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Design of Wireless Charging System of Electric Vehicle

Article in Wireless World · July 2023

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 Design of Wireless Charging System of
Electric Vehicle
Kumar Shivam, Mohsin Azam, Aman Kr Yadav, Madhav Mishra
kshivam9701@gmail.com| mohsin24122001@gmail.com |p3aman76@gmail.com
|madhavmishra98764@rediffmail.com
Institute of Technology, Guru Ghasidas Vishvavidyalaya (A Central University), Koni, Bilaspur Chhattisgarh
India-495009

Abstract- The aim of this paper is to introduce an electric Even though there has been a lot of research done on wireless
vehicle wireless charging station and charging platform to charging systems for electric vehicles, there are still certain gaps
transmit electrical power wirelessly through space and charge in the literature that need to be addressed. These gaps include
the battery of an electric vehicle. the following:
The system will work by using inductive coupling to transmit
power from a transmitter to a resistive load or battery of an 1.1. The majority of the study that has been done so far on
electric vehicle. wireless charging systems has been on the cars. More study is
Success in doing so would eliminate the use of cables in the required to develop wireless charging systems for other EV
charging process thus making it simpler and easier to charge the types, including buses, trucks, and two-wheelers.
battery of an electric vehicle. It would also ensure the safety of
the battery since it would eliminate the risk of a damaging the 1.2. Standardisation of wireless charging protocols: Wireless
battery. charging systems do not currently have a standardised protocol.
Keywords:Relay, Power MOSFET, Power Regulator, Due to compatibility concerns between various systems, it may
Ardiuno nano, LCD, Vehicle Detector be challenging for EV owners to use charging stations made by
various manufacturers. For wireless charging to become a
1. INTRODUCTION worldwide standard, more investigation is required.

The development of various charging systems has been led by 1.3. Cost-effectiveness of wireless charging: Although a more
the increasing popularity of electric vehicles (EVs), with convenient option than conventional wired charging, wireless
wireless charging emerging as a possible replacement for charging is also more expensive. More study is required to
conventional wired charging. This study will concentrate on determine whether wireless charging systems are more
developing a wireless charging station for electric vehicles. economical than conventional charging techniques.

The EV's receiver unit and charging pad make up the wireless Addressing in these gaps in information will help in the
charging system. The charging pad produces a magnetic field development of improved and reliable charging systems for
that causes the receiver unit to experience an electrical current, electric vehicles as well as a better understanding of wireless
which is utilised to recharge the EV's battery. The design of the charging systems.
wireless charging system involves a number of factors, such as
choosing the right components, maximising the system's Overall, this research paper aims to provide a comprehensive
effectiveness, and adhering to safety requirements. overview of the design of a wireless charging system for EVs,
and to highlight the challenges and opportunities in this exciting
In this research paper, we will discuss the different components field.
of the wireless charging system, including the charging pad,
receiver unit, and power electronics. We will also explore the 2. PRINCIPLE OF WIRELESS TRANSMISSION
various factors that affect the efficiency of the system, such as
the distance between the charging pad and the receiver unit, and A. BASIC CONCEPT- The principle of wireless power
the alignment between them. transmission is based on the concept of electromagnetic
induction. Electromagnetic induction is the process of
Furthermore, we will delve into the safety considerations generating an electric current in a conductor by exposing
involved in the design of the wireless charging system, including it to a changing magnetic field. In the case of wireless
electromagnetic induction (EMI). We will also discuss the power transmission, a magnetic field is generated by the
regulatory requirements that must be met to ensure the safe and primary coil, and this field induces a current in the
reliable operation of the wireless charging system. secondary coil, which is used to power a load.

1
The primary coil is connected to an AC power source, which
generates a varying current that produces a magnetic field. The
secondary coil is placed near the primary coil, and when the
magnetic field generated by the primary coil changes, it induces
a current in the secondary coil. The magnitude of the induced
current depends on the number of turns in the secondary coil and
the strength of the magnetic field.

Fig. 1: Basic Concept of Electomagnetic Induction

B. ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION-Faraday's
Principle of Electromagnetic Induction states that the Fig. 2: Flow Diagram
EMF induced in a loop due by a changing magnetic flux
is equal to the rate of change of the magnetic flux
threading the loop.

To do this, we developed a drawer-style platform on which

the coil is bound, removed from the vehicle zone during
3. DESIGN AND MATHEMATICAL charging, and transferred outside of the hazardous area. We
MODELING utilised a double-pinion rake gear arrangement, driven by a
DC motor rotating at 30 rpm, to move the plateform. The
Fig. 2 When the electric car is parked on a charging slot where driver turns on the secondary circuit, which includes an IR
wireless charging technology is installed, the vehicle battery sensor, when a car approaches the transmitter platform.
starts charging. Beneath the parking area, coils are installed to
generate an alternating magnetic field to enable wireless From the Biot-Savart rule, when the lower coil is connected
charging. An electric car with wireless charging would also to sinusoidal alternating current,
be installed with coils to generate electricity from the
alternating magnetic field.

The car parks above the wireless charger's installation, which

is the charging station. The wireless charging station is then
exposed to high-frequency electricity.

As a result, the nearby coils in the automobile experience The result of the definite integral is:
electrical induction and produce alternating magnetic fields.
A rectifier (AC-DC converter) transforms the generated
electricity into DC and charges the battery.

As is widely understood, the primary coil transmits And get the induced electromotive force of the right coil:
electromagnetic radiation to the secondary coil during
charging. The health of passengers, beverage items, etc., may
be impacted by electromagnetic radiation if the secondary coil
is left below or inside the car. Therefore, we developed a
novel idea of removing the secondary coil from the passenger
zone.

2
 COMPONENT ASSOCIATED WITH DESIGN-
1. Arduino nano- The Arduino is employed as the
primary circuit's brain in the above design. When a vehicle
approaches a transmitter platform equipped with an IR
sensor, the transmitted light rays reflect back and are picked
up by a receiver LED that is used in IR sensor. The
microcontroller then uses an IRFZN44 MOSFET to opens the
circuit for transmitter coil to generate magnetic field for
secondary coil or receiver coil installed in vehicle.
On more important function of arduino nano is to generate
frequency for current at resonant frequency.
2. 7805 Voltage regulator- The 7805 voltage regulator is a
linear voltage regulator, which maintains a constant voltage
of 5V at which all the electronics components like arduino,
LCD display, IR sensor, etc. Operates. Its insures regular 5V Fig. 3: Primary Circuit
in primary circuit irrespective of voltage fluctuation due to
load variation.
An electric vehicle charging system's circuit diagram is shown
3.Relay module- Relay module is used in secondary circuit
in Figure 3. The microcontroller, the central component or brain
for controlling the direction of the rotation of motor which is
of the system, manages the operations of the devices linked in
reponsible for the movement of slider on which
accordance with the specifications. Programming for the
secondary/reciever coil is mounted. It changes the polarity of
proposed system is written in Embedded C and executed on the
motor by doing so the direction of rotation of motor changes.
Arduino Uno processor. The system's various sensors are
4. Motor- In this design, a DC motor of 30 rpm is used for depicted in the Figure 3.
rotation of pinions gears which is constantly in contact with
rake on which slider is mounted. Current sensor is used to measure the amount of current in a wire
and generates a signal which is directly proportional to the
5. DPDT Switch- DPDT stands for Double Pole Double current. The output signal is used to display the measured current
Throw, which is a type of switch that has two poles (or using an ammeter, or can be utilized for further analysis. Another
circuits) and each pole has two possible positions that can be important sensor is the Voltage Sensor which is mainly used to
switched between. A DPDT switch is useful for a wide range convert voltage measured into a physical signal and it is directly
of applications where the user needs to switch between two proportional to the voltage.
different circuits or signal paths. Reversing polarity: A DPDT
switch can be used to reverse the polarity of a circuit. For The unique feature is that it can detect voltage without coming
example, in a motor control circuit, the DPDT switch can be into contact with any metal. It is constructed of integrated
used to reverse the direction of motor. resistors and resistive voltage dividers that are embedded in cast
resin that has a very low inductance. The resin permittivity,
6. MOSFET- Controlling the voltage and current flow
which serves as a capacitance, and the overall arrangement have
between the source and drain terminals is the fundamental
a zigzag shape. The Arduino Uno microcontroller board
idea behind MOSFET technology. The device's operation is
developed based on Microchip ATmega328P, which has analog
based on the MOS capacitor, and it functions virtually like a
and digital input/output pins which can be connected to various
switch. The MOSFET's key component is the MOSFET
extension boards and circuits.
capacitor. The introduction of either a positive or negative
gate voltage will convert the semiconductor surface at the
bottom of the oxide layer, which is situated between the
source and drain electrode from p-type to n-type. The
substrate is pushed downward with the holes that are present
beneath the oxide layer when a repul sive force for the
positive gate voltage is applied. The bonded negative charges
that are connected to the depletion region.

Fig. 4: Secondary Circuit

3
 4. CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES
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