the effective integration of embedded systems
with display technology to create a functional, modern, and visually engaging digital clock.
5.2 Recommendations

Based on the findings and limitations of this project, the following recommendations are
proposed for future study and improvement:

1. Increase Display Capacity: The current design accommodates a limited number of characters.
Adding more dot matrix units would allow for displaying more information simultaneously, such
as the date and temperature.

2. Implement a Dual Power Source: Relying solely on a battery can lead to system shutdown
when the battery is depleted. Incorporating a dual power source (e.g., battery with AC mains
backup and automatic switching) would improve reliability.

3. Incorporate Wireless Time Synchronization: Future iterations could integrate Wi-Fi or GSM
modules to enable automatic time synchronization via NTP servers or GPS, eliminating the need
for manual time setting.

4. Use RGB LED Matrices: Upgrading to RGB dot matrix displays would allow for multi-color
output, enabling more visually appealing and informative displays where color can emphasize
different data types.

5. Add Functional Features: Additional features such as alarms, a calendar, ambient light sensors
for automatic brightness adjustment, and temperature/humidity display could significantly
enhance the system's functionality.
5.3 Future Improvements

To build upon this project's success and transition it from a prototype to a more advanced and
commercially viable product, the following future improvements are envisioned:

1. Custom PCB Design: Designing and fabricating a custom Printed Circuit Board (PCB) would
eliminate the need for a breadboard or perfboard, drastically reducing the size of the system,
improving reliability, and giving it a more professional finish.

2. Advanced Microcontroller: Migrating from the Arduino development board to a standalone

microcontroller (like the ATmega328P) or a more powerful platform (like an ESP32 or STM32)
would reduce cost, allow for a smaller form factor, and provide more processing power and
features (e.g., built-in Wi-Fi on the ESP32).

3. Mobile Application Interface: Developing a dedicated mobile application that connects to the
clock via Bluetooth or Wi-Fi would provide a sophisticated and user-friendly interface for setting
the time, configuring display modes, setting alarms, and even uploading custom animations.

4. Internet of Things (IoT) Integration: Embedding IoT capabilities would allow the clock to
serve as a smart home device. It could fetch and display real-time information such as weather
forecasts, news headlines, calendar appointments, and notifications from a smartphone.

5. Advanced Power Management: Implementing a sophisticated power management circuit with

a lithium-ion battery charger, a more efficient switching regulator, and software-based sleep
modes would greatly enhance battery life for portable applications.

6. Enhanced Enclosure Design: Utilizing modern fabrication techniques like 3D printing or laser
cutting to create a custom, sleek enclosure would significantly improve the product's aesthetics
and durability.
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