Study Notes (History)
The Causes of World War I – Expanded Notes
Militarism
By the early 20th century, European powers were in an arms race. Germany had dramatically expanded
its navy, challenging Britain’s naval dominance. France and Russia also strengthened their armies. This
militarism created a climate where war seemed inevitable rather than avoidable.
Alliances
Two rival alliances formed:
Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy.
Triple Entente: Britain, France, Russia.
Alliances meant that a conflict between two states could quickly escalate into a global war.
Imperialism
Competition for colonies in Africa and Asia created rivalry. Germany, a newer imperial power, felt
disadvantaged compared to Britain and France. Imperial disputes added to the tensions already
present in Europe.
Nationalism
National pride and independence movements were especially volatile in the Balkans. Serbia sought to
unite all Slavic peoples, threatening Austria-Hungary’s control over its Slavic provinces. Nationalism
pushed states toward confrontation rather than compromise.
The Spark: Assassination in Sarajevo
On June 28, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip, a
Bosnian Serb nationalist. Austria-Hungary’s harsh response, backed by Germany, triggered the alliance
system. Within weeks, Europe was at war.
