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Unit 6. Ancient Greece

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Unit 6. Ancient Greece

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generocamionero
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UNIT 6

ANCIENT GREECE

1st level ESO

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Introduction

The origin of Greek civilisation goes back to the Prehistoric age. The Ancient name of Greece
was Hellas which means “land of the Hellenes''.

Ancient Greek civilization, the period following Mycenaean civilization, which ended about
1200 BC, to the death of Alexander the Great, in 323 BC. It was a period of political, philosophical,
artistic, and scientific achievements that formed a legacy with unparalleled influence on Western
civilization.

Greek civilisation is considered the origin of Western Civilisation

Athens: Acropolis

Vocabulary

Environment, democracy, aristocracy, citizen, oligarchy, philosophy, elder, inhabitant,


mythology, myth, god, goddess, city-state, monarchy, monarch, merchant, colony, foreigner,
coins, develop, laws, assembly, oracles, heroes, priest, temples, harbour.

Topics

1. The natural environment


2. Origins of Greek civilisation
3. The History of Ancient Greece
4. Economy and society
5. Religion and mithology
Dossier Arte y Cultura

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1. The natural environment.

Ancient Greece was composed of the Balkan Peninsula, the Peloponnese, many islands
in the Aegean Sea and Ionian Sea and the coast of Asia Minor.

The Greeks knew this territory with the name of Hellada. The

territory of Ancient Greece had two physical features:

Proximity of the sea.


Mountainous terrain, this fact contributed to the isolation and independence of
the Greek cities.

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2. Origins of Greek civilization.

During the Bronze Age two cultures developed in the Aegean Sea.

a) Cretan or Minoan civilisation (3000-1400BC)

Centred on the island of Crete, it reached its peak under the rule of King Minos in the city of
Knossos. Cretans knew about writing. they built great palaces that were important economic,
political and religious centres. They traded throughout the Mediterranean and exported
ceramics, textiles and bronze objects.

Palace of Knossos (Creta)

b) Mycenaean civilisation (1600-1200 B.C.)

It was centred in the Peloponnese Peninsula around the city of Mycenae. The people lived
from livestock, agriculture and trading precious metals. Internal wars, the Dorian invasion
from the north and possibly earthquakes destroyed the city of this civilisation.

Lions gate. Mycenae

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3. The History of Ancient Greece

After the Greek Dark Age (1200-750 B.C.) we can divide the history of Ancient Greece in three
periods:

a) Archaic Age (8th-6th century B.C.)

During this period the poleis (sing. polis) were born. A polis is an independent city- state.
The poleis were ruled by the aristocracy. The aristocracy were rich landowners and
nobles.

During the 8th century the population grew and there was not enough farmland to grow
crops. Merchants and artisans wanted to expand their trade. So the Ancient Greeks
started to establish colonies around the Mediterranean. In this period, they also began
to produce coins.

VOCABULARY

 Aristocracy: Term of
Greek origin meaning
“goverment of the
best”
 Citizen: member of an
organised state who
has rights and must
respect the laws.

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b) Classical Age (5th-6th century B.C.)

This was the most splendid period. Greece


consists of many diferents poleis, the most
important were Athens and Sparta.

ATHENS

In the 7th century the peasants and other groups in the polis protested against the
aristocratic government. After a long process, democracy was established in Athens.

The citizens held the power, voted for laws, elected their representatives and decided if
the polis should go to the war or not.

In Athens´democracy the Ekklesia or Citizens´Assembly elected magistrates, voted on


the laws, took some decisions and elected the members of the Boule or Council, who
prepared the laws.

SPARTA

The political system in Sparta was an oligarchy. Sparta was ruled by two kings, 28 elders
(Gerousia) and five officials (ephors). The kings had civil and religious functions. The
Gerousia presented projects to the Popular Assembly, called Apella. The ephors
controlled the actions of the kings and made sure the laws were obeyed.

VOCABULARY
 Democracy: government of the people.
 Oligarchy: the power was in the hands of a small group of people
 Elder: older member of the community.

MILITARY CONFLICTS

Persian wars (500-479 B.C.) Greeks and Persians fought over the control of Asia Minor.
The Greeks formed an association of city- states called the Delian League and defeated
the Persians.

Peloponnesian Wars (431-404 B.C.), the Greek city-states fought each


other. Athens wanted to control the Delian League treasure, Sparta was
opposed to this and as a consequence the war began between them.
Some of the other city-states supported Sparta and others Athens.
Finally Sparta won the war.

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c) Hellenistic Age (4th-1st century B.C.)

From the 4th century the Kingdom of Macedonia began to conquer the Greek city-
states.
Macedonia was governed by a hereditary monarchy. King Philip II conquered Greece
and his son Alexander the Great created the largest empire the Ancient World has ever
seen. He conquered from Greece to India, including Egypt.

When Alexander died, at only 33 years old, his generals shared the empire in three
kingdoms, called Hellenistic kingdoms.

Between the 2nd-1st centuries B.C., Rome took control of the Greek territories.

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4. Economy and society

✔ Life in Ancient Greek city-states

In the center of Ancient Greek cities was an acropolis. This was a religious space on the
top of the city. It was fortified.

The city inhabitants met in the agora to talk about politics and buy and sell products.
The nearby villages and territories were also part of the Ancient Greek city-states.

✔ The economy

✧ Agriculture was very important although there wasn't a lot of cultivated land.
Vines and olives were the main crops. The livestock were: sheep, goats, pigs,
donkeys and mules.

✧ Many Greeks made crafts. Greek artisans were good at metal and leather and also
made pottery, textiles and perfumes.

✧ There was sea trade with the colonies. They used silver coins for payment.

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✔ Society

The two main groups in society were:

✧ Citizens were aristocrats, merchants and farmers. They could vote, be elected to
hold public office and take part in political life. They had to pay some taxes.

✧ Non- citizens were foreigners and had no political rights. They paid special taxes.
Most of them were artisans and traders.

✧ There were also slaves, who were not free and belonged to other people. They
were the main workforce in agriculture, crafts and domestic service.

✧ Greek women couldn't hold political positions. In Athens their father chose their
husbands. In Sparta women had more freedom.

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5. Religion.

The Greeks believed in many gods. According to Greek mythology, the gods lived on
Mount Olympus and, like humans had their virtues, defects and needs. But they were
immortal and had supernatural powers.

The Greeks also believed in heroes who were brave men whose mother or father was a
god.

Each city worshipped its own gods. The temple was the house of the god so religious ceremonies
usually took place in the home.

The Olympic Games were held every four years in honour of the god Zeus.

The Greeks believed in oracles, which were messages of advice sent by the gods. The messages
were transmitted via signs that only priests could interpret.

 Craft: object made by hand.


 Foreigner: person who comes from another country
 Mythology: collection of stories about gods and heroes from the ancient world.

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Dossier Arte y Cultura

Los griegos crearon una brillante cultura que aún pervive en nuestros días. Se les considera
los padres de la Filosofía (filo, amor y sofia, saber) y los primeros científicos. Intentaron
dar explicaciones racionales a los fenómenos naturales en lugar de recurrir a la religión o
la magia. Concedieron una gran importancia a la educación, especialmente en Atenas. La
cultura helena alcanzó su máximo esplendor durante el siglo V a. C. A la muerte de
Alejandro Magno los reinos helenisticos continuaron extendiéndola.

✔ En Filosofía, se plantearon la interpretación racional


del universo y la naturaleza, sobresaliendo figuras como
Sócrates, Platón o Aristóteles, y corrientes como el
epicureísmo y el estoicismo.

✔ En Matemáticas, descollaron Pitágoras, Tales y


Euclides. En Física, Arquímedes estableció la teoría del
peso de los sólidos dentro de los líquidos, y creó
máquinas que tuvieron una aplicación práctica (tornillo
de Arquímedes).

✔ En Medicina, hicieron notables aportaciones a la


fisiología y la anatomía, diferenciando las causas y los síntomas de las
enfermedades. Brilló especialmente la figura de Hipócrates (s. V a. C.),
considerado por muchos el padre de la Medicina, autor de un juramento (el
hipocrático) que establecía las normas por las que debían regirse los médicos en
el desempeño de su labor.

✔ En Astronomía, descubrieron la esfericidad de la Tierra. Aristarco de Samos


determinó que el centro del universo es el Sol, no la Tierra.

✔ En Historia, sobresalieron Herodoto, considerado el padre de esa disciplina y


Tucídides.

✔ En Literatura, los griegos desarrollaron la poseía y el teatro. Dentro de la primera


destacó la poesía épica, con dos obras fundamentales, la Iliada y la Odisea (siglo
VIII a.C) de Homero. En el teatro se cultivaron la tragedia, cuyas figuras más
destacadas fueron Eurípides, Sófocles y Esquilo, y la comedia donde destacó
Aristófanes.

Toda esa obra se conservó y difundió


por el mundo antiguo a través de las
colonizaciones, las relaciones
comerciales, así como por las
instituciones y bibliotecas,
sobresaliendo entre éstas últimas, la de
Alejandria, en Egipto.

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El ARTE
Los griegos nos dejaron un legado que ha influido decisivamente en el arte occidental.
Sus valores fueron asimilados por Roma, y han pervivido hasta nuestros días como
sinónimos de proporción, equilibrio y perfección. Destacaron fundamentalmente,
la escultura y la arquitectura.

La arquitectura griega es adintelada, no utilizó el arco ni la bóveda. Empleó como


elemento sustentante la columna, y como material de construcción la piedra
caliza (mármol) pintada en diferentes colores. Con el paso del tiempo esos colores han
desaparecido casi completamente.

A pesar de que construyeron edificios de diverso tipo (teatros, estadios,


hipódromos, bibliotecas, etc.), el edificio más representativo fue el templo, cuya
principal función era albergar la estatua de la divinidad. Los fieles no tenían acceso al
interior de edificio, de ahí que los templos griegos fuesen de menor tamaño que
los egipcios.

ARQUITECTURA

✔ LOS TEMPLOS

Los templos griegos tenían planta rectangular,


poseían dos o tres estancias, una de las cuales,
la "naos" o “cella”, albergaba la estatua del dios o
la diosa. Podían estar rodeados de columnas o
tenerlas tan solo en la fachada principal.
Elementos arquitectónicos fundamentales eran

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las columnas. Éstas rodeaban el edificio y sustentaban el entablamento, constituido
por tres unidades: el arquitrabe (que servía de dintel), el friso, dispuesto sobre el
arquitrabe y frecuentemente decorado con relieves, y finalmente, la cornisa.
El frontón es una sección triangular decorada con esculturas.

Los griegos valoraban especialmente la proporción y la armonía en sus edificios. Según


el tipo de columna y la relación entre los elementos arquitectónicos, pueden distinguirse
tres tipos de órdenes o estilos: el dórico el jónico y el corintio Los órdenes griegos
fueron asimilados por los romanos y muy utilizados en la arquitectura renacentista.
Todavía ejercen una notable influencia en los edificios actuales.

El ejemplo más destacado de edificio


clásico es el Partenón, templo de orden
dórico que se construyó en la acrópolis
de Atenas en el siglo V. Estuvo dedicado
a la diosa Atenea, protectora de la
ciudad. En su interior había una
enorme escultura de la misma que
medía 11 metros de altura.

El Partenón

✔ LA ESCULTURA

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La escultura es la manifestación artística en la que más destacaron los griegos. El tema
que más repitieron fue el del cuerpo humano, que sirvió para representar
a héroes, divinidades y mortales.
Al igual que en su arquitectura, los griegos valoraron especialmente la proporción,
el equilibrio y el ideal de belleza. Los materiales que más emplearon fueron
el mármol (coloreado) y el bronce.

En función de la evolución técnica, pueden distinguirse tres etapas:

✧ La Época Arcaica (s. VII y VI a. C.)


Durante la misma las figuras eran representadas normalmente de
manera estática (sin movimiento), de frente (ley de la
frontalidad) y en posturas rígidas. Sus ojos eran grandes y
expresaban una sonrisa forzada (sonrisa arcaica). Son muy
representativos de este período los llamados "Kuroi" (jóvenes
atletas) y las “Koré” (sacerdotisas).

✧ La época Clásica (s. V y parte del IV a. C.)


Las figuras se hicieron más naturales y expresivas, adquiriendo
más movimiento y posturas menos forzadas.
Desapareció la ley de la frontalidad. Los escultores se afanaron en
la búsqueda de la perfección y la belleza ideal, aplicando
estrictos cánones o reglas en sus obras. Fidias (esculturas del
Partenón), Mirón, Policleto y Praxíteles fueron los más
importantes.

✧ La época Helenística (s. IV-II a. C.)


En este período las esculturas fueron dotadas de
mayor dinamismo (movimiento), así como de
gran realismo. Ya no se trataba de representar el ideal de
belleza, sino la naturaleza tal cual es, fuese alegre o
dolorosa, bella o fea o, incluso, trágica (Muerte de
Laocoonte y sus hijos).

La escultura griega fue imitada y reproducida por


los romanos. Gracias a ellos conocemos cómo fueron
muchas de las grandes obras hoy desaparecidas.

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✔ LA PINTURA

Se han conservado pocos restos de pintura griega. Sin


embargo, podemos hacernos una idea aproximada de cómo
debió ser gracias a la abundante producción
de cerámica decorada con pinturas. Esta actividad impulsó
notablemente la artesanía y el comercio, especialmente, en
Atenas.

La pintura sobre cerámica representaba animales fantásticos, motivos vegetales,


escenas mitológicas y de la vida cotidiana.

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