COMPUTATIONAL LABORATORY

TRANSPORTATION ASSIGNMENT 1

ADITYA KESHRI
(22MT0006)
AMBUJ SUMAN
(22MT0063)
SOMNATH SOURABH
(22MT0333)
VIBHAV KUMAR GUPTA
(22MT0419)
Question1:- List down the questions asked in Census 2011. Specifically compile list of
questions related to travel.

Answer: - The questions which are asked in Census 2011 related to travel are-
1. Sex
2. Literacy Status: Literate -1/ Illiterate -2
3. Highest educational level attained
4. Occupation
5. Nature of the industry, trade or services
6. Class of workers
7. Seeking or available for work
8. Non-economic activity
9. Travel to place of work
(i) one way distance
(ii) mode of travel
10. Migration characteristics Fill for person who has come to this village/town from elsewhere
Place of last residence (a) if within India (b) at the time of migration
11. Reason for migration
12. Duration of stay in this village/town since migration

Question 2:- Define Urban Area and classify them as per Census.

Answer: - Urban areas: According to the census of India Village or Town is recognized as
the basic area of habitation. In all censuses throughout the world this dichotomy of Rural and
Urban areas is recognized and the data are generally presented for the rural and urban areas
separately. In the rural areas the smallest area of habitation, viz., and the village generally
follows the limits of a revenue village that is recognized by the normal district administration.
The revenue village need not necessarily be a single agglomeration of the habitations. But the
revenue village has a definite surveyed boundary and each village is a separate administrative
unit with separate village accounts. It may have one or more hamlets. The entire revenue village
is one unit. There may be surveyed villages within forests etc., where the locally recognized
boundaries of each habitation area is followed within the larger unit of say the forest range
officers jurisdiction.

It is in defining the Urban areas that problems generally arise. However for the 1971 Census
the definition adopted for an urban area which follows the pattern of 1961 was as follows:-
(a) All places with a Municipality, Corporation, Cantonment, or Notified Town Area
(b) All other places, which satisfied the following criteria:
(i) A minimum population of 5,000.
(ii) At least 75% of the male working population was non-agricultural.
(iii) A density of population of at least 400 sq. Km. (i.e. 1000 per sq. Mile)
The Director of Census of each State/Union Territory was, however, given some discretion in
respect of some marginal cases, in consultation with the State Govt., to include some places
that had other distinct urban characteristics and to exclude undeserving cases. Standard Urban
areas a new concept that had been developed for the 1971 Census for the tabulation of certain
urban data was the Standard Urban Area. The essential of a Standard Urban Area are : (i) it
should have a core town of a minimum population size of 50,000, (ii) the contiguous areas
made up of other urban as well as rural administrative units should have close usual socio-
economic links with the core town and (iii) the probabilities are that this entire area will get
fully urbanised in a period of two to three decades. The idea is that it should be possible to
provide comparable data for a definite area of urbanisation continuously for three decades,
which would give a meaningful picture. This replaced the concepts of Town Group that was in
vogue at the 1961 Census. The town group was made up of independent urban units not
necessarily contiguous to one another but were to some extent inter-dependent. The data for
such town groups became incomparable from census to census as the boundaries of the towns
themselves changed and the intermediate areas were left out of account; this concept came for
criticism at one of the symposium of the International Geographic Union in Nov.-Dec.1968
and the concept of Standard Urban Area came to be developed for adoption at the 1971 Census.
If data for this Standard Area were to be made available in the next two or three successive
censuses it is likely to yield much more meaningful picture to study urbanisation around large
urban nuclei.

Question 3:- Sort the state for the following cases:

•Population Density
•Highway Density
•Urbanization Level
•Percentage of Population below Poverty Line in India Also for all criterion, group different
states in four categories (lowest= < 25 percentile; low = 25 percentile to 50 percentile; moderate
= 50 percentile to 75 percentile; highest= >75 percentile)

Answer 3:- The data for the 4 categories has been downloaded from the Google from the pdfs
which are also attached in this zip file (for reference) and the excel sheet containing the whole
data is also attached to this file (In the sheet named as Whole data of the 4 categories). I had
just sorted the data from the Pdfs and then had clubbed the whole data in this sheet named as
Whole data of the 4 categories so we can directly check the data of these 4 categories.

Link for Highway density data: https://data.gov.in/resources/all-india-and-state-wise-total-

and-surfaced-road-length-31st-march-2011 PDF of BPL: Attached in the folder (Downloaded
data copied from these pdfs) with name percentage of population BPL in India. PDF of
Population density and Highway density: Attached in the folder (Downloaded data copied from
these pdfs) with name sel_socio_eco_stats_ind_2001_28oct11

After this I had created another excel file (named as Percentile calculations of 4 categories) in
which the calculations has been done for calculating the percentile for these 4 categories and
then the sortation of states has been done on the base of the percentile for each category (ALSO
SHOWN ON THE SAME EXCEL SHEET NAMED AS Percentile calculations of 4
categories) and the result of these categories are also mentioned below:
FOR POPLULATION DENSITY:

Ranking of States based on Population Density

Area Density
Sr.no SYM States Population
(Sq. Km) (Pop/Sq. Km)
1 DL NCT Delhi 16787941 1483 11320.26
2 CH Chandigarh 1055450 114 9258.33
3 PY Puducherry 1247953 490 2546.84
4 DD Daman and Diu 243247 111 2191.41
5 LD Lakshadweep 64473 30 2149.1
6 BR Bihar 104099452 94163 1105.52
7 WB West Bengal 91276115 88752 1028.44
8 KL Kerala 33406061 38852 859.83
9 UP Uttar Pradesh 199812341 240928 829.34
10 DH Dadra and Nagar Haveli 343709 491 700.02
11 HR Haryana 25351462 44212 573.41
12 TN Tamil Nadu 72147030 130060 554.72
13 PB Punjab 27743338 50362 550.88
14 JH Jharkhand 32988134 79716 413.82
15 AS Assam 31205576 78438 397.84
16 GA Goa 1458545 3702 393.99
17 MH Maharashtra 112374333 307713 365.19
18 TR Tripura 3673917 10486 350.36
19 KA Karnataka 61095297 191791 318.55
20 GJ Gujarat 60439692 196244 307.98
21 AP Andhra Pradesh 84580777 275045 307.52
22 OR Orissa 41974218 155707 269.57
23 MP Madhya Pradesh 72626809 308252 235.61
24 RJ Rajasthan 68548437 342239 200.29
25 CG Chhattisgarh 25545198 135192 188.95
26 UK Uttarakhand 10086292 53483 188.59
27 ML Meghalaya 2966889 22429 132.28
28 MN Manipur 2855794 22327 127.91
29 HP Himachal Pradesh 6864602 55673 123.3
30 NL Nagaland 1978502 16579 119.34
31 SK Sikkim 610577 7096 86.05
32 JK Jammu and Kashmir 12541302 222236 56.43
33 MZ Mizoram 1097206 21081 52.05
34 AN Andaman and Nicobar Islands 380581 8249 46.14
35 AR Arunachal Pradesh 1383727 83743 16.52
States <= 25 percentile

Meghalaya
Manipur
Himachal Pradesh
Nagaland
Sikkim
Jammu and Kashmir
Mizoram
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Arunachal Pradesh

States with percentile 25-50

Tripura
Karnataka
Gujarat
Andhra Pradesh
Orissa
Madhya Pradesh
Rajasthan
Chhattisgarh
Uttarakhand

States with percentile 50-75

Dadra and Nagar Haveli

Haryana
Tamil Nadu
Punjab
Jharkhand
Assam
Goa
Maharashtra
 States with percentile >75

NCT Delhi
Chandigarh
Puducherry
Daman and Diu
Lakshadweep
Bihar
West Bengal
Kerala
Uttar Pradesh

FOR HIGHWAY DENSITY

Ranking of States based on Highway Density

Length of Calculated
Existing
existing NH in Length of
NH %age Area
Sr.no SYM State/U.T. km/ 1000 sq existing NH in
length of NH (Sq.Km)
km as per km/ 1000 sq
(km)
Morth Report km

1 DD Daman & Diu 22 0.02 196.4 111 198.2

2 CH Chandigarh 15 0.01 134 114 131.6
3 DL NCT Delhi 157 0.12 105.9 1483 105.9
4 NL Nagaland 1548 1.17 93.4 16579 93.4
5 TR Tripura 854 0.64 81.4 10486 81.4
6 GA Goa 293 0.22 76.8 3702 79.1
7 MN Manipur 1750 1.32 78.4 22327 78.4
8 HR Haryana 3166 2.39 71.6 44212 71.6
9 MZ Mizoram 1423 1.07 67.5 21081 67.5
10 SK Sikkim 463 0.35 65.2 7096 65.2
11 PB Punjab 3274 2.47 65 50362 65
12 DH Dadra & Nagar Haveli 31 0.02 63.7 491 63.1
13 MH Maharashtra 17757 13.4 57.7 307713 57.7
14 BR Bihar 5358 4.04 56.9 94163 56.9
15 PY Puducherry 27 0.02 54.3 490 55.1
16 UK Uttarakhand 2949 2.23 52.8 53483 55.1
17 TN Tamil Nadu 6742 5.09 51.8 130060 51.8
18 ML Meghalaya 1156 0.87 51.5 22429 51.5
19 AS Assam 3909 2.95 49.8 78438 49.8
20 UP Uttar Pradesh 11737 8.86 49.2 240928 48.7
21 HP Himachal Pradesh 2607 1.97 46.8 55673 46.8
22 KL Kerala 1782 1.34 45.8 38852 45.9
23 JH Jharkhand 3367 2.54 42.2 79716 42.2
24 WB West Bengal 3664 2.77 41.3 88752 41.3
25 AN A & N Islands 331 0.25 40.1 8249 40.1
26 AP Andhra Pradesh 10708 8.07 41.8 275045 38.9
27 KA Karnataka 7335 5.54 38.2 191791 38.2
28 OR Odisha 5762 4.35 37 155707 37
29 GJ Gujarat 6635 5.01 33.8 196244 33.8
30 AR Arunachal Pradesh 2537 1.92 30.3 83743 30.3
31 RJ Rajasthan 10342 7.81 30.2 342239 30.2
32 MP Madhya Pradesh 8772 6.62 28.5 308252 28.5
33 CG Chhattisgarh 3606 2.72 26.7 135192 26.7
34 JK Jammu & Kashmir 2423 1.83 10.9 222236 10.9
35 LD LAKSHADWEEP 0 0 0 30 0

States <= 25 percentile

Karnataka
Odisha
Gujarat
Arunachal Pradesh
Rajasthan
Madhya Pradesh
Chhattisgarh
Jammu & Kashmir
LAKSHADWEEP

States with percentile 25-50

Meghalaya
Assam
Uttar Pradesh
Himachal Pradesh
Kerala
Jharkhand
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Andhra Pradesh
States with percentile 50-75

Sikkim
Punjab
Dadra & Nagar Haveli
Maharashtra
Bihar
Puducherry
Uttarakhand
Tamil Nadu

States with percentile >75

Daman & Diu

Chandigarh
NCT Delhi
Nagaland
Tripura
Goa
Manipur
Haryana
Mizoram

FOR UBRANIZATION LEVEL

Ranking of States based on Urbanization

Urban Urbanization
SYM States Population
Sr.No population level(%)
1 DL NCT Delhi 16787941 16368899 97.5
2 CH Chandigarh 1055450 1026459 97.25
3 LD Lakshadweep 64473 50332 78.07
4 DD Daman and Diu 243247 182851 75.17
5 PY Puducherry 1247953 852753 68.33
6 GA Goa 1458545 906814 62.17
7 MZ Mizoram 1097206 571771 52.11
8 TN Tamil Nadu 72147030 34917440 48.4
9 KL Kerala 33406061 15934926 47.7
10 DH Dadra and Nagar Haveli 343709 160595 46.72
11 MH Maharashtra 112374333 50818259 45.22
12 GJ Gujarat 60439692 25745083 42.6
13 KA Karnataka 61095297 23625962 38.67
Andaman and Nicobar
14 AN 380581 143488 37.7
Islands
 15 PB Punjab 27743338 10399146 37.48
16 HR Haryana 25351462 8842103 34.88
17 AP Andhra Pradesh 84580777 28219075 33.36
18 WB West Bengal 91276115 29093002 31.87
19 UK Uttarakhand 10086292 3049338 30.23
20 MN Manipur 2855794 834154 29.21
21 NL Nagaland 1978502 570966 28.86
22 MP Madhya Pradesh 72626809 20069405 27.63
23 JK Jammu and Kashmir 12541302 3433242 27.38
24 TR Tripura 3673917 961453 26.17
25 SK Sikkim 610577 153578 25.15
26 RJ Rajasthan 68548437 17048085 24.87
27 JH Jharkhand 32988134 7933061 24.05
28 CG Chhattisgarh 25545198 5937237 23.24
29 AR Arunachal Pradesh 1383727 317369 22.94
30 UP Uttar Pradesh 199812341 44495063 22.27
31 ML Meghalaya 2966889 595450 20.07
32 OR Orissa 41974218 7003656 16.69
33 AS Assam 31205576 4398542 14.1
34 BR Bihar 104099452 11758016 11.29
35 HP Himachal Pradesh 6864602 688552 10.03

States <= 25 percentile

Jharkhand
Chhattisgarh
Arunachal Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
Meghalaya
Orissa
Assam
Bihar
Himachal Pradesh

States with percentile 25-50

West Bengal
Uttarakhand
Manipur
Nagaland
Madhya Pradesh
Jammu and Kashmir
Tripura
Sikkim
Rajasthan
States with percentile 50-75

Dadra and Nagar Haveli

Maharashtra
Gujarat
Karnataka
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Punjab
Haryana
Andhra Pradesh

States with percentile >75

NCT Delhi
Chandigarh
Lakshadweep
Daman and Diu
Puducherry
Goa
Mizoram
Tamil Nadu
Kerala

FOR PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION BELOW POVERTY LINE IN

INDIA

Ranking of States based on Poverty

Sr.No SYM State/Union Territory Combined
No. of Persons
(Thousands) below % of
poverty line Persons

1 CH Chhattisgarh 10411 39.93

2 DH Dadra & Nagar Haveli 143 39.31
3 JH Jharkhand 12433 36.96
4 MN Manipur 1022 36.89
5 AR Arunachal Pradesh 491 34.67
6 BR Bihar 35815 33.74
7 OR Odisha 13853 32.59
8 AS Assam 10127 31.98
9 MP Madhya Pradesh 23406 31.65
10 UP Uttar Pradesh 59819 29.43
12 CG Chandigarh 235 21.81
13 KA Karnataka 12976 20.91
14 MZ Mizoram 227 20.4
15 WB West Bengal 18498 19.98
16 NL Nagaland 376 18.88
 17 MH Maharashtra 19792 17.35
18 GJ Gujarat 10223 16.63
19 RJ Rajasthan 10292 14.71
20 TR Tripura 524 14.05
21 ML Meghalaya 361 11.87
22 TN Tamil Nadu 8263 11.28
23 UK Uttarakhand 1160 11.26
24 HR Haryana 2883 11.16
25 JK Jammu & Kashmir 1327 10.35
26 DL NCT DELHI 1696 9.91
27 DD Daman and Diu 26 9.86
28 PY Puducherry 124 9.69
29 AP Andhra Pradesh 7878 9.2
30 PB Punjab 2318 8.26
31 SK Sikkim 51 8.19
32 HP Himachal Pradesh 559 8.06
33 KL Kerala 2395 7.05
34 GA Goa 75 5.09
35 LD Lakshadweep 2 2.77
Andaman & Nicobar Islands
36 AN 4 1

States <= 25 percentile

Puducherry
Andhra Pradesh
Punjab
Sikkim
Himachal Pradesh
Kerala
Goa
Lakshwadeep
Andaman & Nicobar Islands

States with percentile 25-50

Rajasthan
Tripura
Meghalaya
Tamil Nadu
Uttarakhand
Haryana
Jammu & Kashmir
NCT DELHI
Daman and Diu
States with percentile 50-75

Uttar Pradesh
Chandigarh
Karnataka
Mizoram
West Bengal
Nagaland
Maharashtra
Gujarat

States with percentile >75

Chhattisgarh
Dadra & Nagar Haveli
Jharkhand
Manipur
Arunachal Pradesh
Bihar
Odisha
Assam
Madhya Pradesh

Since now we have got the sorted data for the above category so after that we had calculated
the modal share, trip length distribution and average trip lengths for the each sorted group and
for each category in the excel file named as Calculation of Modal Share, Trip length
Distribution and Average trip lengths. The tables are shown in the EXCEL file only named as
Calculation of Modal Share, Trip length Distribution and Average trip lengths for each case
we have different sheet under this excel file.

After this the Bar chart is shown in the excel file named as the Bar charts. OBSERVATIONS
ON THE BASIS OF THE BAR CHART:
For Population density:
From the Population density and mode share in work trip bar chart we can observe that the
group < 25 prefers the on foot and bus mode more where as the group with 25-50 prefers the
Moped/Scooter/Motor Cycle mode. Also, group 50-75 is preferring the train mode more and
then group >75 are preferring the bicycle mode.
Also in Population density and distribution of work trip length bar chart we can observe that
the group 75 is traveling more than in trip length 31-50 group 50-75 is traveling more and at
last group >25 is traveling more in trip length >50.
For Highway density:
From the Highway density and mode share in work trip bar chart we can observe that the group
< 25 prefers the bus mode more whereas the group with 25-50 prefers the on foot mode. Also
group 50-75 is preferring the Moped/Scooter/Motor Cycle mode more and then group >75 are
preferring the train mode more.
Also in Highway density and distribution of work trip length bar chart we can observe that the
group 25-50 is traveling more in the trip length 0-1, then 50-75 group is traveling more trip
length 2-5, then in trip length 6-10 group 75 is traveling more and at last group 25-50 is
traveling more in trip length >50.
For Urbanization Level:
Form the Urbanization level and mode share in work trip bar chart we can observe that the
group < 25 prefers the on foot and bicycle mode more whereas the group with 25-50 also
prefers the on foot, bicycle, bus and two-wheeler mode. Also group 50-75 is preferring the
Moped/Scooter/Motor Cycle mode, bicycle, bus, foot and train mode more and then group >75
are preferring the bus mode more.
Also in Urbanization level density and distribution of work trip length bar chart we can observe
that the group 75 is traveling more, then for 11-20 trip length again group >75 is traveling more
than in trip length 21- 30 the group 50-75 and >75 is traveling more, than in trip length 31-50
group 50-75 is traveling more and at last group 25-50 is traveling more in trip length >50.
Form the Percentage of population below BPL:
In Indian and mode share in work trips bar chart we can observe that the group < 25 prefers the
bus mode more whereas the group with 25-50 prefers the Moped/Scooter/Motor Cycle mode.
Also group 50-75 is preferring the train mode more and then group >75 are preferring the on
foot mode more.
Also in Percentage of population below BPL in India and distribution of work trip length bar
chart we can observe that the group >75 is traveling more in the trip length 0-1, then group
>75 is again traveling more trip length 2-5, then in trip length 6-10 group <25 is traveling
more, then for 11-20 trip length again group 25-50 is traveling more than in trip length 21-30
the group 25-75 is traveling more than in trip length 31-50 group 50-75 is traveling more and
at last group 25-50 is traveling more in trip length >50
MODAL SHARE:
Modal share of India :

Mode
of
travel Population Modal Share (Percentage)
Persons Male Female Persons Male Female
On foot 45266568 32179223 13087345 32.27933 27.72691 54.13324
Bicycle 26272609 25126597 1146012 18.73485 21.65008 4.740254
2
Wheeler 25464837 23515078 1949759 18.15883 20.26153 8.064797
4
Wheeler 5476050 4554050 922000 3.90494 3.923952 3.813673
Taxi 6040414 4833680 1206734 4.307384 4.164892 4.991419
Bus 22901495 18149317 4752178 16.33092 15.63818 19.65645
Train 7015528 6080715 934813 5.002733 5.239387 3.866671
Water
way 489029 458318 30711 0.348724 0.394905 0.12703
Any
other 1307392 1160773 146619 0.932294 1.000168 0.606461
Total 1.4E+08 1.16E+08 24176171 100 100 100

%MODAL SHARE (INDIA)

100

50

0 Persons

Persons Male Female

 Population density and modal share:

MODAL SHARE HIGH MODARATE LOW VERY LOW

PERSON % PERSON % PERSON % PERSON %
On foot 13515472 32.26 13558964 29.77 16594594 33.64 1597538 46.21
Bicycle 9994427 23.85 7667871 16.83 8470897 17.17 139414 4.03
2W 5317366 12.69 9013376 19.79 10857668 22.01 276427 8
4W 1691840 4.04 1775366 3.9 1766280 3.58 242564 7.02
TAXI 1306832 3.12 1771803 3.89 2798543 5.67 163236 4.72
Bus 6656620 15.89 8020409 17.61 7270127 14.74 954339 27.6
Train 2828168 6.75 3210503 7.05 946238 1.92 30619 0.89
Water transport 128650 0.31 150839 0.33 193078 0.39 16462 0.48
Any other 458810 1.1 378292 0.83 433466 0.88 36824 1.07
Grand Total 41898185 100.01 45547423 100 49330891 100 3457423 100.02

POPULATION DENSITY AND MODAL SHARE

50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
On foot Bicycle 2W 4W TAXI Bus Train Water Any other
transport

HIGH MODARATE LOW VERY LOW

 Highway density and modal share :

MODAL HIGH MODARATE LOW VERY LOW

SHARE PERSON % PERSON % PERSON % PERSON %
On foot 2895423 29.73 11942907 29.22 16896721 33.7 13531517 34.26
Bicycle 1399053 14.36 6616591 16.19 11626585 23.19 6630380 16.79
2W 1708010 17.54 8238968 20.16 6702191 13.37 8815668 22.32
4W 968519 9.94 1518119 3.71 1492019 2.98 1497393 3.79
TAXI 423757 4.35 1530328 3.74 2138899 4.27 1947430 4.93
Bus 1888056 19.39 7308505 17.88 7836341 15.63 5868593 14.86
Train 321997 3.31 3224172 7.89 2722919 5.43 746440 1.89
Water
transport 14163 0.15 148616 0.36 205734 0.41 120516 0.31
Any other 120394 1.24 338755 0.83 514461 1.03 333782 0.85
Grand Total 9739372 100.01 40866961 99.98 50135870 100.01 39491719 100

HIGHWAY DENSITY AND MODAL SHARE

60000000

50000000

40000000

30000000

20000000

10000000

0
On foot Bicycle 2W 4W TAXI Bus Train Water Any other Grand
transport Total

HIGH PERSON HIGH HIGH % HIGH MODARATE PERSON MODARATE

MODARATE % MODARATE LOW PERSON LOW LOW % LOW
VERY LOW PERSON VERY LOW VERY LOW % VERY LOW
 Urbanization and modal share:

HIGH MODARATE LOW VERY LOW

MODAL SHARE
PERSON % PERSON % PERSON % PERSON %
On foot 7172242 26.91 15749282 30.23 10516293 36.31 11828751 36.38
Bicycle 3094583 11.61 7332021 14.07 6326746 21.84 9519259 29.28
2W 5072308 19.03 11362698 21.81 4032247 13.92 4997584 15.37
4W 1445593 5.42 2251236 4.32 938120 3.24 841101 2.59
TAXI 620794 2.33 3374439 6.48 856577 2.96 1188604 3.66
Bus 8182922 30.7 8198208 15.74 4052617 13.99 2467748 7.59
Train 731511 2.74 3141926 6.03 1849877 6.39 1292214 3.97
Water transport 140338 0.53 210438 0.4 73960 0.26 64293 0.2
Any other 195809 0.73 477549 0.92 317335 1.1 316699 0.97
Grand Total 26656100 100 52097797 100 28963772 100.01 32516253 100.01

URBANIZATION AND MODAL SHARE

60000000

50000000

40000000

30000000

20000000

10000000

HIGH PERSON HIGH HIGH % HIGH MODARATE PERSON MODARATE

MODARATE % MODARATE LOW PERSON LOW LOW % LOW
VERY LOW PERSON VERY LOW VERY LOW % VERY LOW
 Poverty and modal share:
HIGH MODARATE LOW VERY LOW
MODAL SHARE PERSON % PERSON % PERSON % PERSON %
On foot 9615735 39.05 18989481 31.2 9656249 29.97 7005103 31.1
Bicycle 6776373 27.52 11785818 19.37 4500381 13.97 3210037 14.25
2W 4088053 16.6 10790287 17.73 6376337 19.79 4210160 18.69
4W 534135 2.17 2337283 3.84 1782940 5.53 821692 3.65
TAXI 776782 3.15 3086954 5.07 998073 3.1 1178605 5.23
Bus 1807019 7.34 8166383 13.42 7615115 23.63 5312978 23.58
Train 772460 3.14 4900246 8.05 892871 2.77 449951 2
Water transport 61052 0.25 185659 0.31 97560 0.3 144758 0.64
Any other 194400 0.79 613842 1.01 305085 0.95 194065 0.86
Grand Total 24626009 100.01 60855953 100 32224611 100.01 22527349 100

POVERTY AND MODAL SHARE

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
On foot Bicycle 2W 4W TAXI Bus Train Water Any other
transport

HIGH MODARATE LOW VERY LOW

 TRIP LENGTH DISTRIBUTION:

TRIP LENGTH DISTRIBUTION AND POPULATION DENSITY:

High population density:

PERCANTAGE OF PEOPLE TRAVELLING

TRAVEL DISTANCE IN KM
MODE 0 TO
2 TO 5 6 TO 10 11 TO 20 21 TO 30 31 TO 50 51+
1
On foot 73.83 29.71 27.2 0 0 0 0
Bicycle 14.23 35.84 24.79 20.86 40.63 0 0
2W 5.82 14.35 14.59 19.87 11.13 13.45 4.81
4W 1.34 3.29 4.46 8.42 6.39 8.57 3.69
TAXI 1.12 3.4 3.7 4.94 2.92 3.96 1.7
Bus 2.01 11.06 21.31 34.75 25.26 39.92 28.78
Train 0.93 1.17 2.68 9.51 12.48 31.86 57.57
Water
0.15 0.19 0.25 0.39 0.35 0.71 1.35
transport
Any other 0.56 1.01 1.02 1.27 0.84 1.53 2.11

Trip Length Distribution for High Population Density

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 TO 1 2 TO 5 6 TO 10 11 TO 20 21 TO 30 31 TO 50 51+
TRAVEL DISTANCE IN KM

On foot Bicycle 2W 4W TAXI Bus Train Water transport Any other

 FOR MODERATE POPULATION DENSITY:

PERCANTAGE OF PEOPLE TRAVELLING

TRAVEL DISTANCE IN KM
MODE
0 TO 1 2 TO 5 6 TO 10 11 TO 20 21 TO 30 31 TO 50 51+
On foot 71.07 28.65 24.08 0 0 0 0
Bicycle 10.97 26.96 17.5 11.12 21.32 0 0
2W 11.29 23.87 22.99 26.6 15.64 14.01 6.25
4W 1.4 3.24 4.21 6.84 6 7.19 5.5
TAXI 1.37 4.21 4.93 5.52 3.51 4.25 3.18
Bus 2.49 10.69 20.76 35.26 33.37 40.85 48.73
Train 0.92 1.67 4.53 13.19 18.81 31.5 32.07
Water transport 0.11 0.13 0.29 0.55 0.58 0.91 1.22
Any other 0.39 0.58 0.71 0.93 0.77 1.3 3.05

Trip Length Distribution for Moderate Population

Density
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
On foot Bicycle 2W 4W TAXI Bus Train Water Any other
transport

PERCANTAGE OF PEOPLE TRAVELLING TRAVEL DISTANCE IN KM 0 TO 1

PERCANTAGE OF PEOPLE TRAVELLING TRAVEL DISTANCE IN KM 2 TO 5
PERCANTAGE OF PEOPLE TRAVELLING TRAVEL DISTANCE IN KM 6 TO 10
PERCANTAGE OF PEOPLE TRAVELLING TRAVEL DISTANCE IN KM 11 TO 20
PERCANTAGE OF PEOPLE TRAVELLING TRAVEL DISTANCE IN KM 21 TO 30
PERCANTAGE OF PEOPLE TRAVELLING TRAVEL DISTANCE IN KM 31 TO 50
PERCANTAGE OF PEOPLE TRAVELLING TRAVEL DISTANCE IN KM 51+
 FOR LOW POPULATION DENSITY:

PERCANTAGE OF PEOPLE TRAVELLING

TRAVEL DISTANCE IN KM
MODE
0 TO 1 2 TO 5 6 TO 10 11 TO 20 21 TO 30 31 TO 50 51+
On foot 71.85 33.72 26.99 0 0 0 0
Bicycle 9.96 25.47 17.71 13.35 29.94 0 0
2W 12.26 24.77 25.11 31.18 18.26 20.58 8.42
4W 1.27 2.54 4 7.47 6.27 8.4 6.06
TAXI 1.52 5.72 7.99 9.54 5.98 6.97 3.96
Bus 2.14 6.42 16.3 35.02 34.93 53.09 53.36
Train 0.46 0.54 0.67 1.59 2.87 7.8 23.35
Water transport 0.13 0.18 0.39 0.7 0.77 1.31 1.69
Any other 0.41 0.65 0.84 1.15 1 1.85 3.17

Trip Length Distribution for low

Population Density
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

PERCANTAGE OF PEOPLE TRAVELLING TRAVEL DISTANCE IN KM 0 TO 1

PERCANTAGE OF PEOPLE TRAVELLING TRAVEL DISTANCE IN KM 2 TO 5
 FOR VERY LOW POPULATION DENSITY:

PERCANTAGE OF PEOPLE TRAVELLING

TRAVEL DISTANCE IN KM
MODE
0 TO 1 2 TO 5 6 TO 10 11 TO 20 21 TO 30 31 TO 50 51+
On foot 85.25 46.6 38.45 0 0 0 0
Bicycle 2.14 6.66 3.91 3.23 10.61 0 0
2W 3.78 10.62 8.85 12.64 8.07 7.34 2.77
4W 2.79 7.81 7.2 11.8 10.48 12.21 10.28
TAXI 1.67 7.04 5.06 5.96 4.65 4.47 3.62
Bus 3.47 19.6 34.61 63.73 63.43 72.33 71.63
Train 0.27 0.34 0.36 0.48 0.61 1.27 8.1
Water transport 0.25 0.57 0.58 0.52 0.44 0.45 0.43
Any other 0.37 0.77 0.97 1.65 1.7 1.93 3.18

Chart Title
90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
ON FOOT BICYCLE 2W 4W TAXI BUS TRAIN WATER ANY OTHER
TRANSPORT

PERCANTAGE OF PEOPLE TRAVELLING TRAVEL DISTANCE IN KM 0 TO 1

PERCANTAGE OF PEOPLE TRAVELLING TRAVEL DISTANCE IN KM 2 TO 5
PERCANTAGE OF PEOPLE TRAVELLING TRAVEL DISTANCE IN KM 6 TO 10
PERCANTAGE OF PEOPLE TRAVELLING TRAVEL DISTANCE IN KM 11 TO 20
PERCANTAGE OF PEOPLE TRAVELLING TRAVEL DISTANCE IN KM 21 TO 30
PERCANTAGE OF PEOPLE TRAVELLING TRAVEL DISTANCE IN KM 31 TO 50
PERCANTAGE OF PEOPLE TRAVELLING TRAVEL DISTANCE IN KM 51+
TRIP LENGTH DISTRIBUTION AND HIGHWAY DENSITY:
FOR HIGH HIGHWAY DENSITY
PERCANTAGE OF PEOPLE TRAVELLING
TRAVEL DISTANCE IN KM
MODE
0 TO 1 2 TO 5 6 TO 10 11 TO 20 21 TO 30 31 TO 50 51+
On foot 76.7 29.45 17.93 0 0 0 0
Bicycle 6.86 24.02 17.07 9.21 13.83 0 0
2W 8.39 20.04 20.94 23.94 17.2 14.85 6.97
4W 2.93 7.48 10.87 17.87 20.01 21.76 9.84
TAXI 1.4 5.02 5.81 5.15 3.86 5.21 3.59
Bus 2.51 11.85 24.47 37.07 35.41 41.5 50.01
Train 0.47 0.79 1.7 5.31 8.13 14.58 26.24
Water transport 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.09 0.09 0.14 0.45
Any other 0.62 1.22 1.09 1.36 1.47 1.95 2.9

Trip Length Distribution for High Highway Density

120
Any other
Water transport
100
Train

Bus
60 TAXI
4W

40 2W

Bicycle
20 On foot

0 TO 1 2 TO 5 6 TO 10 11 TO 20 21 TO 30 31 TO 50 51+
FOR MODERATE HIGHWAY DENSITY:

PERCANTAGE OF PEOPLE TRAVELLING

TRAVEL DISTANCE IN KM
MODE
0 TO 1 2 TO 5 6 TO 10 11 TO 20 21 TO 30 31 TO 50 51+
On foot 70.66 28.27 25.06 0 0 0 0
Bicycle 10.49 26.13 16.46 10.24 22.12 0 0
2W 11.81 24.39 22.89 26.76 15.55 14.26 6.56
4W 1.37 3.08 3.9 6.5 5.45 6.55 5.47
TAXI 1.44 4.09 4.46 5.01 3.36 4.24 3.28
Bus 2.68 11.43 21.23 35.53 32.17 38.89 44.45
Train 1.08 1.89 4.97 14.44 19.96 33.77 35.81
Water transport 0.12 0.13 0.31 0.62 0.64 1.04 1.41
Any other 0.35 0.59 0.71 0.91 0.75 1.26 3.02

Trip Length Distribution for Moderate Highway Density

120
Any other
Water transport
100
Train

60 Bus
TAXI
4W

20
2W

Bicycle
0 TO 1 2 TO 5 6 TO 10 11 TO 20 21 TO 30 31 TO 50 51+
FOR LOW HIGHWAY DENSITY:

PERCANTAGE OF PEOPLE TRAVELLING

TRAVEL DISTANCE IN KM
MODE
0 TO 1 2 TO 5 6 TO 10 11 TO 20 21 TO 30 31 TO 50 51+
On foot 73.42 31.24 29.25 0 0 0 0
Bicycle 14.3 34.59 23.79 20.97 41.76 0 0
2W 6.54 15.27 14.93 20.77 11.02 13.86 4.87
4W 1.12 2.6 3.21 5.4 3.76 5.98 3.91
TAXI 1.27 4.63 5.59 7.6 3.92 4.89 2.2
Bus 1.93 9.64 19.75 35.79 27.94 46.07 37.06
Train 0.75 0.94 2.11 7.62 10.24 26.45 47.91
Water transport 0.15 0.24 0.4 0.64 0.59 1.15 1.49
Any other 0.52 0.86 0.96 1.21 0.77 1.6 2.57

Trip Length Distribution for low Highway Density

120
Any other
Water transport
100
Train

60 Bus
TAXI
4W
40
2W

20 0 TO 1 2 TO 5 6 TO 10 11 TO 20 21 TO 30 31 TO 50 51+ Bicycle
FOR VERY LOW HIGHWAY DENSITY:

PERCANTAGE OF PEOPLE TRAVELLING

TRAVEL DISTANCE IN KM
MODE
0 TO 1 2 TO 5 6 TO 10 11 TO 20 21 TO 30 31 TO 50 51+
On foot 72.47 34.45 26.4 0 0 0 0
Bicycle 9.25 24.56 17.84 13.96 28.72 0 0
2W 12.31 25.3 25.93 31.58 18.91 20.64 8.33
4W 1.37 2.74 4.37 8.04 6.75 8.66 6.04
TAXI 1.39 4.98 6.85 8.18 5.47 6.24 3.65
Bus 2.21 6.71 16.88 34.99 35.55 53.89 54.85
Train 0.46 0.52 0.64 1.53 2.99 7.92 22.92
Water transport 0.13 0.14 0.26 0.53 0.57 0.89 1.39
Any other 0.41 0.61 0.82 1.19 1.04 1.76 2.83

Trip Length Distribution for very low Highway Density

120
Any other
Water transport
100
Train

60 Bus
TAXI
4W
40
2W

20 Bicycle
0 TO 1 2 TO 5 6 TO 10 11 TO 20 21 TO 30 31 TO 50 51+
TRIP LENGTH DISTRIBUTION AND URBANIZATION:
FOR HIGH URBANIZATION:
PERCANTAGE OF PEOPLE TRAVELLING
TRAVEL DISTANCE IN KM
MODE 0 TO 1 2 TO 5 6 TO 10 11 TO 20 21 TO 30 31 TO 50 51+
On foot 73.36 27.07 15.35 0 0 0 0
Bicycle 8.43 19.55 10.94 5.81 11.43 0 0
2W 10.18 22.5 22.81 23.95 16.44 12.87 5.2
4W 1.86 4.42 5.82 9.31 9.73 10.41 5.77
TAXI 1.27 2.68 2.29 2.33 2.53 3.5 2.38
Bus 4.04 22.5 40.52 53.12 51.53 59.58 57.08
Train 0.31 0.53 1.3 3.97 6.51 10.81 24.79
Water transport 0.23 0.26 0.47 0.77 0.92 1.43 1.62
Any other 0.32 0.48 0.51 0.73 0.9 1.41 3.16

Trip Length Distribution for High Urbanization

120

Any other
Water transport
80 Train
Bus
60
TAXI
40 4W

2W
Bicycle
On foot
0 TO 1 2 TO 5 6 TO 10 11 TO 20 21 TO 30 31 TO 50 51+
FOR MODERATE URBANIZATION:

PERCANTAGE OF PEOPLE TRAVELLING

TRAVEL DISTANCE IN KM
MODE
0 TO 1 2 TO 5 6 TO 10 11 TO 20 21 TO 30 31 TO 50 51+
On foot 70.78 29.71 26.31 0 0 0 0
Bicycle 8.59 22.74 13.78 8.66 22.05 0 0
2W 12.87 25.99 24.03 28.59 16.72 15.79 7.58
4W 1.57 3.31 4.56 8.17 7.16 8.12 6.37
TAXI 2.06 7.01 8.47 9.29 5.95 6.66 4.99
Bus 2.65 8.87 17.93 32.76 30.57 37.95 44.67
Train 0.91 1.49 3.75 10.85 15.96 28.82 31.26
Water transport 0.14 0.17 0.34 0.59 0.7 1.16 2.03
Any other 0.43 0.69 0.83 1.09 0.9 1.48 3.1

Trip Length Distribution for Moderate Urbanization

120
Any other
Water transport
100
Train

60 Bus
TAXI
4W
20
2W

Bicycle
0 TO 1 2 TO 5 6 TO 10 11 TO 20 21 TO 30 31 TO 50 51+
FOR LOW URBANIZATION:

PERCANTAGE OF PEOPLE TRAVELLING

TRAVEL DISTANCE IN KM
MODE
0 TO 1 2 TO 5 6 TO 10 11 TO 20 21 TO 30 31 TO 50 51+
On foot 74.32 35.53 30.5 0 0 0 0
Bicycle 13.39 33.26 23.61 18.33 34.65 0 0
2W 7.22 16.72 16.91 21.36 10.76 11.81 4.07
4W 1.17 2.76 4.14 6.6 4.19 5.62 3.8
TAXI 0.84 3.25 4.35 5.29 2.58 2.83 1.65
Bus 1.72 6.39 16.15 35.29 30.78 46.65 40.96
Train 0.72 1.01 2.96 11.3 15.74 31.02 45.85
Water transport 0.13 0.16 0.22 0.3 0.27 0.45 1.14
Any other 0.5 0.9 1.17 1.53 1.04 1.61 2.54

Trip Length Distribution for Low Urbanization

120
Any other
Water transport
100
Train

Bus
80
TAXI
4W

20 2W

Bicycle
0 TO 1 2 TO 5 6 TO 10 11 TO 20 21 TO 30 31 TO 50 51+
FOR VERY LOW URBANIZATION:

PERCANTAGE OF PEOPLE TRAVELLING

TRAVEL DISTANCE IN KM
MODE 0 TO 1 2 TO 5 6 TO 10 11 TO 20 21 TO 30 31 TO 50 51+
On foot 73.11 33.12 33.37 0 0 0 0
Bicycle 15.07 40.13 33.53 35.51 55.91 0 0
2W 7.46 16.61 16.83 26.73 13.69 24.22 8.09
4W 1 2.03 2.51 5.19 3.6 8.02 4.76
TAXI 0.93 3.55 4.98 8.25 3.64 5.43 1.92
Bus 1.03 2.7 6.38 18.91 17.46 43.48 38
Train 0.81 0.89 1.23 3.67 4.72 16.49 44.41
Water transport 0.08 0.13 0.21 0.41 0.26 0.56 0.51
Any other 0.51 0.84 0.96 1.32 0.72 1.79 2.3

Trip Length Distribution for very low Urbanization

120

Any other

100 Water transport

Train

Bus
80
TAXI
4W

20 2W

Bicycle
0 TO 1 2 TO 5 6 TO 10 11 TO 20 21 TO 30 31 TO 50 51+
TRIP LENGTH DISTRIBUTION AND POVERTY:
FOR HIGH POVERTY:

PERCANTAGE OF PEOPLE TRAVELLING

TRAVEL DISTANCE IN KM
MODE
0 TO 1 2 TO 5 6 TO 10 11 TO 20 21 TO 30 31 TO 50 51+
On foot 73.2 35.99 33.5 0 0 0 0
Bicycle 14.44 37.13 32.21 33.34 52.34 0 0
2W 8.62 18.1 18.72 28.87 15.38 25.93 9.09
4W 0.86 1.71 2.25 4.28 3.02 6.67 4.62
TAXI 0.83 3.11 4.57 7.22 3.07 4.6 1.79
Bus 0.92 2.49 6.62 21.14 20.56 45.37 41.16
Train 0.62 0.72 1.04 3.36 4.51 14.98 40.41
Water transport 0.1 0.16 0.29 0.58 0.41 0.74 0.6
Any other 0.4 0.59 0.8 1.2 0.72 1.71 2.31

Trip Length Distribution for High Poverty

120
Any other
Water transport
100
Train

60 Bus
TAXI
4W

20
2W

Bicycle
0 TO 1 2 TO 5 6 TO 10 11 TO 20 21 TO 30 31 TO 50 51+
FOR MODERATE POVERTY:

PERCANTAGE OF PEOPLE TRAVELLING

TRAVEL DISTANCE IN KM
MODE
0 TO 1 2 TO 5 6 TO 10 11 TO 20 21 TO 30 31 TO 50 51+
On foot 71.47 29.4 27.77 0 0 0 0
Bicycle 11.89 29.86 19.86 15.36 31.58 0 0
2W 9.55 21.3 20.12 24.77 13.65 14.39 6.27
4W 1.41 3.08 4.19 7.5 5.72 6.86 4.75
TAXI 1.64 5.56 6.48 7.74 4.75 5.55 3.55
Bus 2.3 8.11 15.86 28.71 24.04 33.62 33.1
Train 1.11 1.73 4.53 14.28 19.01 37.4 48.18
Water transport 0.12 0.13 0.21 0.4 0.42 0.8 1.76
Any other 0.51 0.84 0.97 1.24 0.85 1.39 2.41

Trip Length Distribution for Moderate Poverty

120
Any other
Water transport
100
Train

60 Bus
TAXI
4W
40
2W

20 0 TO 1 2 TO 5 6 TO 10 11 TO 20 21 TO 30 31 TO 50 51+ Bicycle
FOR LOW POVERTY:

PERCANTAGE OF PEOPLE TRAVELLING

TRAVEL DISTANCE IN KM
MODE
0 TO 1 2 TO 5 6 TO 10 11 TO 20 21 TO 30 31 TO 50 51+
On foot 73.95 31.4 20.16 0 0 0 0
Bicycle 8.81 23.25 14.62 7.99 15.46 0 0
2W 10.71 23.42 24.14 26.26 16.72 13.7 5.19
4W 1.7 4.14 6.22 10.43 10.41 11.37 6.06
TAXI 0.95 3.25 4.18 4.28 3.12 3.77 2.41
Bus 2.97 13.09 28.27 45.61 46.42 58.39 61.41
Train 0.39 0.61 1.32 3.89 6.21 10.26 20.88
Water transport 0.12 0.13 0.29 0.5 0.54 0.8 0.8
Any other 0.4 0.71 0.8 1.04 1.13 1.71 3.26

Trip Length Distribution for Low Poverty

120
Any other
Water transport
100
Train

60 Bus
TAXI
4W
40
2W

20 0 TO 1 2 TO 5 6 TO 10 11 TO 20 21 TO 30 31 TO 50 51+ Bicycle
 FOR VERY LOW POVERTY:

PERCANTAGE OF PEOPLE TRAVELLING

TRAVEL DISTANCE IN KM
MODE
0 TO 1 2 TO 5 6 TO 10 11 TO 20 21 TO 30 31 TO 50 51+
On foot 73.05 30.13 24.61 0 0 0 0
Bicycle 9.24 22.04 13.16 9.12 27.02 0 0
2W 10.44 21.49 20.02 25.69 15.22 15.85 6.06
4W 1.49 3.27 3.76 5.83 4.82 6.99 5.71
TAXI 1.85 5.78 6.39 7.52 4.69 5.85 3.36
Bus 2.95 15.88 30.21 48.68 43.72 59.13 51.18
Train 0.35 0.43 0.53 1.3 2.6 8.52 28.1
Water transport 0.25 0.36 0.64 1.01 1.18 2.05 2.09
Any other 0.39 0.62 0.68 0.84 0.74 1.61 3.52

Trip Length Distribution for very low Poverty

120
Any other
Water transport
100
Train

60 Bus
TAXI
4W
20
2W

Bicycle
0 TO 1 2 TO 5 6 TO 10 11 TO 20 21 TO 30 31 TO 50 51+
 AVERAGE TRIP LENGTH:
Average trip length and population density:

MODE HIGH MODARATE LOW VERY LOW

On foot 2.29 2 2.6 2.3
Bicycle 5.88 6 6.45 6.24
2W 7.81 8 8.46 7.97
4W 10.99 13 14.68 11.12
TAXI 8.88 10 10.27 8.77
Bus 16.45 20 22.23 15.93
Train 28.66 31 32.08 19.62
Water transport 16.81 17 15.51 9.47
Any other 11.06 15 15.11 15.73

AVERAGE TRIP LENGTH AND POPULATION DENSITY

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
On foot Bicycle 2W 4W TAXI Bus Train Water Any other
transport

HIGH MODARATE LOW VERY LOW

 AVERAGE TRIP LENGTH (KM) AND HIGHWAY DENSITY:

MODE HIGH MODARATE LOW VERY LOW

On foot 2.18 2.49 2.52 2
Bicycle 5.78 6.54 6.39 6
2W 7.7 8.42 8.63 8
4W 11.83 12.96 12.32 13
TAXI 8.79 10.04 9.38 10
Bus 17.67 17.96 19.48 19
Train 24.37 28.79 29.1 29
Water transport 11.84 17.21 16.3 14
Any other 12.89 14.86 15.35 14

AVERAGE TRIP LENGTH AND HIGHWAY DENSITY

30

25

20

15

10

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

MODE HIGH MODARATE LOW VERY LOW

 AVERAGE TRIP LENGTH (KM) AND URBANIZATION:

MODE HIGH MODARATE LOW VERY LOW

On foot 2.09 2.5 2.5 2.58
Bicycle 5.35 6.22 6.56 6.7
2W 7.3 8 8.26 9.05
4W 10.44 12.7 13.11 13.42
TAXI 8.77 9.5 9.62 10.22
Bus 13.71 18.14 19.67 23.03
Train 25.38 28.7 28.38 29.01
Water transport 14.31 20.35 10.65 14.27
Any other 13.48 14.46 14.49 14.58

AVERAGE TRIP LENGTH AND URBANIZATION

35

30 28.7 29.01
28.38

25.38
25
23.03

20.35
19.67
20 18.14

14.31 14.27 14.46 14.58

14.49
15 13.42
13.11 13.71 13.48
12.7
10.44 10.22 10.65
9.05 9.59.62
10 8.77
8 8.26
7.3
6.566.7
6.22
5.35
5
2.092.52.52.58

0
On foot Bicycle 2W 4W TAXI Bus Train Water Any other
transport

HIGH MODARATE LOW VERY LOW

 AVERAGE TRIP LENGTH (KM) AND POVERTY:

MODE HIGH MODARATE LOW VERY LOW

On foot 2.46 2.4 2.42 2.38
Bicycle 6.43 6.21 6.12 6.07
2W 8.28 7.86 8.55 7.89
4W 12.78 12.07 13.88 10.87
TAXI 9.52 9.36 10.22 8.99
Bus 21.98 16.53 21.42 14.45
Train 29.79 25.49 30.62 25.22
Water transport 13.58 16.77 15.93 12.91
Any other 13.12 13.99 16.17 13.68

Chart Title
35

30

25

20

15

10

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

MODE HIGH MODARATE LOW VERY LOW

 REFERENCE:

DATA REFERANCE
Urban area Definition 2011 Census Urban and Rural Classification and Urban Area
www.census.gov
NH Length Density Distribution of National Highways
https://morth.nic.in
Urbanization India's urbanization rate by
state (%)https://cdn.ihs.com
Area of States Census 2011 https://www.census2011.co.in/states.php
Poverty https://m.rbi.org.in
Reference book Modelling transport 4E byJuan de Dios Ortúzar | Luis G. Willumsen