STATEMENT AND COURSE OF ACTION

4.1 Introduction: From Problem to Solution

In the previous chapters, we analyzed arguments and drew

conclusions. Now, we shift from analysis to action. "Statement
and Course of Action" questions present you with a situation or
a problem and propose potential solutions. Your job is to
determine which course of action is a logical, practical, and
appropriate response to the given situation.
Think of yourself as an administrator, a manager, or a
policymaker. You are given a situation report (the statement),
and you must decide on the best plan of action. This tests your
ability to think clearly under pressure, evaluate consequences,
and find workable solutions. A correct course of action is a
practical and feasible step that helps solve the problem or at
least lessens its severity.

4.2 The Anatomy of a Correct Course of Action

How do you identify a course of action that is logical

and appropriate? A valid course of action must
satisfy three key criteria.
1. It Must Address the Core Problem: The primary test is whether the action
will solve, reduce, or mitigate the problem described in the statement. An
action that is irrelevant to the problem or only addresses a minor symptom is
not a valid course of action.
Problem: A building is on fire.
Correct Action: Call the fire brigade. (Directly addresses the problem).
Incorrect Action: Start a police investigation into the cause. (This is a later
step, it doesn't solve the immediate problem of the fire).

2.It Must Be Practical and Feasible: The proposed action must be possible to
implement. It cannot be idealistic, utopian, or something that defies
practical reality. You must consider the resources, time, and authority
required.
Problem: Farmers are suffering due to a drought.
Correct Action: The government should provide immediate relief in the
form of subsidies and alternative employment. (Practical and within a
government's power).
Incorrect Action: The government should perform a ritual to make it rain.
(Impractical and not feasible).

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3. It Must Not Create Bigger Problems: The solution should not have severe
negative consequences that outweigh its benefits. A logical course of action
is balanced and well-considered.
Problem: The city is facing heavy traffic congestion.
Correct Action: Improve public transport and build new flyovers. (A long-
term, constructive solution).
Incorrect Action: Ban all private cars from the city roads. (This would
solve the traffic problem but create a massive economic and social crisis,
a much bigger problem).

4.3 Common Pitfalls to Avoid

Examiners often set traps by proposing actions that

seem plausible at first glance but are flawed. Here’s
what to watch out for:

Extreme or Harsh Actions: Actions that are overly drastic, punitive, or

severe are generally incorrect. Words like "ban completely," "arrest
everyone," or "shut down" are red flags.
Impractical Suggestions: Be wary of actions that sound good in theory but
are impossible to implement on a large scale.
Misjudging the Scope: The action must match the scale of the problem. A
small, localized issue doesn't require a nationwide policy change.
Personal Belief vs. Policy: The action should be a logical administrative
step, not based on personal morality or opinion.

4.4 Solved Examples (Thematic & Situational)

Let's apply these principles to a wide range of

situations.
Example 1 (Environmental Issue)
Statement: A recent report indicates that the
groundwater level in a major agricultural state has
depleted alarmingly due to excessive extraction for
irrigation.
Courses of Action:
I. The government should completely ban the extraction of groundwater for
any purpose in the state.
II. The government should launch a campaign to promote water-efficient
farming techniques like drip irrigation and encourage farmers to shift to less
water-intensive crops.

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3. It Must Not Create Bigger Problems: The solution should not have severe
negative consequences that outweigh its benefits. A logical course of action
is balanced and well-considered.
Problem: The city is facing heavy traffic congestion.
Correct Action: Improve public transport and build new flyovers. (A long-
term, constructive solution).
Incorrect Action: Ban all private cars from the city roads. (This would
solve the traffic problem but create a massive economic and social crisis,
a much bigger problem).

4.3 Common Pitfalls to Avoid

Examiners often set traps by proposing actions that

seem plausible at first glance but are flawed. Here’s
what to watch out for:

Extreme or Harsh Actions: Actions that are overly drastic, punitive, or

severe are generally incorrect. Words like "ban completely," "arrest
everyone," or "shut down" are red flags.
Impractical Suggestions: Be wary of actions that sound good in theory but
are impossible to implement on a large scale.
Misjudging the Scope: The action must match the scale of the problem. A
small, localized issue doesn't require a nationwide policy change.
Personal Belief vs. Policy: The action should be a logical administrative
step, not based on personal morality or opinion.

4.4 Solved Examples (Thematic & Situational)

Let's apply these principles to a wide range of

situations.
Example 1 (Environmental Issue)
Statement: A recent report indicates that the
groundwater level in a major agricultural state has
depleted alarmingly due to excessive extraction for
irrigation.
Courses of Action:
I. The government should completely ban the extraction of groundwater for
any purpose in the state.
II. The government should launch a campaign to promote water-efficient
farming techniques like drip irrigation and encourage farmers to shift to less
water-intensive crops.

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Analysis:

Evaluate Action I: This is an extreme action. A complete ban would cripple the
state's agriculture and economy, creating a bigger crisis than it solves. It is
not a practical or balanced solution.

Evaluate Action II: This action directly addresses the problem (excessive
water use in farming) in a constructive and practical way. It aims to reduce
water consumption without destroying the agricultural sector. It is a feasible,
long-term solution.

Answer: Only course of action II follows.

Example 2 (Corporate Situation)

Statement: A major IT company has suffered a significant data breach, with
the personal information of thousands of its customers being compromised.

Courses of Action:
I. The company should immediately inform all affected customers about the
breach and advise them to change their passwords and monitor their
accounts.
II. The company should hire an external cybersecurity firm to conduct a
thorough audit of its systems and plug all security vulnerabilities.

Analysis:

Evaluate Action I: This is a crucial first step. It mitigates the immediate

damage to customers by allowing them to take protective measures. It is a
responsible and practical action.

Evaluate Action II: This addresses the root cause of the problem. Simply
informing customers doesn't prevent future breaches. A security audit is
necessary to fix the underlying issue. This is a logical and necessary long-
term solution.

Answer: Both I and II follow. (The situation requires both immediate damage
control and a long-term fix).

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 Example 3 (Health & Governance)
Statement: An outbreak of a previously unknown viral
fever has been reported in three districts of a state,
leading to panic among the residents.

Courses of Action:
I. The state government should immediately deploy
teams of doctors and healthcare workers to the
affected districts to provide medical care and collect
data.
II. The government should advise the general public
not to travel to or from the affected districts until the
virus is contained.
Analysis:

Evaluate Action I: This is a direct and necessary response to a health

emergency. Providing medical care is the top priority. This is a practical and
essential step.

Evaluate Action II: This action aims to prevent the spread of the disease to
other areas. Restricting travel is a standard and logical quarantine
procedure during an outbreak. It addresses the problem of contagion.

Answer: Both I and II follow.

Example 4 (Infrastructure Failure)

Statement: A newly constructed flyover in a bustling city collapsed during
peak traffic hours, leading to several casualties.

Courses of Action:
I. The government should immediately set up a high-level judicial inquiry to
investigate the cause of the collapse and identify those responsible.
II. The government should immediately suspend all traffic on all other
flyovers recently constructed by the same contractor.

Analysis:

Evaluate Action I: In a case of major failure and loss of life, accountability is

crucial. An inquiry is a necessary step to find the root cause (corruption, poor
materials, design flaw) and prevent recurrence. This is a logical
administrative action.

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Evaluate Action II: This is a prudent and responsible precautionary measure.
If one structure built by a contractor has failed, there is a reasonable fear
that their other recent structures might also be unsafe. Public safety
demands such a temporary suspension pending a safety review. It directly
addresses the potential for a wider disaster.

Answer: Both I and II follow.

4.5 Chapter Summary & Key Takeaways

A valid course of action is a practical and logical

step to solve or reduce a problem.
Always check if the action is feasible and within
the realm of possibility.
The best solutions address the root cause of the
problem and provide immediate relief where
necessary.
Avoid extreme, harsh, or impractical actions. A
balanced approach is usually correct.
A situation can have more than one valid course
of action.

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 Question 1 आदे श ददया। RCB फ्रेंचाइजी, इवेंट मैनेजमें ट कंपनी
और कनासटक राज्य क्रिकेट र्ंघ (KSCA) के खिलाफ
Statement: A day after a stampede
भी प्राथलमकी दजस की गई है । उच्च न्यायालय ने भी
claimed 11 lives and left 56 injured at the
M. Chinnaswamy Stadium in Bengaluru इर् घटना का स्वतः र्ंज्ञान ललया है , और र्रकार
during a celebration for the Royal र्े भगदड़ के कारणों के बारे में नौ र्वाल पछ
ू े हैं।
Challengers Bengaluru's (RCB) IPL-2025 कायसवाही:
victory, the Karnataka Chief Minister I. र्रकार को बड़ी र्ावसजननक र्भाओं और
suspended the Bengaluru Police
कायसिमों के प्रबंिन के ललए एक व्यापक मानक
Commissioner and all jurisdictional police
officials, and ordered a judicial probe. An र्ंचालन प्रक्रिया (SOP) तुरंत तैयार और लागू करनी
FIR has also been registered against the चादहए, जजर्र्े ननजी र्ंस्थाओं र्दहत र्भी
RCB franchise, the event management आयोजकों के ललए भीड़ प्रबंिन और र्ुरक्षा प्रोटोकॉल
company, and the Karnataka State Cricket
का र्ख्ती र्े पालन करना अननवायस हो जाए।
Association (KSCA). The High Court has
II. भववष्य में ऐर्ी दि
ु द घटनाओं की पन
ु राववृ ि
also taken suo motu cognizance of the
incident, asking the government nine को रोकने के ललए, घटना के पैमाने या लोकवप्रयता
questions about the cause of the की परवाह क्रकए बबना, िेल आयोजनों के ललए र्भी
stampede. र्ावसजननक र्मारोहों और ववजय परे िों पर पण
ू स
Courses of Action:
प्रनतबंि लगाया जाना चादहए।
I. The government should immediately
formulate and enforce a comprehensive
Options: a) Only I follows b) Only II
Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for
follows c) Both I and II follow d) Either I
managing large public gatherings and
or II follows e) Neither I nor II follows
events, making it mandatory for all
tr
organizers, including private entities, to
adhere to strict crowd management and
security protocols.
II. A complete ban should be imposed on
all public celebrations and victory parades
for sporting events in the future to Solution: a) Only I follows. Course of
prevent any recurrence of such tragic action I is a practical and necessary
incidents, regardless of the scale or step to prevent such incidents in the
popularity of the event. future. It addresses the core issue of
mismanagement of large crowds.
Course of action II is an extreme
कथन: रॉयल चैलेंजर्स बेंगलुरु (RCB) की IPL-
measure. Banning all public
2025 की जीत के जश्न के दौरान बेंगलुरु के एम.
celebrations is not a feasible or
चचन्नास्वामी स्टे डियम में भगदड़ में 11 लोगों की desirable solution. It would be an
मौत और 56 के घायल होने के एक ददन बाद, overreaction to the problem.
कनासटक के मुख्यमंत्री ने बेंगलुरु पुललर् आयुक्त और
र्भी क्षेत्राचिकार वाले पलु लर् अचिकाररयों को
ननलंबबत कर ददया, और एक न्यानयक जांच का

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 Harshal Agrawal

I. प्रभाववत दे शों को भेदभावपूणस और एकतरफा यात्रा

Question 2 प्रनतबंि के ववरोि में र्ंयुक्त राज्य अमेररका के र्ाथ
र्भी राजननयक र्ंबंि तुरंत र्माप्त कर दे ने चादहए।
Statement: U.S. President Donald Trump
has revived a controversial travel ban, II. अंतरासष्रीय मानवाचिकार र्ंगठनों और र्ंयुक्त
targeting 12 countries and imposing partial राष्र को र्ामदू हक रूप र्े यात्रा प्रनतबंि की ननंदा
restrictions on seven others. The move has करनी चादहए, मानवीय आिार पर नीनत पर
been criticized by the African Union for पुनववसचार करने के ललए अमेररकी र्रकार के र्ाथ
potentially harming diplomatic relations
बातचीत शरू
ु करनी चादहए, और प्रनतबंि र्े प्रभाववत
and people-to-people ties, as seven of the
12 banned countries are from Africa. The लोगों को कानूनी र्हायता प्रदान करनी चादहए।
ban was spurred by a recent attack in
Colorado, which U.S. authorities blamed Options: a) Only I follows b) Only II
on an individual who was in the country follows c) Both I and II follow d) Either I
illegally. or II follows e) Neither I nor II follows
Courses of Action:
I. The affected countries should
immediately sever all diplomatic ties with
the United States in protest of the
discriminatory and unilateral travel ban.
Solution: b) Only II follows. Course
II. International human rights
of action I is too drastic and
organizations and the United Nations
counterproductive. Severing
should collectively condemn the travel ban,
diplomatic ties would hinder any
initiate a dialogue with the U.S.
possibility of negotiation and
government to reconsider the policy on
adversely affect the citizens of those
humanitarian grounds, and provide legal
countries. Course of action II is a
assistance to those affected by the ban.
more constructive and appropriate
response. It calls for international
कथन: अमेररकी राष्रपनत िोनाल्ि रम्प ने 12 दे शों
pressure, dialogue, and support for
को लक्षक्षत करते हुए और र्ात अन्य पर आंलशक the affected individuals, which is a
प्रनतबंि लगाते हुए एक वववादास्पद यात्रा प्रनतबंि more diplomatic and effective
को पन
ु जीववत क्रकया है । इर् कदम की अफ्रीकी र्ंघ approach.
ने राजननयक र्ंबंिों और लोगों र्े लोगों के र्ंबंिों
को र्ंभाववत रूप र्े नुकर्ान पहुंचाने के ललए
Question 3
आलोचना की है , क्योंक्रक प्रनतबंचित 12 दे शों में र्े
र्ात अफ्रीका र्े हैं। यह प्रनतबंि कोलोरािो में हाल
Statement: The Ministry of Home Affairs
ही में हुए एक हमले र्े प्रेररत था, जजर्के ललए has announced that the next Census
अमेररकी अचिकाररयों ने एक ऐर्े व्यजक्त को दोषी exercise will be concluded by March 1,
ठहराया जो अवैि रूप र्े दे श में था। 2027, and has assured that the
कायसवाही: subsequent delimitation exercise will
address the concerns of southern states
regarding the potential reduction of their
parliamentary representation. These

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 Harshal Agrawal

states have been opposing the use of II. दक्षक्षणी राज्यों को आगामी जनगणना और
population as the sole criterion for पररर्ीमन प्रक्रिया का र्ामूदहक रूप र्े बदहष्कार
redrawing constituencies, as they have
करना चादहए जब तक क्रक केंद्र र्रकार द्वारा
been more successful in controlling
population growth. र्ंर्दीय र्ीटों की वतसमान र्ंख्या को बनाए रिने
Courses of Action: की उनकी मांग को बबना शतस परू ा नहीं क्रकया जाता
I. The Central Government should form a है ।
high-level committee with representatives
from all states, especially the southern Options: a) Only I follows b) Only II
states, to deliberate and recommend a follows c) Both I and II follow d) Either I
more equitable formula for delimitation or II follows e) Neither I nor II follows
that considers factors beyond just
population, such as economic development,
human development indices, and historical
representation.
II. The southern states should collectively
boycott the upcoming Census and Solution: a) Only I follows. Course of
delimitation process until their demand for action I is a constructive and
maintaining the current number of democratic approach to resolving a
parliamentary seats is unconditionally met complex and sensitive issue. It
by the Central Government. promotes dialogue and consensus-
building. Course of action II is an
कथन: गह
ृ मंत्रालय ने घोषणा की है क्रक अगली extreme and undemocratic step that
जनगणना अभ्यार् 1 माचस, 2027 तक र्माप्त हो would undermine the constitutional
process and could lead to a
जाएगा, और आश्वार्न ददया है क्रक बाद में
constitutional crisis.
पररर्ीमन अभ्यार् दक्षक्षणी राज्यों की उनकी र्ंर्दीय
प्रनतननचित्व में र्ंभाववत कमी के बारे में चचंताओं
को दरू करे गा। ये राज्य ननवासचन क्षेत्रों के पन
ु ननसिासरण
के ललए जनर्ंख्या को एकमात्र मानदं ि के रूप में Question 4
उपयोग करने का ववरोि कर रहे हैं, क्योंक्रक वे Statement: Delhi recorded two more
जनर्ंख्या वद्
ृ चि को ननयंबत्रत करने में अचिक र्फल deaths due to COVID-19, including a five-
रहे हैं। month-old boy, bringing the total number
कायसवाही: of deaths since the beginning of the year
to seven. The total number of active cases
I. केंद्र र्रकार को र्भी राज्यों, ववशेष रूप र्े
in the city has reached 562, with 105 new
दक्षक्षणी राज्यों के प्रनतननचियों के र्ाथ एक उच्च- cases recorded recently. Despite this, the
स्तरीय र्लमनत का गठन करना चादहए, जो Chief Minister has stated that there is no
पररर्ीमन के ललए एक अचिक न्यायर्ंगत र्ूत्र पर need to panic as the government and
ववचार-ववमशस और लर्फाररश करे , जो केवल hospitals are prepared.
Courses of Action:
जनर्ंख्या र्े परे कारकों पर ववचार करे , जैर्े क्रक
I. The Delhi government should
आचथसक ववकार्, मानव ववकार् र्च
ू कांक, और immediately impose a complete lockdown in
ऐनतहालर्क प्रनतननचित्व।

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 Harshal Agrawal

the city to curb the spread of the virus

and prevent further deaths.
II. The government should launch an
aggressive public awareness campaign to
re-emphasize the importance of COVID-
appropriate behavior, such as wearing
masks and maintaining social distancing, Solution: b) Only II follows. Course of
and simultaneously ramp up testing and action I is an extreme measure given
vaccination drives, especially for the current number of active cases
vulnerable populations. and the government's preparedness. A
complete lockdown has severe
कथन: ददल्ली में COVID-19 के कारण दो और economic and social consequences.
Course of action II is a more balanced
मौतें हुईं, जजनमें एक पांच महीने का लड़का भी
and practical approach that focuses on
शालमल है , जजर्र्े वषस की शरु
ु आत र्े अब तक कुल prevention, awareness, and targeted
मौतों की र्ंख्या र्ात हो गई है । शहर में र्क्रिय interventions without causing
मामलों की कुल र्ंख्या 562 तक पहुंच गई है , widespread disruption.
जजर्में हाल ही में 105 नए मामले दजस क्रकए गए
हैं। इर्के बावजद
ू , मुख्यमंत्री ने कहा है क्रक घबराने
Question 5
की कोई जरूरत नहीं है क्योंक्रक र्रकार और
अस्पताल तैयार हैं। Statement: The Delhi High Court has
कायसवाही: expressed its dismay at Delhi Public
I. ददल्ली र्रकार को वायरर् के प्रर्ार को रोकने School, Dwarka, for allegedly engaging
"bouncers" to physically block the entry of
और आगे की मौतों को रोकने के ललए शहर में
certain students over a fee dispute. The
तत्काल पूणस तालाबंदी करनी चादहए।
court termed the practice "reprehensible"
II. र्रकार को COVID-उपयुक्त व्यवहार, जैर्े and a "fundamental misunderstanding of a
मास्क पहनना और र्ामाजजक दरू ी बनाए रिना, के school's role in society".
महत्व पर क्रफर र्े जोर दे ने के ललए एक आिामक Courses of Action:
I. The Directorate of Education should
जन जागरूकता अलभयान शुरू करना चादहए, और
immediately launch a thorough
र्ाथ ही र्ाथ परीक्षण और टीकाकरण अलभयान को investigation into the matter and, if the
बढावा दे ना चादहए, िार्कर कमजोर आबादी के allegations are found to be true, take
ललए। strict disciplinary action against the school
management to set a precedent.
Options: a) Only I follows b) Only II II. The school should be allowed to handle
follows c) Both I and II follow d) Either I the matter internally and resolve the issue
or II follows e) Neither I nor II follows with the parents without any external
interference, as it is a private institution.

कथन: ददल्ली उच्च न्यायालय ने ददल्ली पजललक

स्कूल, द्वारका द्वारा कचथत तौर पर फीर् वववाद
पर कुछ छात्रों के प्रवेश को शारीररक रूप र्े रोकने

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के ललए "बाउं र्र" लगाने पर अपनी ननराशा व्यक्त cancelled by the Supreme Court due to
की है । अदालत ने इर् प्रथा को "ननंदनीय" और irregularities, are protesting for
reinstatement.
"र्माज में एक स्कूल की भूलमका की मौललक
Courses of Action:
गलतफहमी" करार ददया। I. The government should immediately
कायसवाही: reinstate all protesting staff to their
I. लशक्षा ननदे शालय को इर् मामले में तुरंत एक original positions, bypassing the Supreme
गहन जांच शुरू करनी चादहए और यदद आरोप र्ही Court's order, to quell the protests.
II. The government should establish a
पाए जाते हैं, तो एक लमर्ाल कायम करने के ललए,
dedicated committee to verify the
स्कूल प्रबंिन के खिलाफ र्ख्त अनुशार्नात्मक 'untainted' claims of the non-teaching
कारस वाई करनी चादहए। staff and create a clear policy for their
II. स्कूल को इर् मामले को आंतररक रूप र्े potential inclusion in the new recruitment
process, while providing any promised
र्ंभालने और माता-वपता के र्ाथ बबना क्रकर्ी बाहरी
interim financial aid.
हस्तक्षेप के इर् मद्
ु दे को हल करने की अनम
ु नत दी
जानी चादहए, क्योंक्रक यह एक ननजी र्ंस्थान है । कथन: चयन प्रक्रिया में अननयलमतताओं के कारण
र्वोच्च न्यायालय द्वारा जजनकी ननयुजक्तयों को
Options: (a) Only I follows (b) Only II
रद्द कर ददया गया था, पजश्चम बंगाल के स्कूलों
follows (c) Both I and II follow (d) Either
I or II follows (e) Neither I nor II follows के र्ैकड़ों 'बेदाग' और बिासस्त गैर-लशक्षण
कमसचारी, बहाली के ललए ववरोि प्रदशसन कर रहे हैं।
कायसवाही:
I. र्रकार को ववरोि को शांत करने के ललए,
र्वोच्च न्यायालय के आदे श को दरक्रकनार करते
Solution: (a) Only I follows. The हुए, र्भी ववरोि करने वाले कमसचाररयों को तुरंत
alleged action is a serious violation of उनके मूल पदों पर बहाल कर दे ना चादहए।
child rights. An external investigation
II. र्रकार को गैर-लशक्षण कमसचाररयों के 'बेदाग'
by the regulatory authority
(Directorate of Education) is a logical होने के दावों को र्त्यावपत करने के ललए एक
and necessary step to ensure an र्मवपसत र्लमनत स्थावपत करनी चादहए और नई
impartial inquiry and uphold the law. भती प्रक्रिया में उनके र्ंभाववत र्मावेश के ललए एक
Course of action II is inappropriate as स्पष्ट नीनत बनानी चादहए, र्ाथ ही कोई भी वादा
it overlooks the severity of the
की गई अंतररम वविीय र्हायता प्रदान करनी
allegation and could lead to a cover-
up. चादहए।

Options: (a) Only I follows (b) Only II

follows (c) Both I and II follow (d) Either
I or II follows (e) Neither I nor II follows
Question 6

Statement: Hundreds of 'untainted' and

sacked non-teaching staff of West Bengal
schools, whose appointments were

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कायसवाही:
I. र्रकार को र्भी हररत पहलों के कायासन्वयन,
ननगरानी और दीघसकाललक जस्थरता की दे िरे ि के
ललए पयासवरण ववशेषज्ञों के र्ाथ एक र्मवपसत और
र्शक्त प्राचिकरण बनाना चादहए।
Solution: (b) Only II follows. Course II. स्कूलों और र्मुदायों में व्यापक जन जागरूकता
of action I is illogical and illegal as it अलभयान शुरू क्रकए जाने चादहए ताक्रक जल र्ंरक्षण
suggests violating a Supreme Court
और वक्ष
ृ ारोपण में नागररक भागीदारी को प्रोत्र्ादहत
order. Course of action II is a
क्रकया जा र्के, और र्ामद
ु ानयक नेतत्ृ व वाले प्रयार्ों
practical, lawful, and humane
approach. It addresses the concerns के ललए प्रोत्र्ाहन प्रदान क्रकया जा र्के।
of the 'untainted' staff by creating a
fair process for their future while Options: (a) Only I follows (b) Only II
respecting the court's judgment. follows (c) Both I and II follow (d) Either
I or II follows (e) Neither I nor II follows

Question 7

Statement: Prime Minister Narendra Modi

launched several green initiatives as part
Solution: (c) Both I and II follow.
of a mission to build a "clean and green
Both courses of action are logical and
Delhi" and rejuvenate the Aravalli
complementary steps to solve the
mountain range, emphasizing the need for
problem. Action I provides the
public participation.
administrative framework and expert
Courses of Action:
oversight needed for such a large-
I. The government should create a
scale mission. Action II directly
dedicated and empowered authority with
addresses the PM's call for public
environmental experts to oversee the
participation, which is crucial for the
implementation, monitoring, and long-term
success of environmental initiatives.
sustainability of all green initiatives.
Both can and should be pursued
II. Widespread public awareness
simultaneously.
campaigns should be launched in schools
and communities to encourage citizen
participation in water conservation and
tree plantation, offering incentives for
community-led efforts. Question 8

Statement: Seven persons were killed in

कथन: प्रिानमंत्री नरें द्र मोदी ने "स्वच्छ और हररत Madhya Pradesh's Rewa district after a
ददल्ली" बनाने और अरावली पवसत श्ंि
ृ ला को क्रफर truck overturned on an autorickshaw. The
र्े जीवंत करने के लमशन के दहस्र्े के रूप में कई autorickshaw was carrying 11 passengers,
which is likely beyond its legal capacity.
हररत पहल शुरू कीं, जजर्में जनभागीदारी की
Courses of Action:
आवश्यकता पर जोर ददया गया।

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I. The government should strictly enforce

the existing passenger limits for
Action I is a short-term,
autorickshaws by increasing traffic police
enforcement-based solution. Action II
patrols and imposing immediate, heavy
is a long-term, infrastructure-based
fines for overloading.
solution. Since either approach would
II. The Regional Transport Authority
logically address the root cause, this
should launch a program to phase out
is an "Either/Or" scenario.
smaller autorickshaws and provide
subsidies for drivers to upgrade to larger
vehicles with a higher legal passenger
capacity.
Question 9

कथन: मध्य प्रदे श के रीवा जजले में एक रक के एक Statement: An undertrial was allegedly
ऑटोररक्शा पर पलट जाने र्े र्ात लोगों की मौत beaten to death by two fellow inmates
inside a lock-up of Saket Court in the
हो गई। ऑटोररक्शा में 11 यात्री र्वार थे, जो इर्की
presence of security personnel, pointing to
कानूनी क्षमता र्े अचिक होने की र्ंभावना है । a major security lapse.
कायसवाही: Courses of Action:
I. र्रकार को रै क्रफक पुललर् की गश्त बढाकर और I. To avoid such incidents, the court
should immediately release all undertrials
ओवरलोडिंग के ललए तत्काल, भारी जुमासना लगाकर
who have reported any kind of animosity
ऑटोररक्शा के ललए मौजद
ू ा यात्री र्ीमाओं को र्ख्ती
with other inmates.
र्े लागू करना चादहए। II. The specific lock-up where the
II. क्षेत्रीय पररवहन प्राचिकरण को छोटे ऑटोररक्शा incident occurred should be permanently
को चरणबद्ि तरीके र्े हटाने और ड्राइवरों को उच्च closed and converted into a storage room
for old case files.
कानूनी यात्री क्षमता वाले बड़े वाहनों में अपग्रेि करने
के ललए र्जलर्िी प्रदान करने का एक कायसिम शरू
ु
कथन: र्ाकेत कोटस के एक लॉक-अप के अंदर र्ुरक्षा
करना चादहए।
कलमसयों की मौजूदगी में दो र्ाथी कैददयों द्वारा एक
ववचारािीन कैदी की कचथत तौर पर पीट-पीट कर
Options: (a) Only I follows (b) Only II
follows (c) Both I and II follow (d) Either हत्या कर दी गई, जो एक बड़ी र्ुरक्षा चक
ू की ओर
I or II follows (e) Neither I nor II follows इशारा करता है ।
कायसवाही:
I. ऐर्ी घटनाओं र्े बचने के ललए, अदालत को उन
र्भी ववचारािीन कैददयों को तुरंत ररहा कर दे ना
चादहए, जजन्होंने अन्य कैददयों के र्ाथ क्रकर्ी भी

Solution: (d) Either I or II follows. तरह की दश्ु मनी की र्ूचना दी है ।

The problem is the danger posed by II. जजर् ववलशष्ट लॉक-अप में यह घटना हुई, उर्े
overloaded autorickshaws. Both स्थायी रूप र्े बंद कर दे ना चादहए और पुराने केर्
courses of action are valid and फाइलों के ललए एक भंिारण कक्ष में पररवनतसत कर
practical ways to solve this problem.
दे ना चादहए।

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Options: (a) Only I follows (b) Only II outdated and insufficient to meet the
follows (c) Both I and II follow (d) Either state's growing water demands.
I or II follows (e) Neither I nor II follows
कथन: राजस्थान में पारं पररक जल स्रोतों की बहाली,
जल र्ंचयन र्ंरचनाओं के ननमासण और भूजल
पुनभसरण पर जोर दे ने के र्ाथ एक पिवाड़े तक
चलने वाला जल र्ंरक्षण अलभयान शुरू क्रकया गया
है । मुख्यमंत्री ने इन पहलों में अचिक र्े अचिक
Solution: (e) Neither I nor II follows.
जनभागीदारी का आह्वान क्रकया है ।
Both proposed actions are illogical and
fail to solve the actual problem, which कायसवाही:
is a systemic security failure. Action I. राज्य र्रकार को राज्य के प्रत्येक घर और
I is illegal and undermines the entire व्यावर्ानयक प्रनतष्ठान के ललए एक ननददसष्ट र्मय
justice system. Action II is an
र्ीमा के भीतर वषास जल र्ंचयन प्रणाली स्थावपत
irrelevant and impractical step that
does nothing to improve security in the करना अननवायस कर दे ना चादहए, और इर्े
other lock-ups or address the reasons र्ुवविाजनक बनाने के ललए र्जलर्िी और तकनीकी
for the lapse. Neither course of र्हायता प्रदान करनी चादहए।
action is a valid solution. II. र्रकार को केवल बड़े पैमाने पर, आिनु नक
लर्ंचाई पररयोजनाओं और बांि ननमासण पर ध्यान
केंदद्रत करना चादहए, क्योंक्रक जल र्ंरक्षण के
Question 10 पारं पररक तरीके परु ाने हैं और राज्य की बढती पानी
की मांगों को पूरा करने के ललए अपयासप्त हैं।
Statement: A fortnight-long water
conservation campaign has been launched
Options: (a) Only I follows (b) Only II
in Rajasthan with an emphasis on the
follows (c) Both I and II follow (d) Either
restoration of traditional water sources,
I or II follows (e) Neither I nor II follows
construction of water harvesting
structures, and groundwater recharge.
The Chief Minister has called for greater
public participation in these initiatives.
Courses of Action:
I. The state government should make it
mandatory for every household and Solution: (a) Only I follows. Course of
commercial establishment in the state to action I is a practical and effective way
install rainwater harvesting systems within to promote water conservation at the
a specified timeframe, and provide grassroots level. It directly encourages
subsidies and technical assistance to public participation through mandatory
facilitate this. action and incentives, aligning perfectly
II. The government should focus solely on with the stated goals of the campaign.
large-scale, modern irrigation projects Course of action II directly contradicts
and dam construction, as traditional the campaign's emphasis on restoring
methods of water conservation are traditional water sources.

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It suggests an extreme "solely" I. र्रकार को 10 बाहर रिे गए गांवों के ननवालर्यों

approach, ignoring the value of a के ललए एक व्यापक और र्हभागी पुनवासर् और
balanced strategy that often combines पुनस्थासपन योजना ववकलर्त करनी चादहए, यह
both modern and traditional methods र्ुननजश्चत करते हुए क्रक उनकी आजीववका और
for sustainable results.
र्ांस्कृनतक अचिकारों की रक्षा हो, और उन्हें उनके
नए स्थानों में बेहतर र्ुवविाएं और अवर्र प्रदान
क्रकए जाएं।
Question 11 II. र्रकार को ववस्तार योजना को तुरंत तब तक

Statement: The Assam Cabinet has रोक दे ना चादहए जब तक क्रक पाकस के अंदर और
approved the expansion of the Kaziranga आर्पार् के र्भी गांवों के र्ाथ एक आम र्हमनत
National Park and Tiger Reserve by adding नहीं बन जाती, क्योंक्रक क्रकर्ी भी बदहष्कार या
a significant area, a move aimed at
स्थानांतरण र्े स्थानीय र्मुदायों और पाकस
strengthening biodiversity conservation
अचिकाररयों के बीच र्ामाजजक अशांनत और र्ंघषस
and promoting sustainable tourism.
However, 10 villages will be excluded from हो र्कता है ।
the expansion plan.
Courses of Action: Options: a) Only I follows b) Only II
I. The government should develop a follows c) Both I and II follow d) Either I
comprehensive and participatory or II follows e) Neither I nor II follows
rehabilitation and resettlement plan for
the residents of the 10 excluded villages,
ensuring that their livelihoods and cultural
rights are protected, and they are
provided with better amenities and
opportunities in their new locations.
Solution: e) Neither I nor II follows.
II. The government should immediately
The statement says the villages are
halt the expansion plan until a consensus
"excluded" from the expansion plan,
is reached with all the villages in and
which means they are not being
around the park, as any exclusion or
relocated. Therefore, course of
relocation could lead to social unrest and
action I is not relevant. Course of
conflict between the local communities and
action II is also not logical because
the park authorities.
the expansion plan is already approved
and the exclusion of these villages
कथन: अर्म मंबत्रमंिल ने काजीरं गा राष्रीय उद्यान might be a part of the consensus-
और बाघ अभयारण्य के ववस्तार को एक महत्वपूणस building process. There is no
क्षेत्र जोड़कर मंजूरी दे दी है , जजर्का उद्दे श्य जैव information to suggest that the
वववविता र्ंरक्षण को मजबूत करना और स्थायी exclusion is a point of conflict.

पयसटन को बढावा दे ना है । हालांक्रक, 10 गांवों को

ववस्तार योजना र्े बाहर रिा जाएगा।
कायसवाही:

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में ऐर्े जघन्य अपरािों के ललए एक ननवारक के

Question 12 रूप में भी काम करे गा।
II. गंभीर रोचगयों को भती करने में दे री करने वाले
Statement: The Bihar government has
sanctioned a compensation of ₹8.25 lakh, प्रणालीगत मद्
ु दों की पहचान करने और उन्हें ठीक
a monthly pension, and a house for the करने के ललए र्भी र्रकारी अस्पतालों का
family of an 11-year-old Dalit girl who राज्यव्यापी ऑडिट क्रकया जाना चादहए, और यह
was raped and brutally murdered. The girl र्ुननजश्चत करने के ललए एक र्ख्त प्रोटोकॉल लागू
had to wait in an ambulance for nearly five
क्रकया जाना चादहए क्रक क्रकर्ी भी रोगी को र्मय पर
hours before being admitted to a hospital.
Two senior medical officials have been चचक्रकत्र्ा दे िभाल र्े वंचचत न क्रकया जाए।
subjected to disciplinary action for
dereliction of duty. Options: a) Only I follows b) Only II
Courses of Action: follows c) Both I and II follow d) Either I
I. The government should establish a or II follows e) Neither I nor II follows
fast-track court to expedite the trial of
the accused and ensure that justice is
delivered swiftly to the victim's family,
which would also act as a deterrent for
such heinous crimes in the future.
II. A state-wide audit of all government
hospitals should be conducted to identify
Solution: c) Both I and II follow.
and rectify the systemic issues that lead
Course of action I is a necessary step
to delays in admitting critical patients,
to ensure justice for the victim and
and a strict protocol should be enforced
her family. A swift trial can help
to ensure that no patient is denied timely
restore public faith in the justice
medical care.
system. Course of action II addresses
the other critical issue highlighted in
कथन: बबहार र्रकार ने एक 11 वषीय दललत the statement - the delay in medical
लड़की, जजर्के र्ाथ बलात्कार और बेरहमी र्े हत्या care. A systemic audit and a strict
कर दी गई थी, के पररवार के ललए 8.25 लाि protocol are essential to prevent such
रुपये का मुआवजा, एक मालर्क पें शन और एक घर negligence in the future. Both courses
of action are logical and necessary
मंजूर क्रकया है । लड़की को अस्पताल में भती होने
responses to the different problems
र्े पहले लगभग पांच घंटे तक एम्बल
ु ेंर् में इंतजार presented in the statement.
करना पड़ा था। दो वररष्ठ चचक्रकत्र्ा अचिकाररयों पर
कतसव्य में लापरवाही के ललए अनुशार्नात्मक
कारस वाई की गई है ।
Question 13
कायसवाही:
I. र्रकार को आरोपी के मक
ु दमे में तेजी लाने के Statement: The Kannada Sahitya Parishat
(KSP) has sought to intervene in a petition
ललए एक फास्ट-रै क कोटस स्थावपत करना चादहए
filed by the producer of the Tamil film
और यह र्ुननजश्चत करना चादहए क्रक पीडड़त के 'Thug Life', starring Kamal Haasan, over
पररवार को जल्द र्े जल्द न्याय लमले, जो भववष्य the controversy arising from the actor's

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 Harshal Agrawal

statement that "Kannada is born out of और एक ननष्पक्ष और न्यायपूणस र्मािान के ललए

Tamil". The KSP contends that the र्भी दहतिारकों के र्ाथ एक व्यापक र्ुनवाई
statement was made without factual
आवश्यक है ।
backing and is unacceptable.
Courses of Action:
Options: a) Only I follows b) Only II
I. The High Court should dismiss the
follows c) Both I and II follow d) Either I
KSP's application to intervene, as the
or II follows e) Neither I nor II follows
issue is between the film producer and the
Kannada organizations opposing the film's
release, and the KSP's involvement would
unnecessarily politicize the matter and
delay the legal proceedings.
II. The court should allow the KSP to
present its views and historical and Solution: b) Only II follows. The issue
linguistic evidence, as the issue involves at hand is not just a commercial
the sentiments and cultural identity of the dispute but has larger cultural and
Kannada-speaking people, and a linguistic implications. Therefore, it is
comprehensive hearing with all important for the court to hear all
stakeholders is necessary for a fair and sides of the story, including the
just resolution. perspective of a respected literary
body like the KSP. Dismissing their
कथन: कन्नड़ र्ादहत्य पररषद (KSP) ने तलमल application would be seen as ignoring
क्रफल्म 'ठग लाइफ', जजर्में कमल हार्न ने the sentiments of a large section of
the population. Thus, course of action
अलभनय क्रकया है , के ननमासता द्वारा दायर एक
II is a more prudent and just
याचचका में हस्तक्षेप करने की मांग की है , जो
approach.
अलभनेता के इर् बयान र्े उत्पन्न वववाद पर है क्रक
"कन्नड़ तलमल र्े पैदा हुई है "। KSP का तकस है क्रक
यह बयान तथ्यात्मक र्मथसन के बबना ददया गया
था और यह अस्वीकायस है ।
Question 14
कायसवाही:
I. उच्च न्यायालय को KSP के हस्तक्षेप के आवेदन Statement: A doctor in Bihar's Gaya
district was dragged out of a rape
को िाररज कर दे ना चादहए, क्योंक्रक यह मुद्दा
survivor's house, tied to a tree, and
क्रफल्म ननमासता और क्रफल्म की ररलीज का ववरोि
brutally beaten up for providing treatment
करने वाले कन्नड़ र्ंगठनों के बीच है , और KSP to the survivor's mother. The kin of the
की र्ंललप्तता अनावश्यक रूप र्े मामले का accused in the rape case were allegedly
राजनीनतकरण करे गी और कानूनी कायसवाही में दे री pressuring the family to withdraw the
case.
करे गी।
Courses of Action:
II. अदालत को KSP को अपने ववचार और I. The state police should immediately
ऐनतहालर्क और भाषाई र्बत
ू पेश करने की अनुमनत provide round-the-clock security to the
दे नी चादहए, क्योंक्रक इर् मुद्दे में कन्नड़ भाषी लोगों rape survivor's family and the doctor who
की भावनाएं और र्ांस्कृनतक पहचान शालमल है , was attacked, and also take strict action

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 Harshal Agrawal

against the local police officials for their

failure to protect them despite the known
threat.
II. The doctor should be advised to not
get involved in such sensitive cases in the
future and to focus only on his medical
Solution: a) Only I follows. Course of
practice, as it is the responsibility of the
action I is a necessary and immediate
police and the judiciary to handle criminal
response to the grave situation.
cases.
Providing security and taking action
against negligent officials is crucial to
कथन: बबहार के गया जजले में एक बलात्कार पीडड़ता
ensure the safety of the victims and
के घर र्े एक िॉक्टर को घर्ीट कर बाहर ननकाला witnesses. Course of action II is a
गया, एक पेड़ र्े बांिा गया, और पीडड़ता की मााँ completely inappropriate and unethical
का इलाज करने के ललए बेरहमी र्े पीटा गया। suggestion. It not only discourages a
doctor from fulfilling his professional
बलात्कार के मामले में आरोवपयों के पररजन कचथत
and moral duty but also indirectly
तौर पर पररवार पर मामला वापर् लेने का दबाव
supports the perpetrators by
बना रहे थे। suggesting that one should not stand
कायसवाही: up against injustice.
I. राज्य पुललर् को तुरंत बलात्कार पीडड़ता के
पररवार और हमला क्रकए गए िॉक्टर को चौबीर्ों घंटे
र्रु क्षा प्रदान करनी चादहए, और ज्ञात ितरे के Question 15
बावजूद उनकी रक्षा करने में ववफलता के ललए
स्थानीय पुललर् अचिकाररयों के खिलाफ भी र्ख्त Statement: The Assam government has
informed the Gauhati High Court that two
कारस वाई करनी चादहए।
brothers, who were declared 'foreigners'
II. िॉक्टर को र्लाह दी जानी चादहए क्रक वे भववष्य in 2017 and whose whereabouts were
में ऐर्े र्ंवेदनशील मामलों में शालमल न हों और unknown since their arrest in May, are
केवल अपने चचक्रकत्र्ा अभ्यार् पर ध्यान केंदद्रत currently lodged at a state police battalion
करें , क्योंक्रक आपराचिक मामलों को र्ंभालना पुललर् in Kokrajhar district. The court has
directed the government to file an
और न्यायपाललका की जजम्मेदारी है ।
affidavit regarding their apprehension and
detention.
Options: a) Only I follows b) Only II
Courses of Action:
follows c) Both I and II follow d) Either I
I. The government should immediately
or II follows e) Neither I nor II follows
release the two brothers, as their
detention without informing their family or
the court is a violation of their
fundamental rights and a gross misuse of
power.
II. The High Court should appoint an
independent judicial inquiry to investigate
the circumstances of the brothers' arrest
and detention, to determine if there was

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 Harshal Agrawal

any procedural lapse or violation of human

rights, and to recommend measures to A judicial inquiry (Course of Action II)
prevent such incidents in the future.
is the most logical step to ascertain
the facts, ensure due process, and
कथन: अर्म र्रकार ने गौहाटी उच्च न्यायालय को uphold the rule of law.
र्ूचचत क्रकया है क्रक दो भाई, जजन्हें 2017 में
'ववदे शी' घोवषत क्रकया गया था और मई में उनकी
चगरफ्तारी के बाद र्े जजनका कोई पता नहीं था,
Question 16
वतसमान में कोकराझार जजले में एक राज्य पुललर्
बटाललयन में रिे गए हैं। अदालत ने र्रकार को Statement: A cargo ship has sunk off the
उनकी आशंका और दहरार्त के र्ंबंि में एक Kochi coast, leading to concerns about the
impact of its cargo on the marine and
हलफनामा दायर करने का ननदे श ददया है ।
coastal ecology. The Kerala High Court has
कायसवाही: observed that the people have a right to
I. र्रकार को दोनों भाइयों को तुरंत ररहा कर दे ना know the details of the cargo and has
चादहए, क्योंक्रक उनके पररवार या अदालत को र्चू चत directed the government to publish this
information. The government has
क्रकए बबना उनकी दहरार्त उनके मौललक अचिकारों
constituted an expert committee to assess
का उल्लंघन और शजक्त का घोर दरु
ु पयोग है ।
the damage.
II. उच्च न्यायालय को भाइयों की चगरफ्तारी और Courses of Action:
दहरार्त की पररजस्थनतयों की जांच के ललए एक I. The government should immediately
स्वतंत्र न्यानयक जांच ननयक्
ु त करनी चादहए, यह deploy all available resources, including
the Coast Guard and marine pollution
ननिासररत करने के ललए क्रक क्या कोई प्रक्रियात्मक
response vessels, to contain the potential
चूक या मानवाचिकारों का उल्लंघन हुआ था, और
spread of any hazardous materials from
भववष्य में ऐर्ी घटनाओं को रोकने के ललए उपाय the sunken ship and to initiate the process
र्ुझाने के ललए। of salvaging the cargo and the wreckage.
II. The government should wait for the
Options: a) Only I follows b) Only II expert committee's report before taking
follows c) Both I and II follow d) Either I any action, as any hasty measures without
or II follows e) Neither I nor II follows a proper scientific assessment could be
ineffective and might even worsen the
environmental damage.

कथन: कोजच्च तट पर एक मालवाहक जहाज िूब

गया है , जजर्र्े उर्के माल के र्मुद्री और तटीय
Solution: b) Only II follows. While the पाररजस्थनतकी पर पड़ने वाले प्रभाव के बारे में चचंताएं
detention appears to be questionable, बढ गई हैं। केरल उच्च न्यायालय ने कहा है क्रक
an immediate release (Course of Action
लोगों को माल के वववरण को जानने का अचिकार
I) might not be appropriate without a
है और र्रकार को यह जानकारी प्रकालशत करने का
proper inquiry, as they have been
declared 'foreigners'. ननदे श ददया है । र्रकार ने नुकर्ान का आकलन

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 Harshal Agrawal

करने के ललए एक ववशेषज्ञ र्लमनत का गठन क्रकया

है । Question 17
कायसवाही:
Statement: With the Union government
I. र्रकार को तुरंत र्भी उपललि र्ंर्ािनों को launching the UMEED portal to collate
तैनात करना चादहए, जजर्में तटरक्षक बल और documents of waqf properties, the
र्मुद्री प्रदष
ू ण प्रनतक्रिया पोत शालमल हैं, ताक्रक िूबे Telangana State Waqf Board is awaiting
हुए जहाज र्े क्रकर्ी भी ितरनाक र्ामग्री के clarity on the guidelines and is concerned
about the documentation of old places of
र्ंभाववत प्रर्ार को रोका जा र्के और माल और
worship, such as those from the Qutb
मलबे को बचाने की प्रक्रिया शुरू की जा र्के। Shahi period, for which documents may
II. र्रकार को कोई भी कारस वाई करने र्े पहले not be available.
ववशेषज्ञ र्लमनत की ररपोटस का इंतजार करना चादहए, Courses of Action:
I. The Telangana Waqf Board should
क्योंक्रक उचचत वैज्ञाननक मल्
ू यांकन के बबना कोई भी
refuse to use the UMEED portal until the
जल्दबाजी में क्रकए गए उपाय अप्रभावी हो र्कते हैं
Central government provides special
और पयासवरणीय क्षनत को और भी बदतर कर र्कते provisions and alternative methods for
हैं। documenting properties for which
historical documents are not available, to
Options: a) Only I follows b) Only II ensure that no legitimate waqf property is
follows c) Both I and II follow d) Either I left out.
or II follows e) Neither I nor II follows II. The Board should start uploading the
documents of all properties for which
records are available, and simultaneously
form a dedicated team of historians, legal
experts, and surveyors to research and
create a verifiable record of old
properties, which can then be presented
to the Central government for inclusion.
Solution: a) Only I follows. In a
situation of potential environmental
कथन: केंद्र र्रकार द्वारा वक्फ र्ंपवियों के
disaster, immediate containment and
response measures are crucial to दस्तावेजों को इकट्ठा करने के ललए UMEED पोटसल
mitigate the damage. Waiting for a शुरू करने के र्ाथ, तेलग
ं ाना राज्य वक्फ बोिस
committee report could lead to ददशाननदे शों पर स्पष्टता की प्रतीक्षा कर रहा है और
irreversible harm. Therefore, course पज
ू ा के परु ाने स्थानों, जैर्े क्रक कुतब
ु शाही काल
of action I is the most logical and
के, के दस्तावेजीकरण के बारे में चचंनतत है , जजनके
responsible step. The expert
committee's work can proceed in ललए दस्तावेज उपललि नहीं हो र्कते हैं।
parallel to guide the ongoing response कायसवाही:
and long-term remediation efforts. I. तेलंगाना वक्फ बोिस को UMEED पोटस ल का
उपयोग करने र्े तब तक इनकार कर दे ना चादहए
जब तक क्रक केंद्र र्रकार उन र्ंपवियों के
दस्तावेजीकरण के ललए ववशेष प्राविान और

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 Harshal Agrawal

वैकजल्पक तरीके प्रदान नहीं करती जजनके ललए countries, including Italy. This initiative,
ऐनतहालर्क दस्तावेज उपललि नहीं हैं, यह र्ुननजश्चत supported by a consulting firm and a bank,
is benefiting over 100 women mango
करने के ललए क्रक कोई भी वैि वक्फ र्ंपवि बाहर
orchard owners and has been made
न रह जाए। possible through training in post-harvest
II. बोिस को उन र्भी र्ंपवियों के दस्तावेज अपलोि handling and support from government
करना शुरू कर दे ना चादहए जजनके ललए ररकॉिस agencies.
उपललि हैं, और र्ाथ ही र्ाथ पुराने गुणों का एक Courses of Action:
I. The state government should identify
र्त्यापन योग्य ररकॉिस बनाने और बनाने के ललए
other potential agricultural and
इनतहार्कारों, कानूनी ववशेषज्ञों और र्वेक्षकों की horticultural products from different
एक र्मवपसत टीम का गठन करना चादहए, जजर्े तब regions of the state and replicate this
केंद्र र्रकार को शालमल करने के ललए प्रस्तुत क्रकया successful FPO model by providing similar
training, financial support, and market
जा र्कता है ।
linkages to other groups of farmers,
especially women.
Options: a) Only I follows b) Only II
II. The government should take over the
follows c) Both I and II follow d) Either I
entire process of procurement, processing,
or II follows e) Neither I nor II follows
and export of agricultural products from
the FPOs to ensure better quality control
and higher profits for the state
exchequer.

कथन: ओडिशा के ढें कनाल जजले में एक मदहला

नेतत्ृ व वाले क्रकर्ान उत्पादक र्ंगठन (FPO) ने
Solution: b) Only II follows. Course of
इटली र्दहत यरू ोपीय दे शों को आम ननयासत करके
action I is a confrontational approach
that would hinder the entire process महत्वपूणस र्फलता हालर्ल की है । एक परामशस फमस
of digitization and documentation. और एक बैंक द्वारा र्मचथसत यह पहल 100 र्े
Course of action II is a proactive and अचिक मदहला आम बाग माललकों को लाभाजन्वत
constructive approach. It allows the
कर रही है और फर्ल कटाई के बाद की हैंिललंग में
Board to comply with the new system
प्रलशक्षण और र्रकारी एजेंलर्यों के र्मथसन र्े र्ंभव
while also taking concrete steps to
address its specific concerns and find हुई है ।
a solution for the undocumented कायसवाही:
properties. I. राज्य र्रकार को राज्य के ववलभन्न क्षेत्रों र्े
अन्य र्ंभाववत कृवष और बागवानी उत्पादों की
पहचान करनी चादहए और अन्य क्रकर्ान र्मूहों,

Question 18 ववशेषकर मदहलाओं को र्मान प्रलशक्षण, वविीय

र्हायता और बाजार र्ंपकस प्रदान करके इर् र्फल
Statement: A women-led Farmer Producer
FPO मॉिल को दोहराना चादहए।
Organisation (FPO) in Odisha's Dhenkanal
district has achieved significant success II. र्रकार को बेहतर गुणविा ननयंत्रण और राज्य
by exporting mangoes to European के िजाने के ललए उच्च लाभ र्ुननजश्चत करने के

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 Harshal Agrawal

ललए FPO र्े कृवष उत्पादों की िरीद, प्रर्ंस्करण national highway is an illegal act that
और ननयासत की पूरी प्रक्रिया अपने हाथ में ले लेनी causes inconvenience to the public and
disrupts essential services.
चादहए।
II. The government should immediately
invite the representatives of the
Options: a) Only I follows b) Only II
protesting farmers for a dialogue, provide
follows c) Both I and II follow d) Either I
them with a clear and time-bound
or II follows e) Neither I nor II follows
assurance on the implementation of the
canal project, and appeal to them to call
off the protest in the interest of the
public.

कथन: बेंगलुरु-मंगलुरु राष्रीय राजमागस पर यातायात

बाचित हो गया क्योंक्रक एक कांग्रेर् वविायक के
Solution: a) Only I follows. Course of
नेतत्ृ व में र्ैकड़ों क्रकर्ानों ने रामनगर जजले के पानी
action I is a logical and forward-
की कमी वाले क्षेत्रों में पानी लाने के उद्दे श्य र्े
looking step that aims to build on the
success of the existing model and हे मावती ललंक नहर पररयोजना के कायासन्वयन की
empower more farmers. It promotes मांग को लेकर ववरोि प्रदशसन क्रकया।
entrepreneurship and self-reliance. कायसवाही:
Course of action II is a regressive
I. र्रकार को प्रदशसनकारी क्रकर्ानों को नततर-बबतर
step that would undermine the very
करने और राजमागस को तरु ं त र्ाफ करने के ललए
concept of FPOs and farmer
empowerment. Government takeover बल का प्रयोग करना चादहए, क्योंक्रक एक राष्रीय
could lead to bureaucratic राजमागस को अवरुद्ि करना एक अवैि कायस है जो
inefficiencies and may not be as जनता को अर्वु विा का कारण बनता है और
effective as the current
आवश्यक र्ेवाओं को बाचित करता है ।
decentralized model.
II. र्रकार को तुरंत प्रदशसनकारी क्रकर्ानों के
प्रनतननचियों को बातचीत के ललए आमंबत्रत करना
चादहए, उन्हें नहर पररयोजना के कायासन्वयन पर
Question 19 एक स्पष्ट और र्मयबद्ि आश्वार्न प्रदान करना

Statement: Traffic on the Bengaluru- चादहए, और जनता के दहत में ववरोि प्रदशसन को
Mangaluru National Highway was disrupted बंद करने की अपील करनी चादहए।
as hundreds of farmers, led by a Congress
legislator, protested demanding the Options: a) Only I follows b) Only II
implementation of the Hemavati link canal follows c) Both I and II follow d) Either I
project, which is aimed at bringing water or II follows e) Neither I nor II follows
to water-starved areas in Ramanagara
district.
Courses of Action:
I. The government should use force to
disperse the protesting farmers and clear
the highway immediately, as blocking a

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तीन झोपडड़यां नष्ट हो गईं। वपछले तीन महीनों में

इर् क्षेत्र में यह चौदहवीं ऐर्ी घटना है , और माना
जाता है क्रक हाथी एक दीवार में एक दरार के माध्यम
र्े पार् के एक वन्यजीव अभयारण्य र्े भटक गया
था।
Solution: b) Only II follows. Using
force against protesting farmers कायसवाही:
(Course of Action I) would be an I. वन ववभाग को तुरंत दीवार में दरार की मरम्मत
undemocratic and inflammatory करनी चादहए और जंगली हाचथयों को मानव बजस्तयों
response that could escalate the में प्रवेश करने र्े रोकने के ललए र्ौर बाड़ और हाथी-
situation. Engaging in dialogue and
प्रूफ िाइयों जैर्े अचिक मजबूत और दीघसकाललक
addressing their legitimate concerns
(Course of Action II) is a more उपायों पर भी ववचार करना चादहए।
constructive and responsible approach II. पुनवासर् क्षेत्र के ननवालर्यों को जंगल र्े दरू एक
to resolving the issue peacefully. र्रु क्षक्षत स्थान पर स्थानांतररत क्रकया जाना चादहए,
क्योंक्रक एक वन्यजीव अभयारण्य के इतने करीब में
मानव-पशु र्ंघषस अपररहायस है ।

Question 20
Options: a) Only I follows b) Only II
Statement: A wild elephant attack in a follows c) Both I and II follow d) Either I
rehabilitation area in Kerala has left two or II follows e) Neither I nor II follows
women injured and three huts destroyed.
This is the fourteenth such incident in the
area in the last three months, and the
elephant is believed to have strayed from
a nearby wildlife sanctuary through a
breach in a wall.
Solution: c) Both I and II follow.
Courses of Action:
Course of action I is an immediate and
I. The forest department should
necessary step to address the
immediately repair the breach in the wall
immediate cause of the problem.
and also consider more robust and long-
Repairing the breach and
term measures, such as solar fencing and
strengthening the barriers is crucial.
elephant-proof trenches, to prevent wild
Course of action II is a long-term
elephants from entering human
solution that addresses the recurring
settlements.
nature of the problem. Given the high
II. The residents of the rehabilitation
frequency of attacks, relocation
area should be relocated to a safer
might be the only viable option to
location away from the forest, as man-
ensure the safety of the residents.
animal conflict is inevitable in such
Both actions are logical and
proximity to a wildlife sanctuary.
necessary.

कथन: केरल के एक पुनवासर् क्षेत्र में एक जंगली

हाथी के हमले में दो मदहलाएं घायल हो गईं और

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कड़े ननयम और कच्चे माल के आयात की

Question 21 आवश्यकता शालमल है ।
कायसवाही:
Statement: For nearly three decades, the
CSIR-National Aerospace Laboratories I. र्रकार को NAL, ननजी क्षेत्र, लशक्षाववदों और
(NAL) has been working on perfecting the ननयामक ननकायों के प्रनतननचियों को लमलाकर एक
two-seater Hansa aircraft for commercial उच्च-शजक्त वाली टास्क फोर्स की स्थापना करनी
manufacture. Despite successfully चादहए, जो भारत में ववमान ननमासण के ललए एक
designing the aircraft and making
व्यापक पाररजस्थनतकी तंत्र बनाने के ललए हो, जजर्में
significant upgrades, NAL has struggled to
find a private partner for bulk कौशल ववकार् कायसिम, ननजी ननवेश के ललए
manufacturing, with one previous प्रोत्र्ाहन और कच्चे माल के घरे लू उत्पादन को
partnership failing. The challenges include बढावा दे ने के ललए नीनतयां शालमल होंगी।
a lack of skilled manpower, high attrition,
II. NAL को हं र्ा ववमान का व्यवर्ायीकरण करने
stringent regulations, and the need to
के अपने प्रयार्ों को छोड़ दे ना चादहए और केवल
import raw materials.
Courses of Action: अपने अनुर्ंिान और ववकार् के जनादे श पर ध्यान
I. The government should establish a केंदद्रत करना चादहए, क्योंक्रक ननमासण की चुनौनतयां
high-powered task force, comprising इर्के दायरे और ववशेषज्ञता र्े परे हैं।
representatives from NAL, the private
sector, academia, and regulatory bodies, Options: a) Only I follows b) Only II
to create a comprehensive ecosystem for follows c) Both I and II follow d) Either I
aircraft manufacturing in India, which or II follows e) Neither I nor II follows
would include skill development programs,
incentives for private investment, and
policies to promote domestic production of
raw materials.
II. NAL should abandon its efforts to
commercialize the Hansa aircraft and
focus solely on its research and Solution: a) Only I follows. Course of
development mandate, as the challenges of action I is a proactive and strategic
manufacturing are beyond its scope and approach to address the systemic
expertise. challenges hindering the growth of the
aerospace manufacturing sector in
कथन: लगभग तीन दशकों र्े, CSIR-राष्रीय India. It aims to create a conducive
environment for private players.
एयरोस्पेर् प्रयोगशाला (NAL) वाखणजज्यक ननमासण
Course of action II is a defeatist
के ललए दो-र्ीटर हं र्ा ववमान को बेहतर बनाने पर approach that would result in the
काम कर रहा है । ववमान को र्फलतापूवक
स डिजाइन wastage of decades of research and
करने और महत्वपूणस उन्नयन करने के बावजद
ू , development. It is important to find
NAL को थोक ननमासण के ललए एक ननजी भागीदार solutions to the challenges rather
than abandoning the project
िोजने में र्ंघषस करना पड़ा है , जजर्में एक वपछली
altogether.
र्ाझेदारी ववफल रही है । चुनौनतयों में कुशल
जनशजक्त की कमी, उच्च नौकरी छोड़ने की दर,

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जजर्र्े वाखणजज्यक ननजश्चतता र्ुननजश्चत हो और

Question 22 ननवेशक का ववश्वार् बढे ।
II. IBC को र्माप्त कर ददया जाना चादहए और
Statement: The Insolvency and
Bankruptcy Code (IBC), enacted in 2016, ऋण वर्ूली की पुरानी प्रणाली को बहाल क्रकया जाना
has emerged as the dominant route for चादहए, क्योंक्रक नया कोि अपने वादों को परू ा करने
debt recovery for banks, but it is facing में ववफल रहा है और अचिक कानूनी जदटलताएं पैदा
challenges such as judicial delays and कर रहा है ।
post-resolution uncertainties. The recent
Supreme Court verdict in the Bhushan
Options: a) Only I follows b) Only II
Steel case has reignited concerns about
follows c) Both I and II follow d) Either I
the finality of resolution outcomes, which
or II follows e) Neither I nor II follows
could deter potential bidders.
Courses of Action:
I. The government should amend the IBC
to introduce stricter timelines for the
judicial approval of resolution plans and to
provide greater legal sanctity to approved
plans, thereby ensuring commercial
certainty and boosting investor Solution: a) Only I follows. Course of
confidence. action I is a constructive suggestion
II. The IBC should be scrapped and the to address the specific challenges
old system of debt recovery should be mentioned in the statement. It aims
reinstated, as the new code has failed to to improve the effectiveness of the
deliver on its promises and is creating IBC. Course of action II is an
more legal complexities. extreme and regressive step. Despite
its challenges, the IBC has been more
कथन: 2016 में अचिननयलमत ददवाला और शोिन effective than the previous system,
अक्षमता र्ंदहता (IBC), बैंकों के ललए ऋण वर्ूली and scrapping it would be a step
backward.
का प्रमुि मागस बन गया है , लेक्रकन इर्े न्यानयक
दे री और र्मािान के बाद की अननजश्चतताओं जैर्ी
चुनौनतयों का र्ामना करना पड़ रहा है । भूषण स्टील Question 23
मामले में हाल के र्वोच्च न्यायालय के फैर्ले ने
Statement: The Indian Railways has
र्मािान के पररणामों की अंनतमता के बारे में
issued an alert on illegal immigrants using
चचंताओं को क्रफर र्े हवा दी है , जो र्ंभाववत fake or forged Aadhaar cards as proof of
बोलीदाताओं को हतोत्र्ादहत कर र्कता है । identity while travelling and has directed
कायसवाही: ticket examiners to verify the document
using the mAadhaar app.
I. र्रकार को र्मािान योजनाओं के न्यानयक
Courses of Action:
अनुमोदन के ललए र्ख्त र्मय-र्ीमा शुरू करने और
I. The government should immediately
अनुमोददत योजनाओं को अचिक कानूनी पववत्रता suspend the use of Aadhaar as a valid
प्रदान करने के ललए IBC में र्ंशोिन करना चादहए, proof of identity for travel in trains until

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a foolproof system is developed to prevent

A more practical and technology-
its misuse by illegal immigrants.
driven solution is to integrate the
II. The Railways should integrate its
systems for real-time verification
ticketing and reservation system with the
(Course of Action II), which would be
UIDAI database to enable real-time
a more effective and less disruptive
verification of Aadhaar details at the time
way to tackle the problem.
of booking, thereby preventing the use of
fake cards from the outset.

कथन: भारतीय रे लवे ने यात्रा के दौरान पहचान के

प्रमाण के रूप में नकली या जाली आिार कािस का Question 24
उपयोग करने वाले अवैि अप्रवालर्यों पर एक अलटस
Statement: A controversy has erupted
जारी क्रकया है और दटकट परीक्षकों को mAadhaar over a comment by a Russian official
ऐप का उपयोग करके दस्तावेज़ को र्त्यावपत करने repeating U.S. President Donald Trump's
का ननदे श ददया है । claim of mediating the India-Pakistan
ceasefire, a claim that India has denied.
कायसवाही:
This has happened just before the Russian
I. र्रकार को रे नों में यात्रा के ललए आिार के वैि
Foreign Minister's visit to India.
पहचान प्रमाण के रूप में उपयोग को तरु ं त तब तक Courses of Action:
ननलंबबत कर दे ना चादहए जब तक क्रक अवैि I. The Indian government should cancel
अप्रवालर्यों द्वारा इर्के दरु
ु पयोग को रोकने के ललए the upcoming visit of the Russian Foreign
Minister in protest of the misleading
एक फुलप्रूफ प्रणाली ववकलर्त नहीं हो जाती।
statement and demand a public apology
II. रे लवे को बुक्रकंग के र्मय आिार वववरण के from the Russian government.
वास्तववक र्मय के र्त्यापन को र्क्षम करने के II. During the visit, the Indian External
ललए अपनी दटकदटंग और आरक्षण प्रणाली को Affairs Minister should firmly and clearly
यूआईिीएआई िेटाबेर् के र्ाथ एकीकृत करना reiterate India's long-standing position on
bilateral issues with Pakistan, including the
चादहए, जजर्र्े शरू
ु र्े ही नकली कािस के उपयोग
fact that there is no role for third-party
को रोका जा र्के। mediation, and seek a clarification from
the Russian side on the official's comment
Options: a) Only I follows b) Only II to avoid any future misunderstandings.
follows c) Both I and II follow d) Either I
or II follows e) Neither I nor II follows कथन: एक रूर्ी अचिकारी द्वारा अमेररकी राष्रपनत
िोनाल्ि रम्प के भारत-पाक्रकस्तान र्ंघषस ववराम में
मध्यस्थता के दावे को दोहराने पर एक वववाद िड़ा
हो गया है , एक ऐर्ा दावा जजर्े भारत ने अस्वीकार
कर ददया है । यह रूर्ी ववदे श मंत्री की भारत यात्रा
Solution: b) Only II follows. र्े ठीक पहले हुआ है ।
Suspending the use of Aadhaar (Course कायसवाही:
of Action I) would cause inconvenience I. भारतीय र्रकार को भ्रामक बयान के ववरोि में
to millions of genuine passengers.
रूर्ी ववदे श मंत्री की आगामी यात्रा को रद्द कर दे ना

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चादहए और रूर्ी र्रकार र्े र्ावसजननक माफी की supply chain challenges, particularly the
मांग करनी चादहए। reliance on imports from China.
Courses of Action:
II. यात्रा के दौरान, भारतीय ववदे श मंत्री को
I. The government should provide
पाक्रकस्तान के र्ाथ द्ववपक्षीय मुद्दों पर भारत की subsidies and incentives to the electronics
लंबे र्मय र्े चली आ रही जस्थनत को दृढता र्े और industry to offset the increased cost of
स्पष्ट रूप र्े दोहराना चादहए, जजर्में यह तथ्य भी BPCBs, thereby ensuring that the growth
शालमल है क्रक तीर्रे पक्ष की मध्यस्थता के ललए of this vital sector is not hampered by the
anti-dumping duty.
कोई भूलमका नहीं है , और भववष्य में क्रकर्ी भी
II. The government should create a
गलतफहमी र्े बचने के ललए अचिकारी की दटप्पणी comprehensive policy framework to
पर रूर्ी पक्ष र्े स्पष्टीकरण मांगना चादहए। promote the domestic manufacturing of
raw materials for BPCBs, such as copper-
Options: a) Only I follows b) Only II clad laminates, by providing financial and
follows c) Both I and II follow d) Either I technological support to new and existing
or II follows e) Neither I nor II follows players in this sector, thereby creating a
self-reliant ecosystem.

कथन: नंगे वप्रंटेि र्क्रकसट बोिस (BPCBs) पर 30%

एंटी-िंवपंग शल्
ु क लगाने र्े घरे लू ननमासताओं को लाभ
होने की उम्मीद है , लेक्रकन इलेक्रॉननक्र् उद्योग,
Solution: b) Only II follows. Cancelling मुख्य अंनतम-उपयोगकतास, को बढी हुई कीमतों का
a high-level diplomatic visit (Course of
र्ामना करना पड़ रहा है । BPCB ननमासताओं के ललए
Action I) over a comment by an
लाभ की दीघसकाललक जस्थरता कच्चे माल की आपूनतस
official would be an overreaction and
could damage the long-standing श्ंि
ृ ला की चुनौनतयों को हल करने पर ननभसर करती
strategic relationship between India है , ववशेष रूप र्े चीन र्े आयात पर ननभसरता।
and Russia. A more mature and कायसवाही:
diplomatic approach is to use the
I. र्रकार को BPCBs की बढी हुई लागत की भरपाई
opportunity of the visit to clarify the
के ललए इलेक्रॉननक्र् उद्योग को र्जलर्िी और
position and resolve the issue through
dialogue (Course of Action II). प्रोत्र्ाहन प्रदान करना चादहए, जजर्र्े यह र्ुननजश्चत
हो र्के क्रक इर् महत्वपण
ू स क्षेत्र की वद्
ृ चि एंटी-िंवपंग
शुल्क र्े बाचित न हो।
Question 25 II. र्रकार को इर् क्षेत्र में नए और मौजूदा
खिलाडड़यों को वविीय और तकनीकी र्हायता प्रदान
Statement: The levy of a 30% anti-
dumping duty on bare printed circuit करके BPCBs के ललए कच्चे माल, जैर्े क्रक तांब-े
boards (BPCBs) is expected to benefit पहने लैलमनेट्र्, के घरे लू ननमासण को बढावा दे ने के
domestic manufacturers, but the ललए एक व्यापक नीनतगत ढांचा बनाना चादहए,
electronics industry, the main end-user, is जजर्र्े एक आत्मननभसर पाररजस्थनतकी तंत्र का
facing increased prices. The long-term
ननमासण हो।
sustainability of the benefits for BPCB
makers depends on resolving raw material

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 Harshal Agrawal

Options: a) Only I follows b) Only II constructive dialogue with the government

follows c) Both I and II follow d) Either I to find a mutually acceptable solution.
or II follows e) Neither I nor II follows
कथन: अमेररकी राष्रपनत िोनाल्ि रम्प ने हावसिस में
आने वाले र्भी ववदे शी छात्रों के ललए वीजा पर
प्रनतबंि लगा ददया है और राष्रीय र्ुरक्षा ितरों,
पररर्र में यहूदी-ववरोिी और उदार पूवासग्रह का हवाला
दे ते हुए कोलंबबया ववश्वववद्यालय की शैक्षखणक
Solution: c) Both I and II follow.
मान्यता छीनने की िमकी दी है ।
Course of action I is a necessary
short-term measure to support the कायसवाही:
electronics industry and prevent a I. प्रभाववत ववश्वववद्यालयों को तुरंत अमेररकी
negative impact on its र्रकार के खिलाफ एक मक
ु दमा दायर करना चादहए,
competitiveness. Course of action II
कायसकारी आदे श की र्ंवैिाननकता को चुनौती दे नी
is a crucial long-term strategy to
चादहए और इर्के कायासन्वयन को रोकने के ललए
address the root cause of the
problem, which is the reliance on तत्काल ननषेिाज्ञा की मांग करनी चादहए।
imported raw materials. A self- II. ववश्वववद्यालयों को राष्रपनत द्वारा उठाई गई
reliant ecosystem is essential for the चचंताओं को दरू करने के ललए अपनी नीनतयों और
sustainable growth of the electronics
प्रथाओं की आंतररक र्मीक्षा करनी चादहए, और
sector. Both actions are
complementary and necessary. पारस्पररक रूप र्े स्वीकायस र्मािान िोजने के ललए
र्रकार के र्ाथ एक रचनात्मक बातचीत में शालमल
होना चादहए।

Question 26
Options: a) Only I follows b) Only II
Statement: U.S. President Donald Trump follows c) Both I and II follow d) Either I
has banned visas for all foreign students or II follows e) Neither I nor II follows
coming to attend Harvard and has
threatened to strip Columbia University of
its academic accreditation, citing national
security threats, anti-Semitism on
campus, and liberal bias.
Solution: c) Both I and II follow. The
Courses of Action:
executive order appears to be an
I. The affected universities should
infringement on academic freedom and
immediately file a lawsuit against the U.S.
could be legally challenged (Course of
government, challenging the
Action I). At the same time, it is also
constitutionality of the executive order
important for the universities to address
and seeking an immediate injunction to
the concerns raised, whether they are
prevent its implementation.
perceived as legitimate or not, and engage
II. The universities should conduct an
in a dialogue to resolve the issue (Course
internal review of their policies and
of Action II). A two-pronged approach of
practices to address the concerns raised
legal action and dialogue would be the
by the President, and engage in a
most effective strategy.

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II. र्रकार को जस्थनत की बारीकी र्े ननगरानी

Question 27 करना जारी रिना चादहए, नए वेररएंट को रै क करने
के ललए जीनोलमक अनुिमण पर ध्यान केंदद्रत करना
Statement: There is a significant shortage
of COVID-19 vaccines in most states in चादहए, और भववष्य में जरूरत पड़ने पर तेजी र्े
India, and the government has stated that टीकाकरण अलभयान के ललए एक आकजस्मक योजना
it sees no need for a mass-vaccination के र्ाथ तैयार रहना चादहए, र्ाथ ही उच्च जोखिम
drive at present. The new sub-variants of
वाले व्यजक्तयों के ललए बस्
ू टर िुराक के उपयोग को
the virus are causing mild illnesses, and
भी बढावा दे ना चादहए।
experts believe that prior exposure and
vaccination have provided a protective
role. Options: a) Only I follows b) Only II
Courses of Action: follows c) Both I and II follow d) Either I
I. The government should immediately or II follows e) Neither I nor II follows
procure a large stockpile of the latest
updated vaccines and make them available
to all citizens free of cost, as a
precautionary measure against any future
surge or a more virulent variant.
II. The government should continue to Solution: b) Only II follows. Given
monitor the situation closely, focus on that the current variants are causing
genomic sequencing to track new variants, mild illness and the government sees
and be prepared with a contingency plan no immediate need for mass
for a rapid vaccination drive if the need vaccination, a large-scale
arises in the future, while also promoting procurement (Course of Action I)
the use of booster doses for high-risk might lead to wastage of resources. A
individuals. more prudent approach is to be
prepared and monitor the situation
closely (Course of Action II), which
कथन: भारत के अचिकांश राज्यों में COVID-19
allows for a more targeted and need-
टीकों की भारी कमी है , और र्रकार ने कहा है क्रक
based response.
वह वतसमान में बड़े पैमाने पर टीकाकरण अलभयान
की कोई आवश्यकता नहीं दे िती है । वायरर् के नए
उप-प्रकार हल्की बीमाररयों का कारण बन रहे हैं,
और ववशेषज्ञों का मानना है क्रक पहले के जोखिम Question 28
और टीकाकरण ने एक र्रु क्षात्मक भलू मका प्रदान
Statement: Six persons were injured in
की है ।
five separate fire incidents across Delhi,
कायसवाही:
caused by factors such as flammable
I. र्रकार को तुरंत नवीनतम अद्यतन टीकों का liquids and gas leaks.
एक बड़ा भंिार िरीदना चादहए और भववष्य में क्रकर्ी Courses of Action:
भी उछाल या अचिक ववषैले र्ंस्करण के खिलाफ I. The Delhi Fire Service should launch a
massive city-wide fire safety awareness
एहनतयाती उपाय के रूप में उन्हें र्भी नागररकों को
campaign, conducting drills and workshops
मुफ्त में उपललि कराना चादहए।
in residential colonies, markets, and

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industrial areas, and also carry out a

Awareness and enforcement are key to
stringent audit of all commercial
this. Course of action II is an
establishments to ensure compliance with
impractical and unimplementable
fire safety norms.
suggestion. Banning essential items like
II. The government should announce a
LPG cylinders is not a feasible solution.
complete ban on the storage and use of all
flammable materials, including domestic
LPG cylinders, in densely populated areas
to prevent such incidents. Question 29

कथन: ददल्ली में ज्वलनशील तरल पदाथस और गैर् Statement: A multi-party delegation from
ररर्ाव जैर्े कारकों के कारण पांच अलग-अलग आग India, led by Congress MP Shashi Tharoor,
is in the U.S. to explain India's position
की घटनाओं में छह लोग घायल हो गए।
on Pakistan-sponsored terrorism and its
कायसवाही: retaliatory strikes. The delegation has
I. ददल्ली अजग्नशमन र्ेवा को एक ववशाल शहर- been meeting U.S. lawmakers and think
व्यापी अजग्न र्रु क्षा जागरूकता अलभयान शरू
ु करना tanks, and has emphasized that India is
चादहए, आवार्ीय कॉलोननयों, बाजारों और fighting the battle against terrorism on
behalf of the world.
औद्योचगक क्षेत्रों में अभ्यार् और कायसशालाएं
Courses of Action:
आयोजजत करनी चादहए, और अजग्न र्ुरक्षा मानदं िों I. The Indian government should send
के अनुपालन को र्ुननजश्चत करने के ललए र्भी similar multi-party delegations to all major
व्यावर्ानयक प्रनतष्ठानों का एक कठोर ऑडिट भी countries and international forums to build
a global consensus against Pakistan's
करना चादहए।
support for terrorism and to isolate it on
II. र्रकार को ऐर्ी घटनाओं को रोकने के ललए
the world stage.
घनी आबादी वाले क्षेत्रों में घरे लू एलपीजी लर्लेंिर II. The government should stop all
र्दहत र्भी ज्वलनशील पदाथों के भंिारण और diplomatic outreach and focus solely on
उपयोग पर पण
ू स प्रनतबंि की घोषणा करनी चादहए। strengthening its military and intelligence
capabilities to deal with the threat of
Options: a) Only I follows b) Only II terrorism from Pakistan, as diplomatic
follows c) Both I and II follow d) Either I efforts have proven to be ineffective in
or II follows e) Neither I nor II follows the past.

कथन: कांग्रेर् र्ांर्द शलश थरूर के नेतत्ृ व में भारत

का एक बहु-दलीय प्रनतननचिमंिल पाक्रकस्तान
प्रायोजजत आतंकवाद और उर्की जवाबी कारस वाई पर
भारत की जस्थनत को स्पष्ट करने के ललए अमेररका
Solution: a) Only I follows. Course of में है । प्रनतननचिमंिल अमेररकी र्ांर्दों और चथंक
action I is a practical and proactive टैंकों र्े मल
ु ाकात कर रहा है , और इर् बात पर जोर
measure to improve fire safety and
ददया है क्रक भारत दनु नया की ओर र्े आतंकवाद के
prevent future incidents.
खिलाफ लड़ाई लड़ रहा है ।
कायसवाही:

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I. भारत र्रकार को आतंकवाद के ललए पाक्रकस्तान and the political value of the people the
के र्मथसन के खिलाफ एक वैजश्वक र्हमनत बनाने MPs met was "below par". A senior
Congress leader, who was part of one such
और इर्े ववश्व मंच पर अलग-थलग करने के ललए
delegation, has defended the move,
र्भी प्रमुि दे शों और अंतरराष्रीय मंचों पर र्मान stating that diplomacy is about
बहु-दलीय प्रनतननचिमंिल भेजना चादहए। "incrementalism".
II. र्रकार को र्भी राजननयक पहुंच को रोक दे ना Courses of Action:
चादहए और पाक्रकस्तान र्े आतंकवाद के ितरे र्े I. The government should immediately
recall all the delegations and issue a public
ननपटने के ललए केवल अपनी र्ैन्य और िुक्रफया
statement admitting the failure of its
क्षमताओं को मजबूत करने पर ध्यान केंदद्रत करना diplomatic initiative, to maintain
चादहए, क्योंक्रक राजननयक प्रयार् अतीत में अप्रभावी transparency and accountability.
र्ाबबत हुए हैं। II. The government should continue with
its diplomatic outreach, while also
Options: a) Only I follows b) Only II conducting a quiet internal review of its
follows c) Both I and II follow d) Either I strategy to identify any shortcomings and
or II follows e) Neither I nor II follows to make the future engagements more
effective and impactful.

कथन: कांग्रेर् ने भारत-पाक्रकस्तान र्ंघषस पर र्रकार

की बहु-दलीय राजननयक पहुंच की प्रभावशीलता पर
र्वाल उठाया है , यह दावा करते हुए क्रक कुछ दे शों
Solution: a) Only I follows. Diplomatic में स्वागत "हल्का" था और जजन लोगों र्े र्ांर्द
engagement is a crucial part of a लमले, उनका राजनीनतक मल्
ू य "बराबर र्े नीचे" था।
nation's foreign policy. Building a
एक ऐर्े ही प्रनतननचिमंिल का दहस्र्ा रहे एक वररष्ठ
global consensus (Course of Action I)
कांग्रेर् नेता ने इर् कदम का बचाव करते हुए कहा
is a logical and strategic step to put
pressure on Pakistan. Abandoning है क्रक कूटनीनत "वद् ृ चिशीलता" के बारे में है ।
diplomacy altogether (Course of कायसवाही:
Action II) would be a shortsighted I. र्रकार को तरु ं त र्भी प्रनतननचिमंिलों को वापर्
and counterproductive move. A
बुला लेना चादहए और पारदलशसता और जवाबदे ही
combination of diplomatic and military
बनाए रिने के ललए, अपनी राजननयक पहल की
measures is generally considered the
most effective strategy. ववफलता को स्वीकार करते हुए एक र्ावसजननक
बयान जारी करना चादहए।
II. र्रकार को अपनी राजननयक पहुंच जारी रिनी
चादहए, र्ाथ ही क्रकर्ी भी कमी की पहचान करने
Question 30 और भववष्य की व्यस्तताओं को अचिक प्रभावी और
प्रभावशाली बनाने के ललए अपनी रणनीनत की एक
Statement: The Congress has questioned
शांत आंतररक र्मीक्षा भी करनी चादहए।
the effectiveness of the government's
multi-party diplomatic outreach on the
India-Pakistan conflict, claiming that the
welcome in some countries was "lukewarm"

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Options: a) Only I follows b) Only II III. Companies should be asked to

follows c) Both I and II follow d) Either I increase their marketing budgets to
or II follows e) Neither I nor II follows attract consumers, even if it means taking
on more debt.

कथन: नवीनतम नतमाही कॉपोरे ट आय की र्मीक्षा

एक चचंताजनक प्रववृ ि को उजागर करती है । जबक्रक
प्रमि
ु र्च
ू कांक कंपननयों ने लचीलापन ददिाया है ,
Solution: b) Only II follows. Publicly बड़ी र्ंख्या में अन्य फमें कमजोर उपभोक्ता भावना
admitting failure and recalling the
और वववेकािीन िचस में कटौती के कारण ठहराव
delegations (Course of Action I) would
का अनुभव कर रही हैं।
be a major diplomatic setback and
would undermine the country's image. कायसवाही:
A more prudent approach is to I. र्रकार को मांग को र्ीिे बढावा दे ने के ललए,
continue the outreach while learning एक र्मयबद्ि, प्रत्यक्ष राजकोषीय प्रोत्र्ाहन पैकेज
from the experience and making
शुरू करना चादहए, जैर्े क्रक ग्रामीण रोजगार
necessary adjustments to the
योजनाओं में अचिक पैर्ा िालना।
strategy (Course of Action II). This
shows resilience and a commitment to II. र्रकार को दीघसकाललक औद्योचगक दृजष्टकोण
achieving the diplomatic objectives. में र्ुिार के ललए राष्रीय व्यापार एक्र्पो और
व्यापार लशिर र्म्मेलनों की एक श्ंि
ृ ला आयोजजत
करनी चादहए।
III. कंपननयों को उपभोक्ताओं को आकवषसत करने
Question 31 के ललए अपने ववपणन बजट को बढाने के ललए कहा
Statement: A review of the latest जाना चादहए, भले ही इर्का मतलब अचिक कजस
quarterly corporate earnings reveals a लेना हो।
concerning trend. While frontline index
companies have shown resilience, a vast Options: (a) Only I follows (b) Only II
number of other firms are experiencing follows (c) Only I and II follow (d) Only
stagnation, largely attributed to weak II and III follow (e) All I, II, and III
consumer sentiment and cuts in follow
discretionary spending.
Courses of Action:
I. The government should launch a time-
bound, direct fiscal stimulus package, such
as putting more money into rural
employment schemes, to directly boost
Solution: (a) Only I follows. The core
demand.
problem is immediate weak consumer
II. The government should organize a
demand. Course of Action I is a direct
series of national trade expos and business
and practical step to solve this
summits to improve the long-term
problem by putting more money in
industrial outlook.
people's hands.

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अनुर्ंिान और ववकार् गनतववचियों को तुरंत रोक

Action II is a good long-term step but दे ना चादहए।
does not solve the immediate crisis. II. कंपननयों को भववष्य के राजस्व वद्
ृ चि के ललए
Action III is an impractical एक स्थायी पाइपलाइन बनाने के ललए नवाचार,
suggestion; forcing companies already
उत्पाद ववकार् और बाजार ववस्तार में दीघसकाललक
facing stagnation to take on more debt
रणनीनतक ननवेशों की ओर अपना ध्यान केंदद्रत
could worsen their financial health.
करना चादहए।
III. कंपननयों को वविीय तनाव की परवाह क्रकए
बबना, अपनी बाजार दहस्र्ेदारी को जल्दी र्े बढाने
Question 32 के ललए छोटी, घाटे में चल रही प्रनतस्पिी कंपननयों
का अचिग्रहण करना चादहए।
Statement: An analysis indicates that
many companies improved their profit
Options: (a) Only I follows (b) Only II
margins primarily through aggressive cost-
follows (c) Only III follows (d) Only I and
cutting, rather than through robust
II follow (e) Only II and III follow
revenue growth, which points to a
potential underlying weakness in the
demand environment.
Courses of Action:
I. Companies should immediately halt all
research and development activities to
conserve cash and further improve short- Solution: (b) Only II follows. The
term profit margins. statement highlights that relying only
II. Companies should shift their focus on cost-cutting is a sign of weakness.
towards long-term strategic investments Action II directly addresses this by
in innovation, product development, and proposing a shift towards strategies
market expansion to build a sustainable for long-term revenue growth. Action
pipeline for future revenue growth. I would worsen the underlying problem
III. Companies should acquire smaller, by sacrificing future innovation for
loss-making competitors to quickly short-term gains. Action III is a
increase their market share, regardless of reckless financial strategy; acquiring
the financial strain. loss-making companies without due
diligence would likely increase
कथन: एक ववश्लेषण र्े र्ंकेत लमलता है क्रक कई financial problems, not solve them.
कंपननयों ने मजबत
ू राजस्व वद्
ृ चि के बजाय, मख्
ु य
रूप र्े आिामक लागत-कटौती के माध्यम र्े अपने
लाभ माजजसन में र्ुिार क्रकया है , जो मांग के माहौल
में एक र्ंभाववत अंतननसदहत कमजोरी की ओर इशारा Question 33
करता है ।
Statement: A report highlights the
कायसवाही: growing demand for electric vehicles (EVs)
I. कंपननयों को नकदी बचाने और अल्पकाललक in India. However, it also points to a
लाभ माजजसन में और र्ुिार करने के ललए र्भी significant challenge: the lack of a robust

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and widespread public charging

infrastructure, which causes "range Options: (a) Only I follows (b) Only III
anxiety" and slows down adoption. follows (c) Only II and III follow (d) Only
Courses of Action: I and II follow (e) All I, II, and III follow
I. The government should launch a massive
public-private partnership (PPP) program
to set up a dense network of fast-
charging stations on all national highways
and in major cities.
II. An awareness campaign should be
Solution: (d) Only I and II follow. The
launched to inform potential buyers about
problem is "range anxiety". Action I
the benefits of home charging and the
directly solves this by building the
actual average daily commute distance,
public infrastructure needed for long
which is often well within an EV's range.
journeys. Action II addresses the
III. Immediately ban the sale of all non-
psychological aspect of range anxiety
electric vehicles to force consumers to
by educating consumers and managing
switch to EVs, thereby creating demand
perceptions, which also helps in
for charging infrastructure.
adoption. These are two
complementary approaches. Action
कथन: एक ररपोटस भारत में इलेजक्रक वाहनों (EVs)
III is an extreme and impractical
की बढती मांग पर प्रकाश िालती है । हालांक्रक, यह measure that would cause massive
एक महत्वपूणस चुनौती की ओर भी इशारा करती है : economic disruption and public
एक मजबूत और व्यापक र्ावसजननक चाजजिंग backlash without solving the
underlying infrastructure problem
बुननयादी ढांचे की कमी, जो "रें ज चचंता" का कारण
first.
बनती है और इर्े अपनाने की प्रक्रिया को िीमा कर
दे ती है ।
कायसवाही:
I. र्रकार को र्भी राष्रीय राजमागों और प्रमि
ु Question 34
शहरों में फास्ट-चाजजिंग स्टे शनों का एक र्घन
नेटवकस स्थावपत करने के ललए एक ववशाल Statement: The "future of work" debate
र्ावसजननक-ननजी भागीदारी (PPP) कायसिम शुरू highlights that while WFH offers
flexibility, companies are concerned about
करना चादहए।
a decline in collaboration and company
II. र्ंभाववत िरीदारों को होम चाजजिंग के लाभों culture.
और वास्तववक और्त दै ननक यात्रा दरू ी के बारे में Courses of Action:
र्ूचचत करने के ललए एक जागरूकता अलभयान शरू
ु I. Companies should adopt a flexible,
hybrid model that combines remote work
क्रकया जाना चादहए, जो अक्र्र एक EV की र्ीमा
with regular in-office days, designed
के भीतर होती है ।
based on the specific needs of different
III. उपभोक्ताओं को EV पर जस्वच करने के ललए teams.
मजबूर करने के ललए र्भी गैर-इलेजक्रक वाहनों की II. Companies should invest in new virtual
बबिी पर तुरंत प्रनतबंि लगा दें , जजर्र्े चाजजिंग collaboration technologies and training for
बुननयादी ढांचे की मांग पैदा हो।

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 Harshal Agrawal

managers on how to lead distributed teams

different facets of the problem.
effectively.
Action I provides the structural
III. Companies should strengthen their
solution (hybrid model). Action II
corporate culture by organizing regular
provides the technological and
team-building activities, both virtual and
managerial support for that model to
in-person, for all employees.
succeed. Action III specifically
targets the concern about company
कथन: "काम का भववष्य" पर बहर् इर् बात पर culture. A comprehensive strategy
प्रकाश िालती है क्रक जबक्रक WFH लचीलापन प्रदान would involve all three.
करता है , कंपननयां र्हयोग और कंपनी र्ंस्कृनत में
चगरावट के बारे में चचंनतत हैं।
कायसवाही:
I. कंपननयों को एक लचीला, हाइबिि मॉिल Question 35

अपनाना चादहए जो ववलभन्न टीमों की ववलशष्ट

Statement: A review of corporate
आवश्यकताओं के आिार पर डिजाइन क्रकए गए earnings shows that several sectors,
ननयलमत कायासलय-में -ददनों के र्ाथ दरू स्थ कायस को including IT and consumer goods, have
जोड़ता है । been impacted by global macroeconomic
uncertainties and margin pressures. This
II. कंपननयों को नई वचअ
ुस ल र्हयोग प्रौद्योचगक्रकयों
has led to a cautious outlook from many
में और ववतररत टीमों का प्रभावी ढं ग र्े नेतत्ृ व करने companies, with some even deferring their
के तरीके पर प्रबंिकों के ललए प्रलशक्षण में ननवेश capital expenditure plans.
करना चादहए। Courses of Action:
III. कंपननयों को र्भी कमसचाररयों के ललए I. Companies should proactively diversify
their supply chains and customer bases to
ननयलमत टीम-बबजल्िंग गनतववचियों, वचअ
ुस ल और
reduce their dependence on specific
व्यजक्तगत दोनों, का आयोजन करके अपनी कॉपोरे ट geographies, thereby mitigating the
र्ंस्कृनत को मजबत
ू करना चादहए। impact of global uncertainties.
II. To completely shield themselves from
Options: (a) Only I and II follow (b) Only global issues, companies should cease all
II and III follow (c) Only I and III follow international operations and focus
(d) All I, II, and III follow (e) Only I exclusively on the domestic market.
follows III. Companies should increase investment
in automation and technology to improve
operational efficiency and protect their
margins against market fluctuations.

Solution: (d) All I, II, and III follow. कथन: कॉपोरे ट आय की र्मीक्षा र्े पता चलता है
The statement presents a two-sided क्रक आईटी और उपभोक्ता वस्तुओं र्दहत कई क्षेत्र,
problem: the need for flexibility vs. the वैजश्वक व्यापक आचथसक अननजश्चतताओं और माजजसन
need for collaboration and culture. All दबावों र्े प्रभाववत हुए हैं। इर्र्े कई कंपननयों र्े
three courses of action are practical,
एक र्तकस दृजष्टकोण र्ामने आया है , कुछ ने तो
non-contradictory steps that address

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 Harshal Agrawal

अपनी पूंजीगत व्यय योजनाओं को भी टाल ददया

For many companies, especially in the
है । IT sector, international operations
कायसवाही: are their primary source of revenue.
I. कंपननयों को वैजश्वक अननजश्चतताओं के प्रभाव Ceasing them is not a viable
solution.Course of Action III is
को कम करने के ललए, ववलशष्ट भौगोललक क्षेत्रों पर
another direct and practical strategy.
अपनी ननभसरता कम करने हे तु अपनी आपूनतस
Investing in technology and
श्ंि
ृ लाओं और ग्राहक आिारों में र्क्रिय रूप र्े automation is a proven way to improve
वववविता लानी चादहए। efficiency, which directly counters
II. वैजश्वक मद्
ु दों र्े िुद को पूरी तरह बचाने के the "margin pressures" mentioned in
the statement.Since both I and III
ललए, कंपननयों को र्भी अंतरराष्रीय पररचालन बंद
are logical, strategic, and non-
कर दे ने चादहए और ववशेष रूप र्े घरे लू बाजार पर
contradictory actions that address
ध्यान केंदद्रत करना चादहए। the core problems mentioned, they
III. कंपननयों को पररचालन दक्षता में र्ि
ु ार करने both follow.
और बाजार के उतार-चढाव के खिलाफ अपने माजजसन way to improve efficiency, which
की रक्षा के ललए स्वचालन और प्रौद्योचगकी में ननवेश directly counters the "margin
pressures" mentioned in the
बढाना चादहए।
statement.Since both I and III are
logical, strategic, and non-
Options: (a) Only I follows (b) Only II and
contradictory actions that address
III follow (c) Only I and III follow (d)
the core problems mentioned, they
Only I and II follow (e) All I, II, and III
both follow.
follow

Solution: (c) Only I and III follow.

The statement identifies two key
problems for companies: vulnerability
to global uncertainties and margin
pressures. A logical course of action
should address these issues from a
company's strategic perspective.
Course of Action I is a direct and
practical strategy to mitigate the risk
of global uncertainties. Diversification
is a standard business practice to
build resilience, making this a logical
step. Course of Action II is an
extreme, impractical, and potentially
disastrous measure.

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