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A Postcapitalist Politics 1st Edition J. K. Gibson-Graham
Digital Instant Download
Author(s): J. K. Gibson-Graham
ISBN(s): 9780816648047, 0816648042
Edition: 1
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Year: 2006
Language: english
A Postcapitalist Politics
This page intentionally left blank
A Postcapitalist Politics

J. K. Gibson-Graham

University of Minnesota Press

Minneapolis • London
See pages 263–64 for copyright information on previously published material in this book.

Copyright 2006 by the Regents of the University of Minnesota

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording,
or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

Published by the University of Minnesota Press

111 Third Avenue South, Suite 290
Minneapolis, MN 55401-2520
http://www.upress.umn.edu

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Gibson-Graham, J. K.
A postcapitalist politics / J.K. Gibson-Graham.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 13: 978-0-8166-4803-0 (hc), 978-0-8166-4804-7 (pb)
ISBN 10: 0-8166-4803-4 (hc : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-8166-4804-2 (pb : alk. paper)
1. Economic policy. 2. Capitalism. 3. Political science. I. Title.
HD87.G52 2006
338.9—dc22
2005032836

Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper

The University of Minnesota is an equal-opportunity educator and employer.

12 11 10 09 08 07 06 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
For Bernice, Don, Elspeth, Eve, Helen, Jack, K, Megan, and Ramonda
This page intentionally left blank
 Contents

Preface and Acknowledgments ix

Introduction: A Politics of Economic Possibility xix

1. Affects and Emotions for a Postcapitalist Politics 1

2. Reluctant Subjects: Subjection and Becoming 23

3. Constructing a Language of Economic Diversity 53

4. The Community Economy 79

5. Surplus Possibilities: The Intentional Economy of Mondragón 101

6. Cultivating Subjects for a Community Economy 127

7. Building Community Economies 165

Notes 197

Bibliography 241

Previous Publications 263

Index 265
This page intentionally left blank
 Preface and
Acknowledgments

Hope is the difference between

probability and possibility.

—Isabelle Stengers,
“A ‘Cosmo-Politics’—Risk, Hope, Change”

This is a hopeful book written at a time when hope is finally getting a hearing
but also a battering. Between the completion of the manuscript and the writ-
ing of this preface, the seemingly intractable nature of the world’s problems has
impressed itself on us quite powerfully. A recently aired BBC documentary on
“global dimming” showed how airborne industrial pollutants are blocking sun-
light from reaching the earth; as these pollutants are reduced, global warming
will presumably proceed at a much faster rate than is currently projected. Ac-
cording to the documentary, the Ethiopian famine that killed ten million people
in the early 1980s was due to the failure over more than a decade of the year-
ly monsoon, as the water-laden tropical air mass was prevented from moving
northward by the northern hemisphere’s pollution haze—a shocking wake-up
call about global responsibility. On top of all the environmental news, one of us
has just discovered that she is not exempt from what feels like a breast cancer
epidemic in women of the “developed” world. From the global scale to the place
closest in, we have been presented with the enormity of “what pushes back at us”
(to use the words of our inspirational activist friend Ethan Miller) when we at-
tempt to imagine and inhabit a world of economic possibility.
Both of these “events” highlight in different ways the ethical imperatives and
challenges of the interdependence that this book attempts to bring into focus.
All too clearly we are being presented with the unintended effects of “develop-
ment.” All too starkly we can see that increased consumption, with its promise of
heightened well-being, is bought at the expense of the destruction of the global

ix
 x . . . Preface and Acknowledgments

atmospheric commons we have taken for granted over the past two centuries. It
is not only African families who have borne the brunt of “our” development, but
perhaps also women in wealthy countries and cancer sufferers in general, whose
bodies are registering something counterintuitive—the downside of a “good
life.” We can only feel awed by and grateful for the complexes of committed and
competent surgeons, oncologists, radiographers, and their instruments and
institutions that interact with a state and privately supported knowledge com-
mons to address breast cancer (something the feminist movement has made a
priority). We can only feel ashamed that our respective nations (Australia and
the United States) are the two industrialized countries that have refused to sign
the Kyoto Protocol to limit greenhouse gas emissions and begin to arrest global
warming. How is it that the wealth of nations readily flows into tackling one
piece of this interdependent picture and is vigilantly restricted from addressing
the other? In our bitter moments we are tempted to relate this asymmetry to
the perceived workings of the economic growth machine in which low-cost coal
and oil burning are seen to be central and women’s post–childbearing bodies are
basically irrelevant. Our respective governments are prepared to direct resources
into breast cancer research and treatment, and will even foot the bill for much of
the scientific research that has identified the interactions of global dimming and
global warming, but agreeing to put in place the already existing technology and
regulations that could halt destruction of our environmental commons is at pres-
ent beyond them. For us, this is a matter for urgent discussion and a case where
rethinking what constitutes an “economy”—if we are willing to countenance the
continued existence of such a domain—may actually be crucial.
In this book, we broach global and local interdependence around eco-
nomic issues of necessity, surplus, consumption, and commons. We bring these
issues out of the realm of abstract theorizing and into everyday practices of liv-
ing together and building alternative futures. Our own interdependence as the
collective author J. K. Gibson-Graham gives us the fortitude (foolhardiness?) to
address such monumental issues and the embodied insights into processes of
self-cultivation that might equip us to become ethical subjects of a postcapitalist
order. Emerging from the mutuality of our relationship and especially our inter-
dependence with others, the book is the neatly bound tip of a ramshackle iceberg.
We recognize that publishing and affixing our name to this volume consigns its
contributing factors to subaqueous obscurity. “Authored, authorized, and au-
thoritative,” as Sadie Plant cautions, “a piece of writing is its own mainstream”
(1997, 9). What is wondrous to contemplate is its emergence at the confluence of
events, people, relationships, and things, and to watch it flow toward the pooling
oceans of anonymity, to be dispersed and taken up once again in the hydrological
cycle of de- and retextualization, and eventually transmuted into other streams
and icebergs.
In less watery but no less embracing terms, we might simply acknowl-
edge our understanding that “all and everything is naturally related and inter-
 Preface and Acknowledgments . . . xi

connected” (Plant 1997, 11; quoting Ada Lovelace) and leave it at that. But we will
not get away so easily. Gratitude is not entailed in a moment of metatheoretical
recognition; it is an orientation toward the world, indistinguishable from its em-
bodiment in everyday practices. Here we wish to indulge in a practical exercise of
gratitude by tracing a few of the interdependencies that made this book.
We’ll start with the interdependence between A Postcapitalist Politics and
its predecessor, The End of Capitalism (As We Knew It): A Feminist Critique of
Political Economy, published in 1996. We are immensely appreciative of the
offer of the University of Minnesota Press to reprint that book along with A
Postcapitalist Politics, and we especially value Carrie Mullen’s bracing enthusi-
asm for both projects. Separated by a decade of thinking, researching, and liv-
ing, these two volumes are intricately interconnected and yet very different. In
The End of Capitalism, J. K. Gibson-Graham was the quintessential “theory slut,”
happily and carelessly thinking around, playing with “serious” and consequen-
tial subjects like political economy, loving the theory she was with, offering ebul-
lient arguments and heady claims about representations of capitalism and their
politically constraining performativity. We spoke to our readers as somewhat
wayward feminists who seemed to relish their positioning as mildly outrageous,
quirkily funny, and ambiguously gendered. It might come as a shock, then, that
A Postcapitalist Politics has a completely different feel; it reads like a wholesome,
even earnest, treatise on how to do economy differently. The authorial stance is
open, exposed, even vulnerable, entirely different from the shimmering armor
of the earlier book (and much less fun, we fear). In writing that book we felt a
perhaps unwarranted confidence, conferred by our lengthy training in political
economy, that no one could say things about capitalism that we hadn’t heard be-
fore and didn’t have a response to. This book offers us no such safe havens.
What, apart from menopause and inevitable aging, has contributed to this
shift in stance and affect? Perhaps it has been our awakening to the different kinds
of politics that are possible, along with an enhanced ability to hear as well as
speak. In our own relationship, which has spanned almost three decades as well
as the Pacific Ocean, time differences of fourteen to sixteen hours (depending
on daylight savings), and countless other spatiotemporal dis- and con-junctures,
an opening up to listening to each other has had transformative micropolitical
effects. As with the projects we review in this book, we have been confronted by
the challenges of collaboration—the comforts and discomforts of collectivism,
the bounds and liberties of (joint) identity, the struggle to make collaboration
work not just for itself but for its participants. Our relationship has become a
space for the exploration of techniques of self-cultivation that help us to observe
ourselves more closely, listen to each other more openly, and constitute ourselves
more proactively. From the theory sluts of 1996 to the self-help junkies of 2006,
we have navigated a personal path that ever enriches as new challenges of relating
and thinking/writing together arise.
This never-ending process of becoming has developed and extended our
 xii . . . Preface and Acknowledgments

understanding of politics. It has affirmed the importance of the politics of the per-
sonal and the spaces closest in—the self-narratives that can plague and restrict or
release and enable our experiments, the material and psychic interdependencies
that we can celebrate and amplify or exploit and deplete. Both of us have been
blessed with the gift of domestic communities that sustain and contribute to our
collaboration. In the United States, the twelve or so members of the Cooleyville
community have shared weekly Monday night dinners and interpersonal support
with us for three decades, constituting a home and non-kin-based family that is
a community economy. In Australia the small clan of David, Daniel, and Lillian
Tait has provided a loving practice space for the best and worst performances of
self and ethical decision-making by the mother of us, and a welcoming site for
the enactment of our unusual (at least to suburban Canberra) collaboration.
Space and place have been crucial ingredients in our collaboration. In a
relationship that spans the globe, neither can ever be taken for granted. Indeed,
the materiality of distance has been an ever-present factor, and this is perhaps
why we feel the need to acknowledge the places where we have met to work, for
each has contributed its special quality to our thinking and feeling in this book:
the large welcoming house on Town Farm Road in Shutesbury, Massachusetts;
the end-of-the-road caravan at Merry Beach, New South Wales; Ann’s Stepping
Stones B & B in New Hampshire, with its astonishing two acres of flowers and
shrubs; the family-sized swap house on College Hill in Eugene, Oregon; the
little house graciously added on to 307 Antill Street in Canberra; tiny Tiri Crest
on Waiheke Island and the comfortable big house in Moeraki, two New Zealand
places with inspiring ocean views; the lovely garden cottage on Phillip Island,
Victoria; the elegant sufficiency of the Maranese in Bellagio, Italy; and the
Plymouth Harbor retirement community with its waterbirds and poetry read-
ings in Sarasota, Florida.
In the attempt to enact a postcapitalist politics, the environment of academia
has been a powerful and permissive factor in creating the world of possibility that
enables “other worlds” to actually arise. Despite the encroaching commercializa-
tion, casualization, and rationalization of our institutions, academia in general
and geography in particular have offered us a nurturing communal backwater
in which to float our half-baked ideas and hare-brained projects. In our own and
other departments and disciplines, we and our colleagues are free to attend each
other’s talks, offer and receive comments on each other’s papers, teach and learn
from each other’s students, visit and speak in each other’s lecture series, and draw
on an intellectual commons that benefits from what Harvie calls “convivial com-
petition” (2004, 4). None of these activities is free of dysfunction and some may
be prone to it, but they nevertheless constitute a platform for “commons-based
peer production” that values collaborative engagement, and respects and requires
the sharing/gifting of output.
That the academic commons is hard won and not to be taken for granted is
brought home to us daily by the evidence of what currently threatens it. Today,
 Preface and Acknowledgments . . . xiii

for example, we discovered that a colleague in political science has patented his
solution to a game theory problem. The gift economy of academia (Harvie 2004)
is neither a pleasant nor a productive place to be without an open affective dispo-
sition and a desire to relate to, rather than dismiss or colonize, the work and spe-
cializations of others. As an environment for creativity, the commons does not
maintain itself, but requires a continual investment of effort and particular tech-
nologies to shape and replenish it. In the innovative philosophical workshops
at Isabelle Stengers’s institution, for example, the convenors promote a practice
of slowing down, to allow for “people not just to express what they were think-
ing anyway but to feel their thought becoming part of the collective adventure”
(2003, 252). By creating rules to preclude people “knowing what they think,” the
stewards of this environment allow for events in thought and feeling to emerge
out of a “kind of collective stammering” (252).
Both at home and away we have been privileged to be in many such envi-
ronments. One current instance is the seminar “The Rule of Markets” at New
York University, chaired by Timothy Mitchell. Tim shares with us an interest in
denaturalizing the “economy,” pushes us to acknowledge the recent materializa-
tion of such an entity via the operation of a complex set of technologies and prac-
tices, and encourages us (as does Michel Callon, another participant) to pursue
and develop our economic experiments. Another is the ongoing multiyear gradu-
ate seminar at the University of Massachusetts, including Ken Byrne, Kenan
Erçel, Stephen Healy, Yahya Madra, Ceren Özselçuk, Joe Rebello, Maliha Safri,
Chizu Sato, and Peter Tamas, in which the collective stammering occurs mainly
at the intersection of psychoanalysis, poststructuralist Marxism, and the theory
and practice of community economies. The Department of Human Geography
in the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies at the Australian National
University provides yet another such environment, in which ongoing field and
dissertation research and seminars produce events in thought that nourish, jolt,
and transform the projects we are engaged in.
From friends and colleagues we have received what is necessary to our
survival: new and old ideas, reactions, suggestions, criticisms, references, inclu-
sion in other projects, intellectual support of all kinds, and the warmth and gen-
erosity of appreciation. So lavish have Jack Amariglio and George DeMartino
been with their appreciation that our joint sense of possibility will never be the
same. A central ingredient of our economic theorizing is the Marxian theory of
class developed by our friends, colleagues, and coeditors Steve Resnick and Rick
Wolff. Their anti-essentialist class language allowed us in The End of Capitalism to
denaturalize capitalist dominance, opening the way to queering economic space
and producing a language of economic diversity. In this book we foreground the
class language more prominently in an alternative (counterhegemonic) discourse
of economic difference and activate its core concern for an economics of surplus
as a focus for the ethical dynamics of a community economy.
An economics of surplus is one of the major theoretical contributions of
 xiv . . . Preface and Acknowledgments

members of the Association for Economic and Social Analysis (AESA), an orga-
nization of economists and others that produces the journal Rethinking Marxism
and has provided us with a great store of friendship and fun not usually associ-
ated with the dismal science. We would be unable to think and write as we do
were it not for the insights of Jack Amariglio and Antonio Callari on (economic)
subjectivity, among many other topics; Steve Cullenberg on diverse economies
and class processes; George DeMartino and David Ruccio on imperialism, glo-
balization, ethics, and politics; Kevin St. Martin on class and community; Yahya
Madra on rethinking communism; Ceren Özselçuk on mourning and class poli-
tics; and many other AESA members whose work has added to and enriched the
ideas presented in this book.
Arturo Escobar’s ability to know what we are arguing before we do has
had countless benefits for our work, for which we are truly grateful. One of the
many catalysts for this book was the invitation to participate in the Women and
the Politics of Place project, led by Arturo and Wendy Harcourt (editor of the
journal Development) and involving more than twenty feminist activists and
academics around the world. In the face of our reluctance to become involved in
yet another project, Arturo twisted our arms ever so compassionately, bringing
us into a conversation that eventually helped us to crystallize the feminist politi-
cal imaginary we articulate in A Postcapitalist Politics.
In our perennial search for more freeing and complex understandings of
affect, we revisited a familiar location, the writings of Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick,
ever our muse. Her thoughts on queer theory guided us in The End of Capitalism,
and her wonderful exploration of reparative and paranoid thinking in the book
Touching Feeling enabled us to process the reception of our work in positive
ways. That book draws to some extent on her earlier coauthored work on Silvan
Tomkins, a psychologist who productively fails to distinguish the theory-affect
interactions generated by individuals processing their own experiences from the
interplay of intellect and emotions in what usually passes for “theory.”
William Connolly and Jane Bennett have been inadvertent collaborators
with us in writing A Postcapitalist Politics, their work having provided both
philosophical and practical encouragement to take heed of micropolitical shifts
in affect and to chart a politics of possibility in the face of incredulity and some-
times disdain.
Our long-standing project of rethinking economy has gained force, clarity,
and insight from the work of many others who are similarly engaged. Economic
anthropologist Stephen Gudeman’s important book The Anthropology of Economy
and his earlier writings with Alberto Rivera have influenced our thinking in pro-
found ways, encouraging us to conceptualize a community in terms of its com-
mons and stimulating us to pursue action research as a conversation with both
the voices in the air and those on the ground. Steve Gudeman, Tim Mitchell, and
J. K. Gibson-Graham have been drawn into a loose affiliation of academics and
 Preface and Acknowledgments . . . xv

activists interested in challenging and rethinking “economic representations” in-

stigated and shepherded over the past few years by David Ruccio and, more lately,
Steve Cullenberg. We have gained insights and inspiration from the work of fellow
scholars and friends Lau Kin Chi, Ruben George Oliven, Evan Watkins, Dwight
Billings, Judith Mehta, David Ellerman, and Will Milberg, among others.
One of our greatest debts of gratitude is to the readers who spent valuable
time and energy processing the unwieldy first draft of this manuscript and whose
comments were extraordinarily helpful when we came to revise and clarify the
argument of the book. Larry Grossberg offered enthusiasm and challenging
judgments in just the right mix; Eric Sheppard likewise provoked and affirmed in
equal measure; John Pickles and his graduate reading group at the University of
North Carolina gave us targeted reactions and imaginative responses far beyond
our expectations of a manuscript review. Ethan Miller’s review became our oracle
as we embarked on the rewriting process; he enabled us to recognize that the
book had a structure and a tripartite political vision incorporating a language
politics, a politics of the subject, and a politics of collective action. All readers
were able to grasp what we were struggling to express, and their assistance in
helping us bring what we wanted to say to the fore was a gift of collegiality in the
best possible sense. To experience it as a gift nevertheless required a conscious
exercise in gratitude on our parts and a daily undertaking to treat the some-
times painfully honest reviews as a positive resource and input to our work. That
this practice had only beneficial results probably does not need saying; that it
produced a new relation to ourselves, our reviewers, our work, and the review
process in general probably does. It was a first shared instance of taking to heart
the Buddhist injunction to practice gratitude for adversity, difficulty, and opposi-
tion (in this case criticism) as part of a path toward a more open and joyful way
of being in the world.
During the past decade we have engaged in a number of action research
projects with large research teams made up of colleagues, students, community
members, nongovernmental organizations, and local government authorities.
Each project has produced its own research community with a knowledge
commons that we draw on in many of the chapters of this book. On the U.S. side,
action research for “Rethinking Economy: Envisioning Alternative Regional
Futures” in the Pioneer Valley of Massachusetts was supported by a grant from
the National Science Foundation (Grant No. BCS-9819138) and conducted
by members of the Community Economies Collective (co-researchers Brian
Bannon, Carole Biewener, Jeff Boulet, Ken Byrne, Gabriela Delgadillo, Rebecca
Forest, Stephen Healy, Greg Horvath, Beth Rennekamp, AnnaMarie Russo,
Sarah Stookey, and Anasuya Weil). Seventeen community researchers were
employed part-time by the project, and they and their interviewees are identified
pseudonymously in the text. All of the team, but especially Becky, Ken, and
Stephen, devoted themselves to the project with the unstinting energy that is
 xvi . . . Preface and Acknowledgments

known as “lifeblood,” creating an extraordinary team process and product. The

insights and analyses of the research team are inextricable from our own, and
their presence is palpable in all we have written.
In Australia, action research in the Latrobe Valley was supported by grants
from the Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute and the Australian
Research Council (grant numbers A79703183 and C79927030), with further fi-
nancial and in-kind support provided by the Latrobe City Council. The research
was conducted with colleagues Jenny Cameron and Arthur Veno and employed
community researchers Yvonne Joyce, Stephen Lister, Leanne Vella, Nicki Welsh,
and Alan Riley. Institutional support for this project was skillfully offered by
Julie Hocking and David Powell of the Latrobe City Council. Many community
members formed enterprise groups and participated in the project; their voices
are heard in the text, though their names have been changed.
Research in the Latrobe Valley would not have been possible without the
incredible commitment, skill, and insight of Jenny Cameron, our colleague, dear
friend, comrade, and Community Economies Collective member. Jenny “ran”
the project day to day and night by night for its duration. She was the constant
academic face of the project in the community, and we would like to acknowl-
edge her huge contribution to what it achieved. Her reflections on the process of
subject-becoming that the project initiated have provided inspiration for much
of the analysis included here, and her own writings and our coauthored outputs
about the project must be seen as companion pieces to chapter 6.
Our work with the Asian Migrant Centre in Hong Kong was initiated in
collaboration with Lisa Law, who must be sincerely thanked for bringing J. K.
Gibson-Graham’s writings to the notice of this organization and especially to
Rex Varona and Bien Molina. We have benefited enormously from Lisa’s sensi-
tive volunteer work with the AMC, which provided a secure and trusting base
on which our own research collaboration has been built. May-an Villalba, Nimfa
Lloren, and Rosario Cañete of Unlad Kabayan Migrant Services Incorporated
have been enthusiastic supporters of our work and co-researchers and facilitators
of the Philippines action research project that we report on here.
Action research in the Philippines has been funded by the Australian
Research Council (Grant No. LP0347118) in partnership with the Australian
Agency for International Development as part of the project “Negotiating Al-
ternative Economic Strategies for Regional Development in Indonesia and the
Philippines.” We gratefully acknowledge the contribution of colleague Deirdre
McKay specifically to the conceptualization and conduct of the Philippines as-
pect of the project located in Jagna, Bohol, and Linamon, Mindanao. In chap-
ter 7 we draw on invaluable field research done by Joy Apag, Maureen Balaba,
Amanda Cahill, Nimfa Lloren, and Deirdre McKay as part of the Jagna research
team, and Kathylen Cocomas and Noel Salonga on the Linamon research team.
All members of the wider research group, including Amanda Cahill, Deirdre
McKay, Kathryn Robinson, Andrew McWilliam, Jayne Curnow, Ann Hill, and
 Preface and Acknowledgments . . . xvii

Catharina Williams, have provided scholarly input into the clarification and ap-
plication of ideas around the community economy.
A number of social researchers have helped us to understand and practice
action research as a collaborative endeavor. We learned from Steve Gudeman to
experience social research as a form of conversational interaction; from Ceren
Özselçuk to steer a path between pressing one’s own agenda and refusing out
of fear or guilt to intervene in a community; from Michel Callon to think about
practicing research alongside rather than on a group or organization, collabo-
rating with what he calls “researchers in the wild,” not by becoming an activist,
but by maintaining the specificity of one’s activities as a social scientist and mak-
ing connections with other knowledge producers.
In all of our action research projects we encountered the wonderful gener-
osity and interest of local residents who participated in the processes we initiated.
For this input we are immensely grateful. Our experience of research as a series
of orchestrated conversations in localities/sectors confirms our intuition that the
power dynamics often represented as contaminating the academic/nonacademic
relation are neither as simple to understand, nor as difficult to negotiate ethically,
as some might think.
Our work on diverse economies has been extended and developed by par-
ticipants in the “diverse economies conversation” within English-speaking geog-
raphy, a loose association formed after a series of sessions organized with Andrew
Leyshon at the annual meetings of the Association of American Geographers in
2003. This growing network of geographers includes old and new colleagues who
are excited by the prospect of researching and performing diverse political and
economic geographies. Recent conferences and conference sessions co-organized
by Andrew Jonas, Roger Lee, and Colin Williams have stimulated the activities
and interactions of this emerging research community.
Over the period of gestation of this book we have been generously sup-
ported by many institutions and their support staffs. Most consistently our homes
in the Department of Human Geography in the Research School of Pacific and
Asian Studies at the Australian National University and the Department of
Geosciences at the University of Massachusetts Amherst have hosted our writing
retreats, supported our research leaves and fieldwork visits, and offered congenial
environments for our joint work. Sandra Davenport from the Australian National
University has contributed her excellent copyediting, bibliographic, and index-
ing skills to our book and for this, as well as for her ever cheerful and encouraging
aura, we are deeply grateful. With little more than strong European chocolate as
an incentive, Peter Tamas of UMass spent hours clipping and tailoring the film
stills for chapter 1 to our demanding specifications. Cartographer Kay Dancey
from the Australian National University contributed her design expertise with
enthusiasm and grace to the figures and maps that illustrate the book.
A collaborative writing residency at the Rockefeller Foundation’s Bellagio
Study and Conference Centre in 2005 provided a once-in-a-lifetime experience
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Exercise 1: Literature review and discussion

Learning Objective 1: Literature review and discussion
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 2: Best practices and recommendations
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 3: Key terms and definitions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 4: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 5: Historical development and evolution
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 5: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 6: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 8: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Chapter 2: Case studies and real-world applications
Example 10: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 12: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 17: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 18: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Test 3: Research findings and conclusions
Practice Problem 20: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 21: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 22: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 23: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 24: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 26: Key terms and definitions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Appendix 4: Current trends and future directions
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 31: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 34: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 34: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 35: Current trends and future directions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 36: Research findings and conclusions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 37: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice 5: Study tips and learning strategies
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 41: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 43: Experimental procedures and results
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 47: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 49: Ethical considerations and implications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 50: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Methodology 6: Experimental procedures and results
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 53: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 55: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 59: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Abstract 7: Statistical analysis and interpretation
Practice Problem 60: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 67: Study tips and learning strategies
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 69: Key terms and definitions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 70: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Lesson 8: Literature review and discussion
Example 70: Historical development and evolution
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 72: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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