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vi Preface

and managing information. At the time, there was no text like this one; hence, students had to purchase
thick reading packets made up of articles and case studies to provide them the basic concepts. The course
was structured to provide general MBA students enough knowledge of the MIS field so that they could
recognize opportunities to use the rapidly changing technologies available to them. The course was an
appetizer to the menu of specialty courses, each of which went much more deeply into the various top-
ics. But completion of the appetizer course meant that students were able to feel comfortable listening to,
contributing to, and ultimately participating in IS decisions. Those needs still exist.
Today, many students are digital natives—people who have grown up using information technologies
(IT) all of their lives. They have never lived in a world without IT. Many have never had to function without
a smartphone, and hence have instant access to information, in their pocket. That means that students come
to their courses with significantly more knowledge about things such as tablets, apps, personal comput-
ers, smartphones, texting, the web, social networking, file downloading, online purchasing, and social
media than their counterparts in school just a few years ago. This is a significant trend and it will continue;
students will be increasingly knowledgeable about the personal use of technologies. That knowledge has
begun to change the corporate environment. Today’s digital natives expect to find at least the functionality
they have at home everywhere they go, but especially in their work locations. At the same time, these users
expect to be able to work in ways that take advantage of the technologies they have grown to depend on
for social interaction, collaboration, and innovation. We believe that a basic foundation is still needed for
managing and using IS, but we understand that the assumptions and knowledge base of today’s students is
significantly different than previous generations.
Also different today is the vast amount of information amassed by firms, sometimes called the “big
data” problem. Organizations have figured out that there is an enormous amount of data around their
processes, their interactions with customers, their products, and their suppliers. These organizations also
recognize that with the increase in communities and social interactions on the web, there is additional
pressure to collect and analyze vast amounts of unstructured information contained in these conversations
to identify trends, needs, and projections. We believe that today’s managers face an increasing amount of
pressure to understand what is being said by those inside and outside their corporations and to join those
conversations reasonably and responsibly. That is significantly different from just a few years ago.
This book includes an introduction, 13 chapters of text and mini cases, and a set of case studies, supple-
mental readings, and teaching support on a community hub at http://pearlsonandsaunders.com. The Hub
provides faculty members who adopt the text additional resources organized by chapter, including recent
news items with teaching suggestions, videos with usage suggestions, blog posts and discussions from
the community, class activities, additional cases, cartoons, and more. Supplemental materials, including
longer cases from all over the globe, can be found on the web.
The introduction to this text explores the argument presented in this preface: managers must be knowl-
edgeable participants in making IS decisions. The first few chapters build a basic framework of relation-
ships among business strategy, IS strategy, and organizational strategy and explore the links among them.
The strategy chapters are followed by ones on work design and business processes that discuss the use of
IS. General managers also need some foundation on how IT is managed if they are to successfully discuss
their next business needs with IT professionals who can help them. Therefore, the remaining chapters
describe the basics of information architecture and infrastructure, IT security, the business of IT, the gov-
ernance of the IS organization, IS sourcing, project management, business analytics, and relevant ethical
issues.
Given the acceleration of security breaches, readers will find a significantly updated chapter on IS
security in this seventh edition of the text. Also, the material on analytics and “big data” has been exten-
sively updated to reflect the growing importance of the topic. The introduction has a stronger focus on
disruption and digital business models. The chapter on strategic uses provides a new example that will be
familiar with students—Facebook’s use of user data for strategic purposes. Also, that chapter extends the
timeline of computing eras to a new decade, and has a new ending case about Amazon Go, both of which
should provide views of the future that will likely be current for several years. The governance chapter
introduces platform governance and discusses digital ecosystems and IT consumerization. Other chapters
explore how technologies such as robotic process automation, technology-mediated control, and robots are
changing the way employees work and are managed in today’s organizations. The ethics chapter describes
the European Union’s GDPR initiative. Many chapters have new end-of-chapter cases. Each of the other
chapters has been revised with newer concepts added, discussions of more current topics fleshed out, and
 Preface vii

old, outdated topics removed or at least their discussion shortened. Similar to the sixth edition, every chap-
ter begins with a navigation “box” to help the reader understand the flow and key topics of the chapter.
No text in the field of MIS is completely current. The process of writing the text coupled with the
publication process makes a book somewhat out-of-date prior to delivery to its audience. With that in
mind, this text is written to provide the “timeless” elements of using and managing information. With this
20 year anniversary edition of this text, the timelessness of our frameworks and approaches have supported
our initial vision that there are key foundational ideas in this area to assist managers. Although this text is
complete in and of itself, learning is enhanced by combining the chapters with the most current readings
and cases. Faculty are encouraged to read the news items on the faculty Hub before each class in case one
might be relevant to the topic of the day. Students are encouraged to search the web for examples related
to topics and current events and bring them into the discussions of the issues at hand. The format of each
chapter begins with a navigational guide, a short case study, and the basic language for a set of important
management issues. These are followed by a set of managerial concerns related to the topic. The chapter
concludes with a summary, key terms, a set of discussion questions, and case studies.
Who should read this book? General managers interested in participating in IS decisions will find this a
good reference resource for the language and concepts of IS. Managers in the IS field will find the book a
good resource for beginning to understand the general manager’s view of how IS affect business decisions.
IS students will be able to use the book’s readings and concepts as the beginning in their journey to become
informed and successful businesspeople.
The information revolution is here. Where do you fit in?
Keri E. Pearlson, Carol S. Saunders, and Dennis F. Galletta
Acknowledgments

As we come up on the 20th anniversary of the first edition of this text, we are reminded of the many peo-
ple who have helped us with this book and all the previous editions. Books of this nature are written only
with the support of many individuals. We would like to personally thank everyone who helped with this
text. Although we’ve made every attempt to include everyone who helped make this book a reality, there is
always the possibility of unintentionally leaving some out. We apologize in advance if that is the case here.
We have been blessed with the help of our colleagues in this and in previous editions of the book. They
helped us by writing cases and reviewing the text. Thank you to Rajiv Kohli, who contributed a case in
the governance chapter of this edition. Our thanks continue to go out to many who helped us with this and
earlier editions including Jonathan Trower, Espen Andersen, Janis Gogan, Ashok Rho, Yvonne Lederer
Antonucci, E. Jose Proenca, Bruce Rollier, Dave Oliver, Celia Romm, Ed Watson, D. Guiter, S. Vaught,
Kala Saravanamuthu, Ron Murch, John Greenwod, Tom Rohleder, Sam Lubbe, Thomas Kern, Mark
Dekker, Anne Rutkowski, Kathy Hurtt, Kay Nelson, Janice Sipior, Craig Tidwell, and John Butler. The
book would not have been started were it not for the initial suggestion of a wonderful editor in 1999 at
John Wiley & Sons, Beth Lang Golub. Also, although we cannot thank them by name, we also greatly
appreciate the comments of the anonymous reviewers who have made a mark on this and previous editions.
We also appreciate the help of our current editor, Lise Johnson. Special thanks go to Judy Howarth
and Vinolia Fernando who helped us with the revision process. We also appreciate the help of all the
staff at Wiley who have made this edition a reality.
We would be remiss if we did not also thank Lars Linden for the work he did in building the Pearlson
and Saunders Faculty Hub for this book. Our vision included a web-based community for discussing
teaching ideas and posting current articles that supplement this text. Lars made that vision into a reality.
Thank you, Lars!
We also want to acknowledge and thank pbwiki.com. Without its incredible and free wiki, we would
have been relegated to e-mailing drafts of chapters back and forth, or saving countless files in an external
drop box without any opportunity to include explanations or status messages. We found that having used
the wiki for our previous editions, we were able to get up and running much faster than if we had to start
over without the platform.
From Keri: Thank you to my daughter, Hana, a graduate of Tulane University with an emphasis in
finance, data science, and analytics, and a now a consultant at EY. Over the years, she has watched and
encouraged my professional endeavors in so many ways. But now she’s also a professional in this area and
her comments and suggestions for this edition were even more insightful. Writing a book like this happens
in the white space of our lives—the time in between everything else going on. This edition was written at
a particularly frenetic time, but my family and friends listened to ideas, made suggestions, and celebrated
the book’s completion. I know how lucky I am to have this support. I love you guys!
From Carol: I would like to thank Moez Limayem, Dean of the Muma College of Business at the
University of South Florida, for graciously supporting conference travel related to my research. Rusty,
thank you for being my compass and my release valve. I couldn’t do it without you. Paraphrasing the
words of an Alan Jackson song (“Work in Progress”): I may not be what you want me to be, but I’m
trying really hard. Just be patient because I’m still a work in progress. I love you, Kristin, Russell, and
Janel very much!
From Dennis: Thanks to my terrific family: my wife Carole, my daughters Christy and Lauren, my
granddaughter Gracie, and my grandson Matthew and his baby sister Claire, who arrived just before this
book was published. Also thanks to Matt and Jacob, two lovable and loving sons-in-law. Finally, thanks to
our parents and sisters’ families. We are also blessed with a large number of great, caring neighbors whom
we see quite often. I love you all, and you make it all worthwhile!

ix
About the Authors

Dr. Keri E. Pearlson is the Executive Director of the Cybersecurity at MIT Sloan (CAMS) research con-
sortium and President of KP Partners, an advisory services firm working with business leaders on issues
related to the strategic use of information systems (IS) and organizational design. She is an entrepreneur,
teacher, researcher, consultant, and thought leader. Dr. Pearlson has held various positions in academia
and industry. She has been a member of the faculty at the Graduate School of Business at the University
of Texas at Austin where she taught management IS courses to MBAs and executives and at Babson Col-
lege where she helped design the popular IS course for the Fast Track MBA program. Dr. Pearlson has
held positions at the Harvard Business School, International Institute of Analytics (IIA), CSC, nGenera
(formerly the Concours Group), AT&T, and Hughes Aircraft Company. She was named the Leader of the
Year by the national Society of Information Management (SIM) in 2014. Dr. Pearlson is coauthor of Zero
Time: Providing Instant Customer Value—Every Time, All the Time (John Wiley, 2000). Her work has been
published in numerous places including Sloan Management Review, Academy of Management Execu-
tive, and Information Resources Management Journal. Many of her case studies have been published by
Harvard Business Publishing and are used all over the world. Dr. Pearlson holds a Doctorate in Business
Administration (DBA) in Management Information Systems from the Harvard Business School and both a
Master’s Degree in Industrial Engineering Management and a Bachelor’s Degree in Applied Mathematics
from Stanford University.

Dr. Carol S. Saunders is Professor Emerita at the University of Central Florida, a Schoeller Senior Fel-
low at the Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany, and associated with the
University of South Florida. She served as General Conference Chair of the International Conference
on Information Systems (ICIS) in 1999, Program Co-Chair of the Americas Conference on Information
Systems (AMCIS) in 2015, and the Association for Information Systems (AIS) Vice President of Publica-
tions from 2016 to 2019. Dr. Saunders was the Chair of the ICIS Executive Committee in 2000. For three
years, she served as Editor-in-Chief of MIS Quarterly. She is currently on the editorial boards of Journal of
Strategic Information Systems and Organization Science and serves on the advisory board of Business &
Information Systems Engineering, Journal of the AIS, and Pacific Asia Journal of the AIS. Dr. Saunders
has been recognized for her lifetime achievements by the AIS with a LEO award and by the Organizational
Communication and Information Systems Division of the Academy of Management. She is a Fellow of
the AIS. Dr. Saunders’ research interests include the impact of IS on power and communication, overload,
virtual teams, time, sourcing, control, big data business models, coopetition, and interorganizational link-
ages. Her research is published in a number of journals including MIS Quarterly, Information Systems
Research, Journal of the AIS, Journal of MIS, Communications of the ACM, Journal of Strategic Informa-
tion Systems, European Journal of Information Systems, Academy of Management Journal, Academy of
Management Review, Communications Research, and Organization Science. In 2019, she and A-F Rut-
kowski coauthored the book entitled Emotional and Cognitive Overload: The Dark Side of Information
Technology.

Dr. Dennis F. Galletta is Ben L. Fryrear Faculty Fellow and Professor of Business Administration at
the Katz Graduate School of Business, University of Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania. He is also the Direc-
tor of the Katz School’s doctoral program and has taught IS Management graduate courses in Harvard’s
summer program each year since 2009. He obtained his doctorate from the University of Minnesota in
1985 and is a Certified Public Accountant. Dr. Galletta served as President of the Association of Informa-
tion Systems (AIS) in 2007. Like Dr. Saunders, he is a Fellow of the AIS and has won a LEO lifetime
achievement award. He was a member of the AIS Council for five years. He also served in leader-
ship roles for the International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS): Program Co-Chair in 2005

xi
xii About the Authors

(Las Vegas) and Conference Co-Chair in 2011 (Shanghai); as Program Co-Chair for the Americas Confer-
ence on Information Systems (AMCIS) in 2003 (Tampa, Florida) and Inaugural Conference Chair in 1995
(Pittsburgh). The Pittsburgh conference had several “firsts” for an IS conference, including the first on-line
submissions, reviews, conference registration and payment, placement service, and storage of all papers
in advance on a website. Dr. Galletta served as ICIS Treasurer from 1994 to 1998 and Chair of the ICIS
Executive Committee in 2012. He taught IS courses on the Fall 1999 Semester at Sea voyage (Institute
for Shipboard Education) and established the concept of Special Interest Groups in AIS in 2000. In 2014,
he won an Emerald Citation of Excellence for a coauthored article that reached the top 50 in citations and
ratings from the fields of management, business, and economics. Dr. Galletta’s current research addresses
online and mobile usability and behavioral security issues such as phishing, protection motivation, and
antecedents of security-related decision making. He has published his research in journals such as Man-
agement Science; MIS Quarterly; Information Systems Research; Journal of MIS; European Journal of
Information Systems; Journal of the AIS; Communications of the ACM; Accounting, Management, and
Information Technologies; Data Base; and Decision Sciences and in proceedings of conferences such as
ICIS, AMCIS, and the Hawaii International Conference on Systems Sciences. Dr. Galletta is a senior edi-
tor at MIS Quarterly and is an editorial board member at Journal of MIS. In the past, he served as founding
Coeditor in Chief for AIS Transactions on Human-Computer Interaction, senior editor at Journal of AIS,
associate editor for MIS Quarterly and Information Systems Research. He is currently on the Pre-eminent
Scholars Board of Data Base. He won a Developmental Associate Editor Award at the MIS Quarterly in
2006. And during the off-hours, Dr. Galletta’s fervent hobby and obsession is digital photography, often
squinting through his eyepiece to make portrait, macro, Milky Way, and lightning photos when he should
be writing more papers.
Contents

Preface v
Acknowledgments ix
About the Authors xi

  Introduction 1
The Case for Participating in Decisions about Information Systems 3
What If a Manager Doesn’t Participate? 6
Skills Needed to Participate Effectively in Information Technology Decisions 7
Basic Assumptions 8
Economics of Information versus Economics of Things 12
Summary 16
Key Terms 16

1 The Information Systems Strategy Triangle 17

Brief Overview of Business Strategy Frameworks 20
Why Are Strategic Advantage Models Essential to Planning for Information Systems? 26
Brief Overview of Organizational Strategies 26
Brief Overview of Information Systems Strategy 27
Summary 29
Key Terms 30
Discussion Questions 30
Case Study 1-1 Amazon in 2019 31
Case Study 1-2 Lego 32

2 Strategic Use of Information Resources 35

Evolution of Information Resources 36
Information Resources as Strategic Tools 38
How Can Information Resources Be Used Strategically? 40
Sustaining Competitive Advantage 46
Strategic Alliances 51
Co-Creating IT and Business Strategy 53
Summary 54
Key Terms 55
Discussion Questions 55
Case Study 2-1 Amazon Go: How Far Can It Go? 56
Case Study 2-2 Groupon 57

xiii
xiv Contents

3 Organizational Strategy and Information Systems 59

Information Systems and Organizational Design 62
Information Systems and Management Control Systems 68
Information Systems and Culture 71
Summary 75
Key Terms 76
Discussion Questions 76
Case Study 3-1 Uber’s Use of Technology-Mediated Control 77
Case Study 3-2 The FBI 78

4 Digital Systems and the Design of Work 80

Work Design Framework 82
How Information Technology Changes the Nature of Work 83
Where Work Is Done and Who Does It: Mobile and Virtual Work Arrangements 91
Gaining Acceptance for IT-Induced Change to Work 99
Summary 101
Key Terms 102
Discussion Questions 102
Case Study 4-1 Automation at Southern Glazer’s Wine and Spirits LLC 104
Case Study 4-2 Trash and Waste Pickup Services, Inc. 105

5 Information Systems and Digital Transformation 106

Silo Perspective versus Business Process Perspective 107
Building Agile and Dynamic Business Processes 112
Digital Business Transformation 115
Workflow and Mapping Processes 115
Types of Enterprise Systems 117
Enterprise System Issues 124
Summary 127
Key Terms 127
Discussion Questions 128
Case Study 5-1 Carestream Health 129
Case Study 5-2 Santa Cruz Bicycles 130

6 Architecture and Infrastructure 132

From Vision to Implementation 133
The Leap from Strategy to Architecture to Infrastructure 134
From Strategy to Architecture to Infrastructure: An Example 141
Virtualization and Cloud Computing 146
Other Managerial Considerations 147
Summary 151
Key Terms 152
Discussion Questions 152
Case Study 6-1 Enterprise Architecture at Chubb Industries 154
Case Study 6-2 The Case of Extreme Scientists 155
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 Contents xv

7 Security 156
NIST Cybersecurity Framework 158
IT Security Governance Framework 159
Cyberattacks and How They Occurred 161
The Impossibility of 100% Security 165
What Should Management Do? 167
How Do We Measure How Secure We Are? 174
Summary 175
Key Terms 176
Discussion Questions 176
Case Study 7-1 The Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS) 177
Case Study 7-2 Sony Pictures: The Criminals Won 177

8 The Business of Information Technology 179

Organizing to Respond to Business: A Maturity Model 181
Understanding the IT Organization 182
What a Manager Can Expect from the IT Organization 182
What the IT Organization Does Not Do 184
Chief Information Officer 184
Building a Business Case 186
IT Portfolio Management 189
Valuing IT Investments 190
Monitoring IT Investments 191
Funding IT Resources 196
How Much Does IT Cost? 198
Summary 200
Key Terms 201
Discussion Questions 202
Case Study 8-1 Air France/KLM Airlines 203
Case Study 8-2 Balanced Scorecards at BIOCO 204

9 Governance of the Information Systems Organization 206

IT Governance 207
Centralized versus Decentralized Organizational Structures 208
Decision Rights and Governance 210
Platform-Based Governance 212
Governance Frameworks for Control Decisions 215
Summary 218
Key Terms 219
Discussion Questions 219
Case Study 9-1 IT Governance at Toyota 220
Case Study 9-2 The “MyJohnDeere” Platform 221

10 Information Systems Sourcing 223

Sourcing Decision Cycle Framework 224
Outsourcing in the Broader Context 239
Summary 240
xvi Contents

Key Terms 241

Discussion Questions 241
Case Study 10-1 O2 and RPA 242
Case Study 10-2 Crowdsourcing at AOL 243

11 Managing IT Projects 244

What Defines a Project? 246
What Is Project Management? 247
Project Elements 249
IT Projects 252
IT Project Development Methodologies and Approaches 253
Managing IT Project Risk 261
Gauging Success 265
Summary 266
Key Terms 267
Discussion Questions 267
Case Study 11-1 Information Displays at Dutch Railways (Nederlandse Spoorwegen) 268
Case Study 11-2 Dealing with Traffic Jams in London 269

12 Business Intelligence, Knowledge Management, and Analytics 272

Competing with Business Analytics 273
Knowledge Management, Business Intelligence, and Business Analytics 274
Components of Business Analytics 279
Big Data 282
Caveats for Managing Knowledge and Business Intelligence 289
Summary 290
Key Terms 291
Discussion Questions 291
Case Study 12-1 Nest and the Internet of Things (IoT) 292
Case Study 12-2 Stop & Shop’s Scan It! App 292

13 Privacy and Ethical Considerations in Information Management 294

Responsible Computing 296
Corporate Social Responsibility 299
PAPA: Privacy, Accuracy, Property, and Accessibility 302
Green Computing 310
Summary 312
Key Terms 312
Discussion Questions 312
Case Study 13-1 Equifax’s 2017 Data Breach 314
Case Study 13-2 Ethical Decision Making 315
Glossary G-1
Index I-1
Introduction

Why do managers need to understand and participate in the information systems (IS) decisions of their
organizations? After all, most corporations maintain entire departments dedicated to the management of
IS. These departments are staffed with highly skilled professionals devoted to the field of technology.
Shouldn’t managers rely on experts to analyze all aspects of IS and to make the best decisions for the
organization? The answer to that question is an emphatic “no.”
Managing information is a critical skill for success in today’s business environment. While in the past,
making better management decisions was the sole focus of information technology (IT), today every
business has to go further and develop a digital business strategy. For example, it is no longer an issue for
organizations to decide whether they want to collect and manage large amounts of information, develop
websites, and engage social networks, but how to initiate, manage, and nurture all those channels. A suc-
cessful manager continuously re-evaluates a company’s vision in light of new opportunities and threats
from IT. A successful process begins with the realization that customers, colleagues, and trading partners
have ubiquitous access to sophisticated technologies, and all perhaps unreasonably expect nearly instant
responses in a business world that is more dynamic than ever before.
Most importantly, change can come from unforeseen directions. New information-based products have
emerged that have endangered businesses that were managed as if they were going to last forever. One
need to only examine how Uber and Lyft suddenly led to sharp reductions in taxicab use, how Amazon
has shrunk the number of brick-and-mortar stores such as Sears and K-Mart, how music streaming has all
but eliminated music stores, and how on-line video streaming has challenged cable television companies.1
Hence, understanding how to manage and use IS is no longer a luxury; it is a necessity to understand how
to take advantage of IT, rather than to become a victim of IT.
The disruption from Uber and Lyft are most remarkable. In 2018, Forbes reported that between the first
quarter of 2014 and the same time period in 2018, the share enjoyed by taxicabs shrank from 37% to 6%
of the business traveler ground transportation market. Rental cars also suffered, declining from 55% to
23.5%. However, ride-hailing rose from 8% to 70.5% of the market between 2014 and 2018.2
The business traveler ground transportation market is an excellent illustration of market disruption
afforded by creative uses of IT, especially when providing connections between a firm’s IT and customers’
smartphones. The vast majority of U.S. adults today own a smart phone and access online apps. According
to the Pew Research Center, in 2018, 95% of U.S. adults had a cell phone of some kind, and, from 2011 to
2018, the percent of U.S. adults who own a smartphone rose from 31% to 77%,3 which now has surpassed
the percent of Americans who use computers. Computer usage diminished from a high of 78% in 2012
to 73% in 2018.4 Pew also noted that 90% of American adults use the Internet, and about 75% have high
speed (broadband) access at home.5
The use of these types of devices implies that individuals now manage a “personal IS” and make deci-
sions about usage, data, and applications. Many even manage their own wireless network at home. Doesn’t

1
Robert Hof, “How Amazon Cleared the Profitability Hurdle,” February 4, 2002, http://www.bloomberg.com/bw/stories/2002-02-03/how-
amazon-cleared-the-profitability-hurdle (accessed October 29, 2015).
2
M. Goldstein, “Dislocation and Its Discontents: Ride-Sharing’s Impact on the Taxi Industry,” Forbes.com, June 8, 2018, https://www.forbes.
com/sites/michaelgoldstein/2018/06/08/uber-lyft-taxi-drivers/#454cd99259f0 (accessed January 10, 2019).
3
Pew Research Center, “Mobile Fact Sheet,” February 5, 2018, http://www.pewinternet.org/fact-sheet/mobile/ (accessed January 10, 2019).
4
Pew Research Center, “Internet, Social Media Use and Device Ownership in U.S. Have Plateaued After Years of Growth,” September 28,
2018, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/09/28/internet-social-media-use-and-device-ownership-in-u-s-have-plateaued-after-years-
of-growth/ (accessed January 10, 2019).
5
Pew Research Center, “Internet Use and Cell Phone Demographics,” http://www.pewinternet.org/data-trend/internet-use/internet-use-over-
time (accessed June 22, 2019).
1
2 Introduction

that give them insight into managing IS in corporations? Students often think they are experts in corporate
IS because of their personal experience with technology. Although there is a glimmer of truth in that per-
spective, it’s a very dangerous perspective for managers to take. Certainly knowing about interesting apps,
being able to use a variety of technologies for different personal purposes, and being familiar with the ups
and downs of networking for their personal IS provide some experience that is useful in the corporate set-
ting. But in a corporate setting, IS must be ready for use by an enterprise and beyond. These systems must
be scalable for a large number of employees and customers, often simultaneously; they must be delivered
in an appropriate manner for the enterprise; and they must be managed with corporate guidelines and
appropriate governmental regulations in mind. Issues such as security, privacy, risk, support, and archi-
tecture take on new meaning within an enterprise, and someone has to manage them. Enterprise-level
management and use of IS require a unique perspective and a different skill set.
Consider the now-historic rise of the so-called FANG group of companies (Facebook, Amazon.com,
Netflix, and Google). All began as small startups only two decades ago, and now each occupies a posi-
tion in the Fortune 500 list of largest companies, while two have reached Fortune’s top 25 with ranks of
8 (Amazon) and 22 (Google/Alphabet).6 Amazon.com’s rise is meteoric. It began as an online bookseller
and expanded rapidly by leveraging its business model into other marketplaces, such as music, electronics,
health and beauty products, lawn and garden products, auctions, tools and hardware, groceries, and more.
It succeeded by achieving a good mix of IS and business basics: capitalizing on operational efficiencies
derived from inventory software and smarter storage, cost cutting, and effectively partnering with compa-
nies ranging from suppliers (such as the U.S. Postal Service) to competitors (such as Target) to customers
(who can sell their used goods on its platform).
More recently, Amazon.com changed the basis of competition in another market, but this time it
was the web services business. Amazon.com web services offer clients the extensive technology plat-
form used for Amazon.com but in an on-demand fashion for developing and running the client’s own
applications.
Likewise, Google (now listed as its holding company “Alphabet”) built a business that has revolu-
tionized the way information is found. Google began in 1999 as a basic search company but its manag-
ers quickly learned that its unique business model could be leveraged for future success in seemingly
unrelated areas. The company changed the way people think about web content by making it available
in a searchable format with incredibly fast response time and in a host of languages. Further, Google’s
keyword-targeted advertising program and Google Analytics revolutionized the way companies adver-
tise and track their progress in reaching customers. Then Google expanded, offering a suite of web-
based applications, such as calendaring, office tools, e-mail, collaboration, shopping, and maps. Google
Drive is one of the most popular file-sharing tools and Gmail one of the most popular e-mail services.
As of January 2019, in 19 cities it offered its customers very inexpensive fiber connections.7 In so doing,
Google has further expanded into infrastructure and on-demand services and shows no signs of slowing
its progress.8
These and other online businesses are able to succeed where traditional companies have not, in part
because their management understood the power of information, IS, and the web. These exemplary online
businesses aren’t succeeding because their managers could build web pages or assemble an IS network.
Rather, the executives in these new businesses understand the fundamentals of managing and using infor-
mation and can marry that knowledge with a sound, unique business vision to dominate their intended
market spaces.
The goal of this book is to provide the foundation to help the general business manager become a
knowledgeable participant in IS decisions because any IS decision in which the manager doesn’t partici-
pate can greatly affect the organization’s ability to succeed in the future. This introduction outlines the
fundamental reasons for taking the initiative to participate in IS decisions. Moreover, because effective
participation requires a unique set of managerial skills, this introduction identifies the most important
ones. These skills are helpful for making both IS decisions and all business decisions. We describe how
managers should participate in the decision-making process. Finally, this introduction presents relevant

6
List, Fortune.com, 2019, http://fortune.com/fortune500/list (accessed January 10, 2019).
7
Google.com, “Our Cities,” January 10, 2019, https://fiber.google.com/ourcities/ (accessed January 10, 2019).
8
For more information on the latest services by these two companies, see http://aws.amazon.com/ec2 and http://www.google.com/enterprise/
cloud/.
 The Case for Participating in Decisions about Information Systems 3

models for understanding the nature of business and IS. These models provide a framework for the discus-
sions that follow in subsequent chapters.

The Case for Participating in Decisions about

Information Systems
In today’s business environment, maintaining a back-office view of technology is certain to cost market
share and could ultimately lead to the failure of the organization. Managers who claim ignorance of IS
can damage their reputation. Technology has become entwined with all the classic functions of business—
operations, marketing, accounting, finance—to such an extent that understanding its role is necessary for
making intelligent and effective decisions about any of them. Furthermore, as firms find digital business
models at the core of just about every business today, failing to align IT decisions between business and
technology leaders can cause a firm to fail to meet corporate objectives. As is covered in Chapter 9 on
Governance, many decisions historically made by the IS group are increasingly being made by individu-
als outside that group. Envisioning new or enhanced digital business models requires an understanding of
technologies and their capabilities and impacts on firms.
Therefore, understanding basic fundamentals about using and managing information is worth the
investment of time. The reasons for this investment are summarized in Figure I-1 and are discussed next.

A Business View of Critical Resources

IT is a critical resource for today’s businesses. It both supports and consumes a significant amount of an
organization’s resources. Just like the other three major types of business resources—people, money, and
machines—it needs to be managed wisely.
IT spending represents a significant portion of corporate budgets. Worldwide IT spending topped
$3.8 trillion in 2018. It is projected to continue to increase another hundred million in 2019.9 Gartner
sorts IT spending into five categories including devices (e.g., PCs, tablets, and smartphones), data
center systems (e.g., network equipment, servers, and storage equipment), enterprise software and apps
(e.g., companywide software applications), IT services (e.g., support and consulting services), and
­communications services (e.g., the expenses paid to vendors for voice and data services).10

Reasons
IS must be managed as a critical resource since it permeates almost every aspect of business.

IS enable change in the way people work both inside and outside of the enterprise.

IS are at the heart of integrated Internet-based or mobile solutions that are replacing standard business processes.

IS enable or inhibit business opportunities and new strategies.

IS can be used to combat business challenges from competitors.

IS enable customers to have greater pull on businesses and communities by giving them new options for voicing their concerns
and opinions using social media.

IS can support data-driven decision making.

IS can help ensure the security of key assets.

FIGURE I-1 Reasons why business managers should participate in IS decisions.

9
Gartner, “Gartner Says Global IT Spending to Grow 3.2 Percent in 2019,” October 17, 2018, https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-
releases/2018-10-17-gartner-says-global-it-spending-to-grow-3-2-percent-in-2019 (accessed June 22, 2019).
10
Ibid.
4 Introduction

Resources must return value, or they will be invested elsewhere. The business manager, not the IS
specialist, decides which activities receive funding, estimates the risk associated with the investment, and
develops metrics for evaluating the investment’s performance. Therefore, the business manager needs a
basic grounding in managing and using information. On the flip side, IS managers need a business view to
be able to explain how technology impacts the business and what its trade-offs are.

People and Technology Work Together

In addition to financial issues, managers must know how to mesh technology and people to create effec-
tive work processes. Collaboration is increasingly common, especially with the rise of social networking.
Companies are reaching out to individual customers using social technologies such as Facebook, Twitter,
Reddit, Renren, YouTube, and numerous other tools. Platform-based systems are generating widespread
contributions, as well as use, across organizational boundaries. Technology is facilitating the work that
people do and the way they interact with each other. Appropriately incorporating IS into the design of a
business model enables managers to focus their time and resources on issues that bear directly on customer
satisfaction and other revenue- and profit-generating activities.
Adding a new IS to an existing organization, however, requires the ability to manage change. Skilled
business managers must balance the benefits of introducing new technology with the costs associated
with changing the existing behaviors of people in the workplace. There are many choices of technology
solutions, each with a different impact. Managers’ decisions must incorporate a clear understanding of
the consequences. Making this assessment doesn’t require detailed technical knowledge. It does require
an understanding of short-term and long-term consequences, risk mitigation, and why adopting new tech-
nology may be more appropriate in some instances than in others. Understanding these issues also helps
managers know when it may prove effective to replace people with technology at certain steps in a process.

Integrating Business with Information Systems

According to Jeremy King, Chief Technology Officer of @Walmart Labs, to achieve success, companies
must realize that they are becoming technology companies. As King wrote in a blog, that in the past, there
was a way to distinguish between companies, because some develop the technologies for enterprises, and
some depended on those technologies. However, King went on to state:

“. . . that distinction is now diminishing for this simple reason: every global company is becoming a tech com-
pany. . . . we’re seeing technology as a critical component for business success.”11

Walmart built platforms to support all of its ecommerce and digital shopping experiences around the
world. Walmart’s teams created a new search engine to enable engaging and efficient ways for online
customers to find items in inventory. IS placed information in the hands of Walmart associates so that
decisions could be made closer to the customer. IS simplified organizational activities and processes such
as moving goods, stocking shelves, and communicating with suppliers. For example, handheld scanners
provide floor associates with immediate and real-time access to inventory in their store and the ability to
locate items in surrounding stores, if necessary.

Opportunities and New Strategies Derived from Rapid

Changes in Technology
The proliferation of new technologies creates a business environment filled with opportunities. The rate of
adoption of these new technologies has increased due in part to the changing demographics of the work-
force and the integration of “digital natives,” individuals whose entire lives have been lived in an era with

11
Jeremy King, “Why Every Company Is a Tech Company,” November 21, 2013, http://www.walmartlabs.com/2013/11/21/why-every-
company-is-a-tech-company-by-jeremy-king-cto-of-walmartlabs (accessed August 18, 2015).
 The Case for Participating in Decisions about Information Systems 5

Internet availability through the web. Therefore, digital natives are completely fluent in the use of personal
technologies and the web, whereas “digital immigrants,” or people born before the 1990s, weren’t always
around computers when they were young. Even today, innovative uses of the Internet produce new types
of online businesses that keep every manager and executive on alert. New business opportunities spring up
with little advance warning. The manager’s role is to frame these opportunities so that others can under-
stand them, evaluate them against existing business needs and choices, and then pursue those that fit with
an articulated business strategy. The quality of the information at hand affects the quality of both decisions
and their implementation. Managers must develop an understanding of what information is crucial to the
decisions, how to get it, and how to use it. They must lead the changes driven by IS.

Competitive Challenges
Competitors come from both expected and unexpected places. General managers are in the best position
to see the emerging threats and utilize IS effectively to combat ever-changing competitive challenges.
Further, general managers are often called on to demonstrate a clear understanding of how their own
technology programs and products compare with those of their competitors. A deep understanding of the
capabilities of the organization coupled with existing IS can create competitive advantages and change the
competitive landscape for the entire industry.

Customer Pull
With the emergence of social networks such as Facebook, microblogs such as Twitter, and other web appli-
cations such as Yelp, businesses have had to redesign their existing business models to account for the
change in power now wielded by customers and others in their communities. Social media and other web
apps have given powerful voices to customers and communities, and businesses must listen. Redesigning
the customer experience when interacting with a company is paramount for many managers and the key
driver is IS. Social IT enables new and often deeper relationships with a large number of customers, and
companies are learning how to integrate and leverage this capability into existing and new business models.

Data-Driven Decision Making

Managers are increasingly using evidence-based management to make decisions based on data gathered
from experiments, internal files, and other relevant sources. Data-driven decision making, based on new
techniques for analytics, data management, and business intelligence, has taken on increased importance.
Social media and the sensors associated with the Internet of Things (IoT) have created rich streams of
real-time data that give managers increased insights to the impact of decisions much faster than traditional
systems. Mid-course corrections are much easier to make. Predictive and prescriptive analytics give sug-
gestions that are eerily close to what eventually happens. Big data stores can be mined for insights that
were unavailable with traditional IS, creating competitive advantage for companies with the right tools
and techniques.

Securing Key Assets

As the use of the Internet grows, so does the opportunity for new and unforeseen threats to company assets.
Taking measures to ensure the security of these assets is increasingly important. But decisions about secu-
rity measures also impact the way IS can be used. It’s possible to put so much security around IT assets
that they are locked down in a manner that gets in the way of business. At the same time, too little security
opens up the possibility of theft, hacking, phishing, and other web-based mischief that can disrupt busi-
ness. Managers must be involved in decisions about risk and security to ensure that business operations are
in sync with the resulting security measures.
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 Nursing - Formula Sheet
Fall 2025 - Program

Prepared by: Researcher Smith

Date: August 12, 2025

Quiz 1: Ethical considerations and implications

Learning Objective 1: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 2: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 3: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 4: Literature review and discussion
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 5: Key terms and definitions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Lesson 2: Current trends and future directions
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 12: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 12: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 15: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 17: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice 3: Theoretical framework and methodology
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 26: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 26: Current trends and future directions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 27: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 29: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 30: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Review 4: Experimental procedures and results
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 31: Practical applications and examples
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 33: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 36: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 37: Research findings and conclusions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Topic 5: Current trends and future directions
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 44: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 44: Case studies and real-world applications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 48: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 50: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Methodology 6: Historical development and evolution
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 53: Case studies and real-world applications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 56: Historical development and evolution
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Chapter 7: Case studies and real-world applications
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 62: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 63: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 63: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 68: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 68: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
References 8: Assessment criteria and rubrics
Example 70: Literature review and discussion
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 71: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 76: Experimental procedures and results
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 77: Historical development and evolution
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Background 9: Theoretical framework and methodology
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 83: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 84: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 88: Current trends and future directions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice 10: Interdisciplinary approaches
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 97: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 97: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 99: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Introduction 11: Assessment criteria and rubrics
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Introduction 12: Ethical considerations and implications
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 111: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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