Ultrasonic Sensor Radar for Objects Detection

A diploma project submitted to the Technical Engineering BITS College, in

partial
fulfillment for the requirements for the award of the Electronic
Communication Engineering

By

. Mahendra

. Bharat Kumar

. Sai Krishna

. Navya bhavitha

. Sai kiran

Ashok Naidu

SUPERVISED BY
B RANGA SWAMY

Kurnool,BITS CLG

2025

I
 SUPERVISOR CERTIFICATION

I certify that the preparation of this project entitled (Ultrasonic Sensor

Radar for Objects Detection )prepared by (Boya Mahendra, Bharath Kumar,
Sai Krishna,Navya bhavitha, Ashok Naidu,Sai kiran ) was under my supervision
at
Electronic Communication Engineering Department in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the diploma ECE Technical Engineering.

II
 ٍ

III
 DEDICATION

To our families who made this accomplishment possible.

IV
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Praise be to ALLAH who enabled us to complet.

Cordial thanks and deepest gratitude to our supervisor (B

Ranga Swamy ) for being assistance and for the continuous
encouragement and suggestions from him which helped us to
successfully complete this project.

We would like to express our thanks to our University for their

encouragements and anyone helped us.

Finally, sincere gratitude and appreciation and love to our

families for their encouragements and supports and for all things
they have given us.

V
 ABSTRACT

The radars have become the “eyes” of electronic devices and the use of
radar has become increasingly popular in various fields of study. At the
same time, these devices can also be used to assist people in all the fields
the life. Ultrasonic radars can accomplish distance measurements by
measuring the time delay between the emission of the ultrasonic signal
and receipt of the echo signal. Microcontrollers can be connected to
perform computations or control timers in these devices. The detection of
the distance between the objects (targets) poses a challenge on the
temporal resolution of the detector. The correct calibration of these radars
is imperative given the fact that the safety of the user depends on the
sensor system.

This goal of this project is the use of Ultrasonic Sensor by connecting to

the Arduino UNO R3 board and the signal from the sensor further
provided to the screen formed on the laptop to measure the presence of
any obstacle in front of the sensor as well as determine the distance,
range, and angle at which the obstacle is detected by the sensor. In this
study ultrasound sensor worked as a radar. The use of the Arduino
software to design a radar system because Arduino has more advantages
like:

VI
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure (1.1) Simplified radar block diagram 4
Breadboard, 830 point Solderless PCB Breadboard
Figure (2.1) 8
MB-102
Figure (2.2) Jumper wires with different standards 9
Figure (2.3) TowerPro SG90 Servo 10
Figure (2.4) HC-SR04 Sensor 11
Figure (2.5) Arduino board 13
Figure (2.6) Schematic of setup for the parts from 1-3 13
Figure (2-7): The detection of the objects (targets) 1:
In the case of one target.
Figure (2.7) 2: In the case of two targets at the same distance from the 14
radar.
3: In the case of two targets at different distance from the
radar.
Figure (2.8) Schematic of setup for the part 4 using warning siren 15
Figure (2.9) Schematic of setup for the part 5 15
Figure (2.10) Schematic of setup for the part 6 16
Figure (3.1)(A- The relation between the angle and distance in the
18
and-B) case of radar fixed and in the presence of one fixed target.
The relation between the angle and distance in the
case of radar fixed and in the presence of two fixed
Figure (3.2)(A-
targets at different angles and at the same distance 19
and-B) from the target.
First target at angle 600.
Second target at angle 1500.
The relation between the angle and distance in the case
Figure (3.3)(A- of radar fixed and in the presence of two fixed targets at
20
and-B) different angles and at different distance
from the target.
Figure (3.4)(1- 1:red lamp turn on automatically when any object 21

VII
 and-2) enters the forbidden zone.
2: yellow lamp turn on automatically when any object
presented in allow a range.
Processing IDE Screen displaying output of the system
which were tested by placing objects. Convert the reading
Figure (3.5) 22
for signals and display them on a laptop
Screen

List of Tables
Tables Subject Page
2-1 The characteristics of each part using in this project 7
2-2 TowerPro SG90 Servo Characteristics 10
2-3 Ultrasonic Sensor Pin Description 11
2-4 HC-SR04 Sensor characteristics 12
2-5 Arduino UNO board characteristics 12
2-6 Target detection experiments using an ultrasound 14
sensor

List of abbreviations
Symbol Mean
RADAR Radio Detection and Ranging
RDF Radio Direction Findinf
CPUs Complete central processing units
I/O Input/Output
IDE Integrated development environment

VIII
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Dedication IV
Acknowledgement V
Abstract VI
List of Figures VII
Table of Contents IX
List of Tables VII
List of abbreviations VII

Chapter One: Introduction

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Historical review of Radar 1
1.2 Basic Concepts of Radar 3
1.3 The echoes Project 5
1.4 Aim of the Project 6

Chapter Two: Materials & Methods

2.1 Materials & Methods 7

2.2 Materials 7
2.2.1 MB-102 Solderless Bread Board 7
2.2.2 The jumper 8
2.3 Tower PRO Microservo SG90 9
2.3.1 The Transceivers 11
2.4 Arduino UNO 12

IX
2.4.1 Methods 13
Chapter three: Results and Discussion

3.1 Results & Discussion 17

Chapter Four: Conclusions and Recommendations

4.1 Conclusions 23

4.2 Future work 24

4.3 Recommendations 27

References 28

X
 Chapter One: Introduction

Chapter One
Introduction
1- Introduction
1-1 Historical review of Radar
The word RADAR is an acronym derived from the words Radio
Detection and Ranging. In the United Kingdom it was initially referred to as
radio direction finding (RDF) in order to preserve the secrecy of its ranging
capability (Boerner, W-M. et al., 1985).

The scientist Heinrich Hertz, after whom the basic unit of frequency is
named, demonstrated in 1886 that radio waves could be reflected from metallic
objects.In 1903 a German engineer obtained a patent in several countries for a
radio wave device capable of detecting ships, but it aroused little enthusiasm
because of its very limited range. Marconi, delivering a lecture in 1922, drew
attention to the work of Hertz and proposed in principle what we know today as
marine radar. Although radar was used to determine the height of the ionosphere
in the mid-1920s, it was not until 1935 that radar pulses were successfully used
to detect and measure the range of an aircraft. In the 1930s there was much
simultaneous but independent development of radar techniques in Britain,
Germany, France and America. Radar first went to sea in a warship in 1937 and
by 1939 considerable improvement in performance had been achieved. By 1944
naval radar had made an appearance on merchant ships and from about the end
of the war the growth of civil marine radar began. Progressively it was refined to
meet the needs of peacetime navigation and collision avoidance (Alan Bole, Bill
Dineley, and Alan Wall., 2005).

While the civil marine radars of today may, in size, appearance and
versatility, differ markedly from their ancestors of the 1940s, the basic data that
they offer, namely target range and bearing, are determined by exploiting the

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 Chapter One: Introduction

same fundamental principles unveiled so long ago (Alan Bole, Bill Dineley, and
Alan Wall., 2005).

The term 'Radar' is an acronym for radio detection and ranging (Boerner,
W-M. et al., 1985). Radar system arrives in an assortment of sizes and have
distinctive performance particulars. Some radars are utilized for aviation
authority at air terminals and others are utilized for long range observation and
early-cautioning frameworks (Onoja, A.E. et al., 2017) There are some ways to
show radar working data. There are also some modified radar systems which
have advanced technology of handling the systems. These modified systems are
used at higher levels to get or extract the helpful or important data (Tiwari, S. et
al., 2018).

Technology has become available that can detect targets on the land, on
the sea, in the air and outside the earth’s atmosphere. These include aircraft, land
vehicles, ships, air breathing and ballistic missiles and others. Radar has also
been used to detect targets ranging from buried ordnance (Daniels, D.J., Gunton,
D.J., and Scott, H.F., 1988) to weather systems (Mahapatra, P.R.,1998), to being
the cruise control and collision avoidance sensor in luxury cars, to measure the
distances and rotational speeds of our planetary neighbor's in the solar system
(Eriksson, L.H. and Broden, S. 1996).

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 Chapter One: Introduction

1-2 Basic Concepts of Radar

Radar is an electromagnetic system for the detect and determine the

locations of objects and determine distance, and ranges. It operates by
transmitting a particular type of waveform, a pulse-modulated, and detects the
nature of the echo signal. Radar is used to extend the capability of one's senses
for observing the environment, especially the sense of vision (Merrill l. Skolnik,
1981).

An elementary form of radar consists of a transmitting antenna emitting

electromagnetic radiation generated by an oscillator of some sort, a receiving
antenna, and the receiver. A portion of the transmitted signal is intercepted by a
reflecting object (target) and is radiated in all directions. The receiving antenna
collects the returned energy and delivers it to a receiver, where it is processed to
detect the presence of the target and to extract its location and relative velocity.

The distance to the target is determined by measuring the time taken for
the radar signal to travel to the target and back. The direction of the target
determined from the direction of arrival of the reflected wavefront (Merrill I.
Skolnik, 1981).

The basic concept of a radar transmitting a signal and receiving a return

from a target is shown in Figure (1-1).

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 Chapter One: Introduction

Figure (1-1): Simplified radar block

diagram

The radar generates a signal, which is transmitted through an antenna into

the desired direction. The antenna is designed to concentrate the radar energy in
a particular direction. Only a small proportion of the transmitted radar energy
reaches the target, with the rest missing it or illuminating other nearby objects,
including the earth’s surface or going off into space, as the radar beam is
normally much wider than the angular dimensions of the target. The radar beam
broadens as the wave propagates from the radar, so is reduced in strength with
distance and the energy incident upon the target also reduces with distance (P.
Tait, 2009).

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 Chapter One: Introduction

1-3 The echoes principle (Alan Bole, Bill Dineley, and Alan Wall., 2005).

An object (normally referred to as a target) is detected by the transmission

of a pulse of radio energy and the subsequent reception of a fraction of such
energy (the echo) which is reflected by the target in the direction of the
transmitter. The phenomenon is analogous to the reflection of sound waves from
land formations. If a blast is sounded on a ship’s whistle, the energy travels
outward and some of it may strike. The energy which is intercepted will be
reflected by the cliff. If the reflected energy returns in the direction of the ship,
and is of sufficient strength, it will be heard as an audible echo which, in
duration and tone, resembles the original blast. In considering the echo principle
the following points can usefully assist in a preliminary understanding of radar
detection:

(a) The echo is never as loud as the original blast.

(b) The chance of detecting an echoes depends on the loudness and duration of
the original blast.
(c) Short blasts are required if echoes from close targets are not to be drowned

by the original blast.

(d) A sufficiently long interval between blasts is required to allow time for
echoes from distant targets to return.
While the sound analogy is extremely useful, it must not be pursued too
far, as there are a number of ways in which the character and behavior of radio
waves differ from those of sound waves. In particular at this stage it is
noteworthy that the speed of radio waves is very much higher than that of sound
waves.

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 Chapter One: Introduction

Aim of the project

This project aims at the use of Ultrasonic Sensor by connecting to the

Arduino UNO R3 board and the signal from the sensor further provided to the
screen formed on the laptop to measure the presence of any obstacle in front of
the sensor as well as determine the distance, range, and angle at which the
obstacle is detected by the sensor. In this study ultrasound sensor worked as a
radar.

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 Chapter Two: Materials & Methods

Chapter Two
Materials & Methods

2- 2Materials & Methods

2-1 Materials

2-1-1 MB-102 Solderless Bread Board

The breadboard has 2 split power buses contents from 10 columns, and 63 rows
with a total of 830 ties in points. All pins are spaced by a standard 0.1" as shown
in figure (2-1).This board also has a self-adhesive on the back. The boards also
have interlocking parts. Plugboard a terminal array board) became available and
nowadays the term "breadboard" is commonly used to refer to these. This makes
it easy to use for creating temporary prototypes and experimenting with circuit
design. A variety of electronic systems may be prototyped by using breadboards,
from small analog and digital circuits to complete central processing units
(CPUs).

Table (2-1): The characteristics of each used part

No. Contents Characteristics

A- 1 Terminal Strips Tip-point 630
B- 2 Distribution Strips Tie-point 200
C- Solderless breadboard MB-102
D- Wire size 20-29 AWG wires.
E- Size 16.5 x 5.5 x 0.85 cm
Dimensions: 6.5 x 2.1 x 0.38" (165.1 x 54.29 x 9.68mm).

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 Chapter Two: Materials & Methods

Figure (2-1): Breadboard, 830 Point Solderless PCB Breadboard MB-

102.

2-1-2 the Jumper

The jumper is an electrical wire, or group of them in a cable, with a pin at
each end, which is normally used to interconnect the components of
a breadboard internally or with other components or equipment's without
soldering.

Individual jump wires are fitted by inserting their "end connectors" into
the slots provided in a breadboard, the header connector of a circuit board or a
piece of test component.

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 Chapter Two: Materials & Methods

Figure (2-2): Jumper wires with different standards

2-1-3 Tower PRO TM Microservo SG90

A servomotor is a rotary actuator that allows for precise control of velocity,

acceleration, and angular position. It consists of a suitable motor coupled to a
sensor for position feedback. It also contains a relatively sophisticated controller
for a dedicated module designed specifically for use with servomotors.
Servomotors uses servomechanism to achieve closed loop control with a generic
open loop motor and are used in applications such as robotics, CNC machinery
or automated manufacturing.

SG90 digital servo used to achieve this study, which is the new version
of SG90 analog servo and its properties as in the following table (2-2).

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 Chapter Two: Materials & Methods

Figure (2-3): TowerPro SG90 Servo

Table (2-2): TowerPro SG90 Servo Characteristics

Contents Characteristics
Modulation: Analog
Torque: 4.8V: 25.00 oz-in (1.80 kg-cm)
Speed: 4.8V: 0.12 sec/60°
Weight: 9g
Dimensions: Length:0.91 in (23.0 mm)
Width:0.48 in (12.2 mm)
Height:1.14 in (29.0 mm)
Motor Type: 3-pole
Gear Type: Plastic
Rotation/Support: Bushing
Pulse Width: 500-2400 µs
Connector Type: JR

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 Chapter Two: Materials & Methods

2-1-4 The Transceivers

The transceivers work on a principle similar to radar or sonar which
evaluate attributes of the objects (targets) by interpreting the echoes from radio
or sound waves respectively. Ultrasonic sensors generate high frequency sound
waves and evaluate the echo which is received back by the sensor.

The Ultrasonic transmitter transmits an ultrasonic wave, this wave travels

in the air and when it gets objected by any material it gets reflected back toward
the sensor this reflected wave is observed by the Ultrasonic receiver module.

Table (2-3): Ultrasonic Sensor Pin Description

Pin Pin Name Description

No.
1 Vcc Vcc Pin powers the sensor, typically with +5v.
2 Trigger Trigger pin is an input pin. This pin has to be kept high for
10us.
3 Echo Echo pin is an output pin. This pin goes high for a period of
time.

4 Ground Ground pin is connected to the ground of the system.

Figure (2-4): HC-SR04 Sensor

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 Chapter Two: Materials & Methods

Table (2-4): HC-SR04 Sensor characteristics

Parameter Characteristics
Operation Voltage DC 5V
Oeration Current 15 Ma
Operation Frequency 40 Hz
Range (2 cm – 4m)
Measuring Angle 15 Degree
Trigger Input Signal 10µS TTL pulse
Echo, Output Signal Input, TTL lever signal and the range in proportion
Dimensions 45 * 20 * 15mm

2-1-5 Arduino UNO

Arduino is an open-source project that created microcontroller-based kits for
building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control
physical devices. In this project the systems provide sets of digital and analog
input/output (I/O) pins that can interface to various expansion boards (termed
shields) and other circuits. The Arduino project provides an integrated
development environment (IDE) based on a programming language named
Processing, which also supports the languages, C and C++ (Margolis, M. 2011).
The Arduino UNO board is probably the most popular among the developers of
electronic products based on the Arduino. It is ideal for debugging the software
and hardware parts of devices during the development phase (Minns, P.D.,

Table (2-5): Arduino UNO board characteristics

Parameter Characteristics
Operation Voltage DC 5V
Analog input pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA
Clock Speed 16 MHz
Board length 68.6 mm
Board width 53.4 mm
Weight 25 g
Digital I/O Pins 14 6 provide PWM output
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 Chapter Two: Materials & Methods

Figure (2-5): Arduino board

2-2 Methods

The tools and equipment's were mentioned above used to achieve this study,
the electric circuits designed by us as in the following figures. The following
circuit used to achieve the parts 1, 2, and 3 respectively.

Figure (2-6): Schematic of setup for the parts from 1-3

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 Chapter Two: Materials & Methods

In these parts of the project, ultrasound sensor used to determine the

distance of the objects (targets) from the sensor; the details as in table (2-6) and
figure (2-7).

Table (2-6): Target detection experiments using an ultrasound sensor

Experiment No. No of targets Radar motion Target' Motion

. s
1 1 Fixed Fixed
2 2 Fixed Fixed
3 2 Fixed Fixed

Figure (2-7): The detection of the objects (targets)

1: In the case of one target.

2: In the case of two targets at the same distance from the radar.
3: In the case of two targets at different distance from the radar.

In part 4 the radar was fixed and the target moved, the range of the radar is 3 m.
The designed electric circuit used to achieve this experiment as in figure (2-8) in the
presence of warning siren.

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 Chapter Two: Materials & Methods

Figure (2-8): Schematic of setup for the part 4 using warning siren

In part 5, the Arduino was programmed so that the radar can locate the locations
of the targets in two situations; first when an object is present in the allow range and
second when object approached inside the forbidden zone, which was determined by
40 cm in this work. In this experiment warning bell and warning light was used.

Figure (2-9): Schematic of setup for the part 5

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 Chapter Two: Materials & Methods

The electric circuit used to achieve part 6 as in figure (2-10) using

warning lamp to sense the presence of fixed near the target.

Figure (2-10): Schematic of setup for the part 6

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 Chapter Three: Results & Discussion

Chapter Three Results

& Discussion

3- Results & Discussion

The statistical program (originpro) used to determine the relation between
ultrasound sensor which work as radar and the targets. The situations of the
radar and targets were shown in table (2-6) and the electric circuit was
connected figure (2-7). The codes of the Arduino used to achieve the following
results programmed as shown in Appendix 1 and 2. The results as shown in the
following figures (3-1) to (3-3) in the fixed range = 3 m.

First part:

The distance between radar and target = 20 cm approximately.

The results showed that for the angles (650 to 1090) approximately; the same
distance when the angle (00 and 1800). This represents reflux for the echoes of
signals from the surroundings of the plate which radar upon it; while the
readings (200 to 600) and (1200 to 1700) represents the echoes from the camera
platform which using for imaging. There is some wrongs (errors) in the angles
430 and 1300 because the echo signals from the wall of the room.

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 Chapter Three: Results & Discussion

(A) : 3D Diagram
Figure (3-1) (A, and B): The relation between the angle and distance in the case of radar
fixed and in the presence of one fixed target.

Second part:

The distance between radar and target = 20 cm approximately.

The first target: in the angle (490 – 870).

he second target: in the angle (970 – 1320) and the other readings which,
according to the reflux of signals from the camera platform, and the room walls
itself.

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 Chapter Three: Results & Discussion

Distance

Figure (3-2) (A, and B): The relation between the angle and distance in the case of radar
fixed and in the presence of two fixed targets at different angles and at the same distance
from the target,

First target at angle 600.

Second target at angle 1500.

Third part:

The distance between radar and target = 20 cm and 30 cm respectively.

The first target: in the angle (490 – 800) in distance = 30 cm.

The second target: in the angle (900 – 1320) in distance = 20 cm and the other
readings which, according to the reflux of signals from the camera platform,
and the room walls itself.

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 Chapter Three: Results & Discussion

distance

2 4 6 8 100 12 14 16 18 20
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
angle
(A) :

Distance

Figure (3-3) (A, and B): The relation between the angle and distance in the case of radar
fixed and in the presence of two fixed targets at different angles and at different distance
from the target.

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 Chapter Three: Results & Discussion

Part 4: In this part, the Arduino was programmed so that the radar can locate the
locations of the targets; there are two cases:

• First case: When an object is present in the allow range, the yellow light
turn on.
• Second case: when object approached inside the forbidden zone, which
was determined by 20 cm in this work, then the red light turn on
furthermore the warning siren to give hints that there is an object enter the
forbidden zone. As shown in figure (3-4) and the codes programmed to
achieve these results as in Appendix 3.

Figure (3-4) (1, and 2): 1:red lamp turn on automatically when any object enters the
forbidden zone.

2: yellow lamp turn on automatically when any object presented in allow a

range.

The results were shown on the laptop screen using processing software and the
coding to achieve this goal as shown in appendix 4, figure (3-5 A,B)
21
 Chapter Three: Results & Discussion

These results agreed with previous studies Tar A. and Cserey G., in 2011 which
focus on connecting Low-cost infrared sensors to an Arduino. The primary
target was to use these infrared sensors for measuring distance. The concept was
to use multiple infrared sensors, simultaneously in order to eliminate the blind
zone of the infrared range finder; This paper combines a short range and a long
range infrared sensor to detect an obstacle and measure its distance. Other study
in 2018 by Ayush Soni and Ankish Aman were determined the distance of an
object using ultrasonic sensors with Arduino and GSM modle.

22
 References

Chapter Four Conclusions &

Recommendations

4-1 Conclusions

Radar (sonar) able to detect the presence of fixed and moved targets and can
determine the distance between it and the targets in different angles (0-180)0
which is the range can sweep by TowerPro SG90 Servo used in this project.

The detection of objects (targets) doesn't depend on the type of the material that
the target made from it; it can detect all the types of objects in the range.

It is very important to use these techniques for security in government offices,

street, banks, and so and instead of the camera system because it is more
accurate, not affected by the weather conditions like (rain , snow, and fog).

23
 References

4-2 Future work

Although there are many water level indicators and devices available to monitor
the level in an overhead water tank, these devices often come with a high cost and
limited functionality. In addition, they require electrodes or switches dipped in
water to function; This can contaminate the water and may spoil over time.

But what if you could build a wireless, contactless, Wi-Fi-based water level sensor
that would report the remaining water in your tank directly to your smartphone?
In this DIY guide we will be using a NodeMCU board and an ultrasonic sensor to
build this water level indicator that sits on top of the water tank cap and reports
data to your smartphone via the Home Assistant.

The way of work:

The ultrasonic water level sensor works by sending sound waves of a certain
frequency (also known as ultrasound) and receiving the wave reflected from the
target object. The sensor calculates and reports the distance between the sensor
and the object based on the time it takes for the sound or ultrasound wave to travel
and reflect.

How ultrasonic water level sensor works:

The ultrasonic sensor reports the distance value in centimeters (cm) by default.
Together with the depth of the tank, this value reported by the ultrasonic sensor
can be used to find the remaining water in the tank by calculating the distance
between the tank water level and the ultrasonic sensor.

24
 References

To make this smart water level sensor, you will need the following:

ESP8266 based MCU, such as NodeMCU, D1 Mini, ESP01, etc.

SR04 single ultrasonic sensor

jumper wire

For this project, it is recommended to use JSON-SR04 waterproof ultrasonic

sensor to prevent damage to the sensor due to moisture

Steps to build a smart water level sensor:

Step 1: Install and set up Home Assistant

Step 2: Measure the depth of the tank

You need to measure the depth of the tank. You can do this by measuring the
height of the tank from the outside or the inside with a tape measure.

Measure the height of the tank to find the depth

Once you have the measurements, measure the distance between the tank lid
where the ultrasonic sensor will be installed and the side of the water tank. This is
the distance you need to subtract from the total depth.

For example, if the height of the tank is 120 cm and the distance between the
water cap and the sensor on the side is 10 cm, then the depth is 120 - 10 = 110 cm.

Step 3: Compile the Firmware

Step 4: Connect the Ultrasonic Sensor to the NodeMCU

5Add the following to the code editor

25
 References

Type: scale

Name: water level sensor

lonliness: '%'

Unit: sensor. Water level sensor

Green: 0

Yellow: 45

Red: 85

Step Six: Install the sensor on your water tank cap

You can now install the sensor in your water tank. For the project we used an
SR04 sensor, which is not waterproof. To make it waterproof we used a clear case
and enough nail polish to isolate the electrical components on the board.

We drilled two small holes and used metal wire to secure the SR04 to the lid.
Another large hole was made for the wires connected to the ultrasonic sensor. We
used a long 4-core wire to connect the ultrasonic sensor with the NodeMCU as the
tank is located on the roof and the temperature here can go up to 4-40°C.

Control the water pump to keep the tank full:

By integrating the Smart Water Level Sensor with the Home Assistant, you can
add automation to receive alerts when the tank level is low or full, on your
smartphone or via Alexa/Google Assistant. Similarly, you can add automation to
operate the water pump so that it will automatically shut off if the tank is running
low and the tank level reaches a certain level, such as 90-100%.
In addition, you can add a waterproof temperature sensor probe, such as the
DS18B20, to your smart water level sensor to check and monitor the tank water
temperature.

26
 References

4-3 Recommendations

1. Using of other sensors work as radar to determine the distance, motion,

range of an object (targets) for a wide range of distances.

2. Using the technology in the department by exam committees to find out if

any person tries to enter the exam committee room or near from it and not
take into consideration the distance allowed.

3. Using this technique and methods as military batches, by operating the

alarm when any object approaches the restricted (forbidden) zone.

4. Recommendation to use this technique and method to protect the traces by

investing one of the benefits of the radar, which is not affected by weather
conditions from rain, snow and fog compared to the camera.

5. The sensor can be placed in the car to alert the driver as he approaches an
object and to decrease the accident occurs in the street.

27
 References

References

• Arduino FAQ – With David Cuartielles". Malmö University. April 5,

2013. Retrieved March 18, 2017. Suk-Hwan Suh; Seong Kyoon Kang;
Dae-Hyuk Chung; Ian Stroud. (2017). Theory and Design of CNC
Systems. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 11–. ISBN 978-1-
84800-336-1. Cite uses deprecated parameter.

• Boerner, W-M. et al. (eds.), 1985, Inverse Methods in Electromagnetic

Imaging, Proceedings of the NATO-Advanced Research Workshop (18
24 Sept. 1983, Bad Windsheim, FR Germany), Parts 1&2, NATO-ASI C-
143, (1,500 pages), D. Reidel Publ. Co., Jan. 1985.

• Boerner, W-M. et al. (eds.), 1992, Direct and Inverse Methods in Radar
Polarimetry, NATO-ARW,Sept. 18-24, 1988, Proc., Chief Editor, 1987-
1991, (1,938 pages), NATO-ASI Series C: Math & Phys. Sciences, vol.
C-350, Parts 1&2, D. Reidel Publ. Co., Kluwer Academic Publ.,
Dordrecht, NL, 1992 Feb. 15.

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