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2059 QP 12

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11 views710 pages

2059 QP 12

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yowaimo790

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ENVIRONMENT OF

PAKISTAN

TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. LAND OF PAKISTAN
Topograhy & Drainage of Pakistan 1
Climate of Pakistan 56

II. NATURAL RESOURCES

Water Resources 102
Forests 129
Mineral Resources 160
Fishing 180

III. POWER
Power Resources 302
IV. AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
Agriculture 200
V. INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT
Industries 489

VI. TRADE
Trade 441

VII. TRANSPORT & COMMUNICATION

Transport & Communication 379

VIII. POPULATION & EMPLOYMENT

Population 579

EXAM SESSION 2025-2027

TAJIKISTAN C
H
I
N
GI A
70
J&K
Peshawar ( FINAL STATUS
LG
NOT YET
ISLAMABA DETERMINED)
D
Quetta
IT
Lahore
30
60 GILGIT
-B
Karachi
Tropic of Cancer
AL
80
20 Karakoram Pass

N
Junagadh &
TI

SU
A
Manavad
ar

T
IND

R
V US
ST
EY IS RIV
O F PAK

A
ER
AN
1767 1947 1823

K HW
IN

UN
DU
Line of Cont
rol
S

T
RI
VE
R
MUZAFFARABAD
PAKISTAN

KH
Political SRINAGAR

PA
PESHAWAR
INDIAN ILLEGALLY OCCUPIED JAMMU & KASHMIR
Scale 1: 3,000,000 N (DISPUTED TERRITORY - FINAL STATUS TO BE DECIDED
IN LINE WITH RELEVANT UNSC RESOLUTIONS)
ISLAMABAD

R
A

BE
T

Y
*
S

KH
Wo
rkin
gB
R ou
VE nd
I RI ary
UM

R
L
J HE

VE
RI
S
N

DU
IN
A R
VE
RI
B LAHORE The red dotted line represents approximately the line of control in
ENA
Jammu & Kashmir. The state of Jammu & Kashmir and its accession
H CH
is yet to be decided through a plebiscite under the relevant United
Nations Security Council Resolutions.

G
Actual boundary in the area where remark FRONTIER UNDEFINED
VER
P U N J RI A B appears, would ultimately be decided by the sovereign authorities
F VI concerned after the final settlement of the Jammu & Kashmir dispute.
RA

R
VE
RI
*AJ&K stands for Azad Jammu & Kashmir as defined in the AJK Interim

AB
A Constitution Act, 1974.

EN
R
VE

CH
QUETTA RI
N EJ
TL
SU

A
A

LEGEND
T
I

Capital of Country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ISLAMABAD

Headquarters; Province . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PESHAWAR

S R
VE
D

RI Boundary; International . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
US
IND Boundary; Province . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I
N

Boundary; Working . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

H P Line of Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
P
I

N
River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN
COPYRIGHTS RESERVED

A
O JUNAGADH & MANAVADAR
69° 70° 71° 72°
L

R
23°
23°
A

I
O F K U T C H
G U L F
B SIR CREEK
S I N D H
68°
I N D I A
22°
22°
M

Astola Island 24°

24° JUNAGADH
BANTVA
AV
AD

Churna Island
AR

J U Y
BA
VE

N A M
RI

KARACHI
G A
D H CA
S

21° OF
International Boundary F 21°
DU

UL
IN

along Eastern Bank G

of the Creek
A R A B I A N S E A
A R A B I A N S E A

68° E. of GREENWICH. 69° 70° E. of GREENWICH. 71° 72°

E. of GREENWICH.
REG No. 28 ‘RWD’ 2020, (MPO) Digital. Previous Editions : Published under the direction of Major General Shahid Pervaiz, HI(M), afwc, psc, Surveyor General of Pakistan. PRINTED AT THE SURVEY OF PAKISTAN PRESS, RAWALPINDI.
1st. Edition 1981; 2nd 1995; 3rd 2007; 4th 2012; 5th 2020. Scale 1 Inch : 50 Miles; 1st 1950; 2nd 1953; 3rd 1959; 4th 1962; 5th 1966; 6th 1971; 7th 1976.
GI
LG
IT
GILGIT
-B
CHITRAL AL
Karakoram Pass
TI
IND ST
US
RIV

A
ER
AN

K HW
IN

UN
DU
Line of Cont
rol
S

T
RI
VE
R
MUZAFFARABAD

KH
PA
PESHAWAR
INDIAN ILLEGALLY OCCUPIED JAMMU & KASHMIR
(DISPUTED TERRITORY - FINAL STATUS TO BE DECIDED
MURRE IN LINE WITH RELEVANT UNSC RESOLUTIONS)
ISLAMABAD

R
RAWALPINDI

Y BE
*

KH
Wo
rkin
gB
R ou
VE nd
RI ary
UM

R
L
JHE

VE
SIALKOT

RI
S
DU
IN
GUJRANWALA

R
VE
RI
B LAHORE
E NA
CH

VER
P U N J RI A B
VI
RA

R
VE
RI
AB
EN
R
VE

CH
QUETTA MULTAN RI
N EJ
TL
SU

A
T

S R
VE
RI
S
DU
I IN

H P
P

O JUNAGADH & MANAVADAR

69° 70° 71° 72°
L
23°
23°
A
O F K U T C H
G U L F
B SIR CREEK
S I N D H
68°
I N D I A
22°
22°

HYDERABAD
M

24°
AN

24° JUNAGADH
BANTVA
AV

GAWADAR
AD
AR

J U Y
BA
VE

N A M
RI

KARACHI
G A
D H CA
S

21° OF
International Boundary F 21°
DU

UL
IN

along Eastern Bank G

of the Creek

A R A B I A N S E A

68° E. of GREENWICH. 69° 70° E. of GREENWICH. 71° 72°

Unit 1 Page 1 Topography & Drainage

ABSTRACT
The Unit focus on the physical
& drainage features of
Pakistan’s different regions

YEAR SERIES

2023 May June

NATURAL TOPOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE 2022
Theme 01
The Land of Pakistan
2019
2018

2023
Oct Nov
2022
2021
2019
2017
Unit 1 Page 2 Topography & Drainage

What key knowledge you

Key Question Focus points R A G
need to know

These are the key These show This outlines what you need to You can use the columns to show when you
questions from the how the key know in relation to the have revised an item and how confident you
syllabus question is syllabus. It is these elements feel about it.
explored that you will rank red, amber or
green. R = RED means you are really unsure and
lack confidence; you might want to
focus your revision here and possibly talk to
your teacher for help
A = AMBER means you are reasonably
confident but need some extra practice
G = GREEN means you are very confident.

As your revision progresses, you can

concentrate on the RED and AMBER items
in order to turn them into GREEN items. You
might find it helpful to highlight each topic in
red, orange or green to help you prioritise.
Unit 1 Page 3 Topography & Drainage

Topic Focus point What key knowledge you need to know R A G

The land of Location of You should be able to identify the following on a map:
Pakistan Pakistan  the Tropic of Cancer, latitudes 30°N, 36°N,

 70°E and 76°E

 the Arabian Sea

 the countries sharing a border with Pakistan, and

Pakistan’s position in relation to others in South and
Central Asia

Location of You should be able to identify the following on a map:

provinces and  the provinces, Northern Areas (Gilgit–Baltistan) and FATA
cities
 named cities: Islamabad, Muree, Rawalpindi, Gujranwala,
Lahore, Faisalabad, Multan, Sialkot,

 Peshawar, Chitral, Gilgit, Hyderabad, Karachi, Quetta and

Gwadar.
Unit 1 Page 4 Topography & Drainage

Topic Focus point What key knowledge you need to know R A G

The land of The natural You should be able to identify the following on a map:
Pakistan topography,  named landforms: Balochistan Plateau, Sulaiman Range,
including
Safed Koh, Potwar Plateau, Salt Range,
drainage
 Hindu Kush, Karakoram and Himalaya mountain ranges

 named rivers: Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, Kabul,

Hab and Dasht

 named deserts: Thar, Thal and Kharan.

You should be able to:

 use the appropriate vocabulary when describing the
distinguishing features of mountains, plateaux, floodplains
and deserts (knowledge of the formation of the natural
topography of Pakistan is not required)

 identify and name the above features on a photograph or

drawing

 understand the influence of the natural topography on

human activities:

o steep slopes and flat land on the way that the land is used

o mountains and deserts on the road and rail networks.

Unit 1 Page 5 Topography & Drainage

1 (a) (i) Study Fig. 1.1, a map showing southern Pakistan and surrounding countries.

us
N

d
rIn
ve
Ri
X

Arabian Sea 0 100 200 300

km
Key
international boundary
province-level boundary
river

Fig. 1.1

On Fig. 1.1 label the following: Afghanistan, India, Iran. You should write the name in the
correct location on the map. [3]

(ii) Add a dot and the letter K onto Fig. 1.1 to show the location of Karachi. [1]

(iii) Using Fig. 1.1 only, what is the approximate length of Pakistan’s coastline? Circle the
correct answer.

500 km 1000 km 1500 km [1]

(iv) Name the rivers labelled X and Y on Fig. 1.1.

X .......................................................

Y ....................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2023 2059/02/M/J/23

Unit 1 Page 6 Topography & Drainage

(b) Suggest four ways in which rivers are important to Pakistan.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

3 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

4 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[4]

Describe the natural features of the landscape shown.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(ii) Explain two ways in which the natural topography shown in Fig. 1.2 influences human
activities. You should develop your answer.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[4]
© UCLES 2023 2059/02/M/J/23 [Turn over
Unit 1 Page 7 Topography & Drainage

(d) Water is a valuable resource for the continued sustainable development of Pakistan. Read
the following two views about providing water:

A B

Water pollution is the biggest A shortage of dams is the

threat to the continued biggest threat to the continued
provision of water supplies. provision of water supplies.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider view A and view B in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 25]

© UCLES 2023 2059/02/M/J/23

Unit 1 INSERT Topography & Drainage

Fig. 1.2 for Question 1

© UCLES 2023 2059/02/INSERT/M/J/23 [Turn over

Unit 1 Page 8 Topography & Drainage

Question Answer Marks

1(a)(i) Study Fig. 1.1., a map showing southern Pakistan and surrounding 3
countries.

Name the province labelled V and the two cities labelled W and X on Fig
1.1.

V = Balochistan
W = Quetta
X = Gwadar

3 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) Using Fig. 1.1. only: 2

• state the straight-line distance between city X and city W.
• state the direction of city X from city W.

640 (km) (Accept 620–660)

south west or SW
2 @ 1 mark

(iii) Identify the line of latitude labelled Y on Fig. 1.1. 1

Tropic of Cancer / 23.5 °N (accept 23.0 °N–23.9 °N or 23 °N)

(a)(iv) Using Fig. 1.1. only, describe the location of the mountains labelled Z. 3

• western/south-western part of Pakistan

• near border with Afghanistan/near international boundary/near to a
province level boundary
• in eastern/central part of the province
• near to Kharan Desert
• between 26°–30 °N and 66°–67.5 °E
• between the Kharan Desert and the River Indus
• direction from any other feature located on the map (Max 1)
E/SE of Kharan Desert/Iran
W/SW/NW of India/River Indus
S/SE of Afghanistan
N/NE of Arabian Sea
• distance from any other feature named on the map (Max 1)
20–420 km from Kharan desert
100–500 km from Arabian Sea
80–400 km from the River Indus

3 @ 1 mark
Unit 1 Page 9 Topography & Drainage

Question Answer Marks

(b) Suggest four ways in which rivers are important to Pakistan. 4

 source of water/create reservoirs (domestic use/people to drink)

 to provide a source of food/fish (to eat)
 for transport (people/goods)
 to provide nutrients/alluvium to the soil/flood plain/mangroves
 for farming/agriculture/irrigation (of fields/crops)
 for livestock/cattle/buffalo to drink/bathe/cool down
 fish farming/commercial fishing/aquaculture
 named manufacturing industry e.g. cement/textiles
 for cooling in power stations/industry
 habitat for wildlife/biodiversity/ecosystems
 afforestation projects
 to produce hydel/hydroelectric power/electricity
 to add to scenic beauty to the area (for tourism)
 for leisure activities/named example e.g.
boating/swimming/photography/fishing
 for employment in a named industry e.g. fisherman/farmer
4 @ 1 mark

(c)(i) Study Fig. 1.2 (Insert), a photograph showing part of the Karakoram 4
range.

Describe the natural features of the landscape shown.

 mountain(s)/mountain range
 high/tall
 steep (slopes)/sloping
 valley(s)
 peak/pyramidal peak/arete
 snow/ice/frozen
 rugged/jagged/sharp/rocky/barren/(bare)rock/scree/moraine
 gullies
 glaciers/tongues of ice/rivers of ice
 confluence
4 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2023 Page 4 of 28

Unit 1 Page 10 Topography & Drainage

Question Answer Marks

(c)(ii) Explain two ways in which the natural topography shown in Fig. 1.2 4
influences human activities. You should develop your answer.

 mountains/steep slopes/rugged terrain/uneven land/fast flowing rivers

make building settlements/roads/railways/telecommunication lines
difficult; routes are forced to follow valleys/or use high
passes/embankments/cuttings/tunnels/bridges (dev)
so transport and communications are limited (dev)
so construction is more expensive (dev)
 rugged landscape discourages development of large-scale industries; as
there is not enough flat land to build on (dev)
so most people work in small scale/cottage industries (dev)
 high/mountainous areas experience extreme cold/heavy snowfall/are
frozen through winter so roads blocked/cut off; people cannot travel to
markets (dev)
people spend some of the year indoors/can’t work outside (dev)
 bare rock/scree/thin/barren soils so there are few or no farming
opportunities/cannot grow crops; so there is transhumance/seasonal
migration (dev)
so food is scarce/has to be transported to the area (dev)
so farming activity is limited to valleys where landscape is flatter/soils are
deeper/fertile (dev)
 glaciers/meltwaters feed the rivers so fresh water is provided for farming
lower down in the valley; meaning a variety of crops can be grown (dev)
 Natural landscape/mountains/slopes attract tourists to visit;
which provides employment opportunities (dev)
so local people provide accommodation/tours/make souvenirs (dev)
to photograph the scenery/for trekking/skiing/climbing (dev)
which encourages government to build services/transport infrastructure in
the area (dev)
 steep slopes/v shape/narrow valleys are ideal for developing hydel power
stations; so can produce renewable electricity for industry/homes (dev)
which creates employment for local people (dev)

Note: Influences can be positive or negative.

Note: 1 mark for simple point and a further mark for the development of the
point. 1 mark for second simple point and a further mark for development of
the second point.

Note: Max. 2 marks if no development. 2 @ 2 marks

© UCLES 2023 Page 5 of 28

Unit 1 Page 11 Topography & Drainage

Question Answer Marks

(d) Water is a valuable resource for the continued sustainable development 6

of Pakistan. Read the following two views about providing water:

A Water pollution is the biggest threat to the continued provision of

water supplies.

B A shortage of dams is the biggest threat to the continued provision

of water supplies.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your
answer and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider
view A and view B in your answer.

Levels marking

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view only (3)
Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant
example (4)

Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example
(5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant
example (6)

Content Guide

Agree with view A because:

 untreated sewage/industrial effluent makes water unusable
 dumping of waste in rivers is not strictly regulated
 regular flooding causes fresh water supply to be contaminated
 removing pollution from water is expensive and reduces the money
available for water provision infrastructure
 etc.

Disagree with view A because:

 water pollution can be easily solved/prevented by imposing laws and
fines on industries/companies who pollute the water
 there are more serious threats to Pakistan’s water supply such as climate
change e.g. increased risk of drought/flooding
 a bigger threat is from neighbouring countries limiting the water supply
from the headwaters
 etc.

© UCLES 2023 Page 6 of 28

Unit 1 Page 12 Topography & Drainage

Question Answer Marks

(d) Agree with view B because:

 rising temperatures increase evaporation from reservoirs so more of them
are needed
 global warming is melting glaciers in the mountains, more dams are
needed to store water in reservoirs
 Pakistan needs more water storage capacity to hold heavy rainfall e.g. in
monsoon season, so water can be utilised
 more reservoirs could alleviate future drought conditions if available
supply was stored
 more small dams across the country could aid in crop irrigation
 it would be very expensive to build more dams/money is needed for other
sectors.
 etc.

Disagree with view B because:

 there are enough dams already, those under construction need to be
completed
 existing dams are not all in the places where need is greatest therefore
they have limited use
 silting of reservoirs causes lower capacity making them less worthwhile
 water conservation is a better solution than building more dams
 conflicts over how water is used is a bigger threat
 etc.

Examples: could include named dam/pollutant/settlement/river etc. but not

named diseases.

© UCLES 2023 Page 7 of 28

Unit 1 Page 13 Topography & Drainage

2 (a) (i) Study Fig. 1.1, a map showing southern Pakistan and surrounding countries.

64°E 68°E 72°E

W
AFGHANISTAN

Kharan Z
28°N desert 28°N

us
nd
IRAN

rI
ve
V

Ri
INDIA

X Arabian Sea
24°N 24°N
Y
64°E 68°E 72°E

Key N
international boundary 0 100 200 300
province-level boundary
km
river

Fig. 1.1

Name the province labelled V and the two cities labelled W and X on Fig. 1.1.

V ...........................................................................

W ..........................................................................

X ...........................................................................
[3]

(ii) Using Fig. 1.1 only:

– state the straight‑line distance between city X and city W.

............................................ km

– state the direction of city X from city W.

............................................
[2]

(iii) Identify the line of latitude labelled Y on Fig. 1.1.

Y ................................................ [1]

© UCLES 2023 2059/02/O/N/23

Unit 1 Page 14 Topography & Drainage

(iv) Using Fig. 1.1 only, describe the location of the mountains labelled Z.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(b) (i) Define and give an example of ‘natural topography’.

definition ............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

example .............................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Explain two ways deserts restrict agricultural activities in Pakistan. You should develop
your answer.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[4]

© UCLES 2023 2059/02/O/N/23 [Turn over

Unit 1 Page 15 Topography & Drainage