ENVIRONMENT OF

PAKISTAN

TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. LAND OF PAKISTAN
Topograhy & Drainage of Pakistan 1
Climate of Pakistan 56

II. NATURAL RESOURCES

Water Resources 102
Forests 129
Mineral Resources 160
Fishing 180

III. POWER
Power Resources 302
IV. AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
Agriculture 200
V. INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT
Industries 489

VI. TRADE
Trade 441

VII. TRANSPORT & COMMUNICATION

Transport & Communication 379

VIII. POPULATION & EMPLOYMENT

Population 579

EXAM SESSION 2025-2027

 TAJIKISTAN C
H
I
N
GI A
70
J&K
Peshawar ( FINAL STATUS
LG
NOT YET
ISLAMABA DETERMINED)
D
Quetta
IT
Lahore
30
60 GILGIT
-B
Karachi
Tropic of Cancer
AL
80
20 Karakoram Pass

N
Junagadh &
TI

SU
A
Manavad
ar

T
IND

R
V US
ST
EY IS RIV
O F PAK

A
ER
AN
1767 1947 1823

K HW
IN

UN
DU
Line of Cont
rol
S

T
RI
VE
R
MUZAFFARABAD
PAKISTAN

KH
Political SRINAGAR

PA
PESHAWAR
INDIAN ILLEGALLY OCCUPIED JAMMU & KASHMIR
Scale 1: 3,000,000 N (DISPUTED TERRITORY - FINAL STATUS TO BE DECIDED
IN LINE WITH RELEVANT UNSC RESOLUTIONS)
ISLAMABAD

R
A

BE
T

Y
*
S

KH
Wo
rkin
gB
R ou
VE nd
I RI ary
UM

R
L
J HE

VE
RI
S
N

DU
IN
A R
VE
RI
B LAHORE The red dotted line represents approximately the line of control in
ENA
Jammu & Kashmir. The state of Jammu & Kashmir and its accession
H CH
is yet to be decided through a plebiscite under the relevant United
Nations Security Council Resolutions.

G
Actual boundary in the area where remark FRONTIER UNDEFINED
VER
P U N J RI A B appears, would ultimately be decided by the sovereign authorities
F VI concerned after the final settlement of the Jammu & Kashmir dispute.
RA

R
VE
RI
*AJ&K stands for Azad Jammu & Kashmir as defined in the AJK Interim

AB
A Constitution Act, 1974.

EN
R
VE

CH
QUETTA RI
N EJ
TL
SU

A
A

LEGEND
T
I

Capital of Country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ISLAMABAD

Headquarters; Province . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PESHAWAR

S R
VE
D

RI Boundary; International . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
US
IND Boundary; Province . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I
N

Boundary; Working . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

H P Line of Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
P
I

N
River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN
COPYRIGHTS RESERVED

A
O JUNAGADH & MANAVADAR
69° 70° 71° 72°
L

R
23°
23°
A

I
O F K U T C H
G U L F
B SIR CREEK
S I N D H
68°
I N D I A
22°
22°
M

Astola Island 24°

AN

24° JUNAGADH
BANTVA
AV
AD

Churna Island
AR

J U Y
BA
VE

N A M
RI

KARACHI
G A
D H CA
S

21° OF
International Boundary F 21°
DU

UL
IN

along Eastern Bank G

of the Creek
A R A B I A N S E A
A R A B I A N S E A

68° E. of GREENWICH. 69° 70° E. of GREENWICH. 71° 72°

E. of GREENWICH.
REG No. 28 ‘RWD’ 2020, (MPO) Digital. Previous Editions : Published under the direction of Major General Shahid Pervaiz, HI(M), afwc, psc, Surveyor General of Pakistan. PRINTED AT THE SURVEY OF PAKISTAN PRESS, RAWALPINDI.
1st. Edition 1981; 2nd 1995; 3rd 2007; 4th 2012; 5th 2020. Scale 1 Inch : 50 Miles; 1st 1950; 2nd 1953; 3rd 1959; 4th 1962; 5th 1966; 6th 1971; 7th 1976.
 GI
LG
IT
GILGIT
-B
CHITRAL AL
Karakoram Pass
TI
IND ST
US
RIV

A
ER
AN

K HW
IN

UN
DU
Line of Cont
rol
S

T
RI
VE
R
MUZAFFARABAD

KH
PA
PESHAWAR
INDIAN ILLEGALLY OCCUPIED JAMMU & KASHMIR
(DISPUTED TERRITORY - FINAL STATUS TO BE DECIDED
MURRE IN LINE WITH RELEVANT UNSC RESOLUTIONS)
ISLAMABAD

R
RAWALPINDI

Y BE
*

KH
Wo
rkin
gB
R ou
VE nd
RI ary
UM

R
L
JHE

VE
SIALKOT

RI
S
DU
IN
GUJRANWALA

R
VE
RI
B LAHORE
E NA
CH

VER
P U N J RI A B
VI
RA

R
VE
RI
AB
EN
R
VE

CH
QUETTA MULTAN RI
N EJ
TL
SU

A
T

S R
VE
RI
S
DU
I IN

H P
P

O JUNAGADH & MANAVADAR

69° 70° 71° 72°
L
23°
23°
A
O F K U T C H
G U L F
B SIR CREEK
S I N D H
68°
I N D I A
22°
22°

HYDERABAD
M

24°
AN

24° JUNAGADH
BANTVA
AV

GAWADAR
AD
AR

J U Y
BA
VE

N A M
RI

KARACHI
G A
D H CA
S

21° OF
International Boundary F 21°
DU

UL
IN

along Eastern Bank G

of the Creek

A R A B I A N S E A

68° E. of GREENWICH. 69° 70° E. of GREENWICH. 71° 72°

Unit 1 Page 1 Topography & Drainage

ABSTRACT
The Unit focus on the physical
& drainage features of
Pakistan’s different regions

YEAR SERIES

2023 May June

NATURAL TOPOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE 2022
Theme 01
The Land of Pakistan
2019
2018

2023
Oct Nov
2022
2021
2019
2017
 Unit 1 Page 2 Topography & Drainage

What key knowledge you

Key Question Focus points R A G
need to know

These are the key These show This outlines what you need to You can use the columns to show when you
questions from the how the key know in relation to the have revised an item and how confident you
syllabus question is syllabus. It is these elements feel about it.
explored that you will rank red, amber or
green. R = RED means you are really unsure and
lack confidence; you might want to
focus your revision here and possibly talk to
your teacher for help
A = AMBER means you are reasonably
confident but need some extra practice
G = GREEN means you are very confident.

As your revision progresses, you can

concentrate on the RED and AMBER items
in order to turn them into GREEN items. You
might find it helpful to highlight each topic in
red, orange or green to help you prioritise.
 Unit 1 Page 3 Topography & Drainage

Topic Focus point What key knowledge you need to know R A G

The land of Location of You should be able to identify the following on a map:
Pakistan Pakistan  the Tropic of Cancer, latitudes 30°N, 36°N,

 70°E and 76°E

 the Arabian Sea

 the countries sharing a border with Pakistan, and

Pakistan’s position in relation to others in South and
Central Asia

Location of You should be able to identify the following on a map:

provinces and  the provinces, Northern Areas (Gilgit–Baltistan) and FATA
cities
 named cities: Islamabad, Muree, Rawalpindi, Gujranwala,
Lahore, Faisalabad, Multan, Sialkot,

 Peshawar, Chitral, Gilgit, Hyderabad, Karachi, Quetta and

Gwadar.
 Unit 1 Page 4 Topography & Drainage

Topic Focus point What key knowledge you need to know R A G

The land of The natural You should be able to identify the following on a map:
Pakistan topography,  named landforms: Balochistan Plateau, Sulaiman Range,
including
Safed Koh, Potwar Plateau, Salt Range,
drainage
 Hindu Kush, Karakoram and Himalaya mountain ranges

 named rivers: Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, Kabul,

Hab and Dasht

 named deserts: Thar, Thal and Kharan.

You should be able to:

 use the appropriate vocabulary when describing the
distinguishing features of mountains, plateaux, floodplains
and deserts (knowledge of the formation of the natural
topography of Pakistan is not required)

 identify and name the above features on a photograph or

drawing

 understand the influence of the natural topography on

human activities:

o steep slopes and flat land on the way that the land is used

o mountains and deserts on the road and rail networks.

 Unit 1 Page 5 Topography & Drainage

1 (a) (i) Study Fig. 1.1, a map showing southern Pakistan and surrounding countries.

us
N

d
rIn
ve
Ri
X

Arabian Sea 0 100 200 300

km
Key
international boundary
province-level boundary
river

Fig. 1.1

On Fig. 1.1 label the following: Afghanistan, India, Iran. You should write the name in the
correct location on the map. [3]

(ii) Add a dot and the letter K onto Fig. 1.1 to show the location of Karachi. [1]

(iii) Using Fig. 1.1 only, what is the approximate length of Pakistan’s coastline? Circle the
correct answer.

500 km 1000 km 1500 km [1]

(iv) Name the rivers labelled X and Y on Fig. 1.1.

X .......................................................

Y ....................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2023 2059/02/M/J/23

 Unit 1 Page 6 Topography & Drainage

(b) Suggest four ways in which rivers are important to Pakistan.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

3 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

4 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[4]

(c) (i) Study Fig. 1.2 (Insert), a photograph showing part of the Karakoram range.

Describe the natural features of the landscape shown.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(ii) Explain two ways in which the natural topography shown in Fig. 1.2 influences human
activities. You should develop your answer.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[4]
© UCLES 2023 2059/02/M/J/23 [Turn over
 Unit 1 Page 7 Topography & Drainage

(d) Water is a valuable resource for the continued sustainable development of Pakistan. Read
the following two views about providing water:

A B

Water pollution is the biggest A shortage of dams is the

threat to the continued biggest threat to the continued
provision of water supplies. provision of water supplies.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider view A and view B in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 25]

© UCLES 2023 2059/02/M/J/23

 Unit 1 INSERT Topography & Drainage

Fig. 1.2 for Question 1

© UCLES 2023 2059/02/INSERT/M/J/23 [Turn over

 Unit 1 Page 8 Topography & Drainage

Question Answer Marks

1(a)(i) Study Fig. 1.1., a map showing southern Pakistan and surrounding 3
countries.

Name the province labelled V and the two cities labelled W and X on Fig
1.1.

V = Balochistan
W = Quetta
X = Gwadar

3 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) Using Fig. 1.1. only: 2

• state the straight-line distance between city X and city W.
• state the direction of city X from city W.

640 (km) (Accept 620–660)

south west or SW
2 @ 1 mark

(iii) Identify the line of latitude labelled Y on Fig. 1.1. 1

Tropic of Cancer / 23.5 °N (accept 23.0 °N–23.9 °N or 23 °N)

(a)(iv) Using Fig. 1.1. only, describe the location of the mountains labelled Z. 3

• western/south-western part of Pakistan

• near border with Afghanistan/near international boundary/near to a
province level boundary
• in eastern/central part of the province
• near to Kharan Desert
• between 26°–30 °N and 66°–67.5 °E
• between the Kharan Desert and the River Indus
• direction from any other feature located on the map (Max 1)
E/SE of Kharan Desert/Iran
W/SW/NW of India/River Indus
S/SE of Afghanistan
N/NE of Arabian Sea
• distance from any other feature named on the map (Max 1)
20–420 km from Kharan desert
100–500 km from Arabian Sea
80–400 km from the River Indus

3 @ 1 mark
 Unit 1 Page 9 Topography & Drainage

Question Answer Marks

(b) Suggest four ways in which rivers are important to Pakistan. 4

 source of water/create reservoirs (domestic use/people to drink)

 to provide a source of food/fish (to eat)
 for transport (people/goods)
 to provide nutrients/alluvium to the soil/flood plain/mangroves
 for farming/agriculture/irrigation (of fields/crops)
 for livestock/cattle/buffalo to drink/bathe/cool down
 fish farming/commercial fishing/aquaculture
 named manufacturing industry e.g. cement/textiles
 for cooling in power stations/industry
 habitat for wildlife/biodiversity/ecosystems
 afforestation projects
 to produce hydel/hydroelectric power/electricity
 to add to scenic beauty to the area (for tourism)
 for leisure activities/named example e.g.
boating/swimming/photography/fishing
 for employment in a named industry e.g. fisherman/farmer
4 @ 1 mark

(c)(i) Study Fig. 1.2 (Insert), a photograph showing part of the Karakoram 4
range.

Describe the natural features of the landscape shown.

 mountain(s)/mountain range
 high/tall
 steep (slopes)/sloping
 valley(s)
 peak/pyramidal peak/arete
 snow/ice/frozen
 rugged/jagged/sharp/rocky/barren/(bare)rock/scree/moraine
 gullies
 glaciers/tongues of ice/rivers of ice
 confluence
4 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2023 Page 4 of 28

 Unit 1 Page 10 Topography & Drainage

Question Answer Marks

(c)(ii) Explain two ways in which the natural topography shown in Fig. 1.2 4
influences human activities. You should develop your answer.

 mountains/steep slopes/rugged terrain/uneven land/fast flowing rivers

make building settlements/roads/railways/telecommunication lines
difficult; routes are forced to follow valleys/or use high
passes/embankments/cuttings/tunnels/bridges (dev)
so transport and communications are limited (dev)
so construction is more expensive (dev)
 rugged landscape discourages development of large-scale industries; as
there is not enough flat land to build on (dev)
so most people work in small scale/cottage industries (dev)
 high/mountainous areas experience extreme cold/heavy snowfall/are
frozen through winter so roads blocked/cut off; people cannot travel to
markets (dev)
people spend some of the year indoors/can’t work outside (dev)
 bare rock/scree/thin/barren soils so there are few or no farming
opportunities/cannot grow crops; so there is transhumance/seasonal
migration (dev)
so food is scarce/has to be transported to the area (dev)
so farming activity is limited to valleys where landscape is flatter/soils are
deeper/fertile (dev)
 glaciers/meltwaters feed the rivers so fresh water is provided for farming
lower down in the valley; meaning a variety of crops can be grown (dev)
 Natural landscape/mountains/slopes attract tourists to visit;
which provides employment opportunities (dev)
so local people provide accommodation/tours/make souvenirs (dev)
to photograph the scenery/for trekking/skiing/climbing (dev)
which encourages government to build services/transport infrastructure in
the area (dev)
 steep slopes/v shape/narrow valleys are ideal for developing hydel power
stations; so can produce renewable electricity for industry/homes (dev)
which creates employment for local people (dev)

Note: Influences can be positive or negative.

Note: 1 mark for simple point and a further mark for the development of the
point. 1 mark for second simple point and a further mark for development of
the second point.

Note: Max. 2 marks if no development. 2 @ 2 marks

© UCLES 2023 Page 5 of 28

 Unit 1 Page 11 Topography & Drainage

Question Answer Marks

(d) Water is a valuable resource for the continued sustainable development 6

of Pakistan. Read the following two views about providing water:

A Water pollution is the biggest threat to the continued provision of

water supplies.

B A shortage of dams is the biggest threat to the continued provision

of water supplies.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your
answer and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider
view A and view B in your answer.

Levels marking

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view only (3)
Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant
example (4)

Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example
(5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant
example (6)

Content Guide

Agree with view A because:

 untreated sewage/industrial effluent makes water unusable
 dumping of waste in rivers is not strictly regulated
 regular flooding causes fresh water supply to be contaminated
 removing pollution from water is expensive and reduces the money
available for water provision infrastructure
 etc.

Disagree with view A because:

 water pollution can be easily solved/prevented by imposing laws and
fines on industries/companies who pollute the water
 there are more serious threats to Pakistan’s water supply such as climate
change e.g. increased risk of drought/flooding
 a bigger threat is from neighbouring countries limiting the water supply
from the headwaters
 etc.

© UCLES 2023 Page 6 of 28

 Unit 1 Page 12 Topography & Drainage

Question Answer Marks

(d) Agree with view B because:

 rising temperatures increase evaporation from reservoirs so more of them
are needed
 global warming is melting glaciers in the mountains, more dams are
needed to store water in reservoirs
 Pakistan needs more water storage capacity to hold heavy rainfall e.g. in
monsoon season, so water can be utilised
 more reservoirs could alleviate future drought conditions if available
supply was stored
 more small dams across the country could aid in crop irrigation
 it would be very expensive to build more dams/money is needed for other
sectors.
 etc.

Disagree with view B because:

 there are enough dams already, those under construction need to be
completed
 existing dams are not all in the places where need is greatest therefore
they have limited use
 silting of reservoirs causes lower capacity making them less worthwhile
 water conservation is a better solution than building more dams
 conflicts over how water is used is a bigger threat
 etc.

Examples: could include named dam/pollutant/settlement/river etc. but not

named diseases.

© UCLES 2023 Page 7 of 28

 Unit 1 Page 13 Topography & Drainage

2 (a) (i) Study Fig. 1.1, a map showing southern Pakistan and surrounding countries.

64°E 68°E 72°E

W
AFGHANISTAN

Kharan Z
28°N desert 28°N

us
nd
IRAN

rI
ve
V

Ri
INDIA

X Arabian Sea
24°N 24°N
Y
64°E 68°E 72°E

Key N
international boundary 0 100 200 300
province-level boundary
km
river

Fig. 1.1

Name the province labelled V and the two cities labelled W and X on Fig. 1.1.

V ...........................................................................

W ..........................................................................

X ...........................................................................
[3]

(ii) Using Fig. 1.1 only:

– state the straight‑line distance between city X and city W.

............................................ km

– state the direction of city X from city W.

............................................
[2]

(iii) Identify the line of latitude labelled Y on Fig. 1.1.

Y ................................................ [1]

© UCLES 2023 2059/02/O/N/23

 Unit 1 Page 14 Topography & Drainage

(iv) Using Fig. 1.1 only, describe the location of the mountains labelled Z.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(b) (i) Define and give an example of ‘natural topography’.

definition ............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

example .............................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Explain two ways deserts restrict agricultural activities in Pakistan. You should develop
your answer.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[4]

© UCLES 2023 2059/02/O/N/23 [Turn over

 Unit 1 Page 15 Topography & Drainage

(c) Suggest four ways, other than agriculture, that deserts can be used by people.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

3 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

4 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[4]

© UCLES 2023 2059/02/O/N/23

 Unit 1 Page 16 Topography & Drainage

(d) To what extent is building additional motorways and major roads in all areas of Pakistan
essential for its future economic development? Give reasons to support your judgement and
refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your
answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 25]

© UCLES 2023 2059/02/O/N/23 [Turn over

 Unit 1 Page 17 Topography & Drainage

Question Answer Marks

2(a)(i) Study Fig. 1.1., a map showing southern Pakistan and surrounding 3
countries.

Name the province labelled V and the two cities labelled W and X on Fig
1.1.

V = Balochistan
W = Quetta
X = Gwadar

3 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) Using Fig. 1.1. only: 2

• state the straight-line distance between city X and city W.
• state the direction of city X from city W.

640 (km) (Accept 620–660)

south west or SW
2 @ 1 mark

(iii) Identify the line of latitude labelled Y on Fig. 1.1. 1

Tropic of Cancer / 23.5 °N (accept 23.0 °N–23.9 °N or 23 °N)

(a)(iv) Using Fig. 1.1. only, describe the location of the mountains labelled Z. 3

• western/south-western part of Pakistan

• near border with Afghanistan/near international boundary/near to a
province level boundary
• in eastern/central part of the province
• near to Kharan Desert
• between 26°–30 °N and 66°–67.5 °E
• between the Kharan Desert and the River Indus
• direction from any other feature located on the map (Max 1)
E/SE of Kharan Desert/Iran
W/SW/NW of India/River Indus
S/SE of Afghanistan
N/NE of Arabian Sea
• distance from any other feature named on the map (Max 1)
20–420 km from Kharan desert
100–500 km from Arabian Sea
80–400 km from the River Indus

3 @ 1 mark
 Unit 1 Page 18 Topography & Drainage

Question Answer Marks

(b)(i) Define and give an example of ‘natural topography’. 2

• the surface/physical features of the land/landscape

• the forms and features of the land’s surface
• the terrain
• crater/desert/floodplain/hill/lake/mountain/pass/peak/plain/
plateau/ravine/ridges/river/trough/valley or any other named physical feature,
e.g.

mountains:
Western Mountains, Safed Koh Ranges, Waziristan Hills, Sulaiman Range,
Kirthar Range
North-Western Mountains, Hindu Kush
Northern Mountains, The Karakoram, The Himalayas, Central Himalayas,
Lesser Himalayas, The Siwaliks, Salt Range

plateaux:
Balochistan Plateau, Potwar Plateau

passes:
Kurram Pass, Khyber Pass, Lawarai Pass, Shundur Pass, Khunjerab Pass,
Babusar Pass

valleys:
Swat, Chitral, Dir, Gilgit, Hunza, Baltistan, Murree & Gallies, Kaghan

deserts:
Kharan Desert, Thar Desert, Thal Desert

rivers:
Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, Kabul, Hab, Dasht

Indus Plain – Lower & Upper

2 @ 1 mark
 Unit 1 Page 19 Topography & Drainage

Question Answer Marks

(b)(ii) Explain two ways deserts restrict agricultural activities in Pakistan. You 4
should develop your answer.

• climate is dry/rainfall is very low/scarce/lack of water; so not many

varieties of crops can grow there (dev) cannot adapt to the extreme
climate conditions
• extreme heat/hot climate makes working/living conditions very difficult;
hence there are few settlements for workers (dev) few markets to sell
goods to
• very few towns/sparse population; so there is little demand for growing
many crops in these areas
• strong winds/moving sand; crops would be constantly buried/covered in
sand
• soils are infertile/lack nutrients/rocky/rugged/barren land; they do not
contain any alluvium/would need a lot of fertilisers for crops to grow
• little vegetation to provide shade/shelter from winds; plants can be
scorched/crops damaged by winds/fodder has to be provided
• pests (such as locusts) are prevalent; which means they would destroy
the crops grown/pesticides would be needed
• deserts are remote/inaccessible; so it is difficult/expensive to transport
crops to other areas to sell/to markets
• growing crops in deserts would be very costly; because they would need
irrigation systems
• sand is difficult to drive farm machinery/vehicles over; which makes using
equipment difficult

Note: 1 mark for simple point and a further mark for the development of the
point. 1 mark for second simple point and a further mark for development of
the second point.

Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.

2 @ 2 marks

(c) Suggest four ways, other than agriculture, that deserts can be used by 4
people.

• mining/drilling/extraction (of sand/gas/oil/coal/other minerals)

• location of solar panels/solar farms/for solar power
• location of brick kilns/factories/manufacturing/cottage industries
• power lines/communication masts/roads/railway building
• building settlements
• military training/military bases
• people can follow a traditional/nomadic lifestyle
• waste disposal sites

Tourism/leisure purposes (max 2)

• tourist attractions/hotels/desert safari/wild camping/glamping/camel
rides/hot air ballooning/photography/hiking/trekking/climbing/quad
biking/sand boarding/extreme sports/camel racing/rally driving

4 @ 1 mark
 Unit 1 Page 20 Topography & Drainage

Question Answer Marks

(d) To what extent is building additional motorways and major roads in all 6
areas of Pakistan essential for its future economic development?

Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have
studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.

Levels marking

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view only (3)
Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant
example (4)

Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant
example (5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant
example (6)

Content guide

Building additional motorways and roads in all areas is essential for future
economic development because:
• would allow ease of movement for people/goods/raw materials to
previously inaccessible areas/regions
• would allow opportunity for the exploitation of minerals/raw materials
which would otherwise be too expensive/inaccessible to extract
• would encourage business opportunities to be more widespread across
the country rather than focussed in the major towns and cities
• could prevent/reduce rural to urban migration as people would be more
able to commute
• business corridors could be set up

Building additional motorways and roads in all areas is not essential for future
economic development because:
• there is no need to build roads in all areas of Pakistan due to uneven
population distribution, low demand in some regions makes cost
unreasonable
• it is expensive to build roads and railways in the northern areas due to
extreme temperatures and steep slopes
• businesses want to locate in or near to main towns and cities which
already have roads
• investment would be needed in rural areas to encourage business to
locate/re-locate there, alongside new roads
 Unit 1 Page 21 Topography & Drainage

3 (a) Study Fig. 1.1, a map showing annual rainfall in southern and western Pakistan.

64° E 68° E 72° E

Key
N
rainfall in mm
0–125
36° N 36° N
126–250
251–500
501–750
0 100 200 300 over 750
km international boundary

AFGHANISTAN river
32° N 32° N

U
28° N 28° N

IRAN
INDIA

V
W
Arabian Sea
24° N 24° N

64° E 68° E 72° E

Fig. 1.1

(ii) Name rivers U, V and W shown on Fig. 1.1.

U ....................................................

V ....................................................

W ....................................................
[3]

© UCLES 2022 2059/02/O/N/22

 Unit 1 Page 22 Topography & Drainage

(b) (i) State four natural features of a floodplain.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 .........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................

4 ........................................................................................................................................
[4]

(ii) Explain two ways that floodplains influence human activity. You should develop your
answer.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[4]

© UCLES 2022 2059/02/O/N/22 [Turn over

 Unit 1 Page 23 Topography & Drainage

Question Answer Marks

3(a)(ii) Name rivers U, V and W shown on Fig.1.1 3

U = River Sutlej
V = River Dasht
W= River Indus
3 @ 1 mark

(b)(i) State four natural features of a floodplain. 4

• flat land/plain land

• fertile soil/alluvium/silt
• wide
• active (floodplain)/khaddar/old (floodplain)/bhangar
• meanders
• (natural) levees
• point bars/bars
• alluvial terraces/escarpments/cuestas/scarp/bar uplands/scalloped
interfluves
• piedmont plains/alluvial fans/tidal flats
• ox-bow (lake)
• dry channel/abandoned channel/former channel/braided channel/
distributaries
• doab
• area where channel overflows/likely to be flooded/
waterlogged/waterlogging/marshy/swamp
4 @ 1 mark

(b)(ii) Explain two ways that floodplains influence human activity. You 4
should develop your answer.

• flood plains have alluvium/silt/fertile/nutrient rich soil; good locations for

(named) crops/(arable) farming/agriculture
• floodplains have the river close by; which provide water for industry/for
irrigation (to bridge the gap)/domestic purposes
• floodplains are wide/flat areas; so there is space to grow crops/use
machinery/to install irrigation canals/build on
• (active) flood plains are flooded every year; this enables crops that
require flooding/rice to be grown on them/this can make them
unsuitable for urban/industrial development
• (natural) levees alongside the river; provides a natural barrier against
floods/prevents floods/protects people’s land or property from flood
damage/can be used for transport
• alluvial terrace is higher land; so is safe for building on as it won’t
flood/is good for building settlements/transport links/industry

Note: 1 mark for simple point and a further mark for the development of the
point. 1 mark for second simple point and a further mark for development of
the second point.
Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.
2 @ 2 marks
 Unit 1 Page 24 Topography & Drainage

4 (a) Study Fig. 4.1, a map of southern and western Pakistan.

64°E 68°E 72°E

36°N 36°N

AFGHANISTAN
Y
0 100 200 300

km

32°N 32°N

28°N 28°N
Balochistan
IRAN

INDIA
Z

Arabian Sea
24°N 24°N

64°E 68°E 72°E

Key
international boundary
province-level boundary

Fig. 4.1

(i) Name province-level areas Y and Z shown on Fig. 4.1.

Y ....................................................

Z ....................................................
[2]

© UCLES 2022 2059/02/O/N/22

 Unit 1 Page 25 Topography & Drainage

(ii) Using Fig. 4.1 only, describe the location of Balochistan.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Using Fig. 4.1 only, estimate the total area of Balochistan. Circle the correct answer.

350 km2 35 000 km2 350 000 km2 3 500 000 km2 [1]

© UCLES 2022 2059/02/O/N/22 [Turn over

 Unit 1 Page 26 Topography & Drainage

Question Answer Marks

4(a)(i) Study Fig. 4.1, a map of southern and western Pakistan. 2

Name province-level areas Y and Z shown on Fig. 4.1.

Y = Khyber Pakhtunkhwa/KPK
Z = Sindh
2 @ 1 mark

a)(ii) Using Fig. 4.1 only, describe the location of Balochistan. 2

• south/south-west/west part of Pakistan

• border with Afghanistan/Iran/Arabian sea (coast)
• has borders with 3 other provinces
• it is 100–500 km from India
• west/north-west of India
south/east/south-east of Afghanistan
east of Iran
north of Arabian Sea
• between 25-33°N and 61–71°E
one accurate pair within the above range, e.g. 28°N and 65°E
2 @ 1 mark

(a)(iii) Using Fig. 4.1 only, estimate the total area of Balochistan. Circle the 1
correct answer.

347 190 km2

350 000 km2 is the nearest answer
1 @ 1 mark

October/November
2022
 Unit 1 Page 27 Topography & Drainage

5 (a) (i) Study Fig. 2.1, a map showing three desert areas in southern and western Pakistan.

64° E 68° E 72° E

N
36° N 36° N
Key
international boundary
Jammu &
province-level boundary
0 100 200 300 Kashmir
desert
KPK disputed territory
km
KPK Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
TAN
32° N IS 32° N
N
G HA
Y
AF

Punjab
Balochistan

28° N X 28° N
AR

IRAN
TH

INDIA
Sindh

Arabian Sea
24° N 24° N
64° E 68° E 72° E

Fig. 2.1

Name either desert X or desert Y.

letter chosen ........... name of desert ............................................... [1]

(ii) Using Fig. 2.1 only, describe the location of the desert named in (a)(i) above.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

© UCLES 2022 2059/02/M/J/22

 Unit 1 Page 28 Topography & Drainage

(iii) Study Fig. 2.2 (Insert), a photograph of part of the Thar desert. Using Fig. 2.2 only, state
two features of the desert shown.

1 ...................................................................................................

2 ...................................................................................................
[2]

(b) Explain how desert areas influence the development of road networks in Pakistan. You should
develop your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

© UCLES 2022 2059/02/M/J/22 [Turn over

 Unit 1 Page 29 Topography & Drainage

Fig. 2.2 for Question 1

© UCLES 2022
 Unit 1 Page 30 Topography & Drainage

Question Answer Marks

5 (a)(i) Study Fig. 2.1, a map showing three desert areas in southern and 1
western Pakistan.

Name either desert X or desert Y.

X Kharan

or

Y Thal

Note: Both gaps must be filled correctly for 1 mark.

1 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) Using Fig. 2.1 only, describe the location of the desert named in (a)(i) 3
above.

X (Kharan desert): Y (Thal desert):

in Balochistan in Punjab

in the west/south-west of Pakistan in central Pakistan

(close to) border with not near an international border/on

Afghanistan/Iran KPK border

north of Arabian sea north-east of Arabian sea

west of Thar desert/south-west of north of Thar desert/north-east of
Thal desert Kharan desert
west/north-west of Sindh/south- north or north-east of Sindh, south
west of KPK/west of Punjab or south-east of KPK, north-east or
east of Iran/south of east of Balochistan
Afghanistan/west or north-west of north or north-east of India/east or
India south-east of Afghanistan/north-
east of Iran

27 – 30°N and 61 – 66°E 29 – 32°N and 71 – 72°E

Note: Max. 1 mark for accurate direction to/from named features.

3 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2022
 Unit 1 Page 31 Topography & Drainage

Question Answer Marks

(a)(iii) Study Fig. 2.2 (Insert), a photograph of part of the Thar desert. 2

Using Fig. 2.2 only, state two features of the desert shown.

 sandy soil/sand/sand dunes

 ridges/depressions/undulating/rolling/uneven/crescentic dunes/curved
dunes
 flat land in distance
 dry/arid/barren/infertile land/lack of rain/water
 sparsely vegetated/low/lack of vegetation/scanty vegetation
 bushes/shrub/scrub/trees
 large/vast area
 (small) settlements/village/houses
2 @ 1 mark

(b) Explain how desert areas influence the development of road networks in 4
Pakistan. You should develop your answer.

 large/vast areas; need to transport materials long distances/makes

construction expensive
 uneven/rough terrain/sandy; unstable land/difficult to build on/hard to
operate machinery/uncemented roads common
 sparsely populated areas/few settlements/remote; lack of nearby
construction workers/low demand for road use/not cost effective to build
 lack of investment in desert areas; due to lack of demand/lack of
businesses
 lack of power supply/electricity; costly to set up work operations/poor
worker accommodation
 extreme heat/very hot; causes heat exhaustion/ workers need regular
breaks/may demand higher pay
 dust/sandstorms; can hinder building work/can block/cover roads when
built/difficult to navigate
 very dry/barren/lack of water supply; water must be transported in for
workers and machinery

Note: 1 mark for simple point and a further mark for the development of the
point. 1 mark for second simple point and a further mark for development of
the second point.
Note: Max. 2 marks if no development
2 @ 2 marks

© UCLES 2022
 Unit 1 Page 32 Topography & Drainage

6 Study Fig. 1.1, a map showing the natural topography of southern and western Pakistan.

N Key
land height in metres
3000+
1000–2999
Peshawar 500–999
0 100 200 300 0–499
AN
km I ST V
international boundary
N
G HA W river
AF city
b
Z ho
r
ve
Ri

Quetta Range
an
im
la

Su
X
us

IRAN
nd
rI
ve
Ri

INDIA

Arabian Sea

Fig. 1.1

(a) For the landforms labelled V, W and X on Fig. 1.1, circle the correct answer below:

(i) V

Balochistan Plateau Potwar Plateau Salt Range [1]

(ii) W

Balochistan Plateau Potwar Plateau Salt Range [1]

(iii) X

Balochistan Plateau Potwar Plateau Salt Range [1]

© UCLES 2021 2059/02/O/N/21

 Unit 1 Page 33 Topography & Drainage

(iv) Using Fig. 1.1 only, describe the location of the Sulaiman Range.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(b) (i) Study Fig. 1.2 (Insert), a photograph of the Salt Range. Using Fig. 1.2 only, describe
two features of the Salt Range.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Name two minerals that can be obtained from the Salt Range and suggest one use for
each.

mineral 1 .....................................................

use ....................................................................................................................................

mineral 2 .....................................................

use .....................................................................................................................................
[4]

(c) (i) Explain two ways in which the natural topography of the Salt Range makes mineral
exploitation difficult. You should develop your answer.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[4]

© UCLES 2021 2059/02/O/N/21

 Unit 1 Page 34 Topography & Drainage

Fig. 1.2 for Question 6

© UCLES 2021 2059/02/INSERT/O/N/21

 Unit 1 Page 35 Topography & Drainage

Question Answer Marks

6(a)(i) Study Fig. 1.1, a map showing the natural topography of southern and 1
western Pakistan. For the landforms labelled V, W and X on Fig. 1.1,
circle the correct answer below.

V = Potwar Plateau
1 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) W 1

W = Salt Range
1 @ 1 mark

(a)(iii) X 1

X = Balochistan Plateau
1 @ 1 mark

(a)(iv) Using Fig. 1.1 only, describe the location of the Sulaiman Range. 3

• east of Quetta;
• south/south-west of Peshawar;
• west of river Indus;
• south/south-east of/near to river Zhob;
• near to confluence of rivers Indus and Zhob/between the two rivers;
• south-east of Afghanistan/north-east of Iran/north-west of India;
• in centre of Pakistan/inland/far away from international border/Arabian
Sea/coast;
• any appropriate distance from/to a named feature measured from the
scale e.g. Quetta 220–260 km.

Note: only references to places/features which are named on the map are
credited.
3 @ 1 mark

(b)(i) Study Fig. 1.2 (Insert), a photograph of the Salt Range. Using Fig. 1.2 2
only, describe two features of the Salt Range.

• badland topography/dissected/rugged;
• steep slopes/high land/mountainous/hilly;
• sharp peak/peaks;
• ridge/ravine/gullies/rills;
• sparse vegetation/greenery/shrubs/scrub/bushes;
• bare rock/rocky/gravel/barren/small rocks/scree/sandy/stony;
• red/orange/brown rocks;
• rocks in layers;
• dry/arid.
2 @ 1 mark
 Unit 1 Page 36 Topography & Drainage

Question Answer Marks

(b)(ii) Name two minerals that can be obtained from the Salt Range and 4
suggest one use for each.

• mineral: salt/halite
• use: for cooking/preserving/foods/soda/bicarbonate of soda/caustic
soda/soda for laundry/textiles/tanning/bath salts/cosmetics/ (decorative)
lamps.

• mineral: gypsum/anhydrite.
• use: cement/concrete/paints/fertilisers/plaster boards/plaster of
Paris/spread on saline soil in farming.

• mineral: limestone
• use: cement/concrete/buildings/iron and steel extraction/bleaching
powder/glass/soap/paper/paints/lime/treats sugar cane waste to produce
alcohol fuel/painted on bark of trees to control pests and termites/aerate
soil/treat salinity/acidity/as fertiliser.

• mineral: coal
• use: in brick kilns/to make coke/coal briquettes/in power generation/
cement production/medicines/tars/(home and commercial) heating.

• mineral: bauxite
• use: to produce aluminium/utensils/tins/cans/furnace linings/abrasives.

Note: to be awarded use mark a correct use must be given for a correctly
named mineral.
4 @ 1 mark

(c)(i) Explain two ways in which the natural topography of the Salt Range 4
makes mineral exploitation difficult. You should develop your answer.

• steep slopes/mountainous/rugged/uneven ground – so it is difficult to get

(large) machinery into the area/can be landslides due to
drilling/explosives;
• deep ravines – inaccessible as difficult to build roads to where minerals
are found;
• loose rocks/rock falls/landslides – dangerous working conditions/risk of
accidents;
• badland topography – more expensive to reach the minerals/ expensive
to build roads;
• barren land – difficult to construct roads;
Etc.

Note: Any identified idea must link to a feature of topography.

Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development.
Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.
2 @ 2 marks

© UCLES 2021
 Unit 1 Page 37 Topography & Drainage

7 (a) Study Fig. 1.1, an outline map of Pakistan.

Key:
international boundary
province-level boundary
disputed boundary JAMMU AND
KASHMIR
disputed territory

0 100 200 300

Arabian Sea km

Fig. 1.1

(i) On the map name the following landforms in the boxes provided: Balochistan Plateau;
Himalayan Ranges; Karakoram Range; Salt Range. [4]

(ii) Study Fig. 1.2 (Insert). Identify the mountain feature labelled A in the photograph.

A .....................................................................
[1]

(b) (i) Define the term ‘topography’.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

© UCLES 2019 2059/02/O/N/19

 Unit 1 Page 38 Topography & Drainage

(ii) Describe the natural topography of the northern regions.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iii) Describe the importance of the Northern Mountains to Pakistan.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

© UCLES 2019 2059/02/O/N/19

 Unit 1 Page 39 Topography & Drainage

Fig. 1.2 for Question 3

© UCLES 2019 2059/02/INSERT/O/N/19

 Unit 1 Page 40 Topography & Drainage

Question Answer Marks

7(a)(i) 4

Balochistan Plateau

Himalayan Ranges

Karakoram Range

Salt Range

4 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) • peak 1
• horn
• summit
• arêtes
1 @ 1 mark

(b)(i) (The study or description of) features of the landscape, (which includes both 1
natural and artificial features) / natural characteristics of land / structural
features of landscape.
1 @ 1 mark

(b)(ii) • V shaped valleys / deep valleys / narrow valleys / gorges; 3

• U shaped valleys;
• Cirque / corrie / arête;
• High altitude (6000 m+) / snow-capped or high peaks / hilly /
mountainous;
• Steep slopes / uneven / rugged;
• Scree;
• Bare rocks / rocky / barren;
• Snowfields / glaciers;
• Parallel ranges;
• High passes (Khunjerab / Shandur / Lawarai);
• Rivers / streams / rapids / waterfalls.
3 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2019
 Unit 1 Page 41 Topography & Drainage

Question Answer Marks

(c)(iii) • Snow-capped peaks melt during summer to drain water into rivers; 4
• Provides water from high rainfall;
• Provides water for hydel power / energy;
• River water used for irrigation / agriculture;
• Historical passes connect Pakistan to China and Afghanistan;
• A natural border (to China and the Central Asian Republics);
• Provides a land /trade route through Karakoram Highway;
• Source of valuable minerals, timber and fruits;
• Provides raw material to several industries or examples: furniture /
paper / chipboard / industry / chemical industry;
• Mountain peaks provide protection to Pakistan against the cold winds
from Central Asia;
• Scenic beauty promotes tourism / named landmarks, e.g. K2;
• Provision of National Parks or named examples, e.g. Chitral National
Park / wildlife preservation;
• Source of income from tourism / tourists / contribute to economy.
4 @ 1 mark
 Unit 1 Page 42 Topography & Drainage

Question Answer Marks

(d) Levels marking 6

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view (3)
Developed points referring to both views (4)

Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example
(5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant
example (6)

Content Guide
Answers are likely to refer to:

Ways of reducing impact of deforestation

• Soil can be more readily protected from erosion in the Northern areas
than other areas due to the wetter climate / afforestation on steeper
slopes / hedgerows planted / strip cultivation / contour ploughing /
terracing on steep slopes;
• Supplying irrigation facilities to the deforested areas;
• Planting commercial species of trees which grow rapidly;
• Reserving land for fuel wood plantation only, saving valuable species of
trees;
• Education amongst the people about the importance of trees;
• Creation of non-governmental agencies to promote afforestation and
campaign against deforestation;
• Supply natural gas to Northern Regions to ease the pressure on trees
for fuelwood;
• Improved techniques of raising nurseries and planting trees so
deforested areas can be regenerated in a shorter time;
• Ensuring that forestry and forest management is more sustainable, e.g.
use of selective logging / restricting use of bulldozers / strict
enforcement of forest laws / enforcement of village / farm forestry
programmes / urban forestry programmes;
• Planting fruit trees on the slopes of hills to provide food for the local
people;
Etc.

Acceptable alternative approaches include: arguing that the impacts can be

reduced in other areas more easily due to greater accessibility and
availability of named resources, etc.

© UCLES 2019
 Unit 1 Page 43 Topography & Drainage

8 (a) Study Fig. 1.1, an outline map of Pakistan.

Key:

international boundary
province-level boundary JAMMU AND
disputed boundary KASHMIR
river disputed territory

Z
0 100 200 300
Arabian Sea
km

Fig. 1.1

(i) Label on Fig. 1.1 the province-level areas in the correct locations using the letters from
the list below.

letter province-level area

A Balochistan
B FATA
C Northern Areas/Gilgit-Baltistan
D Kyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK)
E Punjab
F Sindh
[3]

(ii) Name the cities Y and Z.

Y ..................................................................

Z ..................................................................
[2]
 Unit 1 Page 44 Topography & Drainage

(b) (i) Describe the characteristics of a floodplain.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) State two ways that land on a floodplain is used.

1 ..................................................................

2 .................................................................. [2]

© UCLES 2019 2059/02/M/J/19

 Unit 1 Page 45 Topography & Drainage

Question Answer Marks

8(a)(i) 3

3 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) Y = Multan 2
Z = Hyderabad
2 @ 1 mark

(b)(i) • Flat / gentle slope / gentle valley side / doab; 3

• Wide;
• Boggy / marshy / water meadows / waterlogged;
• Fertile / rich soil or minerals / alluvial terraces / alluvium / silt / gravel;
• Levees;
• Oxbow lakes / meanders / braiding.
3 @ 1 mark

(b)(ii) • Farming / farmer’s fields / growing crops / agriculture / cultivation; 2

• (Cattle) grazing / rearing buffalo;
• Fish farms / fish breeding / aquaculture;
• Industry;
• Transport or examples, e.g. roads / railways;
• Settlement / building / housing / homes;
• Irrigation / canals / drainage ditches.
2 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2019
 Unit 1 Page 46 Topography & Drainage

9 (a) Study Fig. 1.1, a map of Pakistan.

Key:
international boundary
province-level boundary
JAMMU &
disputed boundary
KASHMIR
disputed territory

0 100 200 300

Arabian
Sea km

Fig. 1.1

(i) On Fig. 1.1, label the following: Afghanistan; India; Line of longitude 70°E

You should write the name in the correct location on the map. [3]

(ii) On Fig. 1.1, draw and label the Tropic of Cancer. [2]

(iii) Describe Pakistan’s location in relation to other countries in South and Central Asia.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]
 Unit 1 Page 47 Topography & Drainage

(b) (i) Study Fig. 1.2 (Insert). Describe the main features of the desert area shown in the
photograph.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

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.......................................................................................................................................[3]

(ii) Explain the challenges of living in a desert area, such as that shown in Fig. 1.2. You
should develop your answer.

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.......................................................................................................................................[4]

(iii) Study Fig. 1.3 (Insert). State two features of the climate typical of the environment shown
in the photograph.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ....................................................................................................................................[2]

(c) Suggest two ways in which latitude affects the climate of Pakistan.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

© UCLES 2018 2059/02/M/J/18 [Turn over

Unit 1 Page 48 Topography & Drainage

(d) Evaluate the extent to which the natural topography of Pakistan limits human activity and
economic development in the north of the country. Give reasons to support your judgement
and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your
answer.

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[TOTAL: 25]
 Unit 1 Page 49 Topography & Drainage

Fig. 1.2 for Question 9

Fig. 1.3 for Question 9

© UCLES 2018
 Unit 1 Page 50 Topography & Drainage

Question Answer Marks

9(a)(i) The following labelled in the correct locations: 3

• Afghanistan – to west of Pakistan;
• India – to east of Pakistan;
• Longitude 70 °E – middle line of the three on map.
3 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) • Accurately drawn line for position of Tropic of Cancer; 2

• Accurate label.
2 @ 1 mark

(a)(iii) • Western part of South Asia; 3

• India to the East / South East / North East;
• China to the North / North East;
• Afghanistan to the North West / West;
• Iran to the West / South West;
• Between / shares border with / neighbouring country with China / India /
Afghanistan / Iran;
• Compass direction to any of the following non-conjoining countries in
South and Central Asia ONLY: Nepal / Tajikistan / Kyrgyzstan /
Turkmenistan / Uzbekistan / Sri Lanka / Bangladesh / Maldives / Burma
(Myanmar);
• Distance to any the following non-conjoining countries in South and
Central Asia ONLY: Nepal / Tajikistan / Kyrgyzstan / Turkmenistan /
Uzbekistan / Sri Lanka / Bangladesh / Maldives / Burma (Myanmar).
3 @ 1 mark

(b)(i) • Sand / sandy; 3

• Sand dunes / ridges / hills / hilly;
• Large area / expanse / plain / plains;
• Sparse / scant vegetation / not much greenery / few trees / lack of trees;
• Small bushes / thorny bushes / scrub / rakh / shrubs;
• Barren / bare / dry;
• Oasis.
3 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2018
 Unit 1 Page 51 Topography & Drainage

Question Answer Marks

(b)(ii) Challenges such as: 4

• High temperatures / hot (during day) / cold at night / uncomfortable living
conditions;
• Lack of / little / unreliable rainfall;
• Difficult to grow crops / carry out agriculture;
• Difficult to rear animals;
• Lack of water / travel long distance to find water / low water table;
• Dust / sandstorms;
• Infertile soils / lack of nutrients / lack of humus produced;
• Reliable food supply;
• Isolated / far from urban areas / remote;
• Inaccessible / poor / lack of roads;
• Wild / poisonous animals.
Etc.

Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development (in parentheses).

Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.

2 @ 2 marks

(b)(iii) • Cold / cool / low temperatures / freezing temperatures; 2

• Relief rainfall;
• Snow (capped peaks) / blizzards;
• Ice / hail;
• Windy;
• Dry;
• Sunny / bright / clear skies OR few sunny days / cloudy.
2 @ 1 mark

(c) • The further north (from the equator) the cooler it is / north is cold; 2
• The closer to the equator the warmer it is / southern Pakistan is warmer /
south Pakistan is hot;
• In the south / the closer to the equator the more convectional rainfall /
more thunderstorms;
• More concentrated / direct rays of sunshine / higher angle of sun nearer
equator (so higher temperatures).
2 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2018
 Unit 1 Page 52 Topography & Drainage

Question Answer Marks

(d) Levels marking 6

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point addressing any view (1)
Simple points addressing any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point(s) explaining one view (3)
Developed point(s) explaining both views (4)
No evaluation

Level 3 5–6
Developed points explaining both views
Evaluation giving clear support to one view or appropriate example (5)
Evaluation giving clear support to one view and appropriate example (6)

Content Guide
Answers are likely to refer to:

Description of the topography in the north of Pakistan compared to other

areas.

Limits to human activity and development

Availability of flat land;
Impact of topography on climate;
Restrictions to developing named examples of industry / farming / other
named examples of human activity and economic development;
Restrictions to developing named examples of infrastructure, e.g. roads /
telecommunications / internet / other named examples of human activity and
economic development.

Encourages human activity and development

Transhumance;
HEP / Hydel / dams;
Cottage industries;
Tourism.
Etc.

© UCLES 2018
 Unit 1 Page 53 Topography & Drainage

10 (a) Study Fig. 5, which is a map of southern Pakistan.

N A

..................................... C

0 200
km

D
..............................

Arabian Sea
................................

Key:
international boundary
river

desert
area D

Fig. 5

(i) On the map name the following: Line of longitude A–A; River B; Desert C. [3]

(ii) Describe the natural topography (relief) of Area D on the map.

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© UCLES 2017 2059/02/O/N/17

 Unit 1 Page 54 Topography & Drainage

...........................................................................................................................................

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.......................................................................................................................................[3]

(iii) Give reasons why the Indus River floods.

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.......................................................................................................................................[2]

© UCLES 2017 2059/02/O/N/17

 Unit 1 Page 55 Topography & Drainage

Question Answer Marks

10(a)(i) A 64°E 3
B Hab
C Thal
3 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) • Flat or gentle sloping land; 3

• Lower Indus Plain / low altitude;
• Flood plain / active floodplain (bet) / old floodplain;
• Delta;
• Limestone cliffs at Hyderabad (Ganjo Takkar Hills) / escarpment / cuesta;
• Doab / sand dunes (tibbas);
• Piedmont plains with alluvial fans.
3 @ 1 mark

(a)(iii) • Heavy (high) rainfall / monsoon rainfall; 2

• Monsoon winds (strong wind) / SW monsoon / weather pattern from India /
Arabian Sea;
• Rapid snow melt (in Himalayas / Karokoram / Hindu Kush / Tibet);
• Melting of glaciers (in Himalayas / Karokoram / Hindu Kush / Tibet).
2 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2017
Unit 2 Page 56 Climate of Pakistan

ABSTRACT
The Unit explains the climatic regions of
Pakistan and how life is affected in these
regions
BLAST FROM THE PAST
Year Series

May June
2023
CLIMATE 2022
Theme 01 2020
Land of Pakistan
2015

Oct Nov
2023
2022
2021
2016
 Unit 2 Page 57 Climate of Pakistan

Topic Focus point What key knowledge you need to know R A G

The land of Climate You should:

Pakistan  know the distribution of temperature and rainfall, including
monsoon, depressions and convectional rain

 know seasonal and regional variations, and the factors

contributing to them, including depressions, thunderstorms
and cyclones (typhoons)

 understand the causes of the monsoon (knowledge of the

causes of other types of rain is not required)

 describe and explain the characteristics of the climate of

the arid, semi-arid, humid and highland regions, including
seasonal variations

 know the influence of latitude and longitude on day length

and climate

 understand the influence of the climate (both the benefits it

brings and the problems it causes) on the economy and on
the lives of the people:

o the influence of low temperature, ice and snow on the

lives of people in the mountains

o the influence of rain storms and flooding on agriculture,

industry and communications

o the problems caused by drought and shortage of water

supply on the agricultural industry.
 Unit 2 Page 58 Climate of Pakistan

1 (a) (i) Study Fig. 2.1 and Fig. 2.2, climate graphs showing rainfall and temperature for Multan
and Lahore.

Multan
50 250

40 200

30 150
temperature rainfall
(°C) (mm)

20 100

10 50

0 0
J F M A M J J A S O N D
month

Fig. 2.1

© UCLES 2023 2059/02/O/N/23

 Unit 2 Page 59 Climate of Pakistan

Lahore
50 250

40 200

30 150
temperature rainfall
(°C) (mm)

20 100

10 50

0 0
J F M A M J J A S O N D
month

Fig. 2.2

Complete Fig. 2.1 and Fig. 2.2 to show the rainfall for Multan and Lahore in August
using the information below.

rainfall (mm)
Multan 35
Lahore 175
[2]

(ii) Using Fig. 2.1 and Fig. 2.2 only, compare the climate of Multan with the climate of
Lahore.

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..................................................................................................................................... [3]

© UCLES 2023 2059/02/O/N/23 [Turn over

 Unit 2 Page 60 Climate of Pakistan

(iii) What type of climate region does Fig. 2.2 show? Suggest one reason for your answer.

climate region ...............................................

reason ...............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) (i) State three factors that affect temperature in Pakistan.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................
[3]

(ii) Describe the distribution of convectional rainfall and monsoon rainfall across Pakistan.

...........................................................................................................................................

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..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iii) Explain the causes of the monsoon in Pakistan. You should develop your answer.

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..................................................................................................................................... [4]

© UCLES 2023 2059/02/O/N/23

 Unit 2 Page 61 Climate of Pakistan

(c) State two types of weather associated with a depression.

1 ........................................................................

2 ........................................................................
[2]

(d) Evaluate the impact of rain storms on agriculture, industry and communications in Pakistan.
Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should
consider different points of view in your answer.

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[Total: 25]

© UCLES 2023 2059/02/O/N/23 [Turn over

 Unit 2 Page 62 Climate of Pakistan

Question Answer Marks

1(a)(i) Study Fig. 2.1. and Fig. 2.2., climate graphs showing rainfall and 2
temperature for Multan and Lahore.

Complete Fig. 2.1. and Fig. 2.2. to show the rainfall for Multan and
Lahore in August using the information below.

Multan = 35 mm
Lahore = 175 mm

2 @ 1 mark

a)(ii) Using Fig. 2.1. and Fig. 2.2. only, compare the climate of Multan with the 3
climate of Lahore.

• Lahore has higher/more rainfall/Multan has lower/less rainfall

• Multan has higher temperatures/Lahore has (slightly) lower temperatures
• Lahore has some rainfall every month of the year but Multan does
not/has no rainfall in October
• the rainfall patterns/the temperature patterns are similar
• both have highest rainfall in July
• both have lowest temperature in January
• both have the highest temperature in June

• comparative temperature data:

highest temperature in Multan is 36 °C vs in Lahore 33.5 °C
(accept  1 °C)
lowest temperature in Multan is 13 °C vs in Lahore 12 °C
(accept  1 °C)
mean temperature 26 °C Multan vs 23 °C Lahore (accept  2 °C)
temperature range 23 °C Multan vs 22 °C Lahore (accept  1 °C)

• comparative rainfall data:

total rainfall 193 mm Multan vs 686 mm Lahore (accept  10 mm)
highest rainfall in Multan is 60 mm vs in Lahore 250 mm
lowest rainfall in Multan is 0 mm vs in Lahore 4 mm

Note: Reserve 1 mark for each of temperature and rainfall.

Statements must be comparative.

3 @ 1 mark
 Unit 2 Page 63 Climate of Pakistan

Question Answer Marks

(a)(iii) What type of climate region does Fig. 2.2. show? Suggest one reason for 2
your answer.

• climate region: semi-arid/lowland

• reason:
it has low temperatures/mild/cool/cold winters/–5–25 °C in winter
it has high temperatures/hot/warm summers/20–40 °C in summer
it has some rainfall all year/high rainfall in summer/
monsoon rainfall/250–750 mm rainfall

2 @ 1 mark

(b)(i) State three factors that affect temperature in Pakistan. 3

• latitude/distance from the equator/Tropic of Cancer

• continentality/maritime effect/inland area/in a coastal area/distance from
sea
• altitude
• cloud cover/rainfall/monsoon
• shade/vegetation/deforestation
• angle of the sun/seasons/time of year
• wind direction
• climate change/global warming
3 @ 1 mark

(b)(ii) Describe the distribution of convectional rainfall and monsoon rainfall 3

across Pakistan.

• convectional and/or monsoon rainfall are found in N/NW /both types

found in N/NW

convectional rainfall:
• a smaller area/few areas affected/localised
• Punjab/KPK experience convectional rainfall
• southern areas are deprived of convectional rainfall

monsoon rainfall:
• more areas/larger area/widespread areas affected
• in NE/central/SE
• in KPK/Punjab/Sindh
• on the Indus plain
• (secondary/overactive monsoon) affect the sea/coastal area/Sindh coast
• monsoon reaches the Thar desert

Note: Reserve 1 mark for each of convectional and monsoon rainfall

3 @ 1 mark
 Unit 2 Page 64 Climate of Pakistan

Question Answer Marks

(b)(iii) Explain the causes of the monsoon in Pakistan. You should develop 4
your answer.

The south-west monsoon:

• winds blow/bring moist air from the ocean/sea/originate from Indian
Ocean/Bay of Bengal; the winds blow inland causing rainfall
• in summer, sun heats up land/continent; land warms faster than the
ocean
• warm air over the land rises; this creates low pressure over land
• air moves from high pressure to low pressure areas; making winds blow
from sea to land

The north-east monsoon:

• during winter, the land is cool; the oceans are warmer than the land
• cool air over the land sinks; high pressure is created over the land/Tropic
of Cancer
• air moves from high pressure to low pressure areas; making winds blow
from land to sea
• the winds are mostly dry; because they formed over a dry area

Note: 1 mark for simple point and a further mark for the development of the
point. 1 mark for second simple point and a further mark for development of
the second point.

Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.

2 @ 2 marks

(c) State two types of weather associated with a depression. 2

• cyclone/(thunder)storm
• rainfall/monsoon/precipitation/damp/wet
• cloudy
• windy
2 @ 1 mark
 Unit 2 Page 65 Climate of Pakistan

Question Answer Marks

(d) Evaluate the impact of rain storms on agriculture, industry and 6

communications in Pakistan.

Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have
studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.

Levels marking

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view only (3)
Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant
example (4)

Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant
example (5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant
example (6)

Content guide

Impact on agriculture:
• negative as agriculture is a major contributor to economy
• damage to/loss of crops will significantly reduce earnings
• damage would mean having to import more food/crops to meet the needs
of the population which will burden the economy
• without agricultural production other economic sectors will be negatively
impacted/people will be unable to work
• may result in people losing their jobs/many subsistence farmers will have
no food or ability to trade
• not only the current crop will be affected but the following years will also
be affected due to the time taken to clean up the land and re-plant the
seeds
• replenished rivers and reservoirs can be used as irrigation
• farmland can recover naturally as flood waters recede

Impact on industry and communications:

• industry and communications negatively affected
• could cost more to restore factories/roads etc. than farmland
• more people can lose their jobs in factories if they are closed
• rainstorms cut off power supply which stops production
• manufactured products have a higher value than agricultural products
which means that there will be potentially greater loss to the economy if
industries are affected
• if roads/railways are flooded the movement of people/goods and
agricultural products will be stopped
• businesses/factories can afford to put preventative measures in place to
reduce the impacts of flooding
 Unit 2 Page 66 Climate of Pakistan

2 (a) (i) Study Fig. 2.1, a climate graph showing rainfall and temperature for a region of Pakistan.

40 40

30 30

temperature rainfall
20 20
(°C) (mm)

10 10

0 0
J F M A M J J A S O N D
month

Fig. 2.1

Complete Fig. 2.1 for July using the information below.

temperature (°C) 36
rainfall (mm) 5
[2]

(ii) Using Fig. 2.1 only, describe the climate shown in the graph.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

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..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iii) What type of climate region does the graph show? Circle the correct answer.

arid highland humid [1]

© UCLES 2023 2059/02/M/J/23 [Turn over

 Unit 2 Page 67 Climate of Pakistan

(b) (i) Describe the climate characteristics (rainfall and temperature) of the semi-arid region of
Pakistan.

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..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(ii) Explain two benefits of the climate for people living in mountain areas in Pakistan. You
should develop your answer.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

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...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

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[4]

© UCLES 2023 2059/02/M/J/23

 Unit 2 Page 68 Climate of Pakistan

Question Answer Marks

2(a)(i) Study Fig. 2.1, a climate graph showing rainfall and temperature for a 2
region of Pakistan.

Complete Fig. 2.1 for July using the information below.

 accurate plotting of dot at 36 °C and the line joined up

 accurate completion of bar at 5 mm (no need for bar to be shaded)

2 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) Using Fig. 2.1 only, describe the climate shown in the graph. 3

Temperature:
 high temperatures/hot during summer
 mild temperatures/cool during winter
 highest temperature in July
 highest temperature is 36 °C
 lowest temperature in Jan
 lowest temperature is 12 °C

Rainfall:
 arid/dry climate/(very)low/little rainfall
 39 mm rainfall
 May/June/Sept/Oct/Nov have no rainfall
 most rain falls from December/Jan–April
 highest rainfall is in Jan
 highest rainfall is 11 mm

Note: 1 mark reserved for each of temperature and rainfall

3 @ 1 mark

(a)(iii) What type of climate region does the graph show? Circle the correct 1
answer.

arid
1 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2023 Page 8 of 28

 Unit 2 Page 69 Climate of Pakistan

Question Answer Marks

(b)(i) Describe the climate characteristics (rainfall and temperature) of the 4

semi-arid region of Pakistan.

Temperature:
 warm(er)/hot(ter)/high(er) temperatures in summer/May–Sept
 in summer/May–Sept 20–40 °C
 cool(er)/mild/moderate winter/Nov-March OR cold(er) in winter/Nov-
March
 in winter/Nov-Mar –5–25 °C

Rainfall:
 low/sparse/scanty/unreliable rainfall
 monsoon rainfall in summer/June–September
 (western) depression rainfall in winter/December–March
 (total) 250–600 mm of rainfall
 E of the region has higher rainfall/W of region is drier
 there is likely to be more evaporation than precipitation

Note: 1 mark reserved for each of temperature and rainfall

4 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2023 Page 9 of 28

 Unit 2 Page 70 Climate of Pakistan

Question Answer Marks

(b)(ii) Explain two benefits of the climate for people living in mountain areas in 4
Pakistan. You should develop your answer.

 cool(er) temperatures in summer are more bearable; meaning workers do

not suffer heat strokes (dev)
allows more diversity of crops to grow (dev)
attracts seasonal tourism providing employment (dev)
 cool(er) climate allows nuts/fruits (such as apricots) to be grown; which
can be sold for income/exported improving the balance of trade (dev)
 warmer temperatures in spring melt glaciers which feeds the streams and
rivers providing people vital water supplies; which are essential in cottage
industries (dev)
 (relief) rainfall provides water supply to houses; for domestic uses/for
livestock (dev)
 rainfall promotes agriculture in valleys/on terraced slopes; food supplies
can be produced locally/reduces need to transport food to area (dev)
 cool temperatures/snow in the mountains attracts trekkers/climbers so
providing locals employment opportunities; offering accommodation in
guesthouses/hotels (dev)
 ice and snow add to the scenic beauty of the area generating tourism;
locals can earn income as mountain guides/working in shops etc. (dev)
 ice and snow-capped northern mountains provide a natural border
between neighbouring countries; traversing them is difficult so protects
locals from possible conflicts (dev)
 Below the snowline alpine/coniferous forests grow providing (fuel)wood;
reducing the need to import other fuel supplies (dev)
providing a supply of timber for building (dev)
 Mountainous areas have strong winds allowing wind power generation;
this provides electricity for local industries/homes (dev)

Note: 1 mark for simple point and a further mark for the development of the
point. 1 mark for second simple point and a further mark for development of
the second point.

Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.

2 @ 2 marks

© UCLES 2023 Page 10 of 28

 Unit 2 Page 71 Climate of Pakistan

3 (a) Study Fig. 1.1, a map showing annual rainfall in southern and western Pakistan.

64° E 68° E 72° E

Key
N
rainfall in mm
0–125
36° N 36° N
126–250
251–500
501–750
0 100 200 300 over 750
km international boundary

AFGHANISTAN river
32° N 32° N

U
28° N 28° N

IRAN
INDIA

V
W
Arabian Sea
24° N 24° N

64° E 68° E 72° E

Fig. 1.1

(i) Using Fig. 1.1 only, describe the pattern of annual rainfall.

...........................................................................................................................................

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© UCLES 2022 2059/02/O/N/22

 Unit 2 Page 72 Climate of Pakistan

(c) (i) Which of the following statements about monsoons in Pakistan are correct? Tick (3)
three boxes in the table below.

tick (3)
During winter a low-pressure area is created over the
Tropic of Cancer.

Monsoons are seasonal.

Monsoon winds are seasonally reversed and driven by

temperature differences between the land and sea.

Monsoon winds blow towards the centre of the subcontinent

during winter and towards the sea in summer.

Summer winds are called north-west monsoons.

Winter winds are called north-east monsoons.

[3]

(ii) Study Fig. 1.2 (Insert), a photograph of a recent cyclone in South Asia.

Using Fig. 1.2 only, describe two impacts of the cyclone shown.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
Fig. 1.2 for Question 1 [2]

© UCLES 2022 2059/02/O/N/22

 Unit 2 Page 73 Climate of Pakistan

(d) Scientific evidence suggests that cyclones are likely to continue to increase in severity and
frequency across South Asia due to climate change.

Evaluate the influence of storms such as cyclones on secondary and tertiary industries in
Pakistan. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied.
You should consider different points of view in your answer.

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............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 25]

© UCLES 2022 2059/02/O/N/22 [Turn over

 Unit 2 Page 74 Climate of Pakistan

Question Answer Marks

3(a)(i) Study Fig. 1.1, a map showing annual rainfall in southern and western 3
Pakistan.

Using Fig. 1.1 only, describe the pattern of annual rainfall.

• uneven/varied
• high/er rainfall/more rainfall in north/north-east/rainfall increases further
north
• low/er rainfall/less rainfall in the south/south-west/south-east/rainfall
decreases further south
• largest region has 126–250 mm annual rainfall
• north/north-east of Pakistan/small area on Afghanistan border has
highest/750 mm+ rainfall
• (two areas) in south-west and east/south-east have the lowest/0–
125 mm rainfall
• areas bordering India/Iran/southern Afghanistan/Arabian Sea are
drier/lower rainfall
• highest rainfall 501 mm+ is only found at latitude 33 N or higher
• lowest rainfall 0–250 mm is only found at latitude 30 N or lower
• accurate use of scale to describe size of an area within the pattern (max
1)
3 @ 1 mark
 Unit 2 Page 75 Climate of Pakistan

Question Answer Marks

(b)(ii) Explain two ways that floodplains influence human activity. You 4
should develop your answer.

• flood plains have alluvium/silt/fertile/nutrient rich soil; good locations for

(named) crops/(arable) farming/agriculture
• floodplains have the river close by; which provide water for industry/for
irrigation (to bridge the gap)/domestic purposes
• floodplains are wide/flat areas; so there is space to grow crops/use
machinery/to install irrigation canals/build on
• (active) flood plains are flooded every year; this enables crops that
require flooding/rice to be grown on them/this can make them
unsuitable for urban/industrial development
• (natural) levees alongside the river; provides a natural barrier against
floods/prevents floods/protects people’s land or property from flood
damage/can be used for transport
• alluvial terrace is higher land; so is safe for building on as it won’t
flood/is good for building settlements/transport links/industry

Note: 1 mark for simple point and a further mark for the development of the
point. 1 mark for second simple point and a further mark for development of
the second point.
Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.
2 @ 2 marks

(c)(i) Which of the following statements about monsoons in Pakistan are 3

correct? Tick three boxes in the table below.

• monsoons are seasonal

• monsoon winds are seasonally reversed and driven by temperature
differences between the land and sea
• winter winds are called north-east monsoons
3 @ 1 mark

(c)(ii) Study Fig. 1.2 (Insert), a photograph of a recent cyclone in South Asia. 2

Using Fig 1.2 only, describe two impacts of the cyclone shown.

• strong winds
• trees being bent/blown/damaged
• clothes blowing in wind/people struggling to walk
• big/high waves
• heavy rain
• air is full of moisture/spray/misty
• reduced visibility
• streetlights/vehicle lights on (in daytime)
• people having to wear waterproof gear/ponchos
• flooding (of coastal area)/flooded road/street
• difficult/dangerous to drive/use vehicles/use transport
• people cannot travel by moped/motorcycle/motorbike/bike have to push
them
2 @ 1 mark
 Unit 2 Page 76 Climate of Pakistan

Question Answer Marks

(d) Scientific evidence suggests that cyclones are likely to continue to 6

increase in severity and frequency across south Asia due to climate
change.

Evaluate the influence of storms such as cyclones on secondary and

tertiary industries in Pakistan. Give reasons to support your judgement
and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different
points of view in your answer.

Levels marking

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view only (3)
Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant
example (4)

Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant
example (5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant
example (6)

Content guide

Likely to influence secondary & tertiary industries negatively because:

• industries may be flooded/damaged

• high cost of repairs/clean-up operations to the industry
• industries, e.g. shops may lose trade/have to close down
• loss of jobs which will lead to reduction in wealth
• communications infrastructure, e.g. internet/phone lines to offices/call
centres/factories cut off, stopping work
• roads/railways damaged causing disrupted transport of goods to market
• power lines damaged; leading to delay in production in factories/power
cuts mean shops/restaurants, etc. can’t operate
• ports closed; so imports/exports have to stop during the storm leading
to lack of imported raw materials for secondary industries
• tourists will be put off visiting coastal areas
• hotels damaged/destroyed
• flights stopped or delayed
 Unit 2 Page 77 Climate of Pakistan

4 (c) (i) Describe the effect of latitude on day length and temperature in Pakistan.

day length ..........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

temperature .......................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[4]

(ii) Which of the following factors cause seasonal variations in Pakistan’s climate? Tick (3)
two boxes in the table below:

factor tick (3)

air pressure
land use
rainfall
soil type
temperature
water quality
wind direction
[2]

(iii) Describe the characteristics of an arid climate in Pakistan.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

2059/02/M/J/22
Unit 2 Page 78 Climate of Pakistan

(d) In 2019, more than 1.2 million people experienced food shortages in the south of Pakistan
due to drought.

Evaluate the extent to which extremes of climate influence the lives of people and the
economy in Pakistan. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you
have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 15]

2059/02/M/J/22
 Unit 2 Page 79 Climate of Pakistan

Question Answer Marks

4 (c)(i) Describe the effect of latitude on day length and temperature in 4

Pakistan.

day length:
 (Pakistan is in the northern hemisphere so) it is tilted towards the sun;
therefore has long(er)/more daylight hours during summer
or
(Pakistan is in the northern hemisphere so) is tilted away from the sun;
therefore has short(er)/fewer daylight hours during winter

temperature:
 southern Pakistan is closer to the equator; so has higher temperatures
than northern Pakistan
or
northern Pakistan is further from the equator; so has lower temperatures
than southern Pakistan
 southern Pakistan/areas closer to the equator receive more
concentrated/direct/intense rays/of the sun; resulting in higher
temperatures
or
the sun’s rays are dispersed/spread over a larger surface area in the
north; so northern Pakistan is cooler than the south
 the sun’s rays are at a higher angle of incidence in southern Pakistan;
making temperatures higher
or
the sun’s rays are at a lower angle of incidence in northern Pakistan;
making temperatures lower
 the sun’s rays travel a longer distance through the atmosphere at higher
latitudes; making temperatures lower or vice versa

Note: 2 marks for effect of latitude. 1 mark for effect on day length, 1 mark for
effect on temperature
2 @ 2 marks

(c)(ii) Which of the following factors cause seasonal variations in Pakistan’s 2

climate? Tick () two boxes in the table below:

 air pressure
 wind direction
2 @ 1 mark

(c)(iii) Describe the characteristics of an arid climate in Pakistan. 3

 hot/extreme heat/high temperatures/30°C+

 cool nights
 dry/high evaporation rate
 winds/windy/sand storms/dust storms
 winds from May – September (accept months in between)
 scanty/little/low rainfall/<250 mm per year
 (only) rainfall in winter/little monsoon rainfall (in summer)
 mild winters
3 @ 1 mark
 Unit 2 Page 80 Climate of Pakistan

Question Answer Marks

(d) In 2019, more than 1.2 million people experienced food shortages in the 6
south of Pakistan due to drought.

Evaluate the extent to which extremes of climate influence the lives of

people and the economy in Pakistan. Give reasons to support your
judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider
different points of view in your answer.

Levels marking

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view only (3)
Developed points referring to both views (4)

Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example
(5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example
(6)

Content Guide

extremes of climate negatively/have great impact on the lives of people

and the economy such as:

e.g. extreme cold/rainfall/storms/flooding:

 can result in many deaths
 amount of monsoon rain cannot be predicted
 homes on or near to floodplains washed away by flood waters, people
lose possessions
 some people unprepared/without evacuation plans
 flooding caused by storms leaves destruction e.g. power lines down
 repairs are expensive, may increase debt/lower GDP
 injuries lead to increased costs for healthcare provision
 loss of jobs/income when industry/crops destroyed
e.g. lack of rainfall/high temperatures/droughts:
 can affect many people over a widespread area
 can happen slowly over a period and the effects are not felt until much
later
 cost of supplying irrigation to drought areas
 destroys food supply leading to famine
 can cause loss of life to many millions of people and to livestock and
crops
 can cause out-migration and increase population pressure in urban areas
 increased cost to house displaced people

© UCLES 2022
 Unit 2 Page 81 Climate of Pakistan

5 (a) Study Fig. 2.1, a map showing annual rainfall in southern and western Pakistan.

N Key
rainfall in mm
over 500
251–500

0 100 200 300 TAN 126–250

I S 0–125
N
km
G HA international boundary
AF

IRAN
INDIA
Y

Arabian Sea

Fig. 2.1

(i) Complete Fig. 2.1 by shading area Y using the information below and the key.

Y = 126–250 mm of annual rainfall

[1]

2059/02/O/N/21
Unit 2 Page 82 Climate of Pakistan

(ii) Study Fig. 2.2, a map showing temperature regions of southern and western Pakistan.

N Key
temperature regions
hot summer, mild winter
warm summer, mild winter
AN warm summer, cool winter
0 100 200 300 ST
A NI warm/cold summer,
km H cool/cold winter
A FG
international boundary

IRAN
INDIA
Z

Arabian Sea

Fig. 2.2

Identify temperature region Z shown on Fig. 2.2.

.............................................................................................
[1]

(iii) Using information from Figs. 2.1 and 2.2 only, complete the passage describing the
relationship between annual rainfall and temperature regions. Choose the correct words
from the list and place them in the spaces provided.

cold cool high hot low

mild strong warm weak

There is a ............. relationship between the pattern of annual rainfall and

temperature regions. The majority of the areas with 0–125 mm of rainfall

experience .............. summers and ………….. winters, whereas areas of

………….. rainfall experience cooler summers and winters.

[3]

2059/02/O/N/21
Unit 2 Page 83 Climate of Pakistan

(b) (i) Describe how the Western Depressions affect the pattern of rainfall in western Pakistan.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Explain two factors that affect temperature in Pakistan. You should develop your answer.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[4]

(c) (i) Define ‘drought’.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State two effects of drought on the natural environment of Pakistan.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
Unit 2 Page 84 Climate of Pakistan

(iii) Describe the benefits and problems of cold climates for people in Pakistan.

benefits ..............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

problems ...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[4]
Unit 2 Page 85 Climate of Pakistan

(d) Pakistan experiences extremes of climate which can have many effects on people’s lives.
Read the following two views:

A B

Storms and heavy Droughts have the

rainfall have the most most severe impacts
severe impacts for for people in Pakistan.
people in Pakistan.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider View A and View B in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 25]
 Unit 2 Page 86 Climate of Pakistan

Question Answer Marks

5(a)(iii) Using information from Figs. 2.1 and 2.2 only, complete the passage 3
describing the relationship between annual rainfall and temperature
regions. Choose the correct words from the list and place them in the
spaces provided.

There is a weak relationship between the pattern of annual rainfall and

temperature regions. The majority of the areas with 0–125 mm of rainfall
experience hot summers and mild winters, whereas areas of high rainfall
experience cooler summers and winters.

4 correct = 3 marks
3 correct = 2 marks
1 or 2 correct = 1 mark

0 marks if the same word entered more than twice/throughout and this is the
only correct answer.
3 @ 1 mark

(b)(i) Describe how the Western Depressions affect the pattern of rainfall in 3
western Pakistan.

• Western Depression brings rain to the north-western areas of Pakistan/

Peshawar/northern Pakistan;
• Western Depression causes the rainfall from December-March/in winter;
• Quetta dry for rest of year/only/most rain received is from Western
Depressions;
• Quetta has its highest rainfall/49 mm in February;
• Peshawar has its highest rainfall/78 mm in March;
• as winds move towards Balochistan there is no/little moisture left/little/
no rainfall.
3 @ 1 mark
 Unit 2 Page 87 Climate of Pakistan

Question Answer Marks

(b)(ii) Explain two factors that affect temperature in Pakistan. You should 4
develop your answer.

• altitude; for every 1000 metres in height temperature drops by

approximately 6.5 °C /as altitude increases there is less atmosphere
above, so less pressure. This lower pressure means air molecules
spread further away from each other, which has a cooling effect;
• latitude; areas closer to the equator or southern Pakistan/24°N have
higher temperatures as sun’s rays are more concentrated/higher angle
of incidence/areas further away from the equator/northern Pakistan/37°N
have lower temperatures as sun’s rays spread out over a wider
area/lower angle of incidence/lose more heat travelling further through
the atmosphere;
• angle of the sun; the position of the earth in relation to the sun, during
summer Pakistan is tilted towards the sun and so has higher
temperatures/during winter it is tilted away from the sun so has lower
temperatures;
• continentality/maritime influence; interior has higher temperatures as
there is no cooling effect from the sea/along coastal areas ocean
currents and prevailing winds have a moderating effect on
temperature/inland areas heat up quickly in summer, producing hot
summers/lose heat quickly, so have low average temperatures in winter;
cloud cover; clouds keep the heat in during the night but can prevent
solar radiation getting through during the day so can keep the heat out
(or vice versa);
• amount of vegetation cover/deforestation; areas with dense cover have
lower temperatures since it provides shade from the sun’s rays or vici-
versa e.g. deserts;
Etc.

Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development.
Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.
2 @ 2 marks

(c)(i) Define ‘drought’. 1

A long period of no/low/very little rainfall.

1 @ 1 mark

(c)(ii) State two effects of drought on the natural environment of Pakistan. 2

• desertification/extension of desert areas;

• soil erosion;
• ground/soil dries out/cracks/soil becomes less fertile/infertile/barren;
• animals/aquatic life harmed/die/lose habitat;
• vegetation/trees/plants die;
• drying up of rivers/lakes/streams/water shortage/aridity;
• drop in water table/less groundwater available to plants;
• salt concentrations in water can increase.
2 @ 1 mark
 Unit 2 Page 88 Climate of Pakistan

Question Answer Marks

(c)(iii) Describe the benefits and problems of cold climates for people in 4
Pakistan.

benefits:
• brings tourism e.g. skiing/glacier hikes/holidays/boost
jobs/economy/scenic beauty attracts tourists;
• frozen water bodies can be used for ice skating;
• (glacial) meltwater in summer is essential for irrigation;
• (glacial) meltwater/plentiful water helps to power hydel schemes;
• cold climate reduces evaporation from reservoirs;
• can grow (temperate) fruits in summer/boost jobs/economy;
• lower need for/cost of air conditioning;

problems:
• seasonal movement of livestock to lower areas/transhumance-difficult to
rear animals;
• snow/cold can trap people in homes/people have to move to other areas;
• increased need for/cost of heating buildings;
• roads can become blocked by snow/avalanches, cuts off communities;
• increased chance of frostbite/hypothermia;
• the cold climate makes it difficult to grow most crops e.g. wheat; difficult
to work in extreme cold climates so people have to work indoors;
• lakes/rivers freeze over, prevent fishing/scarce water supply;
• avalanches may cause injuries/death;
• seasonal tourism - fewer summer jobs.

Note: reserve 1 mark for benefits and 1 mark for problems.

Note: different reasons required for benefits and problems.
4 @ 1 mark
 Unit 2 Page 89 Climate of Pakistan

Question Answer Marks

(d) Pakistan experiences extremes of climate which can have many effects 6
on people’s lives. Read the following two views:

View A

Storms and heavy rainfall have the most severe impacts for people in
Pakistan.

View B

Droughts have the most severe impacts for people in Pakistan.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your
answer and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider
View A and View B in your answer.

Levels marking

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view (3)
Developed points referring to both views (4)

Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example
(5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant
example (6)

Content Guide
Answers are likely to refer to:

agree with View A:

• storms and heavy rainfall can destroy crops very quickly;
• animals/cattle can be washed away/drown/be frightened;
• livelihoods/houses/businesses can be washed away;
• flooded roads create travel problems for business/industry; heavy rain
increases soil erosion removing the top fertile layer;
• fields become flooded which can create problems with waterlogging;
• floodwaters from heavy rains can become polluted and spread disease;
• cyclones make it unsafe for boats to go to sea, disrupting fishing;
 Unit 2 Page 89 Climate of Pakistan

Question Answer Marks

(d) • winds blow down power lines and phone lines; businesses are left
without power or communications.
Etc.

examples include:
In August 2021 Karachi received 200mm rain in 12 hours, 68 000 people in
Sindh forced into relief camps, one million acres of crops were destroyed by
the flooding; cotton, vegetables, onions, tomatoes, and sugarcane.

disagree with View A:

• flood protection schemes can protect homes and businesses;
• reservoirs and dams control the flow of water in rivers/hold back water;
• buildings designed to withstand flooding/storm shelters can be built;
• flooding spreads alluvium increasing the fertility of the land for farmers.
Etc.

agree with View B:

• droughts can cause starvation/famine leading to illness and death;
• results in crop failure and death of livestock;
• people suffer from malnutrition and fatigue, so they are unable to work;
• food supplies and fresh water has to be imported;
• shortage of raw materials for industry reduces exports.
Etc.

examples include:
2018/2019 droughts with 1.2 million people suffered from extreme (crisis and
emergency level) food insecurity in Southern Pakistan resulted from acute
shortages of water, food and fodder and resulted in critical levels of acute
malnutrition amongst young children.

disagree with View B:

• droughts can be overcome by using irrigation or named examples e.g.
karez/perennial canals/use of sea water through desalination
• drought resistant seeds can be used e.g. water efficient varieties of
wheat developed by Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC);
• transhumance can be practiced moving animals to areas with water;
• belongings/buildings/homes are not ruined by drought.
Etc.

evaluation may argue:

Storms/heavy rainfall and droughts are as severe as each other as huge loss
of life can occur from both/both have a detrimental effect on livelihoods/jobs
and the economy.

© UCLES 2021 Page 12 of 24

 Unit 2 Page 90 Climate of Pakistan

6 (a) (i) Study Fig. 2.1, a map of Pakistan.

Fig. 2.1

Name the two cities labelled A and B on Fig. 2.1.

A ..................................................................

B ..................................................................
[2]

© UCLES 2020 2059/02/M/J/20 [Turn over

 Unit 2 Page 91 Climate of Pakistan

(ii) Study Fig. 2.2, climate graphs showing rainfall and temperature for cities A and B.

City A – 2167 m above sea level, 34° N

350

300

250

rainfall
40 200 (mm)

30 150

temperature
(°C) 20 100

10 50

0 0
J F M A M J J A S O N D
months
City B – 1600 m above sea level, 30° N
40 200

30 150
temperature rainfall
(°C) (mm)
20 100

10 50

0 0
J F M A M J J A S O N D
months

Fig. 2.2

Complete the climate graph for city B using the information below.

month temperature (°C)

July 28
[2]

© UCLES 2020 2059/02/M/J/20

 Unit 2 Page 92 Climate of Pakistan

(iii) Using Fig. 2.2 only, compare the rainfall and temperature for city A and city B.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(b) Explain how the following factors affect temperature in cities A and B. You should develop
your answer.

altitude ......................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

latitude ......................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[4]

(c) (i) Which three statements about thunderstorms in Pakistan are correct?
Tick (✓) three boxes below.

Thunderstorms are most likely to occur: Tick (✓)

during the pre-monsoon season

during the post-monsoon season

in northern and north western areas

in southern and south western areas

in the summer

in the winter
[3]

© UCLES 2020 2059/02/M/J/20 [Turn over

 Unit 2 Page 93 Climate of Pakistan

(ii) Thunderstorms are one source of rainfall. State three other sources of rainfall in
Pakistan.

1 ......................................................................................

2 ......................................................................................

3 ......................................................................................
[3]

(iii) Other than flooding, describe two problems experienced by people as a result of
thunderstorms.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2020 2059/02/M/J/20

 Unit 2 Page 94 Climate of Pakistan

Question Answer Marks

6 (a)(iii) Ideas such as: 3

A has more rain than B;
B has higher summer temperatures than A;
Both have low winter temperatures;
A has a rainy season during summer months whereas B has a rainy season
during the winter months;
Total rainfall is higher in A than B;
Annual temperature range in B is 24 °C whereas in A it is 16 °C;
Highest rainfall in A is 342 mm in July whereas in B it is 58 mm in March
(could accept lowest);
Highest temperature in A is 21 °C in June whereas in B it is 28 °C in July
(could accept lowest); etc.

Note: Opposites accepted but cannot be double credited.

3 @ 1 mark

(b) Ideas such as: 4

Altitude
Temperatures decrease as altitude increases– or vice versa; (City A/Muree
at higher altitude/2167 m so has cooler temperatures than city B/Quetta at
lower altitude/1600 m which has higher temperatures); etc.

Latitude
Temperatures decrease with distance from the equator as latitude increases
– or vice versa; (City A/Muree is at a higher latitude/34 °N so has cooler
temperatures than City B/Quetta at lower latitude/30 °N)/(low angle of the
sun brings lower temperatures in winter/high angle of sun in summer brings
warmer temperatures in both cities); etc.

Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development (in parentheses).
Note: Max 2 marks if no development.
2 @ 2 marks

(c)(i) During the post-monsoon season; 3

In northern and north west areas;
In the summer.

Note: If four boxes ticked Max 2 marks, five boxes ticked Max 1 mark, six
boxes ticked Max 0 marks.
3 @ 1 mark

(c)(ii) Monsoon Winds/Arabian Sea; 3

The Western Depressions;
Convectional currents;
Relief rainfall;
(Tropical) Cyclones.
3 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2020
 Unit 2 Page 95 Climate of Pakistan

Question Answer Marks

(c)(iii) Ideas such as: 2

Destroys crops/orchards/or named examples;
Roofs of houses can be damaged;
Electricity can be cut off;
Telecommunications can be disturbed; etc.
2 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2020
 Unit 2 Page 96 Climate of Pakistan

7 (a) Study Fig. 1 which shows the distribution of monthly rainfall in Karachi.

100
90
80
70
mean monthly 60
rainfall (mm)
50
40
30
20
10
0
J F M A M J J A S O N D

Fig. 1

(i) A For how many months does Karachi experience less than 10 mm rainfall?

...........................................................................................................................................

B Estimate the total rainfall in Karachi for the period July to September.

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) Describe briefly the climatic region in which Karachi is located.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(iii) What is the main source of rainfall in Karachi? From which direction do the rain-bearing
winds come?

Source ...............................................................................................................................

Direction ........................................................................................................................[2]

© UCLES 2016 2059/02/O/N/16

 Unit 2 Page 97 Climate of Pakistan

(iv) Describe the effects of tropical cyclones on cities such as Karachi.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]

© UCLES 2016 2059/02/O/N/16 [Turn over

 Unit 2 Page 98 Climate of Pakistan

7 (a) Study Fig. 1 which shows the distribution of monthly rainfall in Karachi.

(i) A For how many months does Karachi experience less than 10 mm rainfall?

B Estimate the total rainfall in Karachi for the period July to September. [2]

A 7 (may simply list the 7 months)

B 173 mm Tolerance 171–175 mm

(ii) Describe briefly the climatic region in which Karachi is located. [1]

Arid / coastal (maritime) / warm summer, mild winter

(iii) What is the main source of rainfall in Karachi? From which direction do the rain-
bearing winds come? [2]

Source: [Secondary] monsoon

Direction: SW

(iv) Describe the effects of tropical cyclones on cities such as Karachi. [4]

Widespread / great / huge / much / many / a lot of – damage

[Flash] floods / blocked drains / sewers
Lives lost / injuries / people missing
Damage to / loss of homes / belongings / slums
Damage to named transport – e.g. roads, railways, ports, airports so people unable to
get to work
Damage to named services – e.g. schools / hospitals / clinics
Damage to workplaces / industry - e.g. the fishing industry destroyed so no source of
income or loss of income / disrupts exports
Loss to local economy – e.g. through damaged industry / cost of rebuilding / loss of jobs
Damage to transmission lines / power stations / lack of power
Damage to communication – e.g. lack of telecommunications / telephone lines / internet /
social media
Shortage / contamination – drinking water / food causing disease to spread

© UCLES 2016
 Unit 2 Page 99 Climate of Pakistan

8 (a) (i) On the outline map of Pakistan Fig. 1 mark and shade two areas which experience low
annual rainfall (125 mm or less). [2]

Key:
international boundary
disputed boundary

Arabian Sea
0 400
km

Fig. 1

(ii) Name the crop which is mainly grown in these areas of low annual rainfall.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(iii) Explain the difficulties for people living in areas of low rainfall.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

© UCLES 2015 2059/02/M/J/15

 Unit 2 Page 100 Climate of Pakistan

(b) (i) Study Fig. 2 which shows rainfall data for two cities on the River Indus.

70

60

50

mean
40
monthly
rainfall
(mm) 30

20

10

0
J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D
Hyderabad, Sindh Dera Ismail Khan, KPK

Fig. 2

A. Compare the amount and pattern of monthly rainfall in Hyderabad with that of Dera
Ismail Khan.

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B. Give three reasons for any similarities or differences in the two patterns of rainfall.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

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2 ........................................................................................................................................

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3 ........................................................................................................................................

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 Unit 2 Page 101 Climate of Pakistan

8 (a) (i) On the outline map of Pakistan Fig. 1 mark and shade two areas which experience
low annual rainfall (125mm or less). [2]

Any two separate regions within the overlay provided. Shaded areas may touch lines but
not go outside lines.
1 mark for each accurately drawn and shaded region

(ii) Name the crop which is mainly grown in these areas of low annual rainfall. [1]

Dates

(iii) Explain the difficulties for people living in areas of low rainfall. [3]

Very little pasture/have nomadic lifestyle with livestock

Very little arable area limited to oases/valley floors or where Karez underground
irrigation/limited crops/shortage of food
Few rivers/water has to be supplied from great distances/lack of water for
irrigation/irrigation needed
Lack of water for cleaning/hygiene/domestic use/drinking
Lack of water for industries
Problems associated with an arid climate, e.g. dust storms/extreme
temperatures/seasonal drought

(b) (i) Study Fig. 2 which shows rainfall data for two cities on the River Indus.

A Compare the amount and pattern of monthly rainfall in Hyderabad with that of
Dera Ismail Khan. [3]

Amount
Both high Jul and Aug
Both identical Jun/Nov
Both low Oct/Nov
For Dera Ismail Khan (accept converses for Hyderabad)
Greater total
274 mm as opposed to 179 mm
Higher in all months except Aug and Sep/any named month / lower in
Aug/Sep
A pair of stats to illustrate for any month (e.g. May H – 4 mm, DIK –17 mm)
Max 1
Tolerances: ± 1 mm
Pattern
Both maximum Jul–Aug
For Dera Ismail Khan (accept converses for Hyderabad)
Has double maximum Jul–Aug and Mar (H – one maximum)
Has more evenly distributed rainfall over the year (H – more variable)

B Give three reasons for any similarities or differences in the two patterns of
rainfall. [3]

Both experience monsoon rainfall [Jul–Sep]

Dera Ismail Khan experiences rainfall from western depressions [Dec–Mar]
Dera Ismail Khan experiences some thunderstorm rainfall [Apr–Jun]
Accept converses for Hyderabad

© Cambridge International Examinations 2015

Unit 3 Page 102 Water Resources

ABSTRACT

The Unit helps us to understand importance of water as

a resource and evaluate the causes and solution to
problems of water supply

BLAST FROM THE PAST

Year Series

2021 May June

2017
WATER RESOURCES
Theme 02
Natural Resources: an issue of sustainability

2019 Oct Nov

2015
 Unit 3 Page 103 Water Resources

Topic Focus point What key knowledge you need to know R A G

Natural Water You should be able to:

resources – an  identify on a map the Mangla, Tarbela and Warsak dams,
issue of
and name two examples of barrages
sustainability
 understand the importance of water as a resource;
understand how supplies for agricultural, industrial and
domestic purposes are obtained, maintained and controlled
as well as used; understand the reasons for, and
consequences of, the Indus Water Treaty

 explain and evaluate the causes of and solutions to the

problems of water supply (including pollution)

 understand the value of water as a resource for

development

 explain and evaluate how water supply issues can lead to

conflict.
 Unit 3 Page 104 Water Resources

1 (a) (i) Study Fig. 2.1 showing a blank divided bar graph.

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
%

Key surface water source %

glacial melt 45

rainfall 30

snowmelt 25

Fig. 2.1

Complete Fig. 2.1 to show the percentage share of each source of surface water in
Pakistan. Use the information in the key. [5]

(ii) State three ways water is obtained for domestic purposes in Pakistan.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................
[3]

(b) (i) Explain how water is used in two different secondary industries in Pakistan. You should
develop your answer.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

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2 ........................................................................................................................................

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[4]

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 Unit 3 Page 105 Water Resources

(ii) Define ‘irrigation’.

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..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Name and describe one type of conventional irrigation system used in Pakistan.

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...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) Outline two advantages and two disadvantages of using irrigation on small-scale subsistence
farms.

advantages disadvantages
1 1

2 2

[4]

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 Unit 3 Page 106 Water Resources

(d) The United Nations has predicted that Pakistan may become a ‘water scarce’ country by 2025.

To what extent can effective management of its water supply help Pakistan to avoid becoming
a ‘water scarce’ country in the future? Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

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[Total: 25]

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 Unit 3 Page 107 Water Resources

Question Answer Marks

1(a)(i) Study Fig. 2.1, showing a blank divided bar graph. Complete Fig. 2.1 to 5
show the percentage share of each source of surface water in Pakistan.
Use the information in the key.

• each correct division showing percentage share of each source of surface

water = 1 mark – max 2 marks;
• each correct labelling or shading of each source of surface water = 1 mark
– max 3 marks.

Note: Any order accepted.

5 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) State three ways water is obtained for domestic purposes in Pakistan. 3

• directly from rivers/glaciers/lakes/pond;

• from wells/groundwater/from aquifers;
• via pipelines/water tankers/from reservoirs/taps;
• collecting rainwater (in tanks on the roof);
• using desalination.
3 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2021
 Unit 3 Page 108 Water Resources

Question Answer Marks

(b)(i) Explain how water is used in two different secondary industries in 4

Pakistan. You should develop your answer.

• thermal power stations; to produce steam to move the turbines;

• mineral water industry; for bottling water this is the only input;
• iron and steel industry; to cool the furnace;
• HEP stations; pressure of water from a height or steep slope to move the
turbines;
• pharmaceutical industry; in the manufacture of drips, syrups, injections
etc;
• tanning industry; for washing/dyeing etc;
• food processing/beverages; for preparing
juices/squashes/syrups/beverages etc;
• chemical industry; for manufacturing acids/bleach/other solutions etc;
• textile industry; for washing/bleaching/ blueing/dyeing/printing etc;
• cement industry;
Etc.

Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development.
Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.
2 @ 2 marks

(b)(ii) Define ‘irrigation’. 1

It is the artificial supply of water to the land.

1 @ 1 mark

(b)(iii) Name and describe one type of conventional irrigation system used in 2
Pakistan.

• shaduf; water is drawn from a well, river or canal by a bucket.

• charsa; animal power is used to pull water from the well.
• Persian wheel; powered by a bullock which turns a wheel with a series of
pots attached to raise the water from well and tip it into the channels that
lead to the field.
• karez; horizontal underground canal in the foothills and brings the
underground water to the surface where it can be used.
• inundation canals; long canals taken off rivers. They fill when the river is
high enough and when it is in flood.
• diversion canal; a narrow version of an inundation canal and are often
used in steep areas so that they can take water to small terraced fields.
• tank irrigation; mud banks are constructed across small streams to make
a small reservoir to collect water in the rainy season.

Note: One mark for named technique and one mark for description.
2 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2021
 Unit 3 Page 109 Water Resources

Question Answer Marks

(c) Outline two advantages and two disadvantages of using irrigation on 4

small-scale subsistence farms.

Advantages:
• can produce higher yields;
• extends farming seasons/can cultivate all year round;
• more land used for cultivation/can cultivate marginal land;
• can control the amount of water used;
• can grow a wider range of crops;
• can use over a wide area;
• saves time;
• more reliable than rainfall;
• can be cheap to install e.g. Persian wheel;
Etc.

Disadvantages:
• cost of installation/maintenance;
• difficult to build;
• inundation canals only flow during rainy periods or when glacial/snow
melt enters the rivers;
• waterlogging of soil;
• can increase salinity of soil;
• can cause siltation of barrages;
• unlined canals lead to seepage;
Etc.

Note: advantages = max 2 marks, disadvantages = max 2 marks

4 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2021
 Unit 3 Page 110 Water Resources

Question Answer Marks

(d) The United Nations has predicted that Pakistan may become a ‘water 6
scarce’ country by 2025.

To what extent can effective management of its water supply help

Pakistan to avoid becoming a ‘water scarce’ country in the future?

Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have
studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.

Levels marking

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view (3)
Developed points referring to both views (4)

Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example
(5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example
(6)

Content Guide

Answers are likely to refer to:

Effective management of the water supply may help because:

• Pakistan has enough water but it is not evenly spread throughout the
country;
• much water is lost through existing irrigation systems using traditional
methods;
• water is polluted through industrial and domestic waste/limited
environmental regulation;
• Pakistan needs to educate the people further about conserving
water/reusing grey water;
Etc.

Effective management of the water supply may not help because:

• population growth is leading to water scarcity and this should be tackled
first;
• Pakistan is suffering the consequences of climate change and this is an
international issue that requires multi-national agreements;
• the Indus Water Treaty causes many issues and needs to be updated;
Etc.

© UCLES 2021
 Unit 3 Page 111 Water Resources

2 (a) Study Fig. 2.1, a map showing the major rivers of Pakistan.

Key:
international boundary
province-level boundary
disputed boundary JAMMU AND
KASHMIR
disputed territory

W
V
X

0 100 200 300

Arabian Sea km

Fig. 2.1

(i) Name rivers V, W, X and Y.

V .............................................................................

W .............................................................................

X .............................................................................

Y .............................................................................
[4]

(ii) Name dam Z shown on Fig. 2.1.

Z .............................................................................
[1]

© UCLES 2019 2059/02/O/N/19

 Unit 3 Page 112 Water Resources

(b) (i) Name two examples of barrages.

1 ...................................................................................

2 ...................................................................................
[2]

(ii) State the differences between barrages and dams.

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..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(iii) Suggest four problems caused by siltation.

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 Unit 3 Page 113 Water Resources

(c) Explain why rivers are important to Pakistan. You should develop your answer.

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© UCLES 2019 2059/02/O/N/19

 Unit 3 Page 114 Water Resources

(d) Read the following two views about providing solutions to the challenges of water supply in
Pakistan:

A B

Small dams are the Large dams are the

best way to solve water best way to solve water
shortage problems and shortage problems and
assist development. assist development.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider View A and View B in your answer.

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[Total: 25]

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 Unit 3 Page 115 Water Resources

Question Answer Marks

2(a)(i) V= Indus 4
W= Jhelum
X= Chenab
Y= Ravi
4 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) Z= Mangla Dam 1

1 @ 1 mark

(b)(i) • Amandarra 2
• Balochi
• Chasma
• Guddu
• Islam
• Jinnah
• Kotri
• Kurrangarhi
• Marala
• Panjnad
• Qadirabad
• Rasul
• Siddha
• Sukkur
• Sulaimanka
• Taunsa
• Trimma
2 @ 1 mark

(b)(ii) • Dams store water / barrages control flow of water; 4

• Barrages can supply little / small amounts / no electricity (dams are
major suppliers of hydel power);
• Silting is a problem for dams (but not barrages);
• Maintenance cost is lower for barrages (more expensive for dams);
• Construction and or maintenance time is quicker for barrages (longer
for dams);
• Construction cost is lower for barrages (more expensive for dams);
• Fewer or no people have to be evacuated for barrages;
• Barrages have less environmental impact than dams;
• Barrages can be built on flat land (dams require steep slopes);
• Dams have multiple uses whereas barrages do not;
• Dams provide water for a larger area than barrages;
• Barrage to deviate channel to an area where there is no river;
• Do not need to excavate a large area for barrages.
4 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2019
 Unit 3 Page 116 Water Resources

Question Answer Marks

(b)(iii) • Reducing water supply / less water available / water becomes silty / 4
pipes blocked / reduces capacity of reservoir / less water stored;
• Blocking the flow of water / blocks canals or rivers / chokes or blocks
irrigation canals or pipes / water cannot get through / floods may occur;
• Weakens foundations of dams / have to be emptied or strengthened /
flow of flood water is hampered and can damage dam / damage to
turbines or machinery;
• Not enough water for irrigation / industry / domestic use;
• Reduces water available for hydel power / generation of hydel power
stopped;
• Encourages growth of algae / eutrophication.

(c) • Scenic beauty; for tourism / picnic / leisure (dev); 4

• Provides water; especially to areas where rainfall is low/named;
examples / sustains life or drinking water (dev);
• Helps to generate hydel power / electricity; which reduces power
shortages / reduces need to import coal or oil / reduces need to use
fossil fuels (dev) / one of main sources of electricity;
• Adds alluvium to soil; so, improves the fertility of the soil / aids crop
growth (dev);
• For fishing industry / subsistence fishing; provides income or food
supply to local areas / people (dev);
• Provides water for domestic use / in the home; named examples, e.g.
cooking / cleaning (dev);
• Provides water for industries; named examples, e.g. cement, brick
making, cotton (dev);
• Provides water for irrigation / agriculture / farming; used to irrigate /
water crops / feed livestock / or named examples, e.g. wheat / cotton /
sugar cane (dev);
• Transport; for trade / avoid using roads or rail / access to ports (dev);
Etc.

Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development (in parentheses).

Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.

2 @ 2 marks

© UCLES 2019
 Unit 3 Page 117 Water Resources

Question Answer Marks

(d) Levels marking 6

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view (3)
Developed points referring to both views (4)

Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example
(5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant
example (6)

Content Guide
Answers are likely to refer to:

Small dams
• Cheaper to construct;
• Less technical expertise needed;
• Can be built more quickly;
• Minimal disruption to people and environment;
Etc.

Large dams
• More people will benefit;
• Can produce HEP which is good for developing the country;
• Provides employment opportunities;
• A bigger area is utilized;
Etc.

3(a)(i) • North / north eastern / eastern part of Pakistan; 3

• Distance from named city / Multan / Islamabad;
• Direction from named city / north-east of Multan / south-east of
Islamabad;
• Close / near to border of Jammu and Kashmir / south-west of Jammu
and Kashmir;
• West of India / near border with India / border city;
• Direction from named country or area / east of Afghanistan / north-east
of Iran / south-west of China / south-west of Jammu and Kashmir;
• In the same province as Multan.
3 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2019
 Unit 3 Page 118 Water Resources

3 (a) (i) Study Fig. 5, which shows a diagram of the karez system of irrigation.

.........................................................

.........................................................

.........................................................

bedrock

.........................................................

.........................................................

Fig. 5

Choose three terms from the list below and use them to label the diagram in three of the
spaces provided.

maintenance shaft aquifer canal tunnel water table [3]

(ii) Give an example of a barrage in Pakistan and name the river it is on.

Barrage ..............................................................................................................................

River ..............................................................................................................................[2]

(iii) State why barrages are needed in Pakistan.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) (i) Describe two ways in which the atmosphere in Pakistan can be polluted.

1 .........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

© UCLES 2017 2059/02/M/J/17

 Unit 3 Page 119 Water Resources

(ii) Explain how the use of chemical fertilisers on farms damages the natural environment.
You should develop your answer.

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.......................................................................................................................................[4]

(c) Study Fig. 6, which shows water use by sector in Pakistan in 2008.

0%

80% 20% Key:

irrigation / livestock
industrial
domestic

60% 40%

Fig. 6

(i) A Which sector used least water?

...........................................................................................................................................

B How much water was used by the irrigation/livestock sector?

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) Name a type of industry that uses large amounts of water.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

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 Unit 3 Page 120 Water Resources

(iii) About 60% of irrigation water is lost before it reaches crops. Give three reasons why
irrigation water is lost in this way.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

© UCLES 2017 2059/02/M/J/17

 Unit 3 Page 121 Water Resources

(d) Read the following two views about water shortages in Pakistan:

A B
The best way to prevent water The best way to prevent water shortages
shortages in Pakistan is to in Pakistan is to educate people about
build more dams and other different methods of saving water.
infrastructure projects. These These methods could be carried out in
will store or supply more water. agriculture, industry, and in homes.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider both View A and View B in your answer.

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...............................................................................................................................................[6]

[TOTAL: 25]

© UCLES 2017 2059/02/M/J/17 [Turn over

 Unit 3 Page 122 Water Resources

Question Answer Marks

3 (a)(i) Any three of (L to R): 3

canal, aquifer, water table, maintenance shaft, tunnel
3 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) Barrage River 2

Marala/Khanki/Qadirabad Chenab
Jinnah/Chashma/Taunsa/Guddu/Sukkur/Kotri Indus
Rasul/Trimmu Jhelum
Panjnad Panjnad
Balloki/Sidhnai Ravi
Islam/Sulaimanke Sutlej
Munda Swat

Note: Named dams not allowed

2 @ 1 mark

(a)(iii) • Irrigation/release water for irrigation; 2

• Provide water supply to perennial canals/link canals;
• Flood control;
• Flow of water controlled;
• To stimulate economic development/industry/settlement.
2 @ 1 mark

(b)(i) • Smoke/fumes/gases/named gases/harmful gases from 2

factories/tanneries/industries/chimneys/power stations;
• Smoke/fumes/gases/named gases from vehicle exhausts;
• Burning fossil fuels;
• Clearing forests by burning;
• Release of gases/methane from livestock/rice/paddy fields/landfill;
• Burning domestic rubbish/incineration;
• Air pollution/dust from mineral extraction/mining/ quarrying.
2 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2017
 Unit 3 Page 123 Water Resources

Question Answer Marks

(b)(ii) • Cause pollution of rivers/watercourses (runoff from farmland 4

containing chemicals washes into them);
• Pollution of groundwater (from infiltration eventually entering rivers,
polluting them);
• Eutrophication in rivers (nitrates/phosphates cause algal blooms
which increase CO2/reduce O2)/(killing fish/aquatic animals/destroy
aquatic life);
• Causes ecosystem to be unbalanced (through loss/ extinction of
species) (through disruption to food chains/ food webs);
• Overuse of fertilisers (damages soil/makes soil infertile/
poisons/damages natural vegetation).
ETC.

Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development (in parentheses).

Note: Max 2 marks if no development.

2 @ 2 marks

(c)(i) A Domestic 2
B 94% (allow 93–95%)
2 @ 1 mark

(c)(ii) One of: 1

Beverages/soft drinks/juice industry/dyeing/tanning/printing/
iron/steel/nuclear/textiles/chemical/pharmaceutical/hydel/
HEP/paper/tourism/leisure/inland fish farms.
1 @ 1 mark

(c)(iii) • Seepage from beds of canals/absorbed into the soil/land/no canal 3

lining;
• Evaporation/evapotranspiration from surface of
canals/tanks/flooded land;
• Excessive runoff of water immediately into streams/rivers;
• Theft of water/theft from canals;
• Water drawn up by vegetation on side of canal;
• Mismanagement.
3 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2017
 Unit 3 Page 124 Water Resources

Question Answer Marks

(d) Levels marking 6

Level 1 (1–2 marks)

Simple point addressing any view (1).
Simple points addressing any view (2).

Level 2 (3–4 marks)

Developed point(s) explaining one view (3).
Developed point(s) explaining views (4).
No evaluation.

Level 3 (5–6 marks)

Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation giving clear support to
one view or a named example (5).
Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation giving clear support to
one view and a named example (6).

Content Guide:

Answers are likely to refer to:

For infrastructure
• Prevents loss of water downstream into sea
• Collects rainfall/snowmelt
• Reservoirs feed perennial canals
• Can store large amounts of water
Against infrastructure
• Source of conflict between countries and provinces
• Social issues
• Loss of fresh water at Indus Delta
• Water intrusion into Sindh
• High initial investment
• Little use in Balochistan where rivers dry up
• Mismanagement by provincial/national government
• Siltation occurs
For water saving
• Planting trees
• Lining canals
• Careful monitoring/regulation of amount of water used
• Better forms of water storage in homes
• Water meters in homes/industries
Against water saving
• Long time scale required to educate sufficient number of people
• Resistance to education
• Water a valuable raw material in industry
• Growing population with increasing demand for drinking water
• Development goal to increase availability of water
ETC.

© UCLES 2017
 Unit 3 Page 125 Water Resources

4 (a) (i) Describe two ways in which water supplies can be polluted.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) For one of these ways explain how the problem caused by pollution can be solved.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) Study Fig. 1, a map showing the major rivers of Pakistan.

N Gilgit
KHYBER
PAKHTUN KHWA
In
at

du
Sw

s
Indus

Kab
ul
Kalabagh Dam
(proposed)
Ku
rra
m

PUNJAB
ab
Gu hen
lum

ma C
l
Jhe

Key:
Indus

river
BALOCHISTAN i dam
Rav
international boundary
disputed boundary
provincial boundary
lej
Sut

0 250

km
SINDH

Fig. 1
© UCLES 2015 2059/02/O/N/15
 Unit 3 Page 126 Water Resources

(i) Locate the following two dams on the map:

• Warsak (W);
• Diamir Bhasha (under construction) (D). This dam is 150 km downstream of Gilgit.

Mark their positions using the appropriate symbol from the key and label each with the
correct letter. [2]

(ii) What are the advantages of building a dam at the Diamir Bhasha site?

...........................................................................................................................................

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...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]

(iii) Read the following article about the proposal to build a new dam, the Kalabagh, on the
River Indus at the point indicated on the map, Fig. 1.

Kalabagh Dam – A Controversial Issue

Punjab wants the Kalabagh Dam to be built, but there is opposition to the project from
a section of the population in Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan.

Those who are opposed to the dam argue that it might be beneficial for Punjab and
harmful for the other provinces.

The Kalabagh Dam issue is difficult to resolve at this stage.

Describe the disputes over water availability and use which can arise from proposals to
build dams at sites such as this.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]
© UCLES 2015 2059/02/O/N/15 [Turn over
 Unit 3 Page 127 Water Resources

4 (a) (i) Describe two ways in which water supplies can be polluted. [2]
Sewage discharged into rivers
Domestic waste thrown in rivers
Pesticides/fertilisers runoff from agricultural fields in groundwater/rivers/eutrophication
Industrial waste/chemicals/toxic waste/metals/ waste from ships discharged into rivers
Leakage of oil from ships
‘Sea’/’ocean’ = 0

(ii) For one of these ways explain how the problem caused by pollution can be
solved. [2]
Investment in sewerage systems/ infrastructure/treatment of sewage
Improve sanitation facilities in poor quality housing/slums/squatter settlements /katchi
abadis
Improve/more regular domestic refuse collection
Treatment of/improving disposal of industrial waste
Open up roads into squatter settlements to allow refuse lorries
Alternatives to chemical fertilisers/pesticides ‘Reduce’ = 0
Organic farming
Fines for industrial polluters
More investment by industries to prevent pollution incidents
Maintenance of ship/checking for leaks in ship
If not clearly linked to candidate answer/different answer to (i) then max 1

(b) Study Fig. 1, a map showing the major rivers of Pakistan.

(i) Locate the following two dams on the map:

• Warsak (W);
• Diamir Bhasha (under construction) (D). This dam is 150 km downstream of
Gilgit.
Mark their positions using the appropriate symbol from the key and label each
with the correct letter. [2]

W On R. Kabul between confluence with R.Swat and Afghan border RED OVERLAY
SHOWS TOLERANCE
D On R. Indus GREEN OVERLAY SHOWS TOLERANCE
Credit any indication of correct location on map within tolerated regions
1 + 1 mark

© Cambridge International Examinations 2015

Unit 3 Page 128 Water Resources

(ii) What are the advantages of building a dam at the Diamir Bhasha site? [4]
HEP
Electrification of/supplies electricity to the region/for local industries
Only floods agriculturally barren land/small amount agricultural land flooded
Will extend life of Tarbela Dam
Controls/reduces/prevents flooding [downstream]
For irrigation
Drinking water/water supply for industries
New transport infrastructure/development in region
Possibility of tourism/watersports
Possibility of freshwater fishing
Provides employment in named sector /for local people
Location factor e.g. narrow/steep-sided valley/high speed of water/high
precipitation/large amount of meltwater from glaciers ‘Flow’ = 0

(iii) Describe the disputes over water availability and use which can arise from
proposals to build dams at sites such as this. [4]
One province receives greater share of water/unequal division of water
Dam in Punjab/one province but much of flooded area in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa/another
province
Loss of water supply downstream/to Sindh for agriculture
Risk of flooding downstream by release of water/opening dam
Less silt deposited on floodplains of lower course/lower Indus
Evaporation of lower course/lower Indus
[Indus] delta/coastal area [of Sindh] less fresh water/water more saline
Disturbance to ecosystem/mangrove forests/fishing
NB: not limited to Kalabagh case study
‘Loss of land’/’evacuation’ = 0

© Cambridge International Examinations 2015

 Page 129

ABSTRACT
This Unit focus on the different
type of forests found in Pakistan
and the need to protect and
foster the development of forest
cover in Pakistan
BLAST FROM THE PAST

Year Series

Forests 2018 May June

Theme 02
Natural resources -an issue of sustainability 2016

2020 Oct Nov

2016

2015
 Page 130

Topic Focus point What key knowledge you need to know R A G

Natural Forests You should be able to:

resources –  understand the different types of forest and identify, on a
an issue of
map, their main locations
sustainability
 understand the physical factors that control the distribution
of the different types of forest, and the human factors which
have reduced their extent

 understand the reasons for:

o the development of plantations in the Indus Plain

o afforestation on mountain slopes and plateaux

 understand the value of forests as a resource for

development, and the importance of their sustainability

 explain the effects of deforestation, such as soil erosion,

silting and flooding

 evaluate possible solutions to the problems caused by

deforestation.
 Page 131

Fig. 3.2 for Question 1

© UCLES 2023 [Turn over

 Page 132

1 (a) (i) Study Fig. 3.1 (Insert), a map showing natural vegetation types found in southern
Pakistan.

Using Fig. 3.1 only, describe the distribution of riverain forest / bela.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Study Fig. 3.2 (Insert), a photograph showing a type of vegetation found in Pakistan.

Identify the type of vegetation shown in the photograph. Circle the correct answer.

evergreen forest mangrove tropical thorn / rakh [1]

(iii) Using Fig. 3.2 (Insert) only, describe two characteristics of the type of vegetation shown.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

© UCLES 2023 2059/02/O/N/23

 Page 133

Question Answer Marks

1(a)(i) Study Fig 3.1. (Insert), a map showing natural vegetation types found in 3
southern Pakistan.

Using Fig 3.1. only, describe the distribution of riverain forest / bela.

• (only) along the River (Indus)/both sides of the river

• southern part of River (Indus)
• S/SE/E of Pakistan
• linear pattern/in a line/in separate blocks/not a continuous line
• there are 7 sections of forest
• N/NE of Arabian Sea/W of India/E/SE of Iran/SE of Afghanistan
• surrounded by tropical thorn/accurate direction from another named
vegetation type
• runs between latitude 24 °N to 28 °N
• along longitude 68 °E (accept 67 °E to 69 °E)
• begins (40–60km) inland/doesn’t reach the coast
• 350–500km length (along the river)
3 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) Study Fig. 3.2. (Insert), a photograph showing a type of vegetation found 1
in Pakistan. Identify the type of vegetation shown in the photograph.
Circle the correct answer.

mangrove
1 @ 1 mark

(a)(iii) Using Fig. 3.2. (Insert) only, describe two characteristics of the type of 2
vegetation shown.

• grow in water
• roots are long/woody/thick/tangled/gnarled/knobbly ‘knees’
• roots are above ground/above water surface/exposed
• roots spread over a wide area/widespread/spread out
• leaves are small/green/thick
• leaves are pointing upwards/at the top
• trunk(s)/branches are thin/multiple
2 @ 1 mark
 Page 134

2 Study Fig. 4.1, a pie graph showing the percentage share of Pakistan’s total forest cover by
province-level area.

0%
Key
90 10
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK)

Balochistan

80 20 Punjab

Gilgit-Baltistan
Sindh

70 30

60 40
50

Fig. 4.1

(a) (i) Complete the pie graph in Fig. 4.1 to show the percentage of total forest cover found in
Gilgit-Baltistan and Sindh. Use the information below and the key provided:

province-level area percentage (%)

Gilgit-Baltistan 11
Sindh 9
[3]

(ii) Complete the passage below about reasons for the variations in the percentage share
of forest cover shown in Fig. 4.1. Choose the correct words from the list and place them
in the spaces provided.

KPK has the largest percentage share of forest cover in Pakistan because the

............................................... is more suitable for growing trees. There are fewer

trees in Punjab because the land is needed for ............................................... .

Some areas may have suffered more from ............................................... than

others.

afforestation altitude climate

cultivation deforestation recreation

[3]

© UCLES 2020 2059/02/O/N/20 [Turn over

 Page 135

(b) (i) State three functions of forests in Pakistan.

1 .....................................................................

2 .....................................................................

3 .....................................................................
[3]

(ii) State one difference between productive forests and protection forests.

productive forests ..............................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

protection forests ...............................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(iii) Study Fig. 4.2, a diagram showing how altitude affects vegetation type.

5000
snow-line
alpine forest
4000

altitude 3000
(m) coniferous
forest
2000

1000 tropical thorn forest

sub-tropical scrub forest
riverain / bela forest
irrigated forest
mangrove forest
sea level

Fig. 4.2

Using Fig. 4.2 and your own knowledge, suggest how altitude affects the type and
amount of vegetation in Pakistan.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

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 Page 136

(c) Explain two effects of deforestation on the natural environment of Pakistan. You should
develop your answer.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[4]

© UCLES 2020 2059/02/O/N/20 [Turn over

 Page 137

(d) The United Nations environment programme supports Pakistan's initiatives with forest
owners, the timber industry and forest-dependent communities to keep its forests alive and
healthy by controlling deforestation and degradation.

To what extent can initiatives on forests encourage further sustainable development in

Pakistan? Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied.
You should consider different points of view in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 25]

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 Page 138

Question Answer Marks

2(a)(ii) Complete the passage below about reasons for the variations in the 3
percentage share of forest cover shown in Fig. 4.1. Choose the correct
words from the list and place them in the spaces provided.

KPK has the largest percentage share of forest cover in Pakistan because
the climate is more suitable for growing trees. There are fewer trees in
Punjab because the land is needed for cultivation. Some areas may have
suffered more from deforestation than others.
3 @ 1 mark

1(b)(i) State three functions of forests in Pakistan. 3

• provides shade/lowers temperature;

• provides humus/fertilises soil;
• prevent soil erosion/landslides;
• reduces flooding/prevent silt/reduce surface runoff;
• used for timber;
• used for fuel wood/firewood/wood;
• for making products e.g. furniture/boats/paper/trucks/bridges;
• provide oxygen/reduce carbon dioxide/air pollution/purify air;
• shelter for wildlife/habitat;
• building houses;
• for domestic use/cooking;
• scenic beauty/recreation opportunities/tourism;
• for medicinal purposes/in pharmaceutical industry;
• provide moisture through evapotranspiration;
• mangroves protect coastlines/provide breeding ground for fish;
• provides food/fruit/nuts/herbs.
3 @ 1 mark

1(b)(ii) State one difference between productive forests and protection 2

forests.

• productive forests are mainly natural/high tree density/forest canopy is

closed/great commercial value/mostly used for extraction of
timber/wood/firewood;
• protection forests are mainly planted by people/man-made/often
linear/along roads/railways/in parks/little commercial value/main
function is to protect the soil/provide shade.
2 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2020
 Page 139

Question Answer Marks

(b)(iii) Study Fig. 4.2, a diagram showing how altitude affects vegetation type. 4
Using Fig. 4.2 and your own knowledge, suggest how altitude affects
the type and amount of vegetation in Pakistan.

• fewer trees grow as altitude increases/more trees grow at lower

altitudes;
• more variety of trees/forests/grow at lower altitudes/named
examples/altitude affects temperature lower altitudes are warmer which
results in a wider variety of trees/forests;
• mangrove forests are along coastline/mouth of rivers/low altitude/sea
level to 1000 m/irrigated/riverain/sub-tropical/tropical thorn;
• high/mid-altitudes only have evergreen/coniferous/alpine trees/types of
leaves described/sloping branches;
• only coniferous grow 1000–4000 m;
• altitude affects temperature/temperature decreases with height which
results in stunted growth of trees at 4000 m and above/alpine forests;
• 4000–4500 m only alpine grow/highest forest is alpine/alpine found just
below snow line;
• no trees grow above the snowline/above 4500 m.
4 @ 1 mark

(c) Explain two effects of deforestation on the natural environment of 4

Pakistan. You should develop your answer.

• exposure of soil (1); leads to soil erosion by wind or water (dev);

• no roots to slow down infiltration (1); leads to flooding (dev);
• habitat loss/less shade for animals (1); leads to extinction of
animals/species (dev);
• breaks down the food chain (1) leads to extinction (dev);
• more CO2 in the atmosphere/more pollution in the air (1); increased
global warming/climate change/increased temperatures/because trees
act as filters/trees absorb pollutants (dev);
• increased surface runoff (1); due to lack of roots to slow down
movement of water/which could lead to flooding (dev);
• amount of rainfall is decreased/water cycle disrupted (1); due to less
evapotranspiration (dev).

Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development.
Note: Possible opportunity to allow a further mark or marks for additional
development.
Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.
2 @ 2marks

© UCLES 2020
 Page 140

Question Answer Marks

(d) The United Nations environment programme supports Pakistan’s 6

initiatives with forest owners, the timber industry and forest-
dependent communities to keep its forests alive and healthy by
controlling deforestation and degradation.

To what extent can initiatives on forests encourage further sustainable

development in Pakistan? Give reasons to support your judgement
and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different
points of view in your answer.

Levels marking

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view (3)
Developed points referring to both views (4)

Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example
(5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant
example (6)

Content Guide
Answers are likely to refer to:

Forest initiatives can encourage further sustainable development

• there is a financial incentive for the government/country to protect their
forests and reduce deforestation;
• it is an international initiative so likely to be implemented and monitored
effectively;
• specific criteria clearly identified for governments/countries to adopt;
• examples of sustainable management strategies for implementation
e.g. plant a tree for everyone cut down;
• use of LPG/CNG or other fuels will lead to less deforestation;
• education about the importance of trees and sustainable development
of forests;
• local landowners given a financial incentive to plant trees rather than
other uses/named examples;
• encourage eco-tourism;
Etc.

© UCLES 2020
 Page 141

Question Answer Marks

(d) Ideas against

• individual landowners will still deforest areas if they need the land for
other purposes or examples of what land is needed for;
• it is not clear how much will be paid to the government/country for their
co-operation;
• the financial incentives may not be lucrative enough compared to the
financial benefits of deforestation;
• long term project/investment as takes time for trees to grow;
• resistance to education about the importance of trees in some tribal
areas;
• political/government changes can alter forest laws;
• initiatives may be mismanaged;
• illegal cutting of trees/cutting cannot be controlled;
Etc.

Named examples could include: The Tarbela/Mangla Watershed

Management Project/Rachna Doab Afforestation Project/Billion Trees
project/Agha Khan Rural Support Programme etc.

© UCLES 2020
 Page 142

3 (a) (i) Study Fig. 2.1, a map showing forest types in Pakistan.

Key:
alpine international boundary

A province-level boundary
JAMMU &
disputed boundary KASHMIR
B
disputed territory
C

mangroves

0 100 200 300

Arabian Sea
km

Fig. 2.1

Name the forest types shown at A, B and C:

A ..................................................................

B ..................................................................

C .................................................................. [3]

(ii) Using Fig. 2.1, name two areas in Pakistan where mangroves grow.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ....................................................................................................................................[2]

© UCLES 2018 2059/02/M/J/18 [Turn over

 Page 143

(b) (i) Describe two natural characteristics of mangrove forests.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) Describe two functions of forests.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(iii) Suggest three physical factors which determine the type and density of forests.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

© UCLES 2018 2059/02/M/J/18

 Page 144

(c) (i) Study Fig. 2.2, which shows a coniferous tree.

Fig. 2.2

Explain how this type of tree has adapted to the climatic conditions it grows in. You
should develop your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]

(ii) State three causes of deforestation in Pakistan.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

3 ....................................................................................................................................[3]

© UCLES 2018 2059/02/M/J/18 [Turn over

 Page 145

(d) Around 5 per cent of the land area of Pakistan is forested. To meet sustainable development
targets the amount of land covered by forest needs to increase to 25 per cent by 2030. Read
the following two views about possible uses of land in Pakistan:

A B
Increased forest cover There are more
is an important use important uses of land for
of land for the future the future development of
development of Pakistan. Pakistan than increased
forest cover.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider View A and View B in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[6]

[TOTAL: 25]

© UCLES 2018 2059/02/M/J/18

 Page 146

Question Answer Marks

3(a)(i) • Forest type A – Coniferous; 3

• Forest type B – Subtropical scrub / subtropical dry / subtropical thorn / dry
thorn scrub;
• Forest type C – Tropical thorn / rakh.
3 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) • Coastal areas of Sindh / Indus Delta; 2

• Coastal areas of Balochistan / Sonmiani Bay;
• Along the coastline of / near the Arabian Sea.
2 @ 1 mark

(b)(i) • Broad / big leaves / leaves have drip tips; 2

• Leaves are leathery / have reduced number of stomata;
• Low trees and shrubs;
• Height 3–8 m;
• Can survive in salty water;
• Roots filter salt / have aerial roots / have prop roots / roots stick up out of
water;
• Prefer clean / unpolluted water.
2 @ 1 mark

(b)(ii) • Protect soil from erosion / being blown away; 2

• Lower the temperature / provide shade / create a more pleasant
environment;
• Provide humus to fertilise the soil;
• Provide raw materials / named example, e.g. timber (for industry) /
furniture / medicines / firewood;
• Many jobs depend on forests / examples of jobs;
• Recreational value / promote tourism / provide scenic beauty;
• Prevent floods;
• Take in CO2 / release O2;
• Provide habitat for wildlife;
• Increase / encourage rainfall / create transpiration;
• Help with desalination (Eucalyptus trees).
2 @ 1 mark

(b)(iii) • Altitude, e.g. high altitude = fir / spruce / alpine; 3

• Precipitation, e.g. dry areas = thorny bushes / scrub;
• Precipitation, e.g. high precipitation = coniferous / evergreen forests;
• Soil type / edaphic factors, e.g. salty areas = mangroves / fertile soil =
high density;
• Temperature, e.g. low / cold = alpine;
• Temperature, e.g. high / hot / warm = tropical scrub;
• Presence of rivers = riverain / bela;
• Presence of oases = individual trees / palms.
3 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2018
 Page 147

Question Answer Marks

(c)(i) Ideas showing how the tree has adapted to the climate such as: 4
• Evergreen – no need to renew leaves / short growing season;
• Compact conical shape – stabilises the tree in windy conditions / releases
snow / prevents snow accumulation;
• Needles instead of leaves – reduces moisture loss;
• Tall / straight trunk – in order to grow straight towards sunlight;
• Cones – protect seeds during cold months;
• Downward pointing branches – allows snow to easily fall off;
• Shallow root system – as soils are thin / subsoil is frozen for most of the
year;
• Long / wide spreading roots – helps to anchor the tree against strong
winds;
• Thick bark – protects from cold winds.
Etc.

Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development (in parentheses).

Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.

2 @ 2 marks

(c)(ii) • For farming / agriculture / growing crops / irrigation; 3

• Urbanisation / growth of settlements;
• Construction of roads / railways;
• Industrialisation / growth / spread of industries;
• Use of wood in industry / to sell / examples of use of wood, e.g. timber /
furniture;
• Mining / extraction of raw materials;
• For fuelwood / cooking / heating;
• Overgrazing causes more trees to be cleared for cattle;
• Fire;
• Flooding;
• Reservoirs for dams.
3 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2018
 Page 148

Question Answer Marks

(d) Levels marking 6

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point addressing any view (1)
Simple points addressing any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point(s) explaining one view (3)
Developed point(s) explaining both views (4)
No evaluation

Level 3 5–6
Developed points explaining both views
Evaluation giving clear support to one view or appropriate example (5)
Evaluation giving clear support to one view and appropriate example (6)

Content Guide
Answers are likely to refer to:

Importance of forests
Protect against soil erosion important for the future of agriculture;
Protect areas against flooding important for settlements and industry;
A valuable resource for industry;
Without forests other industries / example(s) of industries will not succeed;
Help to regulate the climate / carbon sink;
Mangroves protect against tropical cyclones / without mangroves industry
and housing can be lost;
Development of tourism / ecotourism / sustainable tourism.

Importance of other uses of land

Needs to be used for developing industry / land too valuable for growing
trees;
Land is limited;
Growing population needs new settlements / construction of settlements;
More food needs to be grown for growing population and for export;
Trees take a long time to grow so have to wait for a capital return on them;
For named infrastructure development, e.g. roads / electricity grid.
Etc.

© UCLES 2018
 Page 149

4 (c) Study Fig. 2 which is a map showing different forest types in Pakistan.

Key
Types of forest

........................................................

........................................................

........................................................

........................................................

international boundary

disputed boundary

0 300

km

Fig. 2

(i) In the key, name the types of forest shown on the map. [2]

© UCLES 2016 2059/02/O/N/16

 Page 150

(ii) For one of the forest types you have named in (i):
• Describe the features of the forest.
• Explain the uses or purpose of the trees that grow there.

Forest type name ..............................................................................................................

Description ........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

Explanation .......................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]

© UCLES 2016 2059/02/O/N/16 [Turn over

 Page 151

4 (c) Study Fig. 2 which is a map showing different forest types in Pakistan.

(i) In the key, name the types of forest shown on the map. [2]

(Top to bottom) Mangrove, Riverain / Bela, Irrigated, Coniferous / Alpine

(Mark as one or two correct 1 mark; three or four correct 2 marks)

(ii) For one of the forest types you have named in (i):

• Describe the features of the forest – 2 marks

• Explain the uses or purpose of the trees that grow there – 2 marks [4]

Description: 2 Marks Uses / Purpose: 2 Marks General points: max 1 Mark

MANGROVE

• Leaves – broad / drip tips / • Firewood

leathery / pointed • Breeding ground for fish /
• Low / 3–8 m / do not grow shrimps
tall / general height 3 m • Leaves food / nutrition for
• Grow on mudflats fish
• Survive in sea water / salt • Fodder for camels /
tolerant livestock
• Roots bend into water • Protects from coastal
• Roots filter salt from water erosion
• Furniture
• Thatching material • Reduce surface run-off
• Barrier against floods, • Prevent floods
tsunami, storms / intensity • Prevent soil erosion
of earthquakes • Protect against air pollution
/ purify air
RIVERAIN / BELA • Protect soil (conserve soil)
• Humus to increase soil
• Shishum / • For furniture / agricultural fertility
• babul / willow / dhak instruments / construction • Increase rainfall
• Commercial hardwoods • Firewood • Timber
• Habitats / breeding and
IRRIGATED conserving areas for birds
and wildlife
• Blocks of same species • Firewood
shishum / babul / • Shade
eucalyptus / jhand • For construction / fencing
• Dense / compact

CONIFEROUS / ALPINE

• 30 m • For furniture / boxes /

• Spruce / fir / deodar / kail / crates
chir • For paper and pulp
• Evergreen • Protection from landslides
• Conical shape / downward • Tourism

© UCLES 2016
 Page 152

5 (b) (i)) Study Photograph A (Insert). Identify the type of forest vegetation shown in the
photograph.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Study Fig. 8 which gives information about different types of forested area in Pakistan.

2010

Key:
2005 natural forest
plantations
other woodland
2000

1990

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

forested area (000 hectares)

Fig. 8

Describe one main change in forested area over the period shown.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(iii) State the main difference between natural forest and plantations.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

© UCLES 2016 2059/02/M/J/16

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(iv) In 2014 about 4.2% of the land area of Pakistan was covered in forest. Explain why more
forests need to be planted in the Indus Plain.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

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...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[5]

Photograph A for Question 3

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 Page 154

5 (b) (i) Study Photograph A (Insert). Identify the type of forest vegetation shown in the
photograph. [1]

Subtropical dry / subtropical scrub / dry thorn scrub /subtropical thorn

(ii) Study Fig. 8 which gives information about different types of forested area in
Pakistan. Describe one main change in forested area over the period shown. [1]

Overall decreased
Natural forest decreased
Plantations increased
Other woodland increased

(iii) State the main difference between natural forest and plantations. [1]

Natural forests are not planted by man: plantations are planted by man/man-made
Natural forests have greater variety of species/greater biodiversity

(iv) In 2014 about 4.2% of the land area of Pakistan was covered in forest. Explain why
more forests need to be planted in the Indus Plain. [5]

Pakistan has one of the lowest proportions of its total area under forest in the world
To meet a target for % total area covered in forest (20–25%)
To replace trees cut down / to meet the needs of future generations from forests
For firewood (thereby conserving natural forest)
For commercial use/timber/wood-based industries (using timber as a raw material e.g.
furniture making) /fruit trees/medicines

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 155

6 (c) Study Photographs A and B (Insert), which show typical scenes of deforestation.

(i) State one use of timber from forests that have been cut down.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Using the photographs and your own knowledge, describe the effects of deforestation on
the natural environment.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]

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(d)
Pakistan is rapidly losing its trees. Over the period 2000–2007 the country’s forests
decreased at a rate of 2.2% per year, the ninth highest rate among the world’s nations.

What actions can be taken to reduce deforestation? To what extent are these actions possible
in Pakistan?

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[6]

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 Page 157

Photograph A for Question 6

Photograph B for Question 6

© UCLES 2015 2059/02/INSERT/O/N/15

 Page 158

6 (c) Study Photographs A and B (Insert), which show typical scenes of deforestation.
(i) State one use of timber from forests that have been cut down. [1]
Construction/buildings Chipboard/hardboard/plywood Matches
Furniture Paper Fuel/firewood/charcoal
Sports goods Boxes Veneer

USE LIST RULE

(ii) Using the photographs and your own knowledge, describe the effects of
deforestation on the natural environment. [4]
Soil washed into rivers
Siltation of rivers
Soil blown away
Increased surface run off / risk of flooding
Loss of forest habitat/mangroves/ecosystem
Loss of species/extinction
Air pollution from burning
Less take up of CO 2 / increase in global warming/climate change
Soil eroded / coarse layers of soil/bare rock/infertile soil left behind / gullying / landslides
Less transpiration/rainfall
Decrease in humus formation
Loss of scenic beauty/visual pollution

(d) Pakistan is rapidly losing its trees. Over the period 2000–2007 the country’s forests
decreased at a rate of 2.2% per year, the ninth highest rate among the world’s nations.

What actions can be taken to reduce deforestation? To what extent are these actions
possible in Pakistan? [6]

Levels marked
Level 3 (5–6 marks) Developed points explaining both views (possible and not possible).
Evaluation giving clear support to one view, with developed points describing actions (5), and
with at least one reference to an appropriate example (6)

Level 2 (3–4 marks) Developed point explaining one view or describing actions (3),
developed points explaining both views (or either view) or explaining one view and
describing actions or describing actions only (4). No evaluation.

Level 1 (1–2 marks) Simple point addressing one view or describing actions (1), simple
points addressing both views or one view and describing actions or describing actions only
(2).

Indicative content (development of points in parentheses)

© Cambridge International Examinations 2015

 Page 159

Actions
Government protection of forest areas/national parks/reserves
Sustainable forestry (selective cutting/helilogging/horse logging)
Planting trees/afforestation/reafforestation (of fast growing trees/replacement forests planted
where areas cleared for housing/industry/roads)
Plantation (of commercial/irrigated forests/forests for firewood/planting on roadsides and
open spaces/fruit/nut trees)
Improve distribution of alternative fuel sources to avoid need for fuelwood (e.g. natural
gas/CNG to mountainous or remote areas)
Government action on illegal logging
Restrict logging (quotas/licences)
Education/awareness programmes

Possible/greater extent
Successful afforestation projects (of badlands in catchment areas) (Tarbela/Mangla
Watershed Project) (Rachna Doab Afforestation Project ) (Baltistan 1995 onwards
afforestation programme by Agha Khan Rural Support Programme – 830 000 trees planted)
Named forest reserves/national parks/plantations
Awareness programmes about value of forests (run by NGOs)

Not possible/lesser extent

High cost
Projects difficult to manage (in remote/mountainous areas)
Security issues (in FATA/border areas)
Growing population/demand for timber/firewood/land (for housing, industry, agriculture,
roads)
Government priorities

© Cambridge International Examinations 2015

 Page 160

ABSTRACT
Unit discuss the location and use of Mineral
resources along with benefits of developing
mineral resources and understand the
sustainability

BLAST FROM THE PAST

Year Series

2021 May June

Mineral Resources 2015
Theme 02
Natural resources -an issue of sustainability

2021 Oct Nov

2016
 Page 161

Topic Focus point What key knowledge you need to know R A G

Natural Mineral You should be able to:

resources – resources  identify the main locations of limestone, gypsum and rock
an issue of
salt extraction from a map, and understand their uses
sustainability
 identify the main metallic and non-metallic mineral
resources of Pakistan, and in what quantities they:

o are extracted

o exist as reserves

 understand the extent to which these can be exploited

 describe the environmental problems caused by mineral

extraction

 evaluate the benefits of developing mineral resources and

understand the sustainability of extraction

 identify the main imported minerals, where they come from,

and in what quantities.
 Page 162

1 (ii) Describe three environmental problems caused by mineral extraction.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[3]

(d) Evaluate the benefits and problems of further developing the mineral extraction industry in
Pakistan. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied.
You should consider different points of view in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]

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Question Answer Marks

1(c)(ii) Describe three environmental problems caused by mineral extraction. 3

• vegetation cut down/deforestation as land is cleared for mining;
• soil erosion by exposure of soils to rains as land is cleared;
• habitats/ecosystem lost due to clearance of land;
• mining waste produces land pollution;
• water supplies polluted from mineral waste/chemicals from mining
processes seep into groundwater and rivers/sea;
• air pollution from machinery/explosives/dust and smoke;
• noise pollution from machinery/extraction processes e.g. blasting;
• scarred landscape/deformed landscape from pits, tips, spoil heaps;
• subsidence due to collapse of underground tunnels;
• landslides due to explosions;
• depressions/deep holes which fill with rainwater.
3 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2021
 Page 164

Question Answer Marks

1(d) Evaluate the benefits and problems of further developing the mineral 6
extraction industry in Pakistan. Give reasons to support your
judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should
consider different points of view in your answer.

Levels marking

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view (3)
Developed points referring to both views (4)

Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example
(5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant
example (6)

Content Guide
Answers are likely to refer to:

benefits:
• loans for equipment/hiring experts from abroad with technical expertise;
• sustainable mining techniques reduce environmental damage/allow safe
disposal of waste;
• provides employment opportunities in remote rural regions;
• large mineral reserves - extraction allows long-term development;
• wages in mining often higher than in farming etc;
• transport and power infrastructure developed in remote areas
• encourages growth in industries using the minerals e.g. steel industry
near coal and iron ore;
• improves the balance of payments/reduces imports and increases
exports;
• producing more minerals means more income and increased GDP;
• more industrial development brings jobs, means increase in tax revenue
for Pakistan can be spent on education/health;
Etc.

© UCLES 2021
 Page 164

Question Answer Marks

1(d) examples include:

In 2014, the Chinese company MCC took over the operation of Duddar
lead/zinc mine in Balochistan. Production increased rapidly as MCC brought
in experts and modern mining machinery. Since 1980, US$236 million has
been invested in Duddar: US$101 million by MCC. MCC invested in local
education, health and water supplies.

problems:
• environmental damage can be irreversible;
• better to develop other sectors of the economy e.g. agriculture to fulfil
the demand from an increasing population;
• jobs may be low paid and dangerous;
• the financial cost of exploitation may not be fully recovered from the
sale/use of the raw materials;
• cost of levelling the land after mining activity to avoid land deformation;
• cost of treatment of mining waste and fumes;
• cost of technology/machines/experts to make the industry competitive;
• some minerals are technically challenging/expensive to extract e.g. deep
underground mining;
• limited pool of workers with skill to operate advanced mining technology;
• some minerals are low quality/may not be worth extracting - if the iron
content of iron ore is less than 60%, it is not suitable for high-quality
steel production e.g. coal from the Thar coalfield contains too many
sulphur and lime impurities to be used in power stations;
• cost of transporting minerals out/bringing workers in may discourage
mineral extraction in remote areas e.g. deserts, mountain regions;
• oil pipelines are expensive to build/maintain
Etc.

examples include:
Under Thario Halepoto village in the Thar Desert lie 1.5 billion tonnes of coal
but exploitation will mean villagers lose their homes and grazing lands, the
destruction of desert trees and ecology, and pollution of underground water
that they rely on for drinking
 Page 165

2 (a) (i) Study Fig. 1.1, a map showing the four main areas of gypsum and limestone extraction
in southern Pakistan.

0 100 200 300

Arabian Sea
km

Key
international boundary
main mineral extraction areas
gypsum
limestone

Fig. 1.1

Complete the shading of the oval shapes in Fig. 1.1 to show the main areas where
gypsum and limestone are extracted. Use the information in the key. One area of
limestone has already been shaded for you. [2]

(ii) State two uses of each mineral in Pakistan.

gypsum:

use 1 ............................................................................................

use 2 ............................................................................................

limestone:

use 1 ............................................................................................

use 2 ............................................................................................
[4]

© UCLES 2021 2059/02/M/J/21

 Page 166

(b) (i) Study Fig. 1.2, a bar graph showing the amount of GDP Pakistan earned from mining
between 2011 and 2018.
360 000

340 000

320 000
GDP from mining
(PKR million)

300 000

280 000

260 000

0
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
year

Fig. 1.2

Complete Fig. 1.2 to show that Pakistan earned 345 000 PKR million from mining
in 2018. [1]

(ii) Identify the amount of GDP earned from mining in 2011.

....................................... PKR million [1]

(iii) Describe the changes in GDP earned from mining between 2011 and 2018. You should
include data in your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

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 Page 167

(c) (i) Complete the passage below about limestone extraction in Pakistan. Choose the correct
words from the list and place them in the spaces provided.

building equipment excavation explosives

methods minerals mining outcrops seams

When limestone .............................. at the surface it is extracted by quarrying.

Quarrying is an open .............................. from which stone is extracted for

.............................. and engineering purposes. Quarrying is carried out by

using different .............................. and .............................. such as hand tools,

.............................. or power saws, depending on the final use of the limestone.

[3]

(ii) Explain two human factors influencing the location of a cement factory. You should
develop your answer.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[4]

(iii) Define ‘sustainable’.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

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 Page 168

(d) Evaluate the extent to which the extraction of Pakistan’s mineral resources could be made
more sustainable.

Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should
consider different points of view in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 25]

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 Page 169

Question Answer Marks

2(a)(i) Study Fig. 1.1, a map showing the four main areas of gypsum and 2
limestone extraction in southern Pakistan.

Complete the shading of the oval shapes in Fig.1.1 to show the main
areas where gypsum and limestone are extracted. Use the information in
the key. One area of limestone has already been shaded for you.

• gypsum one area correctly identified (horizontal oval) and shaded = 1

mark;
• limestone two areas correctly identified (both vertical ovals) and shaded =
1 mark.
2 @ 1 mark

2(a)(ii) State two uses of each mineral in Pakistan. 4

gypsum uses:
• cement;
• fertilisers;
• Plaster of Paris;
• paint;
• pre-fabricated construction boards;
• spread on saline soil/help reclaim land for farming/chemical industry.

limestone uses:
• bleaching;
• buildings;
• cement;
• glass;
• iron;
• lime;
• paint;
• painted on barks of trees/reduce pest attacks;
• paper;
• powder;
• produce alcohol/fuel;
• soap;
• to treat sugar cane waste.

Note: Different examples required for each mineral.

Note: Gypsum uses = max. 2 marks, limestone uses = max. 2 marks.
4 @ 1 mark

2(b)(i) Study Fig 1.2, a bar graph showing the amount of GDP Pakistan earned 1
from mining between 2011 and 2018.

Complete Fig. 1.2. to show that Pakistan earned 345 000 PKR Million
from mining in 2018.

Accurate completion of the bar graph for 2018.

1 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2021
 Page 170

Question Answer Marks

2(b)(ii) Identify the amount of GDP earned from mining in 2011. 1

270 000
1 @ 1 mark

2(b)(iii) Describe the changes in GDP earned from mining between 2011 and 3
2018. You should include data in your answer.

• overall increase;
• 2011 lowest (at 270 000 PKR million);
• 2018 highest (at 345 000 PKR million);
• amount of increase 75 000 PKR Million (tolerance to be agreed);
• largest increase between 2015 and 2016 (of 21 000 PKR million).

Note: One mark reserved for use of data.

3 @ 1 mark

2(c)(i) Complete the passage below about limestone extraction in Pakistan. 3

Choose the correct words from the list and place them in the spaces
provided.

When limestone outcrops at the surface it is extracted by quarrying. Quarrying

is an open excavation from which stone is extracted for building and
engineering purposes. Quarrying is carried out by using different methods and
equipment such as hand tools, explosives or power saws, depending on the
final use of the stone.

5 or 6 correct = 3 marks
3 or 4 correct = 2 marks
1 or 2 correct = 1 mark

0 marks if the same word entered more than twice/throughout and this is the
only correct answer.

Note: Methods/equipment are interchangeable.

3 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2021
 Page 171

Question Answer Marks

2(c)(ii) Explain two human factors influencing the location of a cement factory. 4
You should develop your answer.

• availability of natural gas/gas pipeline; used as a cheap fuel/to keep costs

down;
• close to markets/demand from within Pakistan; high demand from
construction industry;
• demand for export markets; to improve balance of payments;
• large workforce nearby; to fulfil both skilled and non-skilled jobs;
• transport/accessible to motorways/main roads/railways; for ease of
transporting in raw materials/exporting finished products to where
needed;
• loans/investment to set up the factory;
• near to raw materials/limestone;
Etc.

Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development.
Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.
2 @ 2 marks

2(c)(ii) Define ‘sustainable’. 1

Able to be maintained/will last a long time/will not cause damage/future

generations not compromised.
1 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2021
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Question Answer Marks

2(d) Evaluate the extent to which the extraction of Pakistan’s mineral 6

resources could be made more sustainable.

Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have
studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.

Levels marking

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view (3)
Developed points referring to both views (4)

Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example
(5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example
(6)

Content Guide

Answers are likely to refer to:

• for mineral extraction to be sustainable it means that the current
population must be able to meet their own needs without compromising
the needs of future generations/not harm the environment or that the
environment can be returned to its former state once extraction has
ceased/the economy benefits etc.
• for mineral extraction to be sustainable all parts of the process need to be
considered e.g. exploration/extraction/transportation of raw
materials/disposing of waste etc.

mineral extraction could be made more sustainable because:

• there are large deposits of a variety of minerals in Pakistan so they can
select which ones to use;
• can enforce strict environmental guidelines and laws or examples;
• increased use and availability of technology makes reserves more viable;
• can return the environment to its former state after extraction;
• use of renewable energy sources to exploit mineral deposits;

© UCLES 2021
 Page 173

Question Answer Marks

2(d) Continued mineral extraction cannot be made more sustainable

because:
• availability and use of technology is limited in some areas and traditional
methods are still used;
• profit is put before the environment;
• habitats and loss of wildlife cannot be restored fully;
• harmful to people e.g. vibrations from explosives/danger whilst working;
• cost of extraction is high/viability may be low;
• waste is harmful to the environment and may not be disposed of carefully;
• environmental laws/regulations may not be enforced;
• re-using and re-cycling may not be fully utilised;
• causes visual, noise, land, water and air pollution;
Etc.

© UCLES 2021
 Page 174

3 (a) Study Fig. 3 which is a map showing the locations where three different non-metallic minerals
are extracted in Pakistan.

Name ...........................................................

Use ...........................................................

Name ...........................................................

Use ...........................................................

Name ........................................................... N

Use ...........................................................

Key
international boundary
provincial boundary
disputed boundary

0 250
km

Fig. 3

(i) For any two locations, state the name of the mineral extracted and a use for this mineral.
Write your answers in the spaces provided on Fig. 3. [4]

You should choose from the following list:

gypsum limestone rocksalt

© UCLES 2016 2059/02/O/N/16 [Turn over

 Page 175

(ii) Using Fig. 3 and your own knowledge, suggest difficulties there may be in getting
minerals to export markets.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

© UCLES 2016 2059/02/O/N/16

 Page 176

3 (a) Study Fig. 3 which is a map showing the locations where three different non-metallic
minerals are extracted in Pakistan.

(i) For any two locations, state the name of the mineral extracted and a use for this
mineral. Write your answers in the spaces provided on Fig. 3. [4]

You should choose from the following list: gypsum limestone rocksalt

Location
NW – rocksalt / limestone / gypsum
Central – limestone / gypsum
S – limestone

Mark any two correct

Uses
Rocksalt: cooking / preservation / soda (used in laundries / textiles / tanning) flavouring
food
Gypsum: paints / fertilisers / boards / cement / to treat saline soil / plaster of paris
Limestone: for building / cement / bleach / glass / soap / paints / to treat saline soil /
bleaching powder / paper

(ii) Using Fig. 3 and your own knowledge, suggest difficulties there may be in getting
minerals to export markets. [3]

Heavy / bulky commodities

Expensive to transport
Roads and railways from mining areas poorly developed / or not connected
Mostly extracted far inland / away from ports / Karachi / distance from markets / takes a
long time / remoteness
Mountainous / rugged terrain
Theft
Inappropriate / inadequate vehicles to transport minerals

© UCLES 2016
 Page 177

4 (a) Study Figs 3 and 4 which give information about the extraction of three metallic minerals in
Pakistan in 2010–11.

350

300 0%

250

200 80% 20%

tonnes Iron ore
(000) Bauxite
150
Chromite
100

50
60% 40%
0
Chromite Bauxite Iron ore

Fig. 3 Fig. 4

(i) How much iron ore was extracted in 2010–11?

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) State the difference between the type of information being provided in Fig. 3 compared to
that in Fig. 4.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) (i) Give one use for the mineral chromite and name one area where it is extracted in
Pakistan.

Use ....................................................................................................................................

Area ...............................................................................................................................[2]

© UCLES 2015 2059/02/M/J/15

 Page 178

(ii) What are the benefits of extracting mineral resources for local people and the national
economy?

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]

(iii) Explain the effects of mineral extraction on the natural environment.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]

© UCLES 2015 2059/02/M/J/15 [Turn over

 Page 179

4 (a) Study Figs 3 and 4 which give information about the extraction of three metallic
minerals in Pakistan in 2010–11.

(i) How much iron ore was extracted in 2010–11? [1]

329 000 tonnes (accept 327 000 tonnes to 331 000 tonnes)

(ii) State the difference between the type of information being provided in Fig. 3
compared to that in Fig. 4. [1]

Fig. 3 shows quantities/amounts/tonnes whereas Fig. 4 shows

proportions/share/percentages of the total amount (Bar v Pie alone = 0)

(b) (i) Give one use for the mineral chromite and name one area where it is extracted in
Pakistan. [2]

Used in steel/bridges/railway carriages/furnace linings/tools

Muslimbagh/Zhob (Valley)/Wad

(ii) What are the benefits of extracting mineral resources for local people and the
national economy? [4]

Local people

Employment opportunities
Higher/more stable incomes
Higher living standards/settled lifestyle
Business opportunities for local/ancillary industries/services
Improvement to local infrastructure such as roads/electricity (infrastructure alone = 0)
Local use of raw materials with example (do not double mark raw material in national
economy)

National economy

Raw material for named sectors of economy, e.g. energy, construction, agriculture, industry
Named raw material
Industrialisation / industry developed
Revenue/taxes for government
Export earnings/contributes to balance of payments/source of foreign exchange/
exports increase
Reduces national debt/deficit
Reducing imports

(iii) Explain the effects of mineral extraction on the natural environment. [4]

Deforestation to clear land

Destroys habitat/wildlife/plants
Land deformation/destruction/destroys land
E.g. holes/pits/depressions/tips/spoil heaps/flooding
Ash waste/ash ponds/toxic waste
Subsidence even after mining activity finished
Noise pollution from machinery/blasting/scares/disturbs wildlife
Air pollution from dust and smoke
Water pollution – seepage into ground water/rivers/seas

© Cambridge International Examinations 2015

Unit 6 Page 180 Fishing

ABSTRACT
The Unit deals the fishing methods used in both
marine and inland waters, including fish farms along
with
BLAST FROM THE PAST

Year Series

2019 May June

2016

Fishing
Theme 02
Natural resources -an issue of sustainability

2017 Oct Nov

2016
 Unit 6 Page 181 Fishing

Topic Focus point What key knowledge you need to know R A G

Natural Fish You should be able to:

resources –  describe the fishing methods used in both marine and
an issue of
inland waters, including fish farms
sustainability
 give examples of the fish caught in both marine and inland
waters, and of the fish reared on fish farms

 give examples of the fishing ports on both the Balochistan

and Sindh coasts

 describe the uses of the fish caught

 explain improvements in fishing methods and processing

techniques

 understand the problems facing the fishing industry and

evaluate the possibilities for its further development and
sustainability.
 Unit 6 Page 182 Fishing

1 (c) (i) Name two types of fish caught in each of Pakistan’s marine waters and inland waters.

marine waters inland waters

1 1

2 2

[2]

(ii) Fish are used for food. State two other uses of fish.

1 ............................................................................

2 ............................................................................
[2]

(iii) Explain two improvements made in fish processing techniques in Pakistan. You should
develop your answer.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[4]

© UCLES 2023 2059/02/O/N/23 [Turn over

 Unit 6 Page 183 Fishing

(d) Sustainable fishing means protecting habitats and species of fish, leaving enough for future
generations.

Evaluate the potential for the further sustainable development of the fishing industry in
Pakistan. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied.
You should consider different points of view in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

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...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

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...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

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............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 14]

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 Unit 6 Page 184 Fishing

Question Answer Marks

1(c)(i) Name two types of fish caught in each of Pakistan’s marine waters and 2
inland waters.

marine fish:
catfish / croaker / drum / herring / mackerel / pomfret / (sting)ray / sardine /
shark / skate / tuna

inland fish:
carp / catfish / manaseer (mahseer) / palla/rahu (rohu) / trout /
thalla (thela/catla) / tilapia

3 or 4 correct = 2 marks
1 or 2 correct = 1 mark

(c)(ii) Fish are used for food. State two other uses of fish. 2

• to sell/for income/to make a profit/for export

• oil extraction/fish oil
• source of vitamin A and D
• to make medicines/cosmetics
• (uses of fish waste) e.g. to make fertiliser and poultry feed/livestock
fodder/fish glue
• to keep as a pet/a hobby/for relaxation
2 @ 1 mark
(c)(iii) Explain two improvements made in fish processing techniques in 4
Pakistan. You should develop your answer.

• freezers and/or cold storage have been added to fishing boats ; so the fish
stays fresh if the boats stay longer at sea
• cleaning and packaging the fish; improves hygiene and makes it safe for
transportation/adding to the value of the products
• processing fish into products such as fillets/fish fingers/fish meal for
animal feed; is becoming more common and adds value
• manual labour is replaced by machines to speed up processing; and
helps reach quality control/standardisation
• more processing plants have been built/more methods of preserving fish
have been introduced; ice factories have been created to chill the fish /
drying, curing, salting, canning, irradiating or freezing means fish can be
transported to markets further away
• canning is used to preserve fish; increasing demand for fish locally and
internationally; so they aren’t spoiled and keep their flavour
• freezers/cold storage facilities have been developed; to ensure that fish is
kept fresh before being transported to other parts of the country or
exported
• i mproved hygiene standards/sanitation introduced ; so that food handlers
are working within regulations; workers should be wearing gloves/hair
nets

Note: 1 mark for simple point and a further mark for the development of the
point. 1 mark for second simple point and a further mark for development of
the second point.

Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.

2 @ 2 marks
 Unit 6 Page 185 Fishing

Question Answer Marks

(d) Sustainable fishing means protecting habitats and species of fish, 6

leaving enough for future generations.

Evaluate the potential for the further sustainable development of the

fishing industry in Pakistan. Give reasons to support your judgement
and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different
points of view in your answer.

Content guide

Potential for the further sustainable development of the fishing industry

includes:
• fishing is passed down through generations, a sustainable skill
• modern fishing techniques can be introduced to improve the fish catch
without overfishing or harming the environment
• protection/replanting of mangroves as they are breeding grounds for fish
• reducing water pollution/regulations to control dumping of waste/cleaning
up existing pollution/using newer boats which rarely leak oil, etc.
• further improvements could be made to fish processing to ensure that
canning factories meet international hygiene standards so that more fish
can be exported
• fish processing could provide employment opportunities
• fisheries are the most important economic activity in Gwadar, more than
half the workforce is involved

Challenges for the further sustainable development of the fishing industry

include:
• it is already a major industry in coastal areas, less potential to involve
more of the population - inland fish farms tend to be small, are
subsistence/do not produce much profit
• it would be too expensive to implement regulations to ensure
canning/processing meets international standards
• many fishermen use traditional methods/cannot afford modern
methods/machinery/may not be able to access finance e.g. loans
• further training/education to adopt sustainable methods
• cost of cleaning polluted water/enforcing pollution regulations/controlling
damage to mangroves is prohibitively high for individuals/government
 Unit 6 Page 186 Fishing

2 (a) (i) Study Fig. 2.1, which is a map of the southern coastline of Pakistan.

IRAN

INDIA

Arabian Sea

Key:
0 100 200
international boundary
km
province-level boundary
fishing port

Fig. 2.1

Name two fishing ports on this coastline.

1 ..................................................................

2 .................................................................. [2]

(ii) State two uses of fish.

1 ..................................................................

2 .................................................................. [2]

© UCLES 2019 2059/02/M/J/19

 Unit 6 Page 187 Fishing

(iii) Complete the passage about types of marine fishing in Pakistan. Choose the correct
words from the list and place them in the spaces provided.

Fish that is caught and sold for profit is known as ......................................

fishing. Many families depend on this type of fishing for their main source

of ...................................... . Fish that is caught by the family for their own

consumption is known as ...................................... fishing. Many people

who live near the coast rely on fish as the main component of their

...................................... .

catch commercial diet large income

small subsistence traditional

[2]

(iv) Describe three fishing methods used in marine waters.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(b) (i) What is a fish farm?

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Describe the characteristics of a fish farm.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2019 2059/02/M/J/19 [Turn over

 Unit 6 Page 188 Fishing

(iii) Classify the following fish into the correct category in the table below. An example has
been done for you.

Marine fish Inland or freshwater fish

shark manaseer

Choose from:

drum rahu croaker catfish skate

palla trout ray thalla grass carp

[3]

(c) Explain two problems caused by the fishing industry on the natural environment. You should
develop your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

© UCLES 2019 2059/02/M/J/19

 Unit 6 Page 189 Fishing

(d) Fishing is an important and growing economic activity in Pakistan. Read the following two
views about ways to develop the fishing industry in Pakistan sustainably:

A B

Developing inland fish Developing marine

farming has greater fishing has greater
benefits for the people benefits for the people
and economy and is and economy and is
more sustainable. more sustainable.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider View A and View B in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

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...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

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...................................................................................................................................................

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............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 25]

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 Unit 6 Page 190 Fishing

Question Answer Marks

2(a)(i) • Jiwani; 2
• Gwadar;
• Pasni;
• Ormara;
• Sonmiani;
• Karachi / Keamari.
2 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) • Fish waste for fertiliser; 2

• Money / income / export / selling;
• Fish waste for poultry feed / livestock fodder;
• Oil / oil extracted (to provide a source of nutrition – vitamins A & D) /
medicines;
• Food supply / white meat / consumption / eating / healthy food.
2 @ 1 mark

(a)(iii) Fish that is caught and sold for profit is known as commercial fishing. Many 2
families depend on this type of fishing as their sole source of income. Fish
that is caught by the family for their own consumption is known as
subsistence fishing. Many people who live near the coast rely on fish as the
main component of their diet.
3 or 4 @ 2 marks
1 or 2 @ 1 mark

(a)(iv) • Traditional sailboats / wooden sailboats / small sailboats; 3

• Traditional small (rope / hand crafted) fishing nets used cannot go deep
/ surface fishing only catch small amount of fish;
• Fishing rods / lines (with hooks) / fishing poles;
• Trawlers / gill netters / mechanised boats / boats with engines;
• Modern boats can go further out up to 50–60 kms from the coast;
• Stay at sea for 5–15 days / one to three weeks;
• Traditional sailboats do not go far from coast;
• Radar system / sonar / radios / navigation equipment / fish finders;
• Large (nylon / rope) nets which go deep into the sea and catch a large
amount of fish / gill nets;
• Dynamite / bombs / explosives.
3 @ 1 mark

(b)(i) A fish farm is a (rectangular) artificial pool / pond made for breeding / 1
growing fish.
1 @ 1 mark

(b)(ii) • Rectangular / square / circular ponds; 2

• Man-made / made by humans;
• Concrete or cemented impervious base;
• Side is edged with solidified mud / edged with concrete;
• Trees planted around the fish farm.
2 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2019
 Unit 6 Page 191 Fishing

Question Answer Marks

(b)(iii) 3
Marine fish Inland or freshwater fish

Drum Rahu

Croaker Palla

Catfish Trout

Skate Thalla

Ray Grass carp

5 or 6 @ 3 marks
3 or 4 @ 2 marks
1 or 2 @ 1 mark

(c) • Water pollution; from spillage of oil from the fishing boats (dev); 4
• Overfishing; removes young fish and causes a reduction in species
(dev);
• Threat to mangroves; die in polluted water so breeding grounds for
many fish are lost / habitats lost (dev);
• Damage to ecosystem / ecology; food chains disrupted / species
become endangered / extinct (dev);
• Air pollution; from trawlers releasing fumes / named fumes, e.g. carbon
dioxide into air (dev);
• Nets / anchors / dynamite fishing; damage / erode sea bed / corals
(dev);
• Using illegal nets; removes young fish (dev);
• Fish farming; chemicals run off into soils / water leading to
eutrophication (dev);
• Propeller blades; damage / kill fish (near surface) (dev);
Etc.

Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development (in parentheses).

Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.

2 @ 2 marks

© UCLES 2019
 Unit 6 Page 192 Fishing

Question Answer Marks

(d) Levels marking 6

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to any view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view only (3)
Developed points referring to both views (4)

Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example
(5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant
example (6)

Content Guide
Answers are likely to refer to:

Developing inland fish farming

• Greater return to fishermen / fishing industry;
• Increased employment;
• Use of technology and upgrading of skills will ensure increased fish
production;
• Favourable impact on foreign exchange earnings;
• Reduces burden on crop and livestock;
Etc.

Developing the marine fishing industry

• Improved facilities are being developed along the coast for preservation
and storage;
• Almost all communities along the coast of Balochistan depend on
fishing for their livelihood;
• Infrastructure facilities provided at Gwadar, Ormara and Pasni;
• Ice factories and cold storage developed at Gwadar;
• One fish harbour has been constructed at Pasni;
• Could set up fish processing for further employment opportunities /
potential to catch a lot of fish;
Etc.

© UCLES 2019
 Unit 6 Page 193 Fishing

3 (a) (i) A Name a species of fish reared on a fish farm.

...........................................................................................................................................

B Give two uses for the products of fish farms.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ....................................................................................................................................[3]

(ii) Describe the methods used to rear fish on fish farms.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

© UCLES 2017 2059/02/O/N/17 [Turn over

 Unit 6 Page 194 Fishing

Question Answer Marks

3(a)(i) A 3
• Trout: brown / rainbow / Palla / Thalla / Catfish;
• Carp: Mahseer (Mahasher) / rahu / grass / silver / catla / mrigal.
1 @ 1 mark
B
• Animal / poultry feed;
• Local consumption / sold in local markets / fulfil requirements / food
supply;
• Source of protein;
• Fish oil extracted / used in medicine;
• Fish fertiliser / manure;
• Export;
• Breeding / saving species from extinction.
2 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) • Rectangular / man-made ponds; 3

• Lined / concrete base / cemented endings;
• Fill pond with water;
• Add fish or stock / nursery/ different fry, juveniles, etc.;
• Selective breeding programme;
• Trees planted on farms [to prevent losses from evaporation / for shade];
• Water enriched with nutrients / fertilised with manure / from poultry
droppings [for growth of plankton];
• Feed added to water / food provided;
• Water filtered / changed / refilled / health and hygiene checked or
maintained / chemicals or medicine to prevent disease.
3 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2017
 Unit 6 Page 195 Fishing

4 (c) (i) Name a fishing port on the Sindh coast.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Describe activities that are involved in the secondary sector of the fishing industry.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]

(d) To what extent is it possible to develop the fish processing industry further in Pakistan? Give
reasons to support your answer and refer to places or examples you have studied.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

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...............................................................................................................................................[6]

[TOTAL: 25]

© UCLES 2016 2059/02/O/N/16

 Unit 6 Page 196 Fishing

4 (c) (i) Name a fishing port on the Sindh coast. [1]

Karachi / Korangi

(ii) Describe activities that are involved in the secondary sector of the fishing
industry. [4]

Gutting / washing / cleaning (initial preparation of fish for other processes / ensure
hygiene)
Freezing (preserve (freshness) / for export)
Canning (preserve / for export)
Converting to fishmeal (for domestic poultry feed)
Salting (so that the fish is preserved)
Curing (dehydrates the fish so it can last longer / preserve)
Smoking (preserves the fish and gives it a unique taste)
Storage (of fish in refrigerators allows maximum storage time) / refrigerating (keeps the
fish in its original state for eating)
Packaging (preparing for transport / preparation for sale / protects the fish from
contamination / prevents spoilage)
Boat making / making nets / repairing boats / repairing nets (preparing for the process of
catching fish)

Maximum of 2 + 2 (mark + development mark)

(d) To what extent is it possible to develop the fish processing industry further in
Pakistan? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to places or examples you
have studied. [6]

L3 5–6 6 – Developed points explaining both views (possible and not

marks possible). Evaluation gives clear support to one view. At least
one reference to an appropriate place or example

5 – Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation gives clear

support to one view

L2 3–4 4 – Developed point(s) explaining both views. No evaluation

marks
3 – Developed point(s) explaining one view

L1 1–2 2 – Simple point(s) addressing both views

marks
1 – Simple point(s) addressing one view

0 – No valid response

© UCLES 2016
 Unit 6 Page 197 Fishing

Indicative content (development of points or examples in parentheses)

Possible
Long undeveloped coastline (1050 km / Makran Coast 750 km)
Gwadar being developed as a new port / fish harbour with modern facilities / EPZ (providing
base for linkage to central Asian states)
Potential at Pasni / Jiwani / Sur Bandar / Ormara (allowing more fish to be refrigerated /
preserved for transport to Karachi)
Government support (provides essential facilities for a fishing port to allow sustainability)
Compliance with EU / international quality standards (to remove import bans / embargoes)
Increase local ice factories / refrigerated storage / packing / canning facilities (to reduce need
to transport to Karachi)
Training / education (could provide employment of local educated youth)
Value added products made for export (make more foreign exchange)

Not possible
Limited private sector and/or government investment / expensive to expand / contributes little
to exports / focus on other industries (meaning technology and skills are not upgraded)
Many processing plants under capacity / out of operation (showing that the future
development is uncertain)
Few skilled workers
Coastline remote / poor transport links (e.g. no railway / small airports / delayed new road
links)
Canning factories have been unhygienic and a cause for import bans (to EU / Saudi Arabia)
Unreliable export market (about 30% worldwide)
Low profits (6% of foreign exchange)
Foreign competition
Urban centres prefer fresh fish (so processed fish only to a few large department stores)
Per capita consumption is low (1.6 kg p.a.)

© UCLES 2016
 Unit 6 Page 198 Fishing

5 (c) (i) Name two fishing ports on the Makran Coast.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ....................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) Describe the methods used in commercial marine fishing.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

(d) To what extent is it possible for marine fishing to be developed sustainably in Pakistan? Give
reasons to support your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................

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...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

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...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[6]

© UCLES 2016 2059/02/M/J/16 [Turn over

 Unit 6 Page 199 Fishing

5 (c) (i) Name two fishing ports on the Makran Coast. [2]

Any two of Jiwani, Gwadar, Pasni, Ormara, Sonmiani

(ii) Describe the methods used in commercial marine fishing. [3]

Trawl / gill nets

Mechanised boats /trawlers / gill-netters
Satellite navigation/use of radio for weather conditions/sonar/’fish finders’
Storage/refrigeration facilities on boat
Up to 60km from the coast
Remain at sea 5–15 days/’weeks’
Throughout the year/10 months or more per year

(d) To what extent is it possible for marine fishing to be developed sustainably in

Pakistan? Give reasons to support your answer. [6]

Indicative content (developed points in parentheses)

Possible
By avoiding overfishing
By having quotas/government licences
Secure fishing grounds from foreign fishing boats/fines/policing
Limit number of months in year able to fish (to allow breeding)
Only catch adult fish (by using nets with larger mesh)
Laws to protect of mangrove forests
Laws/fines to prevent marine pollution/oil spills
Education in sustainable methods

Not possible
Mangrove forests are being cleared (reducing breeding/feeding areas for fish/shrimps)
Sea pollution (oil from ships/industrial/domestic waste from Karachi)(poisoning fish and
spreading into food chain)
Not enough capital/investment
Lack of skills/training in sustainable methods
Lack of political interest/will (fishing only makes up about 0.5% of GDP)

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

Unit 7 Page 200 Agriculture

ABSTRACT
The units discuss the importance of
agriculture and growing need of livestock
farming
BLAST FROM THE PAST

Year Series

AGRICULTURE 2023
May June
2022
Natural resources -an issue of sustainability 2021
2018
2017
2016
2015

2022 Oct Nov

2021
2020
2018
2016
2016
 Unit 7 Page 201 Agriculture

Topic Focus point What key knowledge you need to know R A G

Agricultural Agricultural You should be able to:

development systems  understand how small- scale subsistence farming, cash
crop farming and livestock farming operate as systems
made up of inputs, processes and outputs.

Crops and You should be able to:

livestock  identify on a map the main areas where cotton, rice, sugar
cane and wheat are grown, and the main areas where
buffalo, cattle, goats, sheep and poultry are reared

 recognise (from photographs) fields of cotton, rice, sugar

cane and wheat; recognise (from photographs) buffalo,
cattle, goats, sheep and poultry

 state the uses of the crops named above

 state the main products of the livestock named above and

the uses of those products

 identify the main areas for the cultivation and growth of

each of the following: apples, apricots, bananas, dates,
maize, mangoes, millet, oilseeds, oranges, pulses, tobacco
and vegetables. Know why they are grown there and state
an important use of each.
 Unit 7 Page 202 Agriculture

Topic Focus point What key knowledge you need to know R A G

Agricultural Factors affecting Natural factors: topography, climate (for both kharif and rabi
development production crops), soils, pests and diseases
Human factors: capital, labour, size of holdings, farming
practices, irrigation (types and methods), waterlogging and
salinity (including solutions), governmental actions to increase
production
You should be able to:
 explain how natural and human factors affect production on
small-scale subsistence farms, including:

o rice grown using traditional methods of ploughing,

transplanting, irrigating, harvesting and

o threshing on small, fragmented holdings using family

labour

o wheat grown in areas dependent upon rainfall (barani

farming areas)

o dates and vegetables grown using karez irrigation in a

desert oasis

 explain how natural factors, including climatic

requirements, and human factors affect the production of
cotton, rice, sugar cane (kharif crops) and of wheat (a rabi
crop) under the cash crop farming system

 explain how natural and human factors affect livestock

farming (poultry farming, the keeping of buffalo and cattle,
the keeping of livestock) on small- scale subsistence farms
and the keeping of cattle, go ats and sheep on a nomadic or
semi- nomadic basis, including transhumance
 Unit 7 Page 203 Agriculture

Topic Focus point What key knowledge you need to know R A G

Agricultural Factors affecting  describe the different types of irrigation and explain the
development production advantages and disadvantages of each for small-scale
subsistence farming, and for the growing of cotton, rice,
sugar cane and wheat:

o canal irrigation – karez, inundation and perennial canal

o lift irrigation – persian wheel and tubewell

o understand the roles of dams, barrages, link canals,

distribution canals, field channels and bunds

 explain the causes of waterlogging and salinity, and:

o explain how land damaged by it can be restored

o evaluate how agricultural practice and water

management can be improved to prevent it happening

 understand how government action has helped to increase

production through land reforms, the promotion of training
and the use of machinery, chemicals, improved seeds and
other means

 understand and evaluate the possibilities for and problems

of the development of agriculture and its sustainability.
 Unit 7 Page 204 Agriculture

Fig. 3.1 for Question 1

Fig. 3.2 for Question 1

© UCLES 2023 2059/02/INSERT/M/J/23

 Unit 7 Page 205 Agriculture

Fig. 3.3 for Question 1

Fig. 3.4 for Question 1

© UCLES 2023 2059/02/INSERT/M/J/23 [Turn over

 Unit 7 Page 206 Agriculture

1 (a) (i) Study Figs. 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 and 3.4 (Insert), photographs showing four different crops grown
in Pakistan.

Identify the type of crop shown in each photograph.

Fig. 3.1 .......................................................

Fig. 3.2 .......................................................

Fig. 3.3 .......................................................

Fig. 3.4 .......................................................

[4]

(ii) Using Fig. 3.1 (Insert) only, describe the characteristics of the crop shown.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2023 2059/02/M/J/23 [Turn over

 Unit 7 Page 207 Agriculture

(b) (i) Study Fig. 3.5, a map showing sheep-rearing areas in southern Pakistan.

64°E 68°E 72°E 76°E

Punjab

28°N 28°N
Balochistan

Sindh

Arabian Sea
24°N 24°N
64°E 68°E 72°E 76°E
Key
sheep-rearing areas N

main
secondary 0 100 200 300
minor km
international boundary
province-level boundary

Fig. 3.5

Using Fig. 3.5 only, describe the distribution of the main sheep-rearing areas.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

© UCLES 2023 2059/02/M/J/23

 Unit 7 Page 208 Agriculture

(ii) Explain two reasons why sheep are reared in the areas shown in Fig. 3.5. You should
develop your answer.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[4]

(c) (i) Define ‘cash crop farming’.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Complete the diagram to show how cash crop farming operates as a system. You should
give one example of:

- an input;
- a process;
- an output.

input process output

[3]

(iii) Suggest two ways agricultural production in Pakistan could be increased.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

© UCLES 2023 2059/02/M/J/23 [Turn over

 Unit 7 Page 209 Agriculture

(d) Pakistan has a large agricultural sector which contributed around 20 per cent to its Gross
Domestic Product (GDP) in 2020.

Evaluate the opportunities for, and challenges of, continuing to develop agriculture sustainably
in Pakistan. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied.
You should consider different points of view in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 25]

© UCLES 2023 2059/02/M/J/23

 Unit 7 Page 210 Agriculture

Question Answer Marks

1(a)(i) Study Figs. 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 and 3.4 (Insert), photographs showing four 4
different crops grown in Pakistan.

Identify the type of crop shown in each photograph.

Fig. 3.1 = rice

Fig. 3.2 = sugar cane
Fig. 3.3 = cotton
Fig. 3.4 = wheat/barley
4 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) Using Fig. 3.1 (Insert) only, describe the characteristics of the crop 2
shown.

 leaves are long/straight/narrow/spiky/pointed

 small seeds/grains
 stalks/grains/seeds are drooping/hanging/bending
 grains are clustered together/growing along stalks
 grains are covered by chaff/husks
 leaves are (bright) green/yellow/seeds/grains are
green/yellow/cream/white/chaff is cream/white (colour max 1 mark)

2 @ 1 mark

(b)(i) Study Fig. 3.5, a map showing sheep-rearing areas in southern Pakistan. 3

Using Fig. 3.5 only, describe the distribution of the main sheep-rearing
areas.

 uneven/scattered/widespread distribution
 in all provinces on the map/on Fig 3.5/ all named provinces
 along international boundaries/border
 along named province boundaries/border: Balochistan & Sindh/
Balochistan & Punjab/Punjab & Sindh
 Balochistan has the largest main area/Sindh has the smallest main area
 central/mid/N/NE Balochistan
 SE(tip) of Sindh/small area in N/NE Sindh
 W/NW/SW of Punjab
 found between 25–31°N, 61–71°E in Balochistan
found between 24–28°N, 69–71°E in Sindh
found between 29–31°N, 69–73°E in Punjab

Note: latitude and longitude = max 1 mark.

3 @ 1 mark

May/June 2023
 Unit 7 Page 211 Agriculture

Question Answer Marks

(b)(ii) Explain two reasons why sheep are reared in the regions shown in Fig. 4
3.5. You should develop your answer.

 provide a wide range of useful products; such as named example

(milk/cheese/wool/meat/skin etc.) (dev)
 are profitable/low cost to rear/source of income/reared for commercial
purposes; the wool is used in manufacture of textiles/there is a high
demand for meat in the domestic/export markets (dev)
 the meat is in high demand for religious/cultural celebrations; they are
sacrificed in large numbers at festivals such as Eid-al-Adha/their meat is
prized above other meats for special/celebration meals (dev)
 are relatively low cost to keep/subsistence farmers rear sheep; meat/milk
used to feed their families/use the wool to make clothes (dev)
 can be nomadic/are often reared by nomadic people; they are relatively
fast to herd/can move over the terrain easily (dev)
 can survive in mountainous areas/on slopes/uneven/rough/marginal land;
because they are sure footed/they can be reared on land not wanted for
other more profitable uses/named land use examples (dev)
 are adaptable/can survive in many climate conditions; can grow thicker
coats for survival in cold areas/do not require much water in hot
climates/do not require a lot of care from farmers (dev)
 can graze on many types of vegetation/grass/shrubs; can roam over wide
areas to find grazing (dev)

Note: 1 mark for simple point and a further mark for the development of the
point. 1 mark for second simple point and a further mark for development of
the second point.

Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.

2 @ 2 marks

(c)(i) Define ‘cash crop farming’. 1

Farming that produces crops for sale/to make money/to be sold for profit/for
commercial purposes.
1 @ 1 mark

(c)(ii) Complete the diagram to show how cash crop farming operates as a 3
system. You should give one example of: an input; a process: an output.

inputs: money/capital/labour/tools/machinery/named example of tool or

machinery/seeds/fertiliser/pesticide/insecticide/
land/soil/climate/water/rainfall/sunshine

processes: ploughing/planting/sowing/transplanting/weeding/spraying /
irrigation/picking/harvesting/winnowing/threshing

outputs: crops/named example crops/by-products/profit

3 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2023 Page 14 of 28

 Unit 7 Page 212 Agriculture

Question Answer Marks

(c)(iii) Suggest two ways agricultural production in Pakistan could be 2

increased.

(By increased use of/access to:)

 GM/high-yielding varieties(HYVs)/drought resistant seeds
 manure/(chemical) fertilisers/pesticides/insecticides
 modern irrigation systems or named examples e.g. sprinkler
 reducing water pollution/water conservation
 crop rotation/multi-cropping
 machinery/mechanisation
 (farmer) education/training/increased literacy rates
 subsidies/loans
 lowering prices/seed banks
 land consolidation/reform/reclamation/larger area/fields
 treating/preventing waterlogging/salinity
 tree planting for shade/to prevent soil erosion

2 @ 1 mark

(d) Pakistan has a large agricultural sector which contributed around 20 per 6
cent to its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2020.

Evaluate the opportunities for, and challenges of, continuing to develop

agriculture sustainably in Pakistan. Give reasons to support your
judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider
different points of view in your answer.

Levels marking

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view only (3)
Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant
example (4)

Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example
(5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant
example (6)
 Unit 7 Page 213 Agriculture

Question Answer Marks

(d) Content Guide

Opportunities for developing agriculture sustainably include:

 rich fertile soil along e.g. Indus plain produces high output/reduces need
for fertilisers as sediments are deposited naturally
 the use of fertilisers natural and chemical would increase output/reduce
the need for imported food/could export more crops/increase balance of
trade
 land reforms would improve output by consolidating holdings and
protecting the rights of tenants/breaking the monopoly of landlords/thus
increasing the land available for farming/increasing production
 use of machinery should increase which means that farming can be
intensified/more produced on same amount of land
 Pakistan has the potential to improve output further through education/
training/skills to enable farmers to use new technology/machinery/
techniques/irrigation methods

Challenges of developing agriculture sustainably include:

 majority of quality, useable farmland is already in production
 increasing population is increasing demand for land for other uses such
as urbanisation/transport/industry
 crops are threatened by pests and diseases, whole crops can be wiped
out making farming unsustainable
 farmers may not be able to afford pesticides/insecticides, they are
harmful to the environment
 farmers may not be able to afford HYV seeds, so may not produce
enough crops to sell/can only produce enough for themselves
 many farmers have small holdings/subsistence farmers which means that
only small amounts of food are produced/does not help the future
economic development of the country
 some farmers continue to use traditional methods which does not
improve the quality or quantity of crops produced, education/training for
farmers but some resistant to using modern techniques

Examples: could include named regions/crops/irrigation equipment/named

machinery/types of seed e.g. IR8/land reform policies etc.
 Unit 7 Page 214 Agriculture

Fig. 2.1 for Question 2

© UCLES 2022 2059/02/INSERT/O/N/22

 Unit 7 Page 215 Agriculture

2 (a) (i) Study Fig. 2.1 (Insert), a photograph of a type of livestock kept in Pakistan. Using Fig. 2.1
only, name the type of livestock shown.

.................................................... [1]

(ii) Using Fig. 2.1 only, describe three features of this type of livestock farming.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[3]

(iii) State one product and one use of the livestock shown in Fig. 2.1.

product ........................................................

use ..............................................................
[2]

(b) (i) Define ‘subsistence farming’.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Describe how a subsistence farm operates as a system. You should refer to inputs,
processes and outputs in your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

© UCLES 2022 2059/02/O/N/22

 Unit 7 Page 216 Agriculture

(c) (i) Study Fig. 2.2, a pie chart showing the percentage share of Pakistan’s total irrigated
area by method of irrigation.

0%
90% 10% Key
canals

tubewells
80% 20%
wells and other

70% 30%

60% 40%
50%

Fig. 2.2

Complete Fig. 2.2 to show the percentages of Pakistan’s total irrigated area which are
irrigated by tubewells and by wells and other. Use the information below and the key.

irrigation method percentage (%)

tubewells 20
wells and other 3
[2]

(ii) Explain two ways in which a karez irrigation system is operated to grow dates and
vegetables in a desert oasis. You should develop your answer.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[4]

© UCLES 2022 2059/02/O/N/22 [Turn over

 Unit 7 Page 217 Agriculture

(iii) Suggest two disadvantages of using the karez system of irrigation.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(d) To what extent can agricultural practices and water management be improved to prevent
waterlogging and salinity? Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples
you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 25]

© UCLES 2022 2059/02/O/N/22

 Unit 7 Page 218 Agriculture

Question Answer Marks

2(a)(i) Study Fig. 2.1 (Insert), a photograph of a type of livestock kept in 1

Pakistan. Using Fig. 2.1 only, name the type of livestock shown.

poultry/chickens/hens/broilers
1 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) Using Fig. 2.1 only, describe three features of this type of livestock 3
farming.

• large number/amount of birds/poultry/chicken/hens/broilers

• large scale/large/long hen house/room/barn/factory/building
• densely packed/crowded/close together/squashed
• cages/pens/partitions/nesting boxes/shelters spaced apart
• (artificial) feeders/feeding points/stations/(red) boxes/pots/containers of
food
• (grey) pipes/water pipes
• industrialised/intensive/factory style production/mass
production/commercial scale
• man-made/non-natural environment/indoor
• (metal) slated/grate floor/waste collects/falls through (to be collected)
3 @ 1 mark

(a)(iii) State one product and one use of the livestock shown in Fig. 2.1. 2

Product
eggs/meat/chicken/waste/excrement/feathers/bones/feet

Use
food/cooking/baking/to eat/consumption/for protein/diet
waste/crushed chicken bones as fertilisers/manure/fish food
feathers as filling for pillows and duvets
2 @ 1 mark

(b)(i) Define ‘subsistence farming’. 1

(small scale) farming (that produces food/raw materials)

for the farmer’s own use/to meet the needs of the family/
where produce is not for sale/any surplus is a bonus not an expectation
1 @ 1 mark
 Unit 7 Page 219 Agriculture

Question Answer Marks

(b)(ii) Describe how a subsistence farm operates as a system. You should 4

refer to inputs, processes and outputs in your answer.

Inputs:
• manual labour/(mainly)family members working
• (mainly) depend on nature/climate conditions/soil/land/relief/rainfall/
underground water/flooding/sunshine
• inherited/passed down/traditional knowledge (of farming)
• some inputs are obtained during the process of farming, e.g. natural
manure/seeds/animal offspring
• small scale/small amount of land/area
• tools/named examples, e.g. plough

Processes:
• manual labour/(mainly)family members working
• any given example of work done on the farm, e.g. ploughing/
sowing/weeding/fertilising/irrigating/harvesting/etc.

Outputs:
• outputs are small/little amount
• output varies/depends on climate and pests
• waste products generated/can be used on the farm
• (rarely) there is produce to sell
• (rarely) small profits are made to re-invest in the farm
• crops/animal products or named example, e.g. rice/milk

Note: manual labour/(mainly) family members working credited only once

Note: 1 mark reserved for each of inputs, processes and outputs

4 @ 1 mark

(c)(i) Study Fig. 2.2, a pie chart showing the percentage share of Pakistan’s 2
total irrigated area by method of irrigation.

Complete Fig. 2.2 to show the percentages of Pakistan’s total irrigated

area which are irrigated by tubewells and by wells and other. Use the
information below and the key.

Point accurately plotted and line drawn

Shading completed accurately using the key

Note: sections can be plotted in either order. 1 mark for line drawn at 80%
or at 97%/1 mark for shading both sections accurately.
2 @ 1 mark
 Unit 7 Page 220 Agriculture

Question Answer Marks

(c)(ii) Explain two ways in which a karez irrigation system is operated to 4

grow dates and vegetables in a desert oasis. You should develop your
answer.

• it is usually owned by a group of people in the village (rather than an

individual); they share responsibility for its operation/share the
water/share the costs of building/maintenance
• a (mother) well is dug down to the watertable/ground water; to access
water underground/(using gravity) a tunnel brings water to the surface
• the tunnel is dug/starts from the base of a hill or mountain; this allows
water to be transported from underground to dry areas where it is
needed
• a tunnel/narrow underground canal; minimises evaporation (in the hot
desert climate)
• the tunnel can run for a long distance/<10 kms/emerges at ground level;
water is then taken to/used to irrigate/water the crops/fields (of dates
and vegetables)
• where the tunnel reaches the surface/emerges trees are planted; this
provides shade/reduces evaporation
• the karez is dotted with vertical shafts; this allows for cleaning/repairs to
prevent blockages in the tunnels (and if completed regularly the karez
can last for a century or longer)

Note: 1 mark for simple point and a further mark for the development of the
point. 1 mark for second simple point and a further mark for development of
the second point.
Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.
2 @ 2 marks

(c)(iii) Suggest two disadvantages of using the karez system of irrigation. 2

• (traditional skilled) labour is needed to dig/maintain the tunnels/not

many people with this knowledge/skill
• digging/boring/maintenance takes a lot of workers/time/is hard manual
work/is dangerous work/requires machinery
• is expensive to build/lining the tunnels with (pvc/plastic) pipes is
expensive
• machinery used to bore/dig causes air pollution/harmful gases
• owned by a co-operative/many owners/different percentage shares/can
cause conflict/disagreements over sharing/not enough to go around
• water flowing through a karez cannot be stopped/water can be wasted/it
is inefficient/tunnels can leak/water is absorbed into the ground/supplies
too much water/can spoil crops
• have to use the water as soon as it flows (any time of day)
• need frequent maintenance/repairs/cleaning
• water is drying up/use of tubewells has lowered the water table/wells
and tunnels must be dug deeper
• water is not (always) taken directly to the crops/(often) has to be
transported to the crops/only irrigates a small area
• only feasible in specific geological landscapes
2 @ 1 mark
 Unit 7 Page 221 Agriculture

Question Answer Marks

(d) To what extent can agricultural practices and water management be 6

improved to prevent waterlogging and salinity?

Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you

have studied. You should consider different points of view in your
answer.

Levels marking

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view only (3)
Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant
example (4)

Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant
example (5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant
example (6)

Content guide

It is possible to improve agricultural practices and water management

to prevent waterlogging and salinity by:
• leaving parts of the land fallow – preventative measure
• building more dams/reservoirs to store more water
• lining/temporary closure of canals to reduce water leakages
• installing tubewells to flush the salt out of the soil/so flow of water for
irrigation can be controlled
• planting eucalyptus trees to take in excess water when land is badly
waterlogged
• digging surface/sub-surface drains
• removing salts by adding gypsum/by reducing fertiliser use
• Salinity Control and Reclamation Projects (SCARP)
• government legislation, e.g. water quotas
• cultivating salt tolerant crops
• using high-yielding varieties which require less irrigation
• using saline land for livestock farming
 Unit 7 Page 222 Agriculture

Question Answer Marks

(d) It is not possible to improve agricultural practices and water

management to prevent waterlogging and salinity due to:
• cost/time taken for farmers to maintain canals/tunnels
• lack of investment in methods
• replacing traditional methods with tubewells lowers the water table and
provides water for fewer farmers
• literacy/education levels may mean some farmers continue to over-
irrigate
• SCARP projects date from 1958 and large public tubewells are
deteriorating/reaching end of their life
• lack of access to/cannot afford high yielding varieties
• traditional irrigation systems are communally owned, change requires
agreement/may generate disagreement
 Unit 7 Page 223 Agriculture

3 (a) (i) Complete the table to define the three main types of farming in Pakistan.

type definition

farming is the growing of crops for sale.

............................................
farming is the production of food and raw
............................................ materials from animals.
farming is the production of food mainly for
............................................ personal consumption.
[3]

(ii) Study Fig. 4.1, a map showing the areas in southern and western Pakistan where one
type of livestock is mainly kept.

64° E 68° E 72° E

N
36° N 36° N
Key
international boundary
province-level boundary
0 100 200 300
disputed territory
livestock
KPK
km KPK Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

32° N 32° N

Balochistan Punjab
28° N 28° N

Sindh

Arabian Sea
24° N 24° N
64° E 68° E 72° E

Fig. 4.1

State the type of livestock mainly kept in the areas shown in Fig. 4.1.

............................................................... [1]

© UCLES 2022 2059/02/M/J/22

 Unit 7 Page 224 Agriculture

(iii) Using Fig. 4.1 only, describe the distribution of the areas within southern and western
Pakistan where the livestock is mainly kept.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(b) (i) Study Fig. 4.2, a divided bar graph showing the percentage share by value of major
crops grown in Pakistan.

Key

wheat

cotton

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 rice
%
sugar cane

maize

others

Fig. 4.2

Using the information in Fig. 4.2 only:

– which crop accounts for a quarter of the value of major crops? ................................... [1]

– what is the percentage share of sugar cane? ................. % [1]

(ii) State one major use for each of the crops below:

cotton ................................................................................................................................

rice ....................................................................................................................................

tobacco ..............................................................................................................................
[3]

© UCLES 2022 2059/02/M/J/22

 Unit 7 Page 225 Agriculture

(c) (i) Explain how the natural factors of soil and climate affect the growth of cotton. You should
develop your answer.

soil .....................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

climate ...............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[4]

(ii) Complete the passage below about tobacco farming in Pakistan. Choose the correct
words from the list and place them in the spaces provided.

Azad Jammu & Kashmir (AJ&K) Balochistan domestic

export Gilgit-Baltistan import

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) Punjab Sindh

Tobacco is mainly grown in ......................................................... and

......................................................... . The varieties of tobacco grown on fertile

soils with irrigation facilities are for the ...................................................... market.

[3]

© UCLES 2022 2059/02/M/J/22

 Unit 7 Page 226 Agriculture

(d) Water is a valuable resource for development, yet Pakistan faces acute water shortages.
2600–5300 litres of water per day are needed to grow enough food for one person compared
with 50 litres of water being needed per person per day for domestic use.

Evaluate the extent to which the use of water in agriculture in Pakistan can be made more
sustainable. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have
studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 25]

© UCLES 2022 2059/02/M/J/22

 Unit 7 Page 227 Agriculture

Question Answer Marks

3(a)(i) Complete the table to define the three main types of farming in Pakistan. 3

cash crop/commercial/arable

livestock/pastoral

subsistence/small-scale subsistence
3 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) Study Fig. 4.1, a map showing the areas in southern and western 1
Pakistan where one type of livestock is mainly kept.

State the type of livestock mainly kept in the areas shown on Fig. 4.1.

sheep/goats
1 @ 1 mark

(a)(iii) Using Fig. 4.1 only, describe the distribution of the areas within 3
southern and western Pakistan where the livestock is mainly kept.

 throughout the country/widespread

 in all provinces (on the map)
 mainly in Balochistan
 between 24°–33°N and 62°–72°E (accept data within given range)
 on international boundary/boundaries/border
 (small) area in south-east Pakistan
 (large) area of central Pakistan
 west/south-west area of Punjab
 south-west area of KPK
 south-east area of Sindh/small area in north-east Sindh
 north/north-east area/band (west to east) across/in central Balochistan
3 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2022
 Unit 7 Page 228 Agriculture

Question Answer Marks

(b)(i) Study Fig. 4.2, a divided bar graph showing the percentage share by 2
value of major crops grown in Pakistan.

Using the information in Fig. 4.2 only:

 which crop accounts for a quarter of the value of major crops?
 what is the percentage share of sugar cane?

 Cotton
 12%
2 @ 1 mark

(b)(ii) State one major use for each of the crops below: 3

 cotton: making clothes/garments/furnishing fabrics/bed linen/industrial

fabrics/textiles/yarn/wearing

 rice: (staple) food/diet/nutrition/animal fodder/eating/consumption

 tobacco: recreation/cigars/cigarettes/pipes/medicine/
pharmaceuticals/smoking/chewing
3 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2022
 Unit 7 Page 229 Agriculture

Question Answer Marks

(c)(i) Explain how the natural factors of soil and climate affect the growth of 4
cotton. You should develop your answer.

soil:
 should be fertile/alluvial/black/loam/loamy/clay; for the crop to grow
well/so the soil is well drained
 the pH of the soil should be neutral/pH5.8-8.0/neither very acid or
alkaline; cotton is very sensitive to/does not grow well in alkaline soil
 impervious sub-soil is needed/essential; because it retains water/so soil
stays moist
 needs manure/dung/animal waste; to improve/maintain fertility of the soil

climate:
 ideal temperature for cotton is hot/25–35°C; is needed for high yield/crops
cannot survive in cold/best for ripening/harvesting
 mild night-time temperatures are needed/not too cold at night; for the
development of the bolls/is sensitive to frost
 dry days are best for harvesting; rain will spoil the bolls at harvest time
 ample/sufficient/moderate/regular rainfall is needed/500–1000 mm;
frequent showers with sunny periods in between/to prevent crops
withering/for optimal growth
 when rainfall is less than 500 mm it is too dry; (crop
fails/die/water/irrigation is needed)
 flooding/heavy rainfall; (will destroy the crops/causing them to
rot/breaking down the stalks)

Note: 1 mark for simple point and a further mark for the development of the
point. 1 mark for second simple point and a further mark for development of
the second point.
Note: Max. 2 marks if no development
2 @ 2 marks

(c)(ii) Complete the passage below about tobacco farming in Pakistan. Choose 3
the correct words from the list and place them in the spaces provided.

Tobacco is mainly grown in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab. The varieties

of tobacco grown on fertile soils with irrigation facilities are for the export
market.

Note: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab can be in either order.

3 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2022
 Unit 7 Page 230 Agriculture

Question Answer Marks

(d) Water is a valuable resource for development, yet Pakistan faces acute 6
water shortages. 2600–5300 litres of water per day are needed to grow
enough food for one person compared with 50 litres of water being
needed per person per day for domestic use.

Evaluate the extent to which the use of water in agriculture in Pakistan

can be made more sustainable. Give reasons to support your judgement
and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different
points of view in your answer.

Levels marking

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view only (3)
Developed points referring to both views (4)

Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example
(5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example
(6)

Content Guide

water use in agriculture can become more sustainable:

 water losses from leaking pipes/unlined canals can be
repaired/reduced/preventing waterlogging and salinity
 water saving devices/sprinklers/drip irrigation can be implemented to
reduce water wastage
 install water meters so that farmers are aware of their usage
 clear dams/dykes to reduce waterlogging and salinity
 use of seeds/high-yielding varieties that require less water/drought
resistant varieties
 education/training of farmers about water use and conservation
 restrictions imposed on farmers to constrain water usage
 modernisation of irrigation equipment
Etc.
 Unit 7 Page 231 Agriculture

Question Answer Marks

(d) water use in agriculture cannot become more sustainable:

 some farmers will not be able to afford water meters or other water saving
devices/installing tubewells requires huge investment
 some farmers use inefficient farming practices cause waterlogging and
salinity
 some farmers are resistant to using modern techniques as they prefer
their traditional practices
 growing population requires more food which means more water will be
used to grow crops
 groundwater supplies are being used at a rate faster than they can be
replenished
 there are too many problems with irrigation systems it would be
impossible to fix them all, leakage from canals reduces water availability
Etc.
 Unit 7 Page 232 Agriculture

4 (a) Study Fig. 3.1, a map showing the percentage of land under cultivation in southern and
western Pakistan.

N Key
cultivated land (as a percentage
of total area)

over 50%
JAMMU and
36–50%KASHMIR
0 100 200 300 disputed territory
N 6–35%
S TA
km NI
G HA 0–5%
AF international boundary

IRAN

INDIA

Arabian Sea

Fig. 3.1

(i) Using Fig. 3.1 only, describe the distribution of areas with over 50% of land under
cultivation.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

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 Unit 7 Page 233 Agriculture

(ii) Define ‘cultivation’.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Study Fig. 3.2, a pie graph showing the percentage share by value of each of the main crops
grown in Pakistan.

0%

90 10

Key
wheat
80 20
cotton
rice
sugar cane
70 30 maize
oilseeds, tobacco
and others

60 40

50

Fig. 3.2

(i) Complete Fig. 3.2 to show the percentage share by value of cotton and rice. Use the
information below and the key.

crop percentage (%)

cotton 25
rice 15
[2]

(ii) State two reasons why wheat is the main crop grown in Pakistan.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

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 Unit 7 Page 234 Agriculture

(c) (i) Complete the passage about growing rice in Pakistan. Choose the correct words from
the list and place them in the spaces provided.

Balochistan commercial large northern

Sindh southern subsistence terraced

Rice is normally grown on a ..................... scale for .....................................

purposes in Punjab and ............................... . Small-scale ...............................

farming is practised in the ............................... regions where rice is grown on

............................... fields.

[3]

(ii) Describe the processes involved in the growing of rice.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(iii) Explain how two natural factors affect rice production. You should develop your answer.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[4]

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 Unit 7 Page 235 Agriculture

(d) To what extent are climatic challenges the biggest threat to Pakistan increasing its agricultural
production? Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have
studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]

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 Unit 7 Page 236 Agriculture

Question Answer Marks

4 (a)(i) Study Fig. 3.1, a map showing the percentage of land under cultivation 3
in southern and western Pakistan. Using Fig. 3.1 only, describe the
distribution of areas with over 50% of land under cultivation.

• uneven distribution;
• in three areas;
• mostly in north-east;
• small amount in south-east/centre;
• predominantly in the east/none in the west/ close to Afghanistan/Iran;
• inland/none on the coast/not close to Arabian Sea;
• largest area close to India;

Note: only credit references to places/features which are named on the map.
3 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) Define ‘cultivation’. 1

To prepare land and grow crops on it.

1 @ 1 mark

(b)(i) Study Fig. 3.2, a pie graph showing the percentage share by value of 2
each of the main crops grown in Pakistan.
Complete Fig. 3.2 to show the percentage share by value of cotton and
rice. Use the information below and the key.

• accurate drawing of line at either 75% or 85% (1)

• correct shading (diagonal) to match the key (1)
2 @ 1 mark

(b)(ii) State two reasons why wheat is the main crop grown in Pakistan. 2

• it has many uses/bread/roti/variety of baked products;

• it is a staple food/main part of (local) diet;
• low grades of wheat and by-products used for animal feed;
• rise in local demand due to increasing population;
• use of subsidies to encourage farmers to grow wheat;
• suitable climate/weather/temperature/soils/relief;
• short/fast/90–120 day growing season;
• requires less water/irrigation/rain than other crops;
2 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2021
 Unit 7 Page 237 Agriculture

Question Answer Marks

(c)(i) Complete the passage below about growing rice in Pakistan. Choose 3
the correct words from the list and place them in the spaces provided.

Rice is normally grown on a large scale for commercial purposes in Punjab

and Sindh. Small-scale subsistence farming is practiced in the Northern
regions where rice is grown on terraced fields.
3 @ 1 mark
5 or 6 correct = 3 marks
3 or 4 correct = 2 marks
1 or 2 correct = 1 mark

0 marks if the same word entered more than twice/throughout and this is the
only correct answer.

(c)(ii) Describe the processes involved in the growing of rice. 4

• rice seeds are sown/grown/planted in beds/nurseries;

• bunds and terraces are repaired to ensure water stays in the field;
• fields are prepared by ploughing/weeding;
• fields are flooded (to a depth of 37 cm/14–15 inches);
• water is diverted from rivers or irrigation canals;
• when the plant is big enough/23 cm/9 inches it is planted in the fields;
• fertiliser/manure is added, giving plants more nutrients for better growth;
• the fields are kept full of water/flooded until the rice is ripe;
• the water is drained off (by making holes in the bunds).

Note: Max. 1 mark for list, some relevant description must be provided.
4 @ 1 mark

(c)(iii) Explain how two natural factors affect rice production. You should 4
develop your answer.

• temperature; mean temperature of 20-30 oC /warm/hot temperatures

needed/cold temperatures would harm the crop/dry period/warm/sunny
period needed for harvesting;
• rainfall; high/heavy/plenty of rainfall needed of at least 1270 mm/over
2000 mm is best/heavy rain can destroy the crop close to harvest time;
• humidity; high during the 4–6 months growing period; leads to the best
quality/highest yields of rice;
• land; level/flat/plain land for flooding/ease of irrigation/to facilitate the use
of machinery/easier to sow/plough/harvest;
• soil; fertile/loamy/clayey/alluvium is needed/soils that do not drain quickly
so the rice plants stay wet/impervious sub-soil to retain water/rice grows
best in waterlogged soils;
• pest attacks/diseases; can destroy the whole crop/ decrease yields
especially during hot spells e.g. leaf curl virus.
Etc.

Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development.
Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.
2 @ 2 marks

© UCLES 2021
 Unit 7 Page 238 Agriculture

Question Answer Marks

(d) To what extent are climatic challenges the biggest threat to Pakistan 6
increasing its agricultural production? Give reasons to support your
judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should
consider different points of view in your answer.

Levels marking

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view (3)
Developed points referring to both views (4)
Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example
(5)

Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant

example (6)

Content Guide

Answers are likely to refer to:

climatic challenges:
• increased temperatures threaten agricultural production; reduce crop
quantity and quality due to the reduced growth period e.g. wheat/maize;
• increased risk/consequences of drought;
• seasons are changing e.g. monsoon season coming later/earlier/
shorter/unreliable; means farmers can no longer rely on the rain;
• climate change cannot be prevented;
• expensive to mitigate against the impacts of climate change;
• increased risk of storms/severity/ frequency impacts on harvesting;
• climate change causes drier areas and the spread of locusts which eat
crops;
• increase in temperatures encourage the spread of leaf curl virus in
cotton crops;
Etc.

© UCLES 2021
 Unit 7 Page 238 Agriculture

Question Answer Marks

3(d)
other factors:
• water logging and salinity;
• traditional farming techniques; manual labour is slow and inefficient;
• environmental degradation/pollution;
• limited investment in farming practices/machinery/seeds/training;
• landownership/fragmentation; fragmentation causes farming processes
to take longer and can’t be mechanised;
• most farming is subsistence, which has low yields;
• literacy/education levels mean farmers may lack knowledge of how to
improve yields;
• some traditional varieties of field crops give low yields and are not
disease resistant;
• traditional irrigation methods are not always reliable;
• overgrazing causes soil erosion and lack of food for animals;
• variable availability of veterinary care makes animals prone to disease;
Etc.

© UCLES 2021 Page 16 of 24

 Unit 7 Page 239 Agriculture

5 (a) (i) Study Fig. 3.1, a map showing wheat-growing areas in southern Pakistan.

64°E 68°E 72°E 76°E

32°N 32°N
AN
IST
H AN
A FG

INDIA

28°N 28°N
N
IRAN

0 100 200 300

Arabia
Arabiann Sea km
24°N 24°N
64°E 68°E 72°E 76°E

Key
international boundary
wheat-growing areas
main
secondary
minor

Fig. 3.1

Using Fig. 3.1 only, describe the distribution of the main wheat-growing area.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

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 Unit 7 Page 240 Agriculture

(ii) State two uses of wheat in Pakistan.

1 .......................................................................

2 .......................................................................
[2]

(b) (i) Study Fig. 3.2, a climate graph showing rainfall and temperature for Multan.

40 80

30 60

temperature rainfall
(°C) 20 40 (mm)

10 20

0 0
J F M A M J J A S O N D
month

Fig. 3.2

Complete Fig. 3.2 using the information below.

month temperature (°C)

June 36
[2]

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 Unit 7 Page 241 Agriculture

(ii) Complete the passage below about conditions required for growing wheat. Choose the
correct words from the list and place them in the spaces provided.

50 90 dry heavy light rainfall

sunshine wet 5–10 °C 15 °C 25–30 °C 35 °C

Wheat is sown during the ................... season from October to December when

................... is low and the average temperature is .................... . Wheat needs

at least ................... days to grow with a mild temperature of 10–20 °C. A warmer

temperature of ................... is needed for ripening to take place. ................... rain

is also needed just before the harvest to swell the grain and ensure a high yield.
[3]

(iii) Describe the methods used to cultivate wheat on a small-scale subsistence farm.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(c) (i) What type of crop is wheat? Circle one of the following:

kharif rabi zaid [1]

(ii) Explain how two human factors can increase the production of wheat under the cash
crop farming system. You should develop your answer.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[4]
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 Unit 7 Page 242 Agriculture

(d) Wheat contributes around 2 per cent to Pakistan’s GDP with 80 per cent of farmers growing
wheat on approximately 40 per cent of Pakistan’s total cultivated land.

Assess the extent to which the large amount of land currently used to grow wheat should be
used to grow other higher-value crops. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

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...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 25]

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 Unit 7 Page 243 Agriculture

Question Answer Marks

6 (a)(i) Study Fig. 3.1, a map showing wheat-growing areas in southern 3

Pakistan.

Using Fig. 3.1 only describe the distribution of the main wheat growing
area.

• not evenly spread throughout Pakistan;

• most on the eastern side of Pakistan/on or near to the border with India;
• lots in the east/less in west;
• reference to latitude/longitude;
Etc.
3 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) State two uses of wheat in Pakistan. 2

• as a staple food;
• flour;
• manufacture of bread/roti/chapati;
• in a variety of other baked products;
• (low grade used as) feed for livestock;
Etc.
2 @ 1 mark

(b)(i) Study Fig. 3.2, a climate graph showing rainfall and temperature for 2
Multan. Complete Fig. 3.2 using the information below.

• accurate location of the point 36 °C = 1 mark;

• line joined up accurately = 1 mark.
2 @ 1 mark

(b)(ii) Complete the passage below about the conditions required for growing 3
wheat. Choose the correct words from the list and place them in the
spaces provided.

Wheat is sown during the dry season from October to December when rainfall
is low and the average temperature is 15 °C. Wheat needs at least 90 days to
grow with a mild temperature of 10-20oC. A warmer temperature of 25–30 °C
is needed for ripening to take place. Light rain is also needed just before the
harvest to swell the grain and ensure a high yield.

5 or 6 correct = 3 marks
3 or 4 correct = 2 marks
1 or 2 correct = 1 mark

0 marks if the same word entered more than twice/throughout and this is the
only correct answer.
3 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2021
 Unit 7 Page 244 Agriculture

Question Answer Marks

(b)(iii) Describe the methods used to cultivate wheat on a small-scale 4

subsistence farm.

• land is ploughed with a traditional wooden plough and bullocks/draught

power;
• well irrigation is used e.g. charsa/Persian wheel or rainwater is used.
• sowing/harvesting/examples done by hand/work done by hand/family/no
machinery used;
• grain is separated from the chaff using animal power;
• cow dung used as manure;
• desi seeds are used;
Etc.
4 @ 1 mark

(c)(i) What type of crop is wheat? Circle one of the following: kharif/rabi/zaid 1

rabi
1 @ 1 mark

(c)(ii) Explain how two human factors can increase the production of wheat 4
under the cash crop farming system. You should develop your answer.

• loans/more money invested; from the government to buy machinery or

named examples;
• machinery is required; as areas of land are too large to cultivate by hand;
• HYV’s can be used; the yield per hectare is approximately twice that of
local or desi varieties;
• chemical fertilisers are used; to speed the growth so that two crops can
be cultivated per year;
• pesticides are used; to prevent crops being ruined by pests/locusts or
named examples;
• irrigation installed; e.g. replacing traditional methods with new modern
methods such as sprinkler systems or tubewells;
• land reforms; fields are larger so can use machinery;
Etc.

Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development.
Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.
2 @ 2 marks

© UCLES 2021
 Unit 7 Page 245 Agriculture

Question Answer Marks

(d) Wheat contributes around 2 per cent to Pakistan’s GDP with 80 per cent 6
of farmers growing wheat on approximately 40 per cent of Pakistan’s
total cultivated land.
Assess the extent to which the large amount of land currently used to
grow wheat should be used to grow other high value crops. Give
reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have
studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.
Levels marking
No valid response 0
Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)
Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view (3)
Developed points referring to both views (4)
Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example
(5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example
(6)
Content Guide
Answers are likely to refer to:
Agree because:
• wheat does not contribute very much to the economy but almost half of
the cultivated land area is used for wheat;
• still need to import wheat as unable to meet current demand;
• environmental factors affect the production of wheat so in some years
production is low;
• high value crops will earn more money for the economy/increase GDP;
• would have to import less high value crops;
Etc.
Disagree because:
• land reforms have not always been effective in some parts of Pakistan;
• much of the land is used by small scale subsistence farmers which limits
what the land can be used for;
• high value crops such as cotton require more water which Pakistan is
short of;
• costly to grow more high value crops;
• additional education and training needed to grow more high value crops;
• some farmers reluctant to grow different crops/traditional methods v
modern methods;
• may contribute to food shortages/wheat is a staple;
• high value crops may not be food e.g. could be palm oil etc;
• growing more high value crops may benefit big organisations over
individual farmers;
Etc.

© UCLES 2021
 Unit 7 Page 246 Agriculture

6 (a) Study Fig. 1.1, a map of Pakistan.

Key:
international boundary
province-level boundary JAMMU &
KASHMIR
disputed boundary
disputed territory

0 100 200 300

Arabian Sea
km

Fig. 1.1

(i) On Fig. 1.1, shade one area where apples are grown in Pakistan. [1]

(ii) State one reason why apples are grown in this area and one important use of apples.

Reason ..............................................................................................................................

Use ...................................................................................................................................
[2]

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 Unit 7 Page 247 Agriculture

(b) (i) Study Fig. 1.2 (Insert), a photograph of livestock in Pakistan. Using Fig. 1.2 only, identify
the type of livestock shown.

......................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Study Fig. 1.3, a diagram showing a type of lift irrigation.

Fig. 1.3

Describe how water is obtained for irrigation using this method.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(iii) List two ways the livestock shown in Fig. 1.2 can be used other than as draught power
for irrigation.

1 .........................................................................................

2 .........................................................................................
[2]

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 Unit 7 Page 248 Agriculture

Fig. 1.2 for Question 6

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 Unit 7 Page 249 Agriculture

(c) (i) Explain two natural factors required for growing wheat. You should develop your answer.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[4]

(ii) Contrast wheat production on a small-scale subsistence farm and a cash crop farm.

small-scale subsistence farm cash crop farm

contrast 1

contrast 2

[4]

(iii) What is waterlogging? Tick (3) one correct answer from the list below:

Tick (3)
Dams trap water in rivers.
The water table rises to the surface.
There is a lack of salt in the soil.
Water dissolves the salts in the soil.
[1]

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 Unit 7 Page 250 Agriculture

(d) Read the following two views about initiatives that have been implemented to improve
agricultural production in Pakistan.

A B

Land reforms have had The use of chemicals

the most impact on has had the most
agricultural production. impact on agricultural
production.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider View A and View B in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 25]

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 Unit 7 Page 251 Agriculture

Question Answer Marks

6 (a)(i) Study Fig. 1.1, a map of Pakistan. On Fig. 1.1, shade one area where 1
apples are grown in Pakistan.

• northern border of Balochistan

• central Balochistan
• south-western border of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK)
• central northern KPK
• north-eastern border of KPK
• north-western border of Punjab/Islamabad Capital Territory

Accept any form of identification i.e. shading, symbol etc. in correct area
1 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) State one reason why apples are grown in this area and one important 2
use of apples.

Reason: low(er)/cooler temperatures/can grow apples around the fields of

other crops/major crops cannot be grown so apples grown instead/ climate
moderate/mild temperature

Use: subsistence/to feed the family/important source of vitamins/part of a

healthy diet/to sell/for profit/export/any of making juices or syrups or sauces
or jams/to fulfil local demand for fruit/animal fodder or feed
2 @ 1 mark

(b)(i) Study Fig. 1.2 (Insert), a photograph of livestock in Pakistan. Using 1

Fig. 1.2 only, identify the type of livestock shown.

cattle/bullock/bulls/cows
1 @ 1 mark

(b)(ii) Study Fig. 1.3, a diagram showing a type of lift irrigation. Describe how 4
water is obtained for irrigation using this method.

• Persian wheel;
• animals are used to turn/moves a wheel;
• the animals are blindfolded;
• turns a horizontal/smaller wheel;
• attached/geared to a vertical/larger wheel;
• buckets or pots attached to the wheel;
• the pots raise water from the well;
• pots spill contents into the channel to fields/irrigate field.
4 @ 1 mark

(b)(iii) List two ways the livestock shown in Fig. 1.2 can be used other than as 2
draught power for irrigation.

• ploughing/threshing/harvesting;
• pulling carts;
• carrying heavy loads/raw materials/people/transport;
• for meat/milk/skin/hides/dung/or other product.
2 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2020
 Unit 7 Page 252 Agriculture

Question Answer Marks

(c)(i) Explain two natural factors required for growing wheat. You should 4
develop your answer.

Temperature:
• sowing in dry season (1); average temperature 15 °C/10–20 °C (dev);
• mild temperature/ideal temperature 10–20 °C / 15–25 °C (1); for growing
(dev);
• 20–30 oC/sunny/warm/hot / (1) for ripening/harvesting (dev);

Rainfall:
• moderate/ample rainfall/250–1000 mm (1); growth of wheat stalk/ some
rain just before the harvest swells the grain ensuring a higher yield
(dev);
• only some areas are rain fed (1); Potwar plateau and some parts of
Khyber Paktunkhwa/other areas are irrigated (dev);

Soil:
• moderately loamy/clayey soil/fertile soil (1); produces better quality
crops/higher yields (dev);
• land must be well drained (1); otherwise wheat will not grow/does not
thrive if there is stagnant water/waterlogged (dev);

Growing period:
• needs at least 90 days (1); for basic varieties to grow (dev)
• needs 120 days growing period (1); for better varieties/higher yield/ HYV
(dev);

Relief:
• flat/undulating ground/gently sloping (1); to facilitate the use of
machinery/examples e.g. combine harvester/easier to sow/plough/
harvest (dev).

Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development.
Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.
2 @ 2 marks

© UCLES 2020
 Unit 7 Page 253 Agriculture

Question Answer Marks

(c)(ii) Contrast wheat production on a small-scale subsistence farm and a 4

cash crop farm

small-scale subsistence farm:

• land ploughed with traditional methods/wooden plough/bullocks;
• well irrigation/charsa/Persian wheel/karez/rainwater is used;
• (harvesting is done by) manual labour/by hand;
• (grain is separated from the chaff) by animal power;
• cow dung is used (as manure);
• for family use/only enough produced for the family;
• desi seeds;
• low yield/less production;
• mostly uses family labour;
• little/no investment;
• small area/amount of land used.

cash crop farm:

• tractor/machinery used for ploughing;
• normally canal irrigation/water/tubewells used;
• reapers and or combine harvesters used;
• threshing machines used;
• chemical fertilisers/pesticides used;
• for selling/export;
• use HYV’s;
• workforce employed/hired;
• large amount of land used;
• large capital investment.

Note: accept any two ideas for small scale subsistence and any two ideas
for cash crop farm.
@ 1 mark

(c)(iii) What is waterlogging? Tick () one correct answer from the list below: 1

The water table rises to the surface.

1 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2020
 Unit 7 Page 254 Agriculture

Question Answer Marks

(d) Read the following two views about initiatives that have been 6
implemented to improve agricultural production in Pakistan.

A – Land reforms have had the most impact on agricultural production.

B – The use of chemicals has had the most impact on agricultural
production.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your
answer and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider
View A and View B in your answer.

Levels marking

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view (3)
Developed points referring to both views (4)

Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example
(5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant
example (6)

Content Guide
Answers are likely to refer to:

Agree with View A more

• aimed at increasing productivity in some areas/for some crops;
• reduced power of a few landlords therefore more people able to
increase output and earnings;
• larger areas of land are available to cultivate rather than many
individual small holdings therefore able to mechanise/use machinery;
Etc.

Agree with View A less

• lack of will to implement this strategy;
• some Barani lands have incomplete land records so difficult to
redistribute;
• land is traditionally passed from one generation to the next without legal
documentation;
• wealthy landlords could use their influence to avoid land reform;
• most land remained in the hands of a few wealthy landlords;
Etc.

© UCLES 2020
 Unit 7 Page 254 Agriculture

Question Answer Marks

1(d) Agree with View B more 6

• the production and use of fertiliser and/or pesticides is actively
encouraged;
• chemical fertilisers are used to improve agricultural production by
increasing soil fertility, and are popular with farmers as many soils lack
nitrogen/are infertile;
• use of pesticides helps the crop to grow healthy and protects it against
insects/bugs/diseases/named examples. Popular with farmers as yield
is better quality and makes more profit;
Etc.

Agree with View B less

• use of chemical fertilisers and/or pesticides has led to environmental
degradation/land or water pollution;
• chemicals draining into rivers/water bodies causes algae growth using
up oxygen/causes eutrophication fish and plants die;
• water pollution affects towns and cities that are supplied by rivers,
human health and other livestock;
• pesticides can remain in the crop which is then eaten causing illness -
gastro-intestinal infections/tuberculosis etc;
• use of chemicals causes more problems than it solves;
Etc.
 Unit 7 Page 255 Agriculture

7 (a) (i) Study Figs. 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 and 1.4 (Insert), photographs showing different crops growing in
Pakistan.

Identify the crops shown in each photograph

Fig. 1.1 .............................................................

Fig. 1.2 .............................................................

Fig. 1.3 .............................................................

Fig. 1.4 ............................................................. [4]

(ii) State what any two of the crops shown in Figs. 1.1–1.4 are used for.

Name of crop ...............................................

Use ....................................................................................................................................

Name of crop ...............................................

Use ................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) (i) Explain the ideal natural growing conditions needed to produce cotton. You should
develop your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]

(ii) Describe how environmental factors can harm the cotton crop.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]
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 Unit 7 Page 256 Agriculture

(c) (i) Study Fig. 1.5, a map outline of Pakistan.

Key:
international boundary
province-level boundary JAMMU &
KASHMIR
disputed boundary
disputed territory

0 100 200 300

Arabian Sea
km

Fig. 1.5

On Fig. 1.5 shade and name the provinces where oilseeds are grown. [3]

(ii) State two reasons why oilseeds are grown in these provinces.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

© UCLES 2018 2059/02/O/N/18 [Turn over

 Unit 7 Page 257 Agriculture

(d) Pakistan is an agricultural country, yet a recent United Nations report placed Pakistan on a
list of countries facing food shortage in the future. Read the following two views about ways to
prevent future food shortages in Pakistan:

A B

The best way to prevent food The best way to prevent

shortages is to increase food food shortages is to increase
production for the domestic food imports for the domestic
market. market.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider View A and View B in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[6]

[TOTAL: 25]

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 Unit 7 Page 258 Agriculture

Fig. 1.1 for Question 7

Fig. 1.2 for Question 7

© UCLES 2018 2059/02/INSERT/O/N/18

 Unit 7 Page 259 Agriculture

Fig. 1.3 for Question 7

Fig. 1.4 for Question 7

© UCLES 2018 2059/02/INSERT/O/N/18

 Unit 7 Page 260 Agriculture

Question Answer Marks

7 (a)(i) Fig. 1.1 = Rice 4

Fig. 1.2 = Sugar cane
Fig. 1.3 = Cotton
Fig. 1.4 = Wheat
4 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) • Rice – used for exports / foreign exchange / food / flour; 2

• Sugar cane – making sugar / brown sugar / gur / fuel / by products or
e.g. molasses / bagasse;
• Cotton – making clothes / soft furnishings / bed linen / making fibre /
yarn / fabric;
• Wheat – making of bread and other baked products / feed for livestock /
flour.
2 @ 1 mark

(b)(i) • Ideal temperature is 25–35 °C (e.g. so crop grows well / without these 4
temperatures crop will not grow well);
• Mild (moderate) night time temperature / not too cold at night (e.g. so
crop is not damaged or spoilt by frost);
• Dry sunny days (e.g. so harvest is productive / high yielding / ripening);
• 500–1000 mm rainfall / plenty (ample) of rainfall (e.g. to avoid extra
irrigation / high yielding);
• (Medium) loam soil / loamy (e.g. fertile soil / high in nutrients / high
yielding);
• Natural manure (e.g. cheaper / easily available / maintain fertility / avoid
crop rotation / high yields);
• Flat land / level land / terraces (e.g. allows use of mechanisation / easy
to plough, sow or harvest);
Etc.

Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development (in parentheses).

Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.

2 @ 2 marks

(b)(ii) • Rain at harvesting time (will spoil the boll); 4

• Sensitive to frost;
• Leaf curl virus;
• Drought / lack of rainfall / lack of water;
• Flood / heavy rainfall;
• Sudden changes in temperature / too hot / too cold;
• Pest or insect attack;
• Strong winds;
• Salinity / waterlogging.
4 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2018
 Unit 7 Page 261 Agriculture

Question Answer Marks

(c)(i) Shade on the map at least two of the following provinces: 3

Sindh, Punjab, KPK or Balochistan (must shade entire province)

Name any two of the named provinces above accurately, i.e. in the correct
location.
3 @ 1 mark

(c)(ii) • Tolerant of a range of climate conditions / can grow in a wide range of 2

different climates / fertile soil or nutrient rich soil / flat land;
• Time of year (Rabi crop) / grown over winter;
• Land needed for more high value crops in summer;
• Irrigation system / water from river Indus;
• Domestic market or example;
• Industrial uses or example;
• Animal fodder.
2 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2018
 Unit 7 Page 262 Agriculture

Question Answer Marks

(d) Levels marking 6

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point addressing any view (1)
Simple points addressing any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point(s) explaining one view (3)
Developed point(s) explaining both views (4)
No evaluation

Level 3 5–6
Developed points explaining both views
Evaluation giving clear support to one view or appropriate example (5)
Evaluation giving clear support to one view and appropriate example (6)

Content Guide
Answers are likely to refer to:

Increase food production for the domestic market:

• Positive ideas for improving wheat production as a staple food source
for the population of Pakistan;
• Food is more important than producing cash crops;
• Do not want to rely on other countries for food imports;
• Incentives for farmers;
• People able to work as have more energy;
• Imported food is more expensive than home grown food;
• Wider variety of products grown domestically;
• Improve balance of payments / reduces imports;
• May provide more jobs in farming;
• Provide incentives to farmers to grow the oilseed rather than import it;
Etc.

increase food imports for the domestic market;

• Increase number of trade partners;
• Can use the land in Pakistan for producing higher value goods / crops
for export;
• Wider variety of foods can be imported;
• Wider / more varied diets available;
• Can eat foods all year round e.g. do not have to wait for them to be in
season;
• People can work in manufacturing or service industries which are higher
paying and less labour intensive;
• Fewer people will need to be subsistence farmers;
Etc.

© UCLES 2018
 Unit 7 Page 263 Agriculture

8 (a) (i) Define the term ‘livestock farming’.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) State two uses of livestock on farms.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ....................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) (i) Study Fig. 3.1 and Fig. 3.2 (Insert), photographs showing different types of livestock.

Identify and name the type of livestock shown in each figure.

Fig. 3.1 ........................................................

Fig. 3.2 ........................................................ [2]

(ii) Name two products from the livestock shown in Fig. 3.1.

1 ..................................................................

2 .................................................................. [2]

(iii) Describe the benefits of rearing the livestock shown in Fig. 3.1 and Fig. 3.2.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

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 Unit 7 Page 264 Agriculture

(c) (i) Study Fig. 3.3, a map showing the main regions of Pakistan where buffalo are kept.

Key:

main buffalo areas

international boundary JAMMU &
KASHMIR
province-level boundary
disputed territory
disputed boundary

0 100 200 300

Arabian Sea
km

Fig. 3.3

Using Fig. 3.3 and your own knowledge, describe the distribution of buffalo in Pakistan.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

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 Unit 7 Page 265 Agriculture

(ii) Suggest two reasons why buffalo are kept in these regions.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(iii) Explain how natural factors can create problems for buffalo farmers. You should develop
your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]

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 Unit 7 Page 266 Agriculture

(d) The government has encouraged the growth of commercial poultry farming since 1964. There
have been some challenges but different strategies have been introduced to further develop
this type of farming in Pakistan.

Evaluate the extent to which commercial poultry farming in Pakistan has overcome its
challenges and developed further. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider the challenges and the strategies used in
your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[6]

[TOTAL: 25]

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 Unit 7 Page 267 Agriculture

Fig. 3.1 for Question 8

Fig. 3.2 for Question 8

© UCLES 2018 2059/02/INSERT/M/J/18

 Unit 7 Page 268 Agriculture

Question Answer Marks

8 (a)(i) • The rearing / taking care / feeding / keeping of animals. 1

1 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) • Pulling a cart / draught power; 2

• Ploughing / preparing field / threshing;
• Irrigation / Persian Wheel;
• Milking;
• Herding;
• Carrying loads / transporting goods / people;
• Breeding;
• Producing of manure / (natural) fertiliser.
2 @ 1 mark

(b)(i) • Fig 3.1 – Cows / cattle; 2

• Fig 3.2 – Sheep / lambs.
2 @ 1 mark

(b)(ii) • Milk / cream / cheese / yoghurt / ghee; 2

• Meat / beef;
• Skin / leather.
2 @ 1 mark

(b)(iii) • Cattle / cows seen as pride / prestige for farmers; 3

• Can be reared in most areas / in arid areas / in marginal areas;
• Food source / meat for families / subsistence;
• Wool used to make clothes / rugs / leather to make belts / shoes;
• Animal products sold for money / profit / contributes to GDP / export ;
• Waste / manure fertilises land / manure burnt as fuel;
• Sheep are sure footed and can survive in mountainous areas;
• Do not need large grazing fields;
• Can eat thin grass;
• Sheep preferred over goats / sheep less likely to overgraze;
• Nomadic people can travel with their sheep / cattle / can use in
transhumance / easy to move;
• Can use products all year round.
3 @ 1 mark

(c)(i) • Only in Sindh and Punjab; 3

• Mostly in a line along the eastern border of Pakistan / mostly in Punjab /
in eastern Punjab;
• One region in south east / Central Sindh / around Hyderabad;
• Upper Indus Plain;
• Along rivers / canals / near named rivers;
• On flatter land / where land not rugged.
3 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2018
 Unit 7 Page 269 Agriculture

Question Answer Marks

(c)(ii) • Prefer to be in water most of the time / can cool down in water; 2
• Canal irrigated areas / areas where water plentiful;
• Lowland climate / mild temperature / where climate is not too extreme /
cold / hot;
• Where higher demand for buffalo products / examples of products;
• Buffalo cannot climb hills / survive in mountainous / hilly areas / rugged
landscape.
2 @ 1 mark

(c)(iii) Natural factors such as: 4

• Weather / climate – cannot tolerate cold weather so buffaloes die;
• Availability of water – like to spend most of their time in water, otherwise
will dehydrate / give poor quality meat and milk;
• Topography – limits where buffalo can be reared;
• Poor soils – will produce poor quality grazing / buffalo become
undernourished;
• Disease – cost of vaccination / vet fees;
• Flooding – results in drowning / loss of animals;
• Lack of tree cover – no shade for animals and farmer has to build sheds /
plant trees.
Etc.

Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development (in parentheses).

Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.

2 @ 2 marks

© UCLES 2018
 Unit 7 Page 270 Agriculture

Question Answer Marks

(d) Levels marking 6

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point addressing any challenge or strategy (1)
Simple points addressing any challenge or strategy (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point(s) explaining one challenge or strategy (3)
Developed point(s) explaining any challenge and strategy (4)
No evaluation

Level 3 5–6
Developed points explaining challenges and strategies
Evaluation giving clear support to one challenge or strategy or appropriate
example (5)
Evaluation giving clear support to one challenge or strategy and appropriate
example (6)

Content Guide
Answers are likely to refer to:

Challenges
Increased demand for poultry products – reasons for this, e.g. increased
population / preference for white meat;
Diseases;
Air pollution / methane;
High production costs / feed;
High prices of meat / falling demand;
Power shortages;
Closure of farms;
Ban on poultry export to Afghanistan.

Strategies
Government help through;
Improving power supply;
Legislation / guidelines for rearing poultry;
Securing international markets / free trade agreements;
Vaccination programmes to prevent disease;
Incentives for farmers;
Lowering price of feed;
Use of poultry manure for fertiliser / in fish farms.
Etc.

© UCLES 2018
 Unit 7 Page 271 Agriculture

9 (a) (i) What is meant by each of the following terms?

A Subsistence crop farming ............................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

B Cash crop farming .......................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) From the list below, choose one example of a crop that is mainly grown as a subsistence
crop and one that is mainly grown as a cash crop.

rice sugar cane oilseeds vegetables cotton wheat

Subsistence crop ...................................................

Cash crop .............................................................. [2]

(iii) What are the advantages and disadvantages of using High Yielding Varieties of crops?

Advantages Disadvantages

............................................................................. .............................................................................

............................................................................. .............................................................................

............................................................................. .............................................................................

............................................................................. .............................................................................

............................................................................. .............................................................................

............................................................................. .............................................................................

............................................................................. .............................................................................

............................................................................. .............................................................................

[4]

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 Unit 7 Page 272 Agriculture

(c) Study Photograph A (Insert).

(i) Describe the type of farming shown in the photograph.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) How is the keeping of buffalo different from the type of farming in Photograph A?

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

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 Unit 7 Page 273 Agriculture

(d) Read the following two views about increasing food supply in Pakistan:

A B
Development of the livestock Increasing crop production
sector is the best way to and cultivable area is the
increase the amount of food best way of ensuring there is
available in Pakistan. enough food in Pakistan.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider both View A and View B in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

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...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

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...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[6]

[TOTAL: 18]

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 Unit 7 Page 274 Agriculture

Photograph A for Question 9

© UCLES 2017 2059/02/INSERT/M/J/17

 Unit 7 Page 275 Agriculture

Question Answer Marks

9 (a)(i) A Crops grown for own consumption/use/for the farmer and his family/use 2
it for themselves;
B Crops grown for sale/export/income/profit/grown commercially.
2 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) Subsistence: Rice/vegetables/wheat; 2

Cash: Rice/sugar cane/oilseeds/cotton/wheat.
2 @ 1 mark

(a)(iii) Advantages 4
• Yields increased/increased output/higher yields;
• Allows double/multi-cropping/can use smaller/less land so more
productive/crops grow faster/faster growth;
• Increased income/can sell surplus for profit/higher profits;
• Consistent quality of crops/better quality/healthy growth;
• Meets requirements of international standards;
• Protects against/more resistant to pests;
• Protects against/more resistant to disease;
• HYV crops, shorter/stronger and can withstand strong winds
(therefore less damage);
• Drought resistant.

Disadvantages
• Seeds have to be bought every year/cannot sow seeds produced
from crops grown;
• Exhausts soil/can cause soil to lose its fertility/soil infertile;
• Expensive/poor farmers cannot afford them;
• Extra named input required, e.g. water/fertilisers;
• Not seen as a healthy crop/artificial/genetically modified;
• Lowers species diversity;
• Shortfall in skills/knowledge to use them/needs training.

Note: Reserve one mark for each of advantage and disadvantage.

4 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2017
 Unit 7 Page 276 Agriculture

Question Answer Marks

(c)(i) • Nomadic herdsmen/farming/nomadism/have to keep on 2

moving/transhumance/need to move constantly/moves from high to
lowland for winter and in summer move back;
• Herds/flocks of animals/taking care of animals/livestock/
sheep/goats/grazing/pasture/water.

Note: Reserve 1 mark for type of farming a further mark is for description.
1 @ 2 marks

(c)(ii) • Kept singly for domestic use; 2

• Can be kept in urban areas/on the edge of urban areas;
• Kept in sheds/small yards;
• Need to remain in water/need large amounts of water/where water
is available/need to be kept near water/near rivers/marshy land;
• Kept in canal/irrigated areas of Sindh/Punjab;
• Buffalo are kept in one place/settled livestock/requires a permanent
settlement.
1 @ 2 marks

© UCLES 2017
 Unit 7 Page 277 Agriculture

Question Answer Marks

(d) Levels marking 6

Level 1 (1–2 marks)

Simple point addressing any view (1).
Simple points addressing any view (2).

Level 2 (3–4 marks)

Developed point(s) explaining one view (3).
Developed point(s) explaining both views (4).
No evaluation.

Level 3 (5–6 marks)

Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation giving clear support to
one view or a named example (5).
Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation giving clear support to
one view and a named example (6).

Content Guide:

Answers are likely to refer to:

For livestock
• Large multi-national farms
• Bigger source of protein
• Source of milk/ghee/meat
• Sheep/goats can survive on marginal land
Against livestock
• Insufficient land for fodder crops
• Inadequate storage facilities
• Lack of grazing land
• Overgrazing
• Lack of funds
• Unhygienic husbandry
For food crops
• More land can grow food for people
• Well-developed irrigation
• Multi-cropping
• Access to fertilisers/pesticides, etc.
Against food crops
• Mismanagement
• Overuse
• Of water/seepage from canals
• Over-cultivation
ETC.

© UCLES 2017
 Unit 7 Page 278 Agriculture

Photograph C for Question 10

10 (b) Study Photograph C (Insert).

(i) Name the type of livestock shown in this photograph.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Why is this type of livestock valuable to the farmer?

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

(iii) What environmental problems can be caused by keeping this type of livestock?

..........................................................................................................................................
Unit 7 Page 279 Agriculture

(d) Chemical fertilisers to help increase agricultural production are one of Pakistan’s main
imports. These imports are expensive. Read the following two views:

A B

Pakistan should manufacture Pakistan should rely less on

more of its own chemical chemical fertilisers and reduce
fertilisers to reduce the need the need for importing them by
for importing them. using natural alternatives.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and explain why it
is important to reduce imports of chemical fertilisers.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[6]

[TOTAL: 10]
 Unit 7 Page 280 Agriculture

10 (b) Study Photograph C (Insert).

(i) Name the type of livestock shown in this photograph. [1]

Goat (only)

(ii) Why is this type of livestock valuable to the farmer? [3]

Goatskin / leather products

Meat / food
Dairy products e.g. milk, yoghurt, cheese,
Can survive in rugged areas / sparse grazing / costs little or nothing to feed / do not
need much looking after / move goats around easily
Dung as manure / fuel
Source of income
Wool
Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and
explain why it is important to reduce imports of chemical fertilisers. [6]

L3 5–6 6 – Developed points addressing both views and the importance of

marks reducing imports of chemical fertilisers. Evaluation gives clear
support to one view

5 – Developed points addressing both views and the importance of

reducing imports of chemical fertilisers. No evaluation

L2 3–4 4 – Two developed point(s) addressing any view

marks
3 – Developed point addressing any view

L1 1–2 2 – Two simple point(s) addressing any view

marks
1 – Simple point addressing one view

0 – No valid response

Indicative content (development of points in parentheses)

Chemical fertilisers
Modern factories (e.g. Enven-Engro in Daharki, Sindh) are energy efficient / environmentally
compliant
Cow dung is in insufficient amounts / used as a fuel in rural areas
Pakistan has large supplies of natural gas (the main raw material for fertiliser) (at Sui)

Natural alternatives
Fertiliser factories use large amounts of fuel (especially natural gas)
Ample source of manure from large livestock sector
Ample source of compost from agricultural waste
Alternative methods of improving soil quality are possible (crop rotation / nitrogen-fixing
plants / beans / legumes / avoiding overcropping / multi-cropping)
Importance
The cost of imports (trade / balance of payments deficit / imports>exports) (fertilisers one of
top 5 imports / 2% imports)
Chemical fertilisers cause water pollution (agricultural runoff containing chemicals goes into
streams / rivers / causes eutrophication)
© UCLES 2016
 Unit 7 Page 281 Agriculture

11 (a) (i) Describe two human inputs used in the cultivation of cotton.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]

(ii) Study Fig. 6 which is a graph showing the production of raw cotton in Pakistan over the
period 1982–2014.

12

10

raw cotton 6
(million bales)
4

0
1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Fig. 6

A Describe the main changes in the production of raw cotton between 1982 and 2014.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

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 Unit 7 Page 282 Agriculture

B Suggest three reasons for the production levels seen in the years 1991, 2004 or
2011.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

(b) Describe different ways in which governments can support farmers.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[4]

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 Unit 7 Page 283 Agriculture

(c) Study Fig. 7 which is a table giving information about agriculture in Pakistan over the period
1950–2010.

Agriculture % share Total cropped area

Year
in labour force (million ha)
1950 66 13
1960 59 15
1970 58 17
1980 53 19
1999 47 23
2007 48 24
2010 45 23

Fig. 7

(i) Describe the relationship between agricultural labour force and cropped area.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) Suggest reasons for the change over the period 1950–2010 for either labour force or
cropped area, as shown in Fig. 7.

Choice ...............................................................................................................................

Reasons ............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

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 Unit 7 Page 284 Agriculture

(d) Read the following two views:

A B

Pakistan should plant more More land should be used to

cash crops on its land to grow crops to feed the growing
generate export earnings. population of Pakistan.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[6]

[TOTAL: 25]

© UCLES 2016 2059/02/O/N/16 [Turn over

 Unit 7 Page 285 Agriculture

11 (a) (i) Describe two human inputs used in the cultivation of cotton. [4]

Labour (people) – picking / ploughing / sowing, etc. / mainly women / paid at low rate
Machinery / appropriate example of machinery (e.g. tractors) – picking / quick process
Pesticides / insecticides – prevent disease and damage to the crop
Fertilisers – larger size of cotton boll / for high yields
Irrigation – 1 month and 3 months after sowing / when rainfall is lacking
HYVs – Nayyab / 78 / B-557 / 149-F / resistance to leaf-curl virus / humidity tolerant /
less sensitive to temperature
Capital / investment / finance – purchase machinery, seeds, fertiliser, pay labour
Government loans / subsidies – purchase of machinery, seeds, fertiliser
Knowledge – shape of the land, soil type, aspect, weather patterns
Traditions – farming methods handed down over generations

Maximum of 2 + 2 (mark for a named input + mark for detail)

(ii) Study Fig. 6 which is a graph showing the production of raw cotton in Pakistan
over the period 1982–2014.

A Describe the main changes in the production of raw cotton between 1982 and
2014. [3]

Overall increase
Overall fluctuation
Significant rises: 82/83 to 91/92 / 94 to 04
Significant falls: 91/92 to 94/95 / 04 to 07/10

Maximum of 1 mark for use of data

B Suggest three reasons for the production levels seen in the years 1991, 2004
or 2011. [3]

Ample / plenty of / no shortage of rainfall / irrigation

No / little rain at harvest, no flooding
No / little frost / mild night temperatures
No / few insect attacks / diseases
Greater use of fertilisers, HYVs
Greater use of insecticides and pesticides
Government incentives / policies e.g. need to produce more food, increased
availability of loans

(b) Describe different ways in which governments can support farmers. [4]

Providing / maintaining large irrigation schemes / dams / canals

Providing solutions for waterlogging and salinity, (such as SCARP, tubewell linings, etc.)
Developing HYV seeds (on government farms / collaboration with MNCs)
Plant protection programme / aerial spraying / advising on pesticides and treatment methods
Offering loans (for machinery / tubewells / fertilisers / pesticides / seeds / labour costs)
Veterinary care
Livestock research (on government farms)
Redress after flood / natural disaster
Land reform
Educating / training farmers (on use of HYVs / modern farming methods / sustainable
methods / organic farming)

© UCLES 2016
Unit 7 Page 286 Agriculture

Further development / increased production of fertiliser industries

Providing weather forecasts

(c) Study Fig. 7 which is a table giving information about agriculture in Pakistan over the
period 1950–2010.

(i) Describe the relationship between agricultural labour force and cropped area. [2]

As labour force decreases, area increases / negative correlation / inverse relationship - 1

mark
Use any four statistics to illustrate above statement, e.g. ‘Labour was 66% whereas area
was 13 ha then later when labour was 45% the area was 23 ha’ - 1 mark

(ii) Suggest reasons for the change over the period 1950–2010 for either labour force
or cropped area, as shown in Fig. 7. [3]

Labour force
Mechanisation of farms
Rural to urban migration
Alternative work / occupations / factory work / informal sector work in urban areas
Higher paid work in urban area
Education and learning more / wider skills

Cropped area mark

force and cropped area.
–2011.rs.gs on expensive imports of fuels.
Reclamation of desert
More areas irrigated
Deforestation
Soil improved by fertilisers
Greater demand for food crops / commercial crops

(d) Read the following two views:

A B
Pakistan should plant more cash More land should be used to grow crops
crops on its land to generate to feed the growing population of
export earnings. Pakistan.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer
to examples you have studied. [6]

L3 5–6 6 – Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation gives clear

marks support to one view. At least one reference to an appropriate
example

5 – Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation gives clear

support to one view

© UCLES 2016
Unit 7 Page 287 Agriculture

L2 3–4 4 – Developed point(s) explaining both views. No evaluation

marks
3 – Developed point(s) explaining one view

L1 1–2 2 – Simple point(s) addressing both views

marks
1 – Simple point(s) addressing one view

0 – No valid response

Indicative content (development of points in parentheses)

Cash crops
For
Income (balance of payments / trade deficit / debt / imports greater than exports)
Can bring high profits
Benefits from government incentives (e.g. support prices / development of new seeds)
Access to loans for modern / expensive inputs (e.g. fertilisers / pesticides / machinery /
HYVs)
Examples: wheat, rice, cotton, sugar cane, tobacco, oilseeds
Economies of scale on large holdings / single crops

Against
Many farmers cannot afford cost of modern agricultural methods in cash crop farming
Cash crops are monocultures (vulnerable to disease / uses chemical inputs such as
fertilisers / pesticides which can pollute water)

Food crops
For
Population growing rapidly (1.6% per annum)
Increasing demand for food
Fertile land becoming scarce (due to waterlogging and salinity / desertification / soil erosion /
over cultivation)
Saves expensive imports of food / reduces import bill
Can be grown on subsistence farms / at low cost (using traditional methods / implements /
family labour / small holdings)
Examples: rice, millet / bajra, sorghum / jowar, maize, fruit, vegetables

Against
Farmers growing only food crops / subsistence farmers do not make enough income / profit
to invest in improving their farms for more output
Development may progress at a slow rate if subsistence farming increases – people will be
occupied in providing food and not working in other sectors
Not all families may have access to fertile land
May not have the skills to grow own food
If adverse weather conditions affect many farms – could result in famine – if Pakistan imports
food the population can still be fed

© UCLES 2016
 Unit 7 Page 288 Agriculture

12 (a) (i) Suggest one reason why farming is more productive on flat land.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Many processes are involved in rice cultivation. In the boxes below, place the following
processes in the order in which they occur.

flooding sowing draining transplanting

1 ploughing
2
3
4
5
6 harvesting
[2]

(iii) Explain how one of the processes you named in (ii) is carried out on a small-scale
subsistence farm.

Process .............................................................................................................................

Explanation .......................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

(iv) Describe the natural factors needed to produce the highest yields of rice.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

© UCLES 2016 2059/02/M/J/16

 Unit 7 Page 289 Agriculture

(c) Study Fig. 4 which gives information about the yields of three crops grown in Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa (KPK).

4000

3500

yield 3000
(kg / hectare) Key:
2500
KPK 2011
2000 Pakistan 2011
KPK 2006–10 average
1500 Pakistan 2006–10 average

1000

500

0
wheat rice maize

Fig. 4

(i) A. Which crop had the lowest yield in KPK on average over the years 2006–10?

...........................................................................................................................................

B. In 2011 what was the difference in maize yield between KPK and Pakistan?

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) Using Fig. 4 and your own knowledge explain the problems for agriculture in KPK
province.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]

© UCLES 2016 2059/02/M/J/16

 Unit 7 Page 290 Agriculture

12 (a) (i) Suggest one reason why farming is more productive on flat land.

Ease of ploughing/sowing/harvesting/cultivation/use of farm machinery

Water is retained
Easier/possible to irrigate
Soil not washed away
Terracing not necessary

(ii) Many processes are involved in rice cultivation. In the boxes below, place the
following processes in the order in which they occur. [2]

2 Sowing
3 Flooding
4 Transplanting
5 Draining

(iii) Explain how one of the processes you named in part (ii) is carried out on a small-
scale subsistence farm. [3]

Manual labour
Family workers/farmer himself
Draught animals/bullocks
Limited use of machinery / simple tools / shaduf / Persian Wheel / unlined canals
Specific factors Max 2 Factors for ploughing/harvesting = 0
Sowing into beds/nurseries
Bunds/terraces constructed in main fields
Water diverted from rivers/unlined canals
Main fields flooded to 30–37cm/ 12–14”
Transplanted into prepared/weeded fields
When 20–25cm/ 8–10” high
Bunds breached [to drain fields]
Lowest terrace breached/drained first

(iv) Describe the natural factors for producing the highest yields of rice. [3]

High/heavy/ample/abundant/plentiful rainfall / 1270+mm

Dry for harvest
Warm temperature / 20–35C / no cold season
Level/flat land
Loam/clay soil / impervious sub-soil / water retentive

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Unit 7 Page 291 Agriculture

(c) Study Fig. 4 which gives information about the yields of three crops grown in Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa (KPK)

(i) A: Which crop had the lowest yield in KPK on average over the years 2006–10?
B: In 2011 what was the difference in maize yield between KPK and Pakistan? [2]

A: Wheat
B: 2050 kg/ha accept 1950–2150 kg/ha

(ii) Using Fig. 4 and your own knowledge explain the problems for agriculture [4]
in (KPK) province.
/

KPK yields [always] less than for Pakistan [as a whole]/rest of Pakistan/other provinces
Too cold in winter [for growth] / severe weather in winter / frost damage
Too hilly/mountainous/terrain too rugged [for large fields] / barren / thin/infertile

soils / prone to soil erosion (farm processes less efficient)

Terracing needed (high cost and much labour for construction/maintenance)
Irrigation difficult/few rivers
Remote from large centres of population/markets (making commercial farming difficult)Poor
infrastructure for transport of farm goods (kacha roads / passes blocked bylandslides)
Terrorism/insurgencies
Lack of government interest (preventing access to modern techniques in agriculture)

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Unit 7 Page 292 Agriculture

13 (a) Study Fig. 4 and Fig. 5, which give information for rice production and the area over which it is
sown during four years.

8000 3500

7000 3000

6000
2500
5000
rice area 2000
production 4000 sown
(000 tons) (000 1500
3000 hectares)
1000
2000

1000 500

0 0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2008 2009 2010 2011

Fig. 4 Fig. 5

(i) What was the production in 2008?

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) What is the difference between the maximum and minimum area sown during these
years?

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(iii) Suggest two reasons why rice production varies from year to year.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ....................................................................................................................................[2]

© UCLES 2015 2059/02/O/N/15

 Unit 7 Page 293 Agriculture

(b) Study Fig. 6 which shows date and almond growing regions in Pakistan.

JAMMU &
KASHMIR
disputed territory

Key:
dates
almonds
international boundary
disputed boundary
provincial boundary

0 400
km

Fig. 6

(i) Describe the distribution of the areas where almonds are grown.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

© UCLES 2015 2059/02/O/N/15 [Turn over

 Unit 7 Page 294 Agriculture

(ii) Why are the areas shown on the map suitable for growing dates?

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

(iii) Explain the difficulties in finding and reaching markets for almonds, dates and other fruit
grown in Pakistan.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]

(c) (i) Describe what is meant by ‘subsistence farming’.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) Explain why some farmers are subsistence farmers.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]
© UCLES 2015 2059/02/O/N/15
 Unit 7 Page 295 Agriculture

(d) Explain why livestock is an important part of the agricultural sector. To what extent is it possible
to develop livestock farming further in Pakistan?

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[6]

© UCLES 2015 2059/02/O/N/15 [Turn over

 Unit 7 Page 296 Agriculture

13 (a) Study Fig. 4 and Fig. 5, which give information for rice production and the area over
which it is sown during four years.

(i) What was the production in 2008? [1]

5 600 000 tons / 5.6 million tons Accept 5 500 000 – 5 700 000

(ii) What is the difference between the maximum and minimum area sown during
these years? [1]
600 000 hectares Accept 570 000 – 630 000

(iii) Suggest two reasons why rice production varies from year to year. [2]
Varies with area sown/direct correlation with area sown
In low years droughts/floods/too cold/rain too heavy/unreliable
In high years favourable weather
If neither of above two lines accept: ‘rainfall varies’
Pest attack
Rice price/whether support price
Demand = 0

(b) Study Fig. 6 which shows date and almond growing regions in Pakistan.

(i) Describe the distribution of the areas where almonds are grown. [3]
Central Balochistan / Khuzdar/Kalat/Mastung
N/NE Balochistan / Pishin/Zhob/Qila Saifullah/Loralai/Kohlu/Barkhan/Musa Khel
S/SW KPK/FATA / S Waziristan
Near boundary of Balochistan and KPK/Waziristan/FATA
Upper/lower = 0

(ii) Why are the areas shown on the map suitable for growing dates? [3]
Close to R. Indus in Punjab/Sindh
In oases [in Balochistan]
[In Bolochistan] where irrigated by Karez from the foothills
If none of above three lines accept: ‘close to a water source’
Can withstand dry conditions found in these areas/have deep roots/do not require much
water/rainfall
Can be grown in hot regions/is a tropical fruit/where large temperature fluctuations/can
withstand high temperatures
‘Suits’/’likes’ = 0 Warm = 0 Soil = 0

© Cambridge International Examinations 2015

Unit 7 Page 297 Agriculture

(iii) Explain the difficulties in finding and reaching markets for almonds, dates and
other fruit grown in Pakistan. [4]
Poor [cold] storage facilities (and fruit is a perishable good)
Poor named infrastructure e.g. roads/ports/transport system (causing delays and
wastage of product))
Lack of processing/packaging facilities( therefore not accepted in international markets)
Lack of quality control (e.g. mangoes not treated for pests/insects) (limiting export
markets)
Strong competition in export markets (e.g. mangoes from India/citrus fruits from China)
Used as subsistence crops (and therefore do not reach markets)
Long distance to market (increasing transport costs)
Accept development of points (examples in parentheses)
Accept sensible use of a development point as a stand-alone point
Do not credit same explanation more than once

(c) (i) Describe what is meant by ‘subsistence farming’. [2]

Products consumed by family/ to meet needs of family
Not commercial/not for sale
Natural inputs/ example described e.g. dung used as fertiliser / traditional farming
implements/tools / small output / small-scale Surplus = 0

(ii) Explain why some farmers are subsistence farmers. [3]

Land is small size/marginal/infertile/fragmented (therefore unable to use
machinery/tractors)
Poverty (therefore need to grow own food) (therefore cannot afford modern
inputs/named modern input)
Lack of markets/access to market
Lack of named modern inputs e.g. HYVs / machinery/technology / artificial fertilisers
Lack of education/skills/illiterate
Power of landords/Zamindari system
Remote from markets/shops (and therefore need to feed themselves)
Accept development of points (examples in parentheses)
Accept sensible use of a development point as a stand-alone point

© Cambridge International Examinations 2015

Unit 7 Page 298 Agriculture

(d) Explain why livestock is an important part of the agricultural sector. To what extent is
it possible to develop livestock farming further in Pakistan? [6]

Levels marked
Level 3 (5–6 marks) Developed points explaining both views (possible and not possible).
Evaluation giving clear support to one view, with developed points explaining importance (5),
and with at least one reference to an appropriate example (6)
Level 2 (3–4 marks) Developed point explaining one view or explaining importance (3),
developed points explaining both views (or either view) or explaining one view and
explaining importance or explaining importance only (4). No evaluation.
Level 1 (1–2 marks) Simple point addressing one view or explaining importance (1), simple
points addressing both views or one view and explaining importance or explaining
importance only (2).

Indicative content (development of points in parentheses)

Importance
Draft power/transport in rural areas (e.g. Persian Wheel)
Food /meat/milk/eggs (for fast growing population)
Dung as manure
Dung as a fuel source (domestic or biogas)
Source of raw materials/hides/skins/wool/hair/bones (especially for cottage industries/export
potential/food processing industries)
Possible/greater extent (= current or potential agricultural developments)
Government farms/initiatives (scientific/cross breeding for better quality/higher fertility rates /
better diets/early weaning diets for higher yields / training of vets for disease control)
Large scale multi-national/Australian dairy/poultry farms

Not possible/lesser extent

Poor systems of storage/marketing
High price of animal feed (especially if in or near cities, e.g. buffalo rearing)
Little access to vets/animal healthcare (and cannot be afforded by most poor farmers)
Poor drainage/waste disposal (e.g. much buffalo rearing still within cities causing lack of
hygiene)
Shortage of funds

[Total: 25]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2015

 Unit 7 Page 299 Agriculture

14 (a) Study Fig. 6 which gives information about the area of Pakistan under cultivation.

JAMMU &
KASHMIR
disputed territory

Key:
cultivated area
(as a percent of total area)
over 65

35-65

5-34

under 5

international boundary
0 400
disputed boundary
km
provincial boundary
Fig. 6

(i) A. Name a district that has a cultivated area of over 65%.

...........................................................................................................................................

B. How much of Faisalabad District is cultivated?

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) Suggest reasons why so many districts of Pakistan have a cultivated area of less than 5%.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

© UCLES 2015 2059/02/M/J/15

 Unit 7 Page 300 Agriculture

(iii) Explain why agricultural land is no longer producing crops in many regions of Pakistan.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[4]

© UCLES 2015 2059/02/M/J/15 [Turn over

 Unit 7 Page 301 Agriculture

14 (a) Study Fig. 6 which gives information about the area of Pakistan under cultivation.

(i) A Name a district that has a cultivated area of over 65%.

Gujranwala/Jhang/Kasur/Khanewal/Lodhran/Mandi Bahauddin/Multan/Pakpattan/
Sahiwal/Sargodha/Vehari

B How much of Faisalabad District is cultivated? [2]

35–65%

(ii) Suggest reasons why so many districts of Pakistan have a cultivated area of less
than 5%. [3]

Too far from R. Indus/major rivers

Hilly/mountainous/rugged
Thin/poor/infertile soil/barren/badland topography
Deserts/too dry/low rainfall/high evaporation rate
Delta region/too marshy/area prone to flooding
Extreme temperatures (hot or cold)

(iii) Explain why agricultural land is no longer producing crops in many regions of
Pakistan. [4]

Waterlogging – over-irrigation/unlined canals which cause seepage of water into the

ground causing a rise in water table to the surface/making land barren/uncultivable
Salinity – salts rise with water table and are left on the surface when water evaporates
making land barren/uncultivable
Overgrazing – too many livestock animals in too small an area/livestock not moved to
different pastures causing land to become bare
Overcultivation – crops not rotated or no fallow period or too little fertiliser and soil
becomes exhausted
Floods – e.g. 2010, top soil washed away/nutrients leached away/soil erosion
Drought – land becomes too dry to support crops
Alternative use of land – e.g. housing/industries
Land fragmentation – farming becomes inefficient
Zamindari system of Landlords – no incentive for farmers
Workforce migrates to urban areas/lack of skilled or unskilled workers – no one to work
the land
Siltation in reservoirs, therefore reduces availability of irrigation water

(b) Study Fig.7 which gives information about urban and rural population in Pakistan in
two different years.

(i) By how much has the rural population decreased between 1981 and 2010? [1]

8% (tolerance 7–8%) Also accept alternative interpretation 11%

© Cambridge International Examinations 2015

Unit 8 Page 302 Power Resources

ABSTRACT
The Unit focus on the renewables and non-renewable
sources of power generation
BLAST FROM THE PAST

Year Series

2022 May June

2020
POWER RESOURCES 2019
2017
2016

2023 Oct Nov

2020
2018
2017
2016
2015
 Unit 8 Page 303 Power Resources

Topic Focus point What key knowledge you need to know R A G

Power Sources You should be able to:

 describe, with the help of a simple diagram for each
method, how non-renewable fuels (coal, crude oil and
natural gas) are extracted:

o coal as obtained by open cast, adit and shaft mining

methods

o natural gas and crude oil obtained by exploration and

drilling

 understand the difference between renewable and non-

renewable sources of electricity

 explain (briefly) how electricity can be generated from

renewable resources (hydel, wind, solar, and

 other possibilities such as wave, tidal, biofuels, geothermal)

 understand the importance of power sources for

development.

Power Non-renewables You should be able to:

 describe the quality and the amount of coal available from
within Pakistan and how long reserves are likely to last, and
also describe the types of coal which have to be imported
for industrial purposes

 describe how coal both produced in Pakistan and imported

is transported to the end users

 state how much natural gas is produced by Pakistan, and

how long reserves are likely to last

 describe the extent of the natural gas pipeline network in

Pakistan and explain how natural gas can be taken to those
parts of Pakistan away from the pipelines, and the
limitations of doing this

 state how much oil is produced by Pakistan, how long

reserves will last and how much oil is imported, and explain
why it is necessary to import large amounts of oil

 describe the extent of the oil pipeline network in Pakistan

and describe the other methods that are used to transport
both imported oil and oil produced in Pakistan

 understand that electricity can be generated in a variety of

ways. In thermal power stations by burning coal, oil, gas
and waste, or with nuclear energy; or with renewable
sources e.g. water (including hydel), the wind and the sun

 understand that non-renewable power sources are running

out, and are increasing in price
 Unit 8 Page 304 Power Resources

Topic Focus point What key knowledge you need to know R A G

Power Renewables You should be able to:

 explain and evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of
the different methods of producing electricity from
renewable resources (generated by water, wind, wave and
sun)

 understand the physical and human conditions that favour

the development of multi-purpose hydel schemes

 state and explain the factors, both physical and human,

which promote or hinder the availability of electricity and
other power resources listed, including the feasibility of
small-scale, renewable power generation

 explain why the supply of electricity is not sufficient or

reliable to develop many parts of Pakistan.
 Unit 8 Page 305 Power Resources

Fig. 4.2 for Question 1

© UCLES 2023 2059/02/INSERT/O/N/23

 Unit 8 Page 306 Power Resources

1 (a) (i) Draw a labelled diagram to show how natural gas is extracted.

[4]

(ii) State one way natural gas is transported in Pakistan.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) In 2020 Pakistan had approximately 19 000 000 MMcf of gas reserves and gas
consumption was 1 600 000 MMcf per year.

MMcf = million cubic feet.

Calculate how many years of gas reserves Pakistan had at the rate of consumption in
2020. Show your working in the box below.

[2]

© UCLES 2023 2059/02/O/N/23 [Turn over

 Unit 8 Page 307 Power Resources

(b) Study Fig. 4.1, a diagram showing three types of renewable energy.

............................................. ............................................. .............................................

Fig. 4.1

Complete the boxes in Fig. 4.1 by naming each type of renewable energy. [3]

© UCLES 2023 2059/02/O/N/23

 Unit 8 Page 308 Power Resources

(c) (i) Study Fig. 4.2 (Insert), a photograph showing a solar farm in Pakistan.

Using Fig. 4.2 only, describe the features of the solar farm shown.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Explain how electricity can be generated from solar power. You should develop your
answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(iii) State two disadvantages of using solar power as a method of generating electricity.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

© UCLES 2023 2059/02/O/N/23 [Turn over

 Unit 8 Page 309 Power Resources

(d) Read the following two views about ways of securing sufficient power supplies for Pakistan’s
future development:

A B

Pakistan should import more Pakistan should develop more

fossil fuels to secure its future renewable energy to secure
power supplies. its future power supplies.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider view A and view B in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 25]

© UCLES 2023 2059/02/O/N/23

 Unit 8 Page 310 Power Resources

Question Answer Marks

1 (a)(i) Draw a labelled diagram to show how natural gas is extracted. 4

Credit labels on a diagram.

Note: Reserve 1 mark for an underground feature. Reserve 1 mark for a

drilling rig/derrick feature.

Labelled underground features:

• rock strata/layers/anticline
• impermeable/porous rock
• gas (layer or pocket) (above water/oil if labelled)

Labelled drilling rig features:

• crown block
• derrick/rig/frame
• travelling block
• swivel
• standpipe
• pipe(s)/kelly
• engine/machinery/pump/rotary drive/draw works
• blowout prevention equipment
• shaft/casing/cement
• drill/drilling

Alternative (fracking):
• fracking/fractures/fissures
• water/sand/chemicals
• drill/drilling
• pipe
4 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) State one way natural gas is transported in Pakistan. 1

Pipelines/pipes
Rail/road tankers/cylinders/canisters
1 @ 1 mark
 Unit 8 Page 311 Power Resources

Question Answer Marks

(a)(iii) In 2020 Pakistan had approximately 19 000 000 MMcf of gas reserves and 2
gas consumption was 1 600 000 MMcf per year.

Calculate how many years of gas reserves Pakistan had at the rate of
consumption in 2020. Show your working in the box below.

19 000 000 / 1 600 000 = 11.875

Accept 11–12 (years)

Note: 1 mark for working, 1 mark for answer. 2 @ 1 mark

(b) Study Fig. 4.1, a diagram showing three types of renewable energy. 3

Complete the boxes in Fig. 4.1. by naming each type of renewable

energy.

• geothermal
• wind
• tidal/wave
3 @ 1 mark

(c)(i) Study Fig. 4.2. (Insert), a photograph showing a solar farm in Pakistan. 3

Using Fig. 4.2. only, describe the features of the solar farm shown.

• flat/plain land
• open/vast/wide/huge area/goes on into the distance/as far as the eye can
see/massive solar farm
• large number (thousands) of panels
• in rows/grid pattern/blocks
• facing same direction/tilted (toward sun/sky)
• roads/paths/spaces in between sections
• trucks/vehicles/forklifts
• black/blue/grey panels/silver/white borders
• rectangular panels/divided into sections
• (white) blocks/containers/buildings/office/control
room/transformers/inverter/batteries/plant to connect solar cells to the
grid
 Unit 8 Page 312 Power Resources

Question Answer Marks

(c)(ii) Explain how electricity can be generated from solar power. You should 4
develop your answer.

Solar panels:
• sun shines onto the solar panel; energy from the sunlight is absorbed by
the solar panel
• there are (photovoltaic/PV) cells in the solar panel; they convert the solar
energy into electricity
• the electrical charges move in response to an internal electrical field in
the cell; this causes the electricity to flow
• the electric current is converted from DC to AC; by an inverter
• the current is regulated by a transformer/electricity goes through a
transformer; so electricity is at the required voltage

Solar furnaces/thermal:
• sun shines onto the solar panel/onto giant mirrors; energy from the
sunlight is absorbed by the solar panel
• panel collects heat from the sun and uses it to heat water; steam from
water turns/spins/drives a turbine
• the steam spins/turns/drives the generator; the generator produces
electricity
• the current is regulated by a transformer/electricity goes through a
transformer; so electricity is at the required voltage

Note: 1 mark for simple point and a further mark for the development of the
point. 1 mark for second simple point and a further mark for development of
the second point.

Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.

2 @ 2 marks

(c)(iii) State two disadvantages of using solar power as a method of generating 2

electricity.

• does not produce power at night/when dark/only works in

daylight/daytime
• cloud cover may affect it/inconsistent power supply/unreliable
• cannot produce enough electricity to meet demand/only produces small
amount/need a lot of panels for high amount of power
• takes up a lot of space/needs large area
• expensive/high cost to buy/installation/manufacturing panels is costly
• less efficient when dirty/can get covered in sand/snow

2 @ 1 mark
 Unit 8 Page 313 Power Resources

Question Answer Marks

(d) Read the following two views about ways of securing sufficient power 6
supplies for Pakistan’s future development:

A Pakistan should import more fossil fuels to secure its future power
supplies.
B Pakistan should develop more renewable energy to secure its future
power supplies.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your
answer and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider
view A and view B in your answer.

Levels marking

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view only (3)
Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant
example (4)

Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant
example (5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant
example (6)

Content guide

Note: Nuclear energy is not a fossil fuel

Agree with A / disagree with B because:

• Pakistan’s fossil fuel sources are running out and without them Pakistan
will be energy insecure
• fossil fuels are cheaper to import than to pay to produce more renewable
energy sources (or named examples, e.g. hydel/HEP)
• fossil fuels are more reliable than depending on renewable energy
sources
• it will help further Pakistan’s relations with other countries if trade
partnerships can be developed
• equipment/technology for developing renewables has to be imported and
incurs high costs
 Unit 8 Page 314 Power Resources

Question Answer Marks

(d) Agree with B / disagree with A because:

• Pakistan will not be reliant on other countries for their source of fuel
• renewable energy is sustainable it will provide a secure power supply for
the future
• renewable energy is cost efficient – once the outlay for developing it the
energy produced is virtually free apart from maintenance costs
• fossil fuels are running out globally so alternative sources of energy are
needed
• it is better to invest in renewables now rather than wait until fossil fuels
run out
• the cost of importing fossil fuels can fluctuate which could cause debt
 Unit 8 Page 315 Power Resources

2 (a) (i) Study Fig. 3.1, a diagram showing three methods of coal extraction.

.............................................. ..............................................

coal seams exposed

the coal is
processed

coal seam

tunnels

..............................................

Fig. 3.1

Name the three methods of coal extraction shown in Fig. 3.1 in the spaces provided. [3]

(ii) Study Fig. 3.2 (Insert), a photograph of a mine in Pakistan. Using Fig. 3.2 only, identify
two features of the mine shown.

1 ....................................................................................................

2 ....................................................................................................
[2]

(iii) Suggest how coal is extracted from the type of mine shown in Fig. 3.2.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) (i) Define ‘renewable’ and ‘non-renewable’.

renewable ..........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

non-renewable ..................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
© UCLES 2022 2059/02/M/J/22
 Unit 8 Page 316 Power Resources

(ii) Complete the table to classify by type (renewable or non-renewable), the energy
resources listed below.

coal gas hydel oil solar wind

renewable non-renewable

[3]

(iii) Study Fig. 3.3, a pie chart showing the percentage share by value of Pakistan’s energy
sources.

0%
90 10
Key
source of energy %

80 20 fossil fuels 64

hydel 27

nuclear power and

other renewables 9
70 30

60 40
50

Fig. 3.3

Complete Fig. 3.3 using the information in the key. [3]

(c) Explain one advantage and one disadvantage of generating electricity using solar power.
You should develop your answer.

advantage ..................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

disadvantage .............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[4]
© UCLES 2022 2059/02/M/J/22 [Turn over
 Unit 8 Page 317 Power Resources

(d) Pakistan plans to generate 60 per cent of its power using renewable energy by 2030, yet
coal-fired power stations are being rapidly developed. In 2016 there was one coal-fired power
station and by 2019 there were nine, providing 15 per cent of Pakistan’s electricity supply.

To what extent is it possible for Pakistan to generate more of its power from renewable
energy? Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied.
You should consider different points of view in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 25]

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 Unit 8 Page 318 Power Resources

Fig. 3.2 for Question 2

© UCLES 2022 2059/02/INSERT/M/J/22

 Unit 8 Page 319 Power Resources

Question Answer Marks

2(a)(i) Study Fig. 3.1, a diagram showing three methods of coal extraction. 3

Name the three methods of coal extraction shown in Fig 3.1 in the
spaces provided.

 adit = top left

 open cast/pit/quarry = top right
 shaft = bottom right
3 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) Study Fig. 3.2 (Insert), a photograph of a mine in Pakistan. 2

Using Fig. 3.2 only, identify two features of the mine shown.

 tunnel/underground/passage
 rock/stone walls/rocky
 lights/dim light/poorly lit
 low ceiling/low roof
 nets/wire mesh on ceiling/roof
 rail(s)/track(s)/train track(s)
 (train/rail/mine) trucks/carts/trolleys
 orange/brown/grey colour rock/ground/walls
 flat ground/floor
2 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2022
 Unit 8 Page 320 Power Resources

Question Answer Marks

(a)(iii) Suggest how coal is extracted from the type of mine shown in Fig. 3.2. 2

Adit mine:
 coal/mineral seam is exposed on a hillside
 a tunnel/passage is made into the hillside/seam
 explosives/mining tools are used/coal is dug out
 tracks are laid/put down (through the tunnel)
 coal is put/loaded in trucks/carts/trolleys/tubs
 trucks/carts/trolleys/tubs run/are transported/pulled/pushed (on a track out
of the mine)

Shaft mine:
 a shaft is drilled down from the surface to reach the coal seam
(underground)
 explosives/mining tools are used/coal is dug out
 tracks are laid/put down (through the tunnel)
 coal is put/loaded in trucks/carts/trolleys/tubs
 trucks/carts/trolleys/tubs run/are transported/pulled/pushed (on a track to
the shaft)
 coal/trucks/loads lifted to the surface
2 @ 1 mark

(b)(i) Define ‘renewable’ and ‘non-renewable’. 2

 renewable can be used again/are infinite/always be

present/sustainable/will not run out/not exhaust
 non-renewable are finite/limited/will exhaust/ cannot be used again/if
used are gone forever
2 @ 1 mark

(b)(ii) Complete the table to classify by type (renewable or non-renewable) the 3

energy resources listed below.

renewable: hydel, solar, wind

non-renewable: coal, gas, oil

Note: 3 marks for 5 or 6 correct, 2 marks for 3 or 4 correct, 1 mark for 1 or 2

correct.
3 @ 1 mark

(b)(iii) Study Fig. 3.3, a pie chart showing the percentage share by value of 3
Pakistan’s energy sources.

Complete Fig. 3.3 using the information in the key.

 accurate completion of line plotted at 27% or 64%

 correct shading of fossil fuels segment – small dots
 correct shading of hydel segments – diagonal lines at the correct angle

Note: 1 mark for accurate line/divide. 2 marks for correct shading in each
segment.

© UCLES 2022
 Unit 8 Page 321 Power Resources

Question Answer Marks

(c) Explain one advantage and one disadvantage of generating electricity 4

using solar power. You should develop your answer.

advantages:
 solar is a renewable resource; will not run out/can be used again/reduces
use of non-renewables
 solar power is environmentally friendly; because it doesn’t burn
anything/does not create air pollution/greenhouse gases
 Pakistan is sunny/has high number of sunshine hours/250-300 sunny
days a year; so most/remote regions can utilise solar power
 once solar panels have been installed running costs are low; saving
money in the long term
 small solar panels can be provided on homes; provides electricity to
areas without need for pylons and cables
 solar panels are portable; can be installed on house rooftops/slopes/can
be easily installed
 solar panels are low maintenance; minimal running costs/need for
servicing

disadvantages:
 amount of power generated per solar panel is quite small; may need
several to power a home
 development of solar farms takes up large areas; land is needed for
agriculture/industry etc.
 expensive to buy panels/construct solar farms; difficult to afford the initial
investment/may need loans/increases debt
 no power is generated at night; in winter days are shorter in the north of
Pakistan so energy production is not guaranteed
 some regions of Pakistan have long periods of cloud/rain/snow; less
power is generated during these times/a backup source may be needed
 solar panels can get covered in dust/sand; require cleaning to ensure
they can still operate/reduces their efficiency

Note: 1 mark for simple point and a further mark for the development of the
point. 1 mark for second simple point and a further mark for development of
the second point.
Note: Max. 2 marks if no development
2 @ 2 marks

© UCLES 2022
 Unit 8 Page 322 Power Resources

Question Answer Marks

(d) Pakistan plans to generate 60 per cent of its power using renewable 6
energy by 2030, yet coal-fired power stations are being rapidly
developed. In 2016 there was one coal-fired power station and by 2019
there were nine, providing 15 per cent of Pakistan’s electricity supply.

To what extent is it possible for Pakistan to generate more of its power

from renewable energy? Give reasons to support your judgement and
refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different
points of view in your answer.

Levels marking

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view only (3)
Developed points referring to both views (4)

Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example
(5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example
(6)

Content Guide

It is not possible to produce more electricity from renewable resources:

 Pakistan already has power stations set up to use coal/oil/gas
 continuing to use reserves of coal/oil/gas is cheaper than setting up
alternatives from scratch
 requires knowledge/skilled workers to set up
 renewables (or examples) are not 100% reliable
 Pakistan has invested heavily in developing coal fired power stations; this
would be wasted
 problems with sandstorms in desert areas covering the solar panels;
need to be cleaned so that they work properly/not as effective as hoped
Etc.

© UCLES 2022
 Unit 8 Page 323 Power Resources

Question Answer Marks

(d) It is possible to produce more electricity from renewable resources:

 once set up running costs are low, making them more sustainable
 labour is available to work on the construction/maintenance of renewable
power stations
 Pakistan has a lot of sunshine – perfect for solar power/desert areas can
be used for solar farms
 Pakistan has lots of hilly areas – perfect for wind energy
 Pakistan already has several dams and this can be extended to produce
more hydel power
 Pakistan has a coastline so it can develop tidal energy and build offshore
wind farms
 Pakistan recognises there are benefits of renewables/they are
environmentally friendly
Etc.

© UCLES 2022
 Unit 8 Page 324 Power Resources

3 Study Fig. 3.1, a diagram showing oil prospecting and drilling.

.......................................

.......................................

.......................................

Fig. 3.1

(a) (i) Complete the labels on Fig. 3.1 by choosing the correct words from the list below.

derrick drill pipe refinery valves [2]

(ii) Study Fig. 3.2, a line graph showing daily oil consumption in Pakistan from 2007 to 2017.

600

550

500
barrels per day
(000) 450

400

350

0
2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017
year

Fig. 3.2

Complete Fig. 3.2 by plotting daily oil consumption in 2012 using the information below.

year barrels per day (000)

2012 410
[2]

© UCLES 2020 2059/02/O/N/20 [Turn over

 Unit 8 Page 325 Power Resources

(iii) How many barrels of crude oil were produced per day in Pakistan in 2019?

Circle the correct answer.

69 000 91 000 113 000 [1]

(iv) State two ways that oil is transported on land in Pakistan.

1 .....................................................................

2 .....................................................................
[2]

(b) (i) Define the term ‘refined’.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Study Fig. 3.3 (Insert), a photograph of an oil refinery in Pakistan. Using Fig. 3.3 only,
describe the features of the oil refinery shown.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iii) Name two oil refineries in Pakistan and state where each one is located.

name of oil refinery location of oil refinery

1 ........................................... 1 ...........................................

2 ........................................... 2 ...........................................

[4]

© UCLES 2020 2059/02/O/N/20

 Unit 8 Page 326 Power Resources

(c) Explain how oil is used to generate electricity in a thermal power station. You should develop
your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

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 Unit 8 Page 327 Power Resources

(d) In 2017 Pakistan discovered its largest oil and gas reserve at Jhandial Well. It is expected
that at least 292 billion cubic feet of gas and 23 million barrels of oil can be recovered.

Evaluate whether Pakistan should develop new oil and gas reserves. Give reasons to support
your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different
points of view in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 25]

© UCLES 2020 2059/02/O/N/20

 Unit 8 Page 328 Power Resources

Fig. 3.3 for Question 3

© UCLES 2020 2059/02/INSERT/O/N/20

 Unit 8 Page 329 Power Resources

Question Answer Marks

3(a)(i) Study Fig. 3.1, a diagram showing oil prospecting and drilling. 2
Complete the labels on Fig. 3.1 by choosing the correct words from the
list below:

refinery

pi pe

derrick

1 mark for 1–2 labels correct, 1 mark for third correct label
2 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) Study Fig. 3.2, a line graph showing daily oil consumption in Pakistan 2
from 2007 to 2017. Complete Fig. 3.2 by plotting daily oil consumption
in 2012 using the information below.

1 mark for accurate plot of 410 barrels of oil consumed per day for 2012, 1
mark for accurate completion of line
2@ 1 mark

© UCLES 2020
 Unit 8 Page 330 Power Resources

Question Answer Marks

(a)(iii) How many barrels of crude oil were produced per day in Pakistan in 1
2019? Circle the correct answer.

91 000
1 @ 1 mark

(a)(iv) State two ways that oil is transported on land in Pakistan. 2

• pipeline(s)/pipes
• road/tanker/barrels/truck/lorry
• rail/tanker
2 @ 1 mark

(b)(i) Define the term ‘refined’. 1

Cleansing/purification/removal/separation of impurities/substances/
unwanted elements/toxins are removed (by processing/industrial
processes).
1 @ 1 mark

(b)(ii) Study Fig. 3.3 (Insert), a photograph of an oil refinery in Pakistan. 3

Using Fig. 3.3 only, describe the features of the oil refinery shown.

• large/huge/vast/wide area of land;

• built on flat land;
• round buildings/square buildings;
• storage tanks/storage cylinders;
• (tall) towers/chimneys/columns;
• grey/white/striped/blue buildings;
• (raised) pipelines/pipes;
• different coloured/curved pipe(line)s;
• roads/pathways;
• crane;
• air conditioning units;
• scaffolding/ladders;
• mostly made from metal.
3 @ 1 mark

3(b)(iii) Name two refineries in Pakistan and state where each one is located 4

• Attock: Morgah/Potwar Plateau/Rawalpindi;

• Pak-Arab PARCO; Mehmood Kot/Muzzafargarh/Multan District;
• Byco Petroleum; Khalifa Point/Hub
• Pakistan refinery; Karachi;
• National refinery; Karachi;
• ENAR refinery; Karachi;
• Trans-Asia refinery; Karachi;
• Byco refinery; Karachi;
• Bosicor refinery; Hub/Karachi;
• Khalifa Coastal refinery; Lasbela District / Kharan.
4 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2020
 Unit 8 Page 331 Power Resources

Question Answer Marks

(c) Explain how oil is used to generate electricity in a thermal power 4

station. You should develop your answer.

• oil is burnt/used as fuel (1) heats water/generating heat (dev)

• heat boils water (1) which then turns to steam (dev)
• steam turns a turbine (1) producing electricity in the generator (dev)
• steam produced (1) transfers kinetic/potential energy to electrical
energy (dev)
• transformers control the voltage (1) and then transfer the electricity to
where it is needed via power lines and pylons (dev)

Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development.
Note: Possible opportunity to allow a further mark or marks for additional
development.
Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.
2 @ 2marks

(d) In 2017 Pakistan discovered its largest oil and gas reserve at Jhandial 6
Well. It is expected that at least 292 billion cubic feet of gas and 23
million barrels of oil can be recovered.

Evaluate whether Pakistan should develop new oil and gas reserves.
Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you
have studied. You should consider different points of view in your
answer.

Levels marking

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view (3)
Developed points referring to both views (4)

Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example
(5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant
example (6)

© UCLES 2020
 Unit 8 Page 332 Power Resources

Question Answer Marks

(d) Content Guide

Answers are likely to refer to:

Develop new oil and gas reserves

• Pakistan has an energy crisis so any new reserve will help to solve this;
• Jhandial is a sizeable find/bigger than previous reserves so worth
investing in;
• both gas and oil have been found there;
• Pakistan will save money/foreign exchange on importing oil;
Etc.

Ideas against further development

• it is expensive to exploit the new reserves;
• foreign investors like China may be needed to extract the gas and oil;
• dependence on other countries will outweigh the benefits of
finding/using the oil and gas found;
• an improved infrastructure is needed to exploit the resources or
transport them to where they are needed;
• lack of trained personnel may hinder the exploitation of resources;
• oil and gas are fossil fuels and therefore finite;
• dependence on other countries will outweigh the benefits of
finding/using the oil and gas found;
• an improved infrastructure is needed to exploit the resources or
transport them to where they are needed;
• further environmental degradation will occur from extracting and
transporting these resources;
• Jhandial will only help in the short term hence, Pakistan should be
looking for more sustainable solutions to the energy crisis/ Pakistan
should be looking to invest in alternative energy sources over non-
renewable sources;
Etc.

© UCLES 2020
 Unit 8 Page 333 Power Resources

4 (a) (i) Study Fig. 3.1, a diagram showing a method of coal extraction.

0m

50 m

100 m

150 m

200 m

Fig. 3.1

Complete the boxes on Fig. 3.1 by choosing the correct words from the list below.

cable cage coal seams head frame

tunnel winch wheel

[4]

(ii) Using Fig. 3.1, state the depth of the mine at X.

........................................................... m [1]

(iii) The method of coal extraction shown in Fig. 3.1 is an example of:

open cast mining adit mining shaft mining

Circle the correct answer. [1]

© UCLES 2020 2059/02/M/J/20

 Unit 8 Page 334 Power Resources

(b) (i) Name two types of coal found in Pakistan and describe the characteristics of each.

type ...........................................

characteristics ...................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

type ...........................................

characteristics ...................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[4]

(ii) State one major use of coal in Pakistan.

......................................................................................... [1]

(c) (i) Study Fig. 3.2 (Insert), a diagram showing a hydel power station. Using Fig. 3.2 only,
describe how electricity can be generated using this method.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

© UCLES 2020 2059/02/M/J/20 [Turn over

 Unit 8 Page 335 Power Resources

(ii) Explain two benefits of generating electricity using hydel power. You should develop
your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

Fig 3.2

© UCLES 2020 2059/02/M/J/20

 Unit 8 Page 336 Power Resources

(d) Read the following two views about providing a sufficient and reliable electricity supply for
Pakistan, now and in the future:

A B

Pakistan should Pakistan should

make use of its fossil prepare for the future
fuel resources for and further develop
as long as they are its renewable energy
available. resources.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider View A and View B in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 25]

© UCLES 2020 2059/02/M/J/20 [Turn over

 Unit 8 Page 337 Power Resources

Question Answer Marks

4(a)(i) Cable; 4
Cage;
Coal seams;
Winch.
4 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) 130 (allow tolerance of between 120 and 140) 1

1 @ 1 mark

(a)(iii) Shaft mining 1

1 @ 1 mark

(b)(i) Type 4
Anthracite;
Bituminous/steam coal;
Bituminous/coking coal;
Lignite.

Characteristics
Anthracite – best quality coal/hardest with highest hydrocarbon content/
burns quietly with good heat;
Bituminous/steam coal – superior black, hard coal. Burns readily with great
heat/less hydrocarbon content than anthracite;
Bituminous/coking coal – coking coal is burnt to produce coke/a hard grey
porous material/used in blast furnaces for the extraction of iron from iron
ore;
Lignite – lower quality coal/high moisture and ash content/low heating value.
1 @ 1 mark + 1 @ 1 mark
1 @ 1 mark + 1 @ 1 mark

(b)(ii) Ideas such as: 1

Industrial processes or example e.g. cement or brick manufacturing/
electricity generation/domestic heating; etc.
1 @ 1 mark

(c)(i) Ideas such as: 4

Uses the force of flowing water to spin the turbines;
The turbine in turn causes the shaft to spin rapidly inside a magnetic field in
the generator;
The generator creates electricity;
The electric current is regulated by the transformer;
Electricity is sent through the power line to where it is needed; etc.
4 @ 1 mark

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Question Answer Marks

(c)(ii) Ideas such as: 4

Water is a renewable resource; (will not run out/can be used over again);
HEP is referred to as white coal; (because it doesn’t have to burn anything/
is environmentally friendly);
Can be developed in highland areas; (where there are steep slopes and
adequate supply of rainfall/very little else can be developed in these areas);
Once HEP stations have been set up running costs are low; (saving money
in the long term); etc.

Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development (in parentheses).
Note: Max 2 marks if no development.
2 @ 2 marks

(d) Levels marking 6

Level 1 (1–2 marks)

Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)

Level 2 (3–4 marks)

Developed point referring to one view (3)
Developed points referring to both views (4)

Level 3 (5–6 marks)

Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example
(5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant
example (6)

Content Guide
Answers are likely to refer to:

A: Continue to make use of its fossil fuels

Agree because:
Already have power stations set up to use coal/oil/gas;
Uses existing skills and technology;
Cheaper than setting up alternatives from scratch;
Do not have know-how to set up alternatives;
Alternatives (or named examples) are not 100% reliable all of the time; etc

B: Prepare for the future and further develop its renewable energy resources
Agree because:
Environmentally friendly;
Once set up running costs are low;
No air pollution;
Creates employment opportunities;
More sustainable;
Pakistan has a lot of sunshine – good for solar power;
Remote rural areas can use solar power; etc

Note: Reverse arguments are also acceptable e.g. against A or B but the
same point cannot receive double credit.

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5 (a) (i) Study Fig. 3.1, a map showing gas producing regions and the natural gas pipeline
network in Pakistan.

Key:
international boundary
province-level boundary
JAMMU AND
disputed boundary Peshawar KASHMIR
gas-producing regions disputed territory
natural gas pipeline

Lahore

Quetta
Multan

0 100 200 300

Karachi
Arabian Sea
km

Fig. 3.1

Name three gas producing regions in Pakistan.

1 ..................................................................

2 ..................................................................

3 .................................................................. [3]

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(ii) Using Fig. 3.1 and your own knowledge, describe the distribution of the natural gas
pipeline network in Pakistan.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(iii) Explain one way of transporting natural gas to parts of Pakistan not served by the
pipelines and one limitation of this method. You should develop your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

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 Unit 8 Page 341 Power Resources
(b) (i) Study Fig. 3.2, which shows the percentage share of natural gas used by selected
sectors in Pakistan.

power

domestic

sector

manufacturing

commercial

0 10 20 30 40
percentage of gas used (%)

Fig. 3.2

Complete Fig. 3.2 by drawing the bar for domestic use using the information below.

gas use percentage (%)

domestic 18
[1]

(ii) Name two other sectors that use natural gas which are not shown on Fig. 3.2.

1 ..................................................................

2 .................................................................. [2]

(c) Complete the passage about generating electricity using natural gas. Choose the correct
words from the list and place them in the spaces provided.

To produce electricity in a .................................... power station, .................................... such as

coal, oil or gas are burned to make .................................... that moves the .................................... to

generate electricity. Transformers control the voltage and transfer electricity to pylons through

.................................... lines.

biofuels conductor fossil fuels heat hydel light

nuclear power steam thermal transmission turbines

[5]
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(d) The natural gas field discovered at Sui is considered to be one of the largest in the world.
Additional smaller gas fields have since been discovered and developed in Pakistan.

To what extent is further development of the natural gas industry possible in Pakistan? Give
reasons to support your judgement. You should consider different points of view in your
answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 25]

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Question Answer Marks

5 (a)(i) • Sui / Eastern Balochistan / Pirkoh / Uch / Zin / Loti; 3

• Lower Sindh / Tharparker / Thora / Tando Adam / Nazari / South Mzari
Deep / Pasakhi;
• Northern Sindh / Mari;
• Northern gas region / Potwar Plateau / Meyal / Dhurnal / Adhi / Pindori /
Balkassar / Fimkassar.
3 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) • Named provinces: Sindh / Punjab / KPK / Northern Balochistan; 4

• From / to named cities;
• Large areas are not served by natural gas via the pipeline / or named
examples;
• Distance from any specified place or feature;
• Direction from any specified place or feature;
• Runs from the coast in the south to the tip of the Northern Regions;
• Forms a line down the centre of Pakistan / central Pakistan;
• Only a few branch lines / two branch lines to the west / east;
• Connects to / from all the gas producing regions.
4 @ 1 mark

(a)(iii) Method of transport: 4

• Road / rail / cylinders; can be cooled to a very low temperature where it
turns into a liquid (dev); LPG can be placed into (special) cylinders; the
cylinders can then be transported to all parts of Pakistan / named
example where pipelines cannot be found (dev);
Etc.

Limitation:
• It is dangerous / hazardous to transport gas cylinders by road;
accidents can happen causing an explosion or leakage (dev);
• It is more expensive to transport gas by road rather than by pipeline;
less income will be earnt (dev);
• It takes longer to transport gas by road than through the pipeline; there
could be delays on the roads leading to a gas shortage in remote areas
(dev);
• Only small amounts can be transported; therefore may lead to a
shortage of gas in remote areas (dev);
• Supply is not continuous; roads blocked in winter / theft (dev);
• Needs safety precautions in place; may increase cost of transport (dev);
Etc.

Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development (in parentheses).

Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.

2 @ 2 marks

(b)(i) Accurate completion of bar chart for household 18%. 1

1 @ 1 mark

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Question Answer Marks

(b)(ii) • Fertiliser industry / animal feed; 2

• Cement industry;
• Transport / CNG.
2 @ 1 mark

(c) To produce electricity in a thermal power station, fossil fuels such as coal, 5
oil or gas are burned to make steam that moves the turbines to generate
electricity. Transformers control the voltage and transfer electricity to pylons
through transmission lines.
5 @ 5 marks
4 @ 4 marks
3 @ 3 marks
2 @ 2 marks
1 @ 1 mark

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Question Answer Marks

(d) Levels marking 6

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to any view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view only (3)
Developed points referring to both views (4)

Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example
(5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant
example (6)

Content Guide
Answers are likely to refer to:

Possibilities
• More pipelines and gas fired thermal power stations could be set up;
• Potential for more gas fields to be found;
• Pipeline could be extended further to areas currently not served;
• Pipeline could be over-ground, doesn’t have to be underground;
• If more gas fired thermal power stations are built, Pakistan could reduce
imports of oil and coal;
• Finding more gas reserves would increase the domestic supply and
increase the number of potential years use;
• Improve the lives of people in remote rural areas / provide employment
opportunities;
Etc.

Difficulties
• Financial constraints / loans may have to be taken out;
• Topography and / or climate may hinder or make difficult the building of
more pipelines or further exploration;
• Cost of exploration and / or building thermal power stations will not be
value for money / cost effective;
• Industries would not be built in these areas anyway as remote / not
ideal locations for building further industry;
Etc.

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6 (a) (i) Which one of the following definitions correctly describes hydel power? Tick one box
below.

Tick (3)

Hydel power is electricity generated by using fossil fuels.

Hydel power is electricity generated by using heat from the sun to

heat water.

Hydel power is electricity generated by using the fast flow of water

to move turbines which drive generators.
[1]

(ii) Explain how the climate causes problems in developing hydel power in Pakistan. You
should develop your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]

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(b) (i) Study Fig. 2.1, pie charts showing the percentage share of energy produced in Pakistan
and the world.

Pakistan World

0% 0%
90% 10% 90% 10%

80% 20% 80% 20%

70% 30% 70% 30%

60% 40% 60% 40%

50% 50%

Key
coal nuclear
oil hydel
gas renewable

Fig. 2.1

Compare the proportion of energy produced from any two non-renewables in Pakistan
with the rest of the world.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) State three reasons why the contribution of renewable energy sources, other than hydel
power, is smaller in Pakistan compared to the rest of the world.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

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(iii) Suggest two ways solar energy can help solve the problems of producing and distributing
energy in the rural areas of Pakistan.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(c) (i) Draw and label a diagram of a wind turbine.

[3]

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(ii) Give two advantages and two disadvantages of using wind energy.

Advantages Disadvantages

1 .............................................................. 1 ..............................................................

................................................................. .................................................................

................................................................. .................................................................

................................................................. .................................................................

2 .............................................................. 2 ..............................................................

................................................................. .................................................................

................................................................. .................................................................

................................................................. .................................................................

[4]

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 Unit 8 Page 350 Power Resources

(d) Pakistan is planning to expand its nuclear energy capacity from 1300 to 8800 megawatts
between 2018 and 2030.

To what extent is further developing nuclear energy a sustainable way of generating more
electricity in Pakistan? Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you
have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[6]

[TOTAL: 25]

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Question Answer Marks

6 (a)(i) Hydel power is electricity generated by using the fast flow of water to move 1
turbines which drive generators.
1 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) • Some areas have less rainfall e.g. Gilgit and Chitral (e.g. cannot 4
generate electricity if not enough water);
• Rain shadow areas;
• More precipitation in highland areas (e.g. where most dams are
located);
• Less rainfall in winter / more snow / stored as snow and / or ice in
mountains;
• Less rainfall means less water in rivers (e.g. so more difficult to
generate electricity);
• Rainfall not evenly spread throughout Pakistan (e.g. rainfall is
unpredictable);
• Very high temperatures – lead to evapotranspiration, less water
available;
• Very low temperatures – lead to freezing, less water available.

Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development (in parentheses).

Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.

2 + 2 marks

(b)(i) • World uses more (41%) coal than Pakistan (1%); 2

• Pakistan (37%) uses more oil than the world (5%);
• Pakistan (28%) uses more (20%) gas than the world;
• World (13%) uses more nuclear than Pakistan (3%).
2 @ 1 mark

(b)(ii) • Expensive to build or develop own renewable energy / limited funding 3

available;
• Limited education / skills / know how to develop these technologies;
• Want to use up coal / gas reserves first / cheaper to use coal / gas;
• Reliant on other countries to help develop renewable sources;
• Demand of growing population difficult to meet / not enough electricity
can be produced;
• Areas suitable for large scale production are distant from centres of
population;
Etc.
3 @ 1 mark

(b)(iii) • Solar panels can be located anywhere / portable; 2

• Do not need to be connected to the national power gird;
• Energy can be produced on site / in-situ / does not have to be
transported through cables;
• Easy to set up small scale scheme / independent schemes / every
house will have their own solar panel;
• Limitless / will not run out;
Etc.
2 @ 1 mark

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Question Answer Marks

(c)(i) Sketch of a wind turbine, labels can include: 3

• Generator
• Rotor Blades / fans
• Tower / pole
• Gear box
• Transformer
• Cables
Etc.
3 @ 1 mark

(c)(ii) Advantages: 4
• Wind is renewable / does not run out;
• Does not pollute the atmosphere or water or environmentally friendly
(clean or green);
• Plenty of wind available in Pakistan;
• Wind is free / cheap to run;
• Can be deployed locally / remotely;
• Wind turbines improve electricity supply in rural areas;
• Wind farms attract tourists;
• Wind turbines vary in size depending on requirements;
• Wind energy can be generated at night unlike solar;
Etc.

Disadvantages:
• Expensive to build;
• Wind is not constantly blowing / variable wind speed;
• Stop working during storms;
• Many turbines are needed to generate enough power for a town or city /
low output individually;
• Need a large area to construct wind farm / can take land which could be
used for agriculture;
• Can kill birds;
• Perceived as an eyesore;
• Noise pollution;
• Interfere with radio / TV signals;
• Limited sites where wind is reliable;
Etc.
4 @ 1 mark

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Question Answer Marks

(d) Levels marking 6

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point addressing any view (1)
Simple points addressing any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point(s) explaining one view (3)
Developed point(s) explaining both views (4)
No evaluation

Level 3 5–6
Developed points explaining both views
Evaluation giving clear support to one view or appropriate example (5)
Evaluation giving clear support to one view and appropriate example (6)

Content Guide
Answers are likely to refer to:

More sustainable because:

• Boosts economy;
• Can bridge the gap with energy shortages / deficiencies in oil and gas;
• Can be used near the coast to provide energy to nearby industries;
• Assists development;
• Provides jobs;
• A small quantity of uranium can generate a large amount of energy;
• Less than half kg of uranium contains 3 million more times energy than
the same weight of coal;
• The chances of accidents in nuclear power stations is low / there have
been fewer accidents in nuclear power stations than any other kind of
power station;
• Nuclear power can help speed up the process of industrialisation;
• Nuclear power contributes less to the greenhouse effect and acid rain
compared to fossil fuels;
Etc.

Less sustainable because:

• Expensive to build so may have to borrow money or seek investment
from other countries / economic burden;
• Will take up valuable land space needed for more important
development projects / or example;
• Renewable energy schemes such as solar energy / wind power are
more appropriate;
• Have many coal reserves that can still be exploited;
• Only provides jobs in the short term whilst building them;
• Probably built in other countries so negative multiplier effect;
• Fuel rods in reactors produce dangerous rays which are cancer
causing;
• Nuclear waste remains radioactive for many years;
• Finding suitable locations for storing radioactive waste is a problem;
Etc.

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7 (b) (i) Name two fuels which are imported in large quantities by Pakistan.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ....................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) Explain the disadvantages to Pakistan of importing large amounts of natural resources.
You should develop your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]

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Question Answer Marks

7 (b)(i) • [Crude / refined] oil / petroleum; 2

• Coal [briquettes].
2 @ 1 mark

(b)(ii) • Discourages development of Pakistan’s own natural resources sector / 4

renewable energy sector (creating fewer job opportunities) (preventing
growth of national economy);
• Dependent on other countries (which might restrict imports due to trade
embargoes / worsening political relations / political instability);
• Dependent on trade in basic commodities (therefore vulnerable to changes
/ fluctuations in world supply / market prices);
• Limited international transport links for importing minerals (e.g. few road
border crossings with Afghanistan / Iran / China / India) (e.g. Karachi Port
too congested) (e.g. Gwadar Port not fully developed);
• Air / water pollution from international transport (e.g. oil spillage at Karachi
beach).
ETC.

Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development (in parentheses).

Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.

2 @ 2 marks

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8 (a) Study Fig. 7, which shows the amount of oil produced in Pakistan and the amount of oil
imported, for selected years.

2013 Key:
imported
2011 produced

2009

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

000 barrels / day

Fig. 7

(i) Name the location of one oil refinery in Pakistan. Give one reason to suggest why it is
located there.

Location .............................................................................................................................

Reason ..............................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) Complete Fig. 7 by drawing the bar for 2009, using the information below:

2009 Barrels/day
Imported 185 000
Produced 60 000
[1]

(iii) Compare the amount of oil produced and the amount of oil imported in Pakistan in the
years 2011 and 2013.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

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 Unit 8 Page 357 Power Resources

(iv) Give two reasons why Pakistan imports large amounts of oil.

1 .........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 .........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) Study Fig. 8, which shows population and electricity production in Pakistan over the period
2000–2014.

250 250

200 200

electricity
population 150 150 production
(millions) (billion kWh)

100 100

50 50 Key:
population
electricity
0 0
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 production

Fig. 8

(i) A Describe the relationship between population and electricity production from
2000 to 2008.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

B Describe the changes in population and electricity production since 2008.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

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 Unit 8 Page 358 Power Resources

(ii) Explain why electricity production does not meet the demand for electricity in many parts
of Pakistan. You should develop your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]

(c) (i) Electricity can be generated using solar power. Complete the passage below by choosing
the correct words from the list and placing them in the spaces provided.

Rectangular, solar ..................................... are made up of many solar .....................................

which convert the ..................................... energy from the sun into electrical energy. They can

be placed on the ..................................... of houses and other buildings. Large arrays of solar

panels can be sited on the ground, for example in deserts. Solar panels should face

..................................... in order to collect as much of the sun’s energy as possible. Other

solar power systems use the sun to heat water and the ...................................... is then used to

turn a turbine.

roofs panels wind steam east

heat light south cells [3]

(ii) What are the disadvantages of generating electricity by wave and tidal power?

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]
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(d) Read the following two views about solutions to Pakistan’s shortage of energy:

A B
To produce more energy, large-
scale power generation schemes To produce more energy, small-scale
such as nuclear, gas-fired, oil-fired, power generation schemes should
and multi-purpose HEP (Hydel) be set up, such as biogas, wind, and
power stations should be built. solar power plants.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider both View A and View B in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[6]

[TOTAL: 25]

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Question Answer Marks

8(a)(i) • Morgah/Rawalpind – close to oilfields (in Potwar Plateau); 2

• Central Punjab – close to oilfield;
• Karachi/Korangi – near oil terminals/close to oilfield/port;
• Mahmood Kot/Muzaffargarh – terminus of crude oil pipeline from
Karachi.

Note: No credit for reason only

2 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) Bar correctly drawn on Fig. 4 1

Note: Tolerance: imported 180–190, produced 55–65.

1 @ 1 mark

(a)(iii) The amount of oil imported increased/higher/rose/figures from 150 to 370– 2

380;
The amount of oil produced decreased/fallen/figures from 60–70 to 55–
65/almost constant/stayed the same;
The total amount of oil increased/overall it went from 210–220 to 430–440.

Note: a tolerance of ± 5% allowed except at 150 value.

2 @ 1 mark

(a)(iv) • Small reserves/potential oilfields not explored/small amount 2

produced;
• Lack of government investment/funding for further exploration/lack
of money for developing oil fields/ exploration/expensive
equipment;
• Lack of technology/expertise for extraction/exploration/ lack of
skilled labour;
• (Large/increasing demand for) oil for vehicles/transport;
• Heating/domestic use/cooking;
• Electricity generation/electricity;
• Manufacturing/manufactured products;
• Cannot exploit/explore reserves due to tribal opposition/
insurgency;
• Due to population growth.
2 @ 1 mark

(b)(i) A Positive correlation/as population increases, electricity production 2

increases/both increasing/population is always higher/more than
electricity production (or vice versa);

B Population increases: electricity production remains same/very slightly

increases/population kept increasing/ electricity did not have much
change.
2 @ 1 mark

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Question Answer Marks

(b)(ii) • Population increasing (greater need/greater use of electricity in 4

homes/businesses) (named example of new technology in
home/business)/(new towns have to be built because growing
population puts a burden on electricity);
• Increased affluence for some (enables more electrical appliances in
the home or named examples/items are becoming more
affordable);
• Little new investment in new power stations (foreign investors less
willing to invest due to political instability) (other government
priorities such as healthcare/
education/housing/transport/alleviating poverty);
• Pakistan has small/inaccessible/depleting fossil fuel reserves (fossil
fuels expensive to extract/poor quality/ have to import);
• Renewable energy plants expensive to construct;
• Power losses due to old/long transmission lines;
• Power theft (people diverting existing power sources for their own
use);
• Most people live in rural areas (electricity does not reach there/lack
of infrastructure/power lines);
• Many power plants are not working to full capacity (as a result of
siltation in dams and reservoirs)/(they are still under construction);
• Power breaks down (lack of expertise to handle it)/(due to old
machinery);
• More rural to urban migration (means demand cannot be fulfilled);
• Seasonal variations (less HEP generation in winter as less
rainfall/snowmelt at times of peak demand).
ETC.

Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development (in parentheses).

Note: Max 2 marks if no development.

2 @ 2 marks

(c)(i) Rectangular, solar panels are made up of many solar cells which convert 3
the light energy from the sun into electrical energy. They can be placed on
the roofs of houses and other buildings. Large arrays of solar panels can be
sited on the ground, for example, in deserts. Solar panels should face south
in order to collect as much of the sun’s energy as possible. Other solar
power systems use the sun to heat water and the steam is then used to turn
a turbine.
5 or 6 @ 3 marks
3 or 4 @ 2 marks
1 or 2 @1 mark

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Question Answer Marks

(c)(ii) • Expensive technology/expensive investment for government; 3

• Small scale/only generates small amounts of electricity;
• Only at coastal sites;
• Hazardous to marine life/damages habitats;
• Disruption to shipping/fishing areas;
• Difficult to set up/inadequate technology;
• Not enough output to meet demand;
• Can be damaged or disrupted by cyclones or tsunamis;
• Shortage of expertise/knowledge/skills to set up.
3 @ 1 mark

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Question Answer Marks

(d) Levels marking 6

Level 1 (1–2 marks)

Simple point addressing any view (1).
Simple points addressing any view (2).

Level 2 (3–4 marks)

Developed point(s) explaining one view (3).
Developed point(s) explaining both views (4).
No evaluation.

Level 3 (5–6 marks)

Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation giving clear support to
one view or a named example (5).
Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation giving clear support to
one view and a named example (6).

Content Guide:

Answers are likely to refer to:

For large-scale
• Funding available from China
• Provide very large amounts of power from small amount of uranium
• Large coal reserves
Against large-scale
• Large sums of money/loans needed
• Problems with disposing of/reprocessing/storing waste
• Danger of insurgency threat/accident
• Danger of flooding
• Coal extracted in Pakistan is poor quality for power generation
• Oil expensive to import
• Large coal reserves not exploited
• Fossil fuel reserves are depleting
• Political issues between provinces with the construction of multi-
purpose dams over division of water
For small-scale
• Lower cost to maintain
• Renewable resources do not deplete
• Renewable resources do not pollute the environment
• Biogas – cheap source of energy
• Wind – available land in Balochistan highlands
• Solar – many parts of Pakistan experience 250–300 sunny days per
year
Against small-scale
• Do not contribute/only small amount to national grid
• Renewables only generate small amount of energy
• Wind/solar have high construction cost
• Wind is considered unsightly/harms wildlife
• Not constantly producing energy
• Biogas decreases availability of manure for organic fertiliser
ETC.

© UCLES 2017
 Unit 8 Page 364 Power Resources

9 (a) Study Fig. 4 which is a diagram of a coal mine.

Type of mine ...............................................

...............................................
..............................................

..............................................

...............................................

Fig. 4

(i) Choose two terms from the list below and use them to label the diagram in any two of
the spaces provided.

adit cage shaft open-cast seam tunnel [2]

(ii) Suggest two reasons for using this type of mine and one disadvantage of using it.

Reason ..............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

Reason ..............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

Disadvantage ....................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

(iii) What type of coal is imported by Pakistan and how is it used?

Type ..................................................................................................................................

Use ....................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

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 Unit 8 Page 365 Power Resources

(b) Explain what the fuel CNG is and state the main reasons for using this fuel.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[4]

(c) Study Fig. 5 which is a graph giving information about different non-renewable fuels used for
electricity production in Pakistan over the period 2006–11.

40

35

30 Key
25 gas
terawatt-hours
(TWh) 20 oil
nuclear
15
coal
10

0
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Fig. 5

(i) What is meant by the term ‘non-renewable fuel’?

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) Which fuel use has increased by the largest amount between 2006 and 2011?

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

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 Unit 8 Page 366 Power Resources

(iii) Use information from the graph to describe one main difference between the change in
gas used for electricity production and the change in oil used for electricity production.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(iv) Explain why so little coal is used for electricity production in Pakistan.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

© UCLES 2016 2059/02/O/N/16 [Turn over

 Unit 8 Page 367 Power Resources

(d) Read the following article:

Energy crisis
Industrial growth in Pakistan relies on the availability of energy. Pakistan does not produce
enough energy for its needs and therefore spends a lot of its earnings on expensive
imports of fuels.

Describe briefly different measures that can be taken to solve the country’s energy crisis. To
what extent can these measures be successful?

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[6]

[TOTAL: 25]

© UCLES 2016 2059/02/O/N/16

 Unit 8 Page 368 Power Resources

9 (a) Study Fig. 4 which is a diagram of a coal mine.

(i) Choose two terms from the list below and use them to label the diagram in any
two of the spaces provided.

adit cage shaft open-cast seam tunnel [2]

Any two of (left to right): cage, tunnel, shaft, seam, shaft, (type of mine)

(ii) Suggest two reasons for using this type of mine and one disadvantage of using it.
[3]
Reasons – 2 marks

To access seams deep below surface

To access seams of different depths
Can exploit further along the seams
Where seam does not appear at / near surface / hillside

Disadvantage – 1 mark
More expensive
Greater risk of accident / flooding / gas build-up – credit all reasonable ways that
accidents can happen
Dependent on [power for] lift to the surface

(iii) What type of coal is imported by Pakistan and how is it used? [2]

Type: Anthracite / bituminous – 1 mark

Use: Steel industry / heavy engineering / smelting – 1 mark

(b) Explain what the fuel CNG is and state the main reasons for using this fuel. [4]

Definition – Reserve 1 mark

Compressed natural gas
Gas compressed to 1% volume it has at normal pressure
Methane under high pressure

Reasons – Reserve 1 mark

Used (instead of petrol / diesel) in transport / vehicles
Especially buses / rickshaws
(Compared to petrol / diesel) cheaper, cleaner / reduces air pollution, safer
Can be stored / transported in cylinders

(c) Study Fig. 5 which is a graph giving information about different non-renewable fuels
used for electricity production in Pakistan over the period 2006–11.

(i) What is meant by the term ‘non-renewable fuel’? [2]

An energy source that depletes / runs out / is not being replaced / has fixed reserves / is
finite – 1 mark
With any one example e.g. fossil fuels, wood, coal, oil – 1 mark

(ii) Which fuel use has increased by the largest amount between 2006 and 2011? [1]

Oil

© UCLES 2016
Unit 8 Page 369 Power Resources

(iii) Use information from the graph to describe one main difference between the
change in gas used for electricity production and the change in oil used for
electricity production. [2]

Gas overall decrease: oil overall (throughout / 2006–2011 / over the years) increase
Gas from 36 to 27–28 TWh / by 8–9 TWh: oil from 27–28 to 33–34 TWh / by 6–7 TWh

Reserve 1 mark for use of data with unit (TWh)

(iv) Explain why so little coal is used for electricity production in Pakistan. [3]

Coal mined in Pakistan is unsuitable

Lignite, sub-bituminous to peat
Contains impurities / sulfur
Low heat producing, low carbon content, large amount of ash, does not give out much
energy
Coal reserves not exploited due to shortage of funds / technical skills
Not imported (because expensive)
Difficult / expensive to transport around country because bulky
International agreements / pressure to use less coal since is a dirty fuel / causes high
emissions of smoke / CO2

(d) Read the following article:

Energy crisis

Industrial growth in Pakistan relies on the availability of energy. Pakistan does not
produce enough energy for its needs and therefore spends a lot of its earnings on
expensive imports of fuels.

Describe briefly different measures that can be taken to solve the country’s energy
crisis. To what extent can these measures be successful? [6]

L3 5–6 6 – Developed points addressing measures taken and the extent of

marks their success with evaluation

5 – Developed points addressing measures taken and the extent of

their success

L2 3–4 4 – Two developed point(s) addressing any measure

marks
3 – Developed point addressing any measure

L1 1–2 2 – Two simple point(s) addressing any measure

marks
1 – Simple point addressing any measure

0 – No valid response

© UCLES 2016
Unit 8 Page 370 Power Resources

Indicative content (development of points in parentheses)

Measures
Moving away from non-renewable / large-scale schemes to renewable / small-scale schemes
E.g. wind, solar, biogas (details / examples)
Investment in large-scale power stations
E.g. nuclear, wind, solar, HEP, gas, coal gas (details / examples)
Energy saving in workplaces / homes
Public / media awareness about not wasting energy resources

Evaluation (depends on measures)

Successful
Small-scale schemes can be maintained locally / in rural areas
Given sufficient government / private / foreign investment
Wind – large empty areas of uplands / Makran coast
Solar – lack of cloud (250–300 sunny days per year)
Biogas – large agricultural sector producing manure / plant waste

Unsuccessful
Opposition to new technology / power stations
High cost (leading to domestic / foreign debt)
Changes of government priorities (large projects may be delayed / cancelled)
Limited skills / expertise (in using advanced technology)
Other issues considered higher priority than saving energy (e.g. escaping poverty /
increasing levels of education / health)
Hydro in north – far from the major centres of population, transport costs
Green energy is less reliable

© UCLES 2016
 Unit 8 Page 371 Power Resources

10 (a) (i) Study Fig. 7 which is a diagram of an HEP (Hydel) power station.

......................................
......................................
power lines

generator

...................................... ......................................

......................................

Fig. 7

A. On the diagram place an arrow or arrows to indicate the direction of movement of

water through the power station.

B. Choose two terms from the list below and use them to label the diagram in two of
the spaces provided.

outflow turbine reservoir dam [3]

(ii) Name one multi-purpose dam in Pakistan.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(iii) Give two uses for a dam such as the one you named in (ii).

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ....................................................................................................................................[2]

© UCLES 2016 2059/02/M/J/16 [Turn over

 Unit 8 Page 372 Power Resources

10 (a) (i) Study Fig. 7 which is a diagram of an HEP (Hydel) power station.

A: On the diagram place an arrow or arrows to indicate the direction of movement

of water through the power station.

B: Choose two terms from the list below and use them to label the diagram in two
of the spaces provided. [3]

A: Arrow(s) drawn downwards through channel

B: From L to R: reservoir dam turbine outflow
NB: ‘water intake’ top left space not used

(ii) Name one multi-purpose dam in Pakistan. [1]

Tarbela/Mangla/Warsak

(iii) Give two uses for a dam such as the one you named in (ii). [2]

HEP/electricity [generation]
Irrigation
Water supply / stores water [for industrial/domestic use]
Controlling floods
Recreation/named recreational use/tourist attraction
Fishing

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Unit 8 Page 373 Power Resources

10 (a) (i) Study Fig. 2, which shows the usage of natural gas in Pakistan in the year 2010–11.

0%

A. ................................

80% 20% Industrial

B. ................................

Fertiliser

Transport

Commercial

60% 40%

Fig. 2

In the key, name the activities A and B which are two of the main users of natural gas in
Pakistan. [2]

(ii) State two ways in which gas is transported to homes in Pakistan.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ....................................................................................................................................[2]

© UCLES 2015 2059/02/O/N/15

 Unit 8 Page 374 Power Resources

(b) Study Fig. 3, which is a graph showing usage of electricity in Gigawatt-hours by three different
sectors over a ten-year period.

40

35

30

25
GWh household
20
(000) industrial
15 agriculture

10

0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Fig. 3

(i) What was the industrial usage of electricity in 2004?

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) To what extent are the changes over the ten years similar for the three sectors?

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

© UCLES 2015 2059/02/O/N/15 [Turn over

 Unit 8 Page 375 Power Resources

(iii) Loadshedding is the deliberate, temporary reduction in supply of electricity from a power
station. Explain the effect of loadshedding on industry and business.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]

© UCLES 2015 2059/02/O/N/15

 Unit 8 Page 376 Power Resources

(d) It has been suggested that a power station to harness solar energy should be built in
Bahawalpur District, Punjab. The solar panels and associated access roads and buildings will
cover 25 km2 .

Read the following two views about this proposal:

With fossil fuels running As much land as possible

out, Pakistan needs to is needed to grow food
produce more renewable for Pakistan’s growing
energy on this land. population.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. .................[6]

© UCLES 2015 2059/02/O/N/15 [Turn over

 Unit 8 Page 377 Power Resources

11 (a) (i) Study Fig. 2, which shows the usage of natural gas in Pakistan in the year 2010–
11. In the key, name the activities A and B which are two of the main users of
natural gas in Pakistan. [2]
A Power [stations]/electricity [generation] 1 mark
B Household/domestic/residential 1 mark
USE LIST RULE

(ii) State two ways in which gas is transported to homes in Pakistan. [2]
By pipeline [to major cities]
In cylinders / as LPG / by tanker

(b) Study Fig. 3, which is a graph showing usage of electricity in Gigawatt-hours by three
different sectors over a ten-year period.

(i) What was the industrial usage of electricity in 2004? [1]

17 400 GWh/Gigawatt-hours Accept 17 000–18 000 ‘17.4 (000) GWh’ = 0

(ii) To what extent are the changes over the ten years similar for the three sectors? [3]
All/overall increase
Not much/little/some fluctuation
Steady/gradual increase
Similar rate of increase
Agriculture increases least
Household increases most
Increase to be qualified

(iii) Loadshedding is the deliberate, temporary reduction in supply of electricity from a

power station. Explain the effect of loadshedding on industry and business. [4]
Interrupts/loss of /delays in production / work stops (increasing costs)
Loss of orders/cannot meet deadlines (which will lose customers)
Loss of income/profit (preventing further investment in the business)
Lower quality of products (leading to fewer exports)
Machinery/ computers/IT likely to get damaged (increasing costs to the company)
Labour idle
Difficult working conditions (due to lack of air conditioning/lights/computers/IT)
Cost of using generators (increasing costs of production)
Email communication / communication with other businesses disrupted/hindered
Loss of reputation/customer confidence (which deters investors)
Accept development of points (examples in parentheses).
Do not credit same explanation more than once

© Cambridge International Examinations 2015

Unit 8 Page 378 Power Resources

(d) It has been suggested that a power station to harness solar energy should be built in

Bahawalpur District, Punjab. The solar panels and associated access roads and
buildings will cover 25 km2. Read the following two views about this proposal:

1. With fossil fuels running out, Pakistan needs to produce more renewable energy
on this land.
2. As much land as possible is needed to grow food for Pakistan’s growing
population.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer. [6]

Levels marked
Level 3 (5–6 marks) Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation giving clear support
to one view. (5) and with at least one specific link to the question material (6).

Level 2 (3–4 marks) Developed point(s) explaining one view (3), explaining both views (4).
No evaluation.

Level 1 (1–2 marks) Simple point addressing one view (1), simple points addressing both
views (2)

Indicative content (developed points in parentheses)

Renewables

For
Large areas of open land are needed to produce renewable energy (since each unit e.g. one
wind turbine or one solar panel does not generate much electricity)
Need to have alternative sources of energy to fossil fuels (which will run out/exhaust
eventually/cannot be replaced/are not sustainable)
Fossil fuels becoming expensive (because of scarcity/costs of production from increasingly
inaccessible/inhospitable places/prices controlled by cartels e.g. OPEC)
Bahawalpur District is largely desert and suitable for solar power generation (because of lack
of cloud cover/high number of sunny days per year)

Against
There are sufficient deposits of fossil fuels (as well as the funds/expertise to extract them)
Agriculture

For
Population growing at a fast rate (nationally about1.6% per year)
Increasing demand for food
Although a desert area land can be reclaimed for agriculture by irrigation (from R. Panjnad
and R. Sutlej)(and crops such as wheat/edible oil seeds /citrus fruits/apricots/mangoes can
be grown)

Against
Desert areas of Bahawalpur District unsuitable for agriculture (due to requirement for
expensive irrigation systems)

© Cambridge International Examinations 2015

Unit 9 Page 379 Transport & Communication

ABSTRACT
The unit focus on the distribution and
importance of different methods of
transportation in Pakistan along with
the growing need of communication
BLAST FROM THE PAST
Transport & Telecommunication
Year Series

Internal and International transport 2022 May June

2017
2016

2021 Oct Nov

2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
 Unit 9 Page 380 Transport & Communication

Topic Focus point What key knowledge you need to know R A G

Transport and Internal You should be able to:

tele- transport  interpret maps to describe the regional variations in the
communications
density and pattern of the road, rail and air transport
networks within Pakistan

 explain the factors which help and hinder the location,

maintenance and development of roads, railways and
airports

 describe improvements that have recently taken place in

road, rail and air communications, and consider the
feasibility of new developments

 compare the advantages and disadvantages of road, rail

and air transport within Pakistan for both goods and
people

 evaluate the development of new transport schemes,

including motorway and airport development.

Transport and International You should be able to:

tele- transport  identify on a map those roads (including the name of
communications
the pass they use, where relevant) and railways
which cross the international boundary and are in
use for at least part of the year

 identify on a map the ports of Keamari, Qasim and

Gwadar, and the cities with international airports

 explain the factors which affect the location and

development of cross-border roads and railways,
seaports, dry ports and airports

 explain what is meant by the term dry port, name an

example of one and explain why they have been
developed in many cities of Pakistan.

Tele- You should be able to:

communications  explain the importance of radio, television, phones,
fax machines, emails and the internet in the fields of
education, industry, services and trade

 understand the problems of providing

telecommunications in some parts of Pakistan

 evaluate the role of telecommunications in the

development of Pakistan.
 Unit 9 Page 381 Transport & Communication

1 (a) (i) Study Fig. 1.1, a map of southern and western Pakistan.

N Key
international boundary
province-level boundary
U
river
0 100 200 300 disputed
mountain range
city territory
km

Balochistan
us
nd

Plateau
rI
ve
Ri

V
Arabian Sea

Fig. 1.1

Name landform U and city V shown in Fig. 1.1.

U ...................................................................................................

V ...................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Suggest two reasons why it may be difficult to develop a large airport on the Balochistan
Plateau.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

© UCLES 2022 2059/02/M/J/22

 Unit 9 Page 382 Transport & Communication

(iii) Study Fig. 1.2 (Insert), a map showing the location of the airport in Peshawar. Using
Fig. 1.2 only, describe the location of the airport.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iv) State two improvements that have recently taken place in air communications in
Pakistan.

1 ...................................................................................................

2 ...................................................................................................
[2]

© UCLES 2022 2059/02/M/J/22 [Turn over

 Unit 9 Page 383 Transport & Communication

(d) The development of international transport links can help to promote further economic growth
in Pakistan. Read the following two views:

A B

Building new international Improving existing

airports in Pakistan has the international seaports in
most potential to increase trade Pakistan has the most
and development. potential to increase trade and
development.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider view A and view B in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 15]

© UCLES 2022 2059/02/M/J/22 [Turn over

 Unit 9 Page 384 Transport & Communication

Fig. 1.2 for Question 1

Shahi Park

Kacha
Gorhi Road
ber
y
Kh
Jamrud Road Saddar
Airport
r

W
i Khwa

Hayatabad
Palosa

Ri
ng
Ro Bara
ad 0 3
km
Key
main commercial area (city centre)
administrative city boundary
residential road
universities railway
industrial canal
parks and open space river
airport

© UCLES 2022 2059/02/INSERT/M/J/22

 Unit 9 Page 385 Transport & Communication

Question Answer Marks

1(a)(i) Study Fig. 1.1, a map of southern and western Pakistan. 2

Name landform U and city V shown in Fig. 1.1.

U = Safed Koh/Spin Ghar/Waziristan Hills

V = Karachi
2 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) Suggest two reasons why it may be difficult to develop a large airport on 2
the Balochistan Plateau.

 hilly/mountainous
 uneven land topography/rough/rugged/rocky
 desert/sandy/lack of water/hot/dry/arid/barren
 sparsely populated/low population/far from large settlements
 lack of labour/workers
 lack of customers/lack of demand
 local resistance
 remote/difficult to access/few roads/no roads
 partial/poor/no electricity/power supply
 partial/poor/no communications/phone/internet
 expensive/not cost effective to build
2 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2022
 Unit 9 Page 386 Transport & Communication

Question Answer Marks

(a)(iii) Study Fig. 1.2 (Insert), a map showing the location of the airport in 3
Peshawar.

Using Fig. 1.2 only, describe the location of the airport.

 outskirts of the commercial area/central part/middle of the city

 in the middle of/surrounded by/nearby to residential areas
 in-between two rivers
 in-between two canals
 accessed by/on/named roads, e.g., along Jamrud Road
 in-between Khyber and Jamrud roads
 in-between Khyber Road and the railway
 railway passes/goes around the airport
 accurate direction from any named feature on the map
e.g. E of Palosai Khwar River
S–W of Shahi Park
S of Khyber Road
 accurate distance from any named feature on the map
Kacha Gorhi 6–8 km
Industrial area 3–6 km
Hayatabad 4–6 km
River Palosai Khwar 2–5 km
River Bara 2–6 km
University 500m–3.5 km
Saddar/main commercial area 250 m–3.5 km
Administrative area 1 km–3 km
Parks and open space 3 km–6 km
Shahi Park 4.5–6.5 km

Note: Max. 1 mark for accurate direction from named feature/location. Max. 1
mark for distance from named feature/location.
3 @ 1 mark

(a)(iv) State two improvements that have recently taken place in air 2
communications in Pakistan.

 new/more international airports/terminals (e.g.Islamabad/Sialkot)

 new/more routes (both internal and external)
 more frequent flights
 budget airlines/more airlines
 new/more runways/fog-lights (on runways)
 new/modern (control) towers
 improved flight technology examples; fuel efficient planes/‘fly by wire’
technology, radio communications, signals to the tower, modern
navigation systems/GPS/satellites
 improved airport efficiency examples; moving walkways, escalators,
baggage carousels, air bridges, ticketing/reservation/booking
systems/online tickets/self/online check-in
2 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2022
 Unit 9 Page 387 Transport & Communication

Question Answer Marks

1(d) The development of international transport links can help to promote 6

further economic growth in Pakistan. Read the following two views:

A
Building new international airports in Pakistan has the most potential to
increase trade and development.

B
Improving existing international seaports in Pakistan has the most
potential to increase trade and development.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your
answer and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider
view A and view B in your answer.

Levels marking

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view only (3)
Developed points referring to both views (4)

Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example
(5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example
(6)

Content Guide

agree with view A:

Building new international airports has the most potential to increase trade
and development because:
 more employment opportunities can be provided/named examples of
types of jobs
 employees can be trained/skilled workforce
 airports meeting international standards will increase the number of
visitors/tourists
 provides more business opportunities/entrepreneurs will set up there
 enables companies/businesses/individuals to travel so no need to go far
for international flights
 will attract multi-national companies to locate in Pakistan/have branch
companies or offices
 more businesses will be attracted/more people will want to visit
 able to import/export goods more quickly compared to overland or
seaports
Etc.

© UCLES 2022
2059/02 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2020

Question Answer Marks

(d) Ideas against

• long term investment so returns will not be immediate;
• cost a lot to build/may increase debt;
• would have been more cost effective to improve the old airport rather
than build a new one;
• other international airports in Pakistan may lose business so overall
business is not increased; tourism may still not increase;
• other infrastructure needs to be improved to support further economic
development e.g. electricity supply (or other named examples);
• development of smaller projects may be more beneficial e.g. in rural
areas with raw materials available;
• other examples such as railways/motorways/highways can be credited
as appropriate;
Etc.
 Unit 9 Page 388 Transport & Communication

2 (a) (i) Study Fig. 5.1 (Insert), a graph showing the change in the percentage of adults owning a
cell phone between 2002 and 2017 for selected countries.

Using Fig. 5.1 only:

– by how much has the percentage of cell phone ownership changed in Pakistan
between 2002 and 2017?

.....................................

– what is the general trend of cell phone ownership?

.....................................

– which country has experienced the largest change in cell phone ownership between
2002 and 2017?

.....................................
[3]

(ii) Suggest how cell phone ownership may encourage the growth of small-scale industries
in Pakistan.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

© UCLES 2021 2059/02/O/N/21

 Unit 9 Page 389 Transport & Communication

(b) Study Fig. 5.2, a graph showing the most common uses of cell phones (other than making a
phone call) by people in Pakistan in 2013.

send/receive
text messages
access health
information
take/send
photographs/video
make/receive
payments
access news
access consumer
information
access social
networking sites
0 10 20 30 40 50
cell phone use
(percentage)

Fig. 5.2

(i) Using information from Fig. 5.2 only, complete the sentence about cell phone use.

The most common use of cell phones is ........................................................ ,

whereas ........................ per cent make or receive payments from a cell phone.

[2]

(ii) Suggest why a large percentage of people in Pakistan use cell phones to access health
information.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

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 Unit 9 Page 390 Transport & Communication

(c) (i) State four advantages to teachers and students of using the internet in education in
Pakistan.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

4 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[4]

(ii) Explain two challenges of providing telecommunications in some parts of Pakistan. You
should develop your answer.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[4]

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 Unit 9 Page 391 Transport & Communication

(d) The rate of growth of Pakistan’s telecommunications sector has been impressively fast-paced
in recent years. However, computers and smartphones are of limited use if the internet is not
widely available.

Assess the role of telecommunications in the further development of Pakistan. Give reasons
to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider
different points of view in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 25]

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 Unit 9 Page 392 Transport & Communication

Fig. 5.1 for Question 2

China
100
USA
Kenya
Pakistan
75
Mexico
adults owning
a cell phone 50
(percentage)

25

0
2002 2007 2012 2017
years
Key
China
Kenya
Mexico
Pakistan
USA

2059/02/INSERT/O/N/21
 Unit 9 Page 393 Transport & Communication

Question Answer Marks

2(a)(i) Study Fig. 5.1 (Insert), a graph showing the change in the percentage of 3
adults owning a cell phone between 2002 and 2017 for selected
countries.

Using Fig 5.1 only:

• by how much has the percentage of mobile phone ownership
changed in Pakistan between 2002 and 2017?
• what is the general trend of cell phone ownership?
• which country has experienced the largest change in cell phone
ownership between 2002 and 2017?

• 70% (tolerance 69%–71%)

• increasing
• Kenya
3 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) • for online banking/pay staff/pay invoices; 3

• selling/buying/trading/ecommerce/online shopping;
• can use to set up website/social media/advertise/marketing;
• for instant global/long distance communication;
• to sell cell phones/related gadgets (cases)/services (screen repairs)
3 @ 1 mark

(b)(i) Study Fig. 5.2 a graph showing the most common uses (other than 2
making a phone call) by people in Pakistan in 2013.

Using information from Fig. 5.2 only, complete the sentence below
about cell phone use.

The most common use of cell phones is send/receive text messages

whereas 9 per cent make or receive payments from a cell phone.
2 @ 1 mark

(b)(ii) Suggest why a large percentage of people in Pakistan use cell phones 3
to access health information.

• can speak to clinicians from home/limited access to healthcare services

in remote areas;
• reluctant/eliminates fees/transport costs to visit doctor/hospital;
• do not have time/saves time for medical appointment/to travel;
• to research (24/7) (up to date/accurate) health information e.g.
symptoms/diagnosis/cures;
• increased literacy rates so take more interest in their health;
• to research healthcare services e.g. vaccination centres;
• to book appointments;
• fast communication method in an emergency;
• to contact health services in event of natural hazard;
• allows remote monitoring of a patient e.g. giving data or getting test
results;
• gives access to personal medical records;
• reminders to take medicines/make/attend appointments.
3 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2021
 Unit 9 Page 394 Transport & Communication

Question Answer Marks

(c)(i) State four advantages to teachers and students of using the internet in 4
education in Pakistan.

• makes home learning possible/avoids unnecessary travel/learning

continues when schools are closed/student unable to attend;
• connect with other students/join education forums/debates/chatrooms;
• attend online (live)/recorded/lessons/staff meetings;
• virtual field work in the classroom/virtual learning experiences;
• saves costs of buying books/cost of printing sheets;
• to research topics/access worldwide sources/collect data/ information;
• to easily share documents;
• setting/completing and handing in homework;
• to learn/access/use new information communications technology/how to
build websites/how to use software;
• to access past exam papers and/or mark schemes;
• teachers can access training/courses.
4 @ 1 mark

(c)(ii) Explain two challenges of providing telecommunications in some parts 4

of Pakistan. You should develop your answer.

• densely populated cities put a strain on network due to high numbers of

users; so connections are not always available;
• topography makes some parts of Pakistan inaccessible; so infrastructure
cannot be developed there/lack of signal;
• extreme weather event/thunderstorms/heavy rainfall; this can interrupt
signal/damage towers and wires;

(c)(ii) • some areas of Pakistan do not have a steady supply of electricity/

regular load shedding or power cuts; so a fault with a major cable can
cut off a whole region;
• high initial costs/ it is not cost effective to develop infrastructure in
sparsely populated areas of Pakistan; such as masts/telephone
lines/cables/Wi-Fi
• developing infrastructure can harm the landscape/ecosystems/ habitats/
destroy scenic beauty; so spreading the network in environmentally
sensitive areas is difficult;
• a shortage of IT professionals; limits pace of network development;
• telecommunication companies are less willing to invest in some areas;
because the population cannot afford bills/equipment;

Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development.
Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.
2 @ 2 marks

© UCLES 2021
 Unit 9 Page 395 Transport & Communication

Question Answer Marks

(d) The rate of growth of Pakistan’s telecommunications sector has been 6

impressively fast-paced in recent years. However, computers and
smart phones are of limited use if the internet is not widely available.
Assess the role of telecommunications in the further development of
Pakistan. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider different points of
view in your answer.

Levels marking

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view (3)
Developed points referring to both views (4)

Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example
(5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant
example (6)

Content Guide

Answers are likely to refer to:

significant role:
• improvements to education and training/skills increase employment
opportunities; e.g. foreign businesses making locally produced smart
phones
• it encourages foreign direct investment from businesses/corporations;

© UCLES 2021
 Unit 9 Page 396 Transport & Communication

Question Answer Marks

(d) • it improves advertising and marketing opportunities/e-commerce;

• new fibre-optic cables e.g. Khunjerab Pass, connect Pakistan
businesses with the world e.g. Chinese networks;
• the Digital Pakistan initiative aims to improve connectivity and digital
skills, especially for young people and women;
• video-conferencing can take place which may encourage multinational
companies in other parts of the world to open branches in Pakistan;
• the telecom sector contributes to government funds via taxes;
• multi-national businesses consider Pakistan to have huge potential for
growth in online banking introduce 4G/5G services;
• teachers can use e-learning to teach students in different/remote areas
which may improve life chances;
• people can get remote access to medical staff which may improve
quality of life;
• farmers can use the internet to educate themselves about products
which could increase yields/check weather updates etc;
Etc.

less significant role:

• it is expensive to invest in;
• there are other issues that need to be overcome before investing further
in telecommunications e.g. improving reliability of electricity supplies/
reducing interruptions from technical faults and load shedding;
• international companies may decide to locate where the population are
already educated and skilled;
• regional instability discouraged some foreign investors;
Etc.

© UCLES 2021
 Unit 9 Page 397 Transport & Communication

3 (a) (i) Study Fig. 2.1 (Insert), a map showing the location of New Islamabad International
Airport in Islamabad-Rawalpindi.

Using Fig. 2.1 only, describe the location of New Islamabad International Airport.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Describe three factors that encourage the location and development of airports in
Pakistan.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[3]

(iii) Suggest two disadvantages of air transport for people and two disadvantages of air
transport for the movement of goods.

people

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

movement of goods

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[4]

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 Unit 9 Page 398 Transport & Communication

(b) (i) Study Fig. 2.2 (Insert), a photograph of a seaport in Pakistan. Using Fig. 2.2 only,
describe the features of the seaport shown.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Name three main seaports in Pakistan.

1 .....................................................................

2 .....................................................................

3 .....................................................................
[3]

(c) Explain the importance of the development of seaports to Pakistan. You should develop your
answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

© UCLES 2020 2059/02/O/N/20 [Turn over

 Unit 9 Page 399 Transport & Communication

(d) The New Islamabad International Airport opened in 2018 with a capacity of nine million
passengers per year expanding to 25 million passengers per year by 2025.

Evaluate whether building major new infrastructure projects such as international airports
is the best way to encourage further economic development in Pakistan. Give reasons to
support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider
different points of view in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 25]

© UCLES 2020 2059/02/O/N/20

 Unit 9 Page 400 Transport & Communication

Fig. 2.1 for Question 3

Peshawar
Margalla Hills

Shakar
y Parian
M-1 ig hwa
hm ir H
Kas

gn
Kora
Phamra

N
New Islamabad
International
Airport M-2

0 5
Lahore
km

Key
commercial Jinnah Stadium
industrial railway
educational roads
administrative motorway
residential river
parks and open space
area of future development
airport

© UCLES 2020 2059/02/INSERT/O/N/20 [Turn over

 Unit 9 Page 401 Transport & Communication

Fig. 2.2 for Question 3

© UCLES 2020 2059/02/INSERT/O/N/20

 Unit 9 Page 402 Transport & Communication

Question Answer Marks

3(a)(i) Study Fig. 2.1 (Insert), a map showing the location of New Islamabad 2
International Airport in Islamabad-Rawalpindi. Using Fig. 2.1 only,
describe the location of New Islamabad International Airport.

• direction from named feature e.g. motorway/industrial area;

• distance from named feature;
• in rural area/on outskirts of built up area/edge of urban area/
Islamabad/Rawalpindi;
• south-west/west from centre of Islamabad/Rawalpindi/urban/built
up/residential area;
• connects to Kashmir Highway;
• direction from named city e.g. north of Lahore/south of Peshawar.
2 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2020
 Unit 9 Page 403 Transport & Communication

Question Answer Marks

(a)(ii) Describe three factors that encourage the location and development of 3
airports in Pakistan.

• availability of flat/wide/open land/plain (needed for runways/for

building);
• near to/in large cities/areas of large population (for employees/
customers/trade);
• near to industry (to encourage international trade/business);
• need for faster/efficient transport for cargo (especially for perishable
goods or named examples);
• air routes to areas (like Gilgit and Skardu) makes otherwise
inaccessible areas more accessible;
• rise in living standards/more disposable income (has led to more people
using air transport);
• government policies/funding (to encourage growth of air transport or
examples);
• security (to encourage international investment/so tourists feel safe);
• increased tourism;
• links to (other infrastructure) roads and railways;

Note: Max 1 for list, some relevant description must be provided

3 @ 1 mark

(a)(iii) Suggest two disadvantages of air transport for people and two 4
disadvantages of air transport for the movement of goods.

people:
• expensive tickets/cannot afford to pay/compared with other transport;
• limited luggage allowance/items allowed onboard are restricted;
• not a door to door service – money spent to transfer to/from airport;
• limited number of flights per day compared with trains/buses;
• luggage can be lost/damaged;
• flights cancelled/delayed/late due to bad weather;
• likely increased taxes for people (long term investment with little benefit
for many people)/cost of maintaining airports is expensive;
• noise pollution near to runways/airports;
• air pollution near to runways/airports
goods:
• expensive to transport goods internally and internationally;
• difficult to transport bulky goods/can only transport small or perishable
goods;
• fragile goods damaged when loading/unloading or due to turbulence;
• not all cities/locations have an airport within Pakistan so some areas
cannot be reached;
• not a door to door service – money spent to transfer to/from airport;
• limited number of flights per day compared with trains/buses;
• flights cancelled/delayed/late due to bad weather.

Note: Max 1 for list, some relevant description must be provided

4 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2020
 Unit 9 Page 404 Transport & Communication

Question Answer Marks

(b)(i) Study Fig. 2.2 (Insert), a photograph of a seaport in Pakistan. Using 3

Fig. 2.2 only, describe the features of the seaport shown.

• next to/near to the sea;

• a large area of flat land/lot of space;
• cranes/machinery;
• containers/girders;
• (large) ship(s)/tugs;
• wharf/dock/piers;
• deep water/sheltered;
• tower/watch tower/flood lights;
• railway line;
• lorries/trucks;
• refinery/round containers
• portacabins/flat roofed buildings/temporary buildings.
3 @ 1 mark

(b)(ii) Name three main seaports in Pakistan. 3

• Karachi/Keamari,
• Qasim/Mohammed Bin Qasim
• Gwadar
3 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2020
 Unit 9 Page 405 Transport & Communication

Question Answer Marks

(c) Explain the importance of the development of seaports to Pakistan. 4

You should develop your answer.

• makes use of deep water/sheltered harbours (1); to facilitate container

ships/large ships/cruise ships (dev);
• improves the national economy (1); makes use of the long coastline in
the south of the country (dev);
• provides economic opportunities (1); especially for the largest province
of Balochistan (dev);
• provides opportunities for international links/trade (1); other countries
can import/export through the ports of Pakistan/named examples e.g.
Afghanistan/China/Middle East countries (dev);
• Pakistan can export goods abroad (1); bulky goods can be moved
relatively cheaply e.g. minerals/earns foreign exchange (dev);
• provides employment opportunities (1); in areas usually reliant on
traditional activities or named examples e.g. fishing (dev);
• seaports handle most international trade (1); increasing trade (dev);
• infrastructure development like roads/railways near the sea (1) boosts
the local economy/allows nearby area to be developed and modernised
(dev);
• increase trade (1); so can pay off debts (dev);
• increased transportation of goods (1); boosts the economy (dev);
• increase GDP (1); through more exports (dev);
• links to other countries (named examples) (1); so improves
trade/relations (dev);
• to develop tourism (1); to facilitate cruise ships etc. (dev);
• encourage industrialisation (1); to provide employment (dev).

Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development.
Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.
2 @ 2 marks

© UCLES 2020
 Unit 9 Page 406 Transport & Communication

Question Answer Marks

(d) The New Islamabad International Airport opened in 2018 with a 6

capacity of nine million passengers per year expanding to 25 million
passengers per year by 2025.

Evaluate whether building major new infrastructure projects such as

international airports is the best way to encourage further economic
development in Pakistan. Give reasons to support your judgement and
refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different
points of view in your answer.

Levels marking

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view (3)
Developed points referring to both views (4)

Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example
(5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant
example (6)

Content Guide
Answers are likely to refer to:

Building new infrastructure projects

• modern state of the art airports may encourage/old airports may deter
people from travelling;
• encourages international trade/named examples; growth of tourism;
• old airport still put to good use/aid the military;
• provides employment opportunities both nationally/internationally;
• increases national income/investment in services and facilities for local
population or named examples; increases number of international
routes available;
• other examples such as railways/motorways/highways can be credited
as appropriate;
Etc.
•

© UCLES 2020
 Unit 9 Page 407 Transport & Communication

Question Answer Marks

(d) Ideas against

• long term investment so returns will not be immediate;
• cost a lot to build/may increase debt;
• would have been more cost effective to improve the old airport rather
than build a new one;
• other international airports in Pakistan may lose business so overall
business is not increased; tourism may still not increase;
• other infrastructure needs to be improved to support further economic
development e.g. electricity supply (or other named examples);
• development of smaller projects may be more beneficial e.g. in rural
areas with raw materials available;
• other examples such as railways/motorways/highways can be credited
as appropriate;
Etc.
 Unit 9 Page 408 Transport & Communication

4 (a) Study Fig. 4.1, which is a map of Pakistan’s road network.

Key:
international boundary
province-level boundary
disputed boundary
JAMMU AND
major highway KASHMIR
other roads disputed territory
B
motorway

0 100 200 300

Arabian Sea km

Fig. 4.1

(i) Name the two cities labelled A and B on Fig. 4.1.

A ................................................................

B ................................................................
[2]

(ii) Name the road on Fig. 4.1 that crosses an international boundary.

.....................................................................................
[1]

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 Unit 9 Page 409 Transport & Communication

(iii) Using Fig. 4.1 only, describe the regional variations of the road network in Pakistan.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) (i) State three reasons why motorways are needed.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[3]

(ii) Describe the benefits of rail transport for people and goods.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(c) (i) Define the term ‘dry port’.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Name two examples of dry ports that are currently in use.

1 ........................................................

2 ........................................................
[2]

© UCLES 2019 2059/02/O/N/19 [Turn over

 Unit 9 Page 410 Transport & Communication

(iii) Explain two advantages of using a dry port. You should develop your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

© UCLES 2019 2059/02/O/N/19

 Unit 9 Page 411 Transport & Communication

(d) Read the following two views about extending and developing the rail network in Pakistan:

A B

The existing rail network The rail network could be

could be extended in developed in the northern
Balochistan to encourage regions with a link to
further industrial China to encourage further
development and settlement economic development in
growth in this province. this area.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider View A and View B in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 25]

© UCLES 2019 2059/02/O/N/19 [Turn over

 Unit 9 Page 412 Transport & Communication

Question Answer Marks

4(a)(i) A= Lahore 2

B= Rawalpindi / Islamabad
2 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) Karakoram Highway / KKH 1

1 @ 1 mark

(a)(iii) • More roads in / most dense in east / north-east / south-east; 2

• Fewer roads in / least dense in south-west / north;
• One region the north / north-east has a motorway;
• Motorway connects cities (A and B) in the north / north-east;
• Many minor roads compared to major highways in all regions.
2 @ 1 mark

(b)(i) • Faster / more efficient form of transport / to reduce time of journey; 3

• Industrial estates are built along the route / promotes industrial growth;
• Trading / raw materials can be delivered to industries / finished
products can be delivered to markets / dry ports;
• More employment opportunities can be provided (due to industrial
expansion);
• Motorway can be further expanded to connect Afghanistan and the
Central Asian Republic / increase foreign trade / increase in imports
and exports;
• New settlements can be established along the route;
• Connects cities / to outlying rural areas;
• Promote tourism;
• Relieve traffic on other roads , e.g. N5;
• Reduce accidents / safer.
3 @ 1 mark

(b)(ii) • Fast / efficient; 4

• Can move bulky goods / a lot of people;
• Cheaper;
• More suitable for long distances;
• More comfortable / sleepers;
• Less stressful / pay in advance;
• Cost effective / economical;
• Safe / fewer accidents;
• No traffic jams;
• More sustainable / less air pollution
4 @ 1 mark

(c)(i) • It is an inland terminal connected to a seaport by road or rail; 1

• Operates as a centre for the transhipment of sea cargo to inland
destinations;
• An inland area or multimodal logistics centre connected to the sea.
1 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2019
 Unit 9 Page 413 Transport & Communication

Question Answer Marks

(c)(ii) • Faisalabad 2
• Gilgit
• Hyderabad
• Islamabad
• Karachi / Kemari
• Lahore
• Larkana
• Multan
• Murgha Pura
• Peshawar
• Quetta
• Rawalpindi
• Sambrial / Sialkot
2 @ 1 mark

(c)(iii) • Can be used to relieve a major seaport of workload and congestion; 4

named examples / Karachi / Port Qasim (dev);
• Provides facilities; like container yards/warehouses/railway sidings /
cargo-handling equipment / administrative services / for export or import
purposes / everything is in one place (dev);
• Speeds up / saves time / more convenient for businesses; as they do
not have to transport their goods all the way to the sea port (dev);
• Efficient managerial staff; saves time and money/paperwork completed
quickly / smooth collection of revenue for government (dev);
• Refrigeration facilities provided; for perishable items, e.g. fruit and
vegetables (dev);
• Employment opportunities provided / warehousing / customs (dev);
• Allows trade away from sea port / allows all regions to be productive /
encourages foreign trade in each region (dev);
• Saves money for exporters; makes more profit (dev);
Etc.

Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development (in parentheses).

Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.

2 @ 2 marks

© UCLES 2019
 Unit 9 Page 414 Transport & Communication

Question Answer Marks

(d) Levels marking 6

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view (3)
Developed points referring to both views (4)

Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example
(5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant
example (6)

Content Guide
Answers are likely to refer to:

Develop rail network in Balochistan

• Balochistan is one of the least developed areas with low population
density / few opportunities for trade;
• Direct links to Gwadar or Pasni ports would help develop trade and
industry;
• The rail network in the central area of Balochistan is virtually
undeveloped / currently runs around the outskirts of the province;
• Towns and cities would be more accessible and less isolated;
• It would reduce the amount of migration from the area;
• Further links into Iran and / or Afghanistan could be developed;
Etc.

Develop rail network through the Northern Regions

• The Northern Regions are one of the least developed areas with low
population density / few opportunities for trade;
• A rail route through to China would provide increased revenue for the
country, and save journey time;
• Raw materials from the Northern areas could be transported to other
parts of Pakistan more efficiently;
• Tunnels through the Himalayas would reduce the environmental impact
and will reduce the risk to the railway from landslides and avalanches;
• Tourism can be developed more in this area;
• People can commute;
• May reduce rural to urban migration;
• Attract businesses and industries to the region / improve cottage
industries;
Etc.

© UCLES 2019
 Unit 9 Page 415 Transport & Communication

5 (a) (i) Study Fig. 4.1, a map showing the rail network in Pakistan.

Key:
international boundary Chitral
province-level boundary
disputed boundary JAMMU &
Peshawar KASHMIR
rail network
Islamabad
disputed territory
AFGHANISTAN

Quetta Lahore

N
INDIA
IRAN X
Z

0 100 200 300

Karachi
Arabian Sea
km

Fig. 4.1

Name the three provinces X, Y and Z.

X ..................................................................

Y ..................................................................

Z .................................................................. [3]

(ii) Using Fig. 4.1 only, identify two countries that have international rail links with Pakistan.

1 ..................................................................

2 .................................................................. [2]

© UCLES 2018 2059/02/O/N/18

 Unit 9 Page 416 Transport & Communication

(iii) Using Fig. 4.1 only, describe the regional variations of the rail network in Pakistan.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

(b) (i) State one improvement that has taken place on the railways in Pakistan since 2000.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Suggest reasons why the government is improving the railways in Pakistan.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]

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 Unit 9 Page 417 Transport & Communication

(c) (i) Study Fig. 4.2, a survey of internet usage in Pakistan in 2014.

Approximately 87% of households own mobile phones but only 7% have an internet
connection.

Mobile phone ownership is higher in urban areas (95%) than rural areas (83%).

Approximately 17% of urban homes have an internet connection compared with 2%

of rural homes.

Fig. 4.2

Suggest two reasons why a small percentage of the rural population use the internet.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) Explain why internet access is important in education. You should develop your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]

© UCLES 2018 2059/02/O/N/18

 Unit 9 Page 418 Transport & Communication

(d) It is important to improve telecommunications in Pakistan to encourage development. Read

the following two views about improving internet access in Pakistan:

A B

It is better to invest in It is better to invest in

improving internet access in extending internet access to
the major cities of Pakistan. the rural regions of Pakistan.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider View A and View B in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[6]

[TOTAL: 25]

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 Unit 9 Page 419 Transport & Communication

Question Answer Marks

5(a)(i) X = Balochistan 3
Y = Punjab
Z = Sindh
3 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) Iran 2
India
2 @ 1 mark

(a)(iii) • Northern Pakistan / FATA has no / few rail networks; 3

• Dense network in Punjab;
• Sparse network in Balochistan / South / Southwest / one line in
Balochistan;
• There are two lines in central KPK;
• Medium / moderate network in Sindh;
• More around major cities;
• More railways in East / more railways in North East (or opposites).
3 @ 1 mark

(b)(i) Recent developments include: 1

• New services on different routes;
• Constructing a track to Gwadar linked to the port;
• Computerised ticketing system;
• One window ticketing system;
• Dual tracks;
• More electrification;
• Karakoram Express / Shalimar Express / Magno Train / new routes /
more lines;
• Air-conditioned coaches;
• Public address system;
• More spacious coaches with more seats / berths;
• Greater safety;
• More privatisation – provides more comfortable coaches.
1 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2018
 Unit 9 Page 420 Transport & Communication

Question Answer Marks

(b)(ii) Ideas such as: 4

• To encourage more people to use railways;
• The network needed improving / was outdated;
• To carry more passengers / large amount of people on one journey;
• To enhance the transport of goods / people or examples within the
country;
• To provide a service to neighbouring countries / international links;
• To improve trade links / connect more industrial areas / connect dry port
to sea port / connect remote areas to developed areas/market;
• To assist business / economic growth / income for government;
• More environmentally friendly;
• To be able to travel longer distances;
• Faster than road;
• Cheaper than air;
• Better security / safer than roads;
• Provides opportunities for tourism or named examples;
Etc.
4 @ 1 mark

(c)(i) • Few people have mobile phones / computers in rural areas; 2

• Limited internet connection / internet infrastructure in rural areas;
• Limited access to internet;
• Electrical devices are expensive;
• Limited electricity;
• Lower literacy levels;
• Any valid reason(s) why internet is used in rural areas, e.g. farmers’
weather forecasting / education.
2 @ 1 mark

(c)(ii) • Assists research / websites; 4

• Develops skills for an ever-increasing technological world;
• Provides opportunities for learning beyond the classroom;
• Widens horizons / develops an interest in the wider world;
• Provides opportunities for future employment prospects / apply online;
• Can get information on any topic;
• Can access more information than in a library;
• Women can learn from home / online learning / distance learning;
• Increase knowledge of a subject;
• Can ask experts / interaction / receive answers in minutes;
• Up to date information;
• Assists homework assignments;
Etc.

Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development (in parentheses).

Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.

2 @ 2 marks

© UCLES 2018
 Unit 9 Page 421 Transport & Communication

Question Answer Marks

(d) Levels marking 6

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point addressing any view (1)
Simple points addressing any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point(s) explaining one view (3)
Developed point(s) explaining both views (4)
No evaluation

Level 3 5–6
Developed points explaining both views
Evaluation giving clear support to one view or appropriate example (5)
Evaluation giving clear support to one view and appropriate example (6)

Content Guide
Answers are likely to refer to:

improving internet access in major cities:

• More people will benefit;
• More schools and children are more likely to go to school in the urban
areas as opposed to the rural areas (where they may have to work);
• More businesses which would benefit;
Etc.

extending internet access to rural areas:

• Reduces isolation;
• May help and encourage small businesses to grow or set up there;
• May reduce rural to urban migration if opportunities are provided in rural
areas;
Etc.

© UCLES 2018
 Unit 9 Page 422 Transport & Communication

6 (b) Study Fig. 6, which shows the road types in the road network of Pakistan’s National Highway
Authority in 2016.

30
Key:
25
national
highway
20
number of motorway
roads
15
expressway
10 strategic
highway
5

0
national motorway expressway strategic
highway highway

Fig. 6

(i) What is meant by the term ‘road network’?

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Complete Fig. 6 by drawing the bar for the motorway, using the information below and
the key provided:

Road type Number of roads

Motorway 7
[2]

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 Unit 9 Page 423 Transport & Communication

(iii) The road network is most dense on the plains of Punjab and Sindh. Explain why there
are fewer roads in the mountainous areas of Pakistan. You should develop your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]

© UCLES 2017 2059/02/O/N/17

 Unit 9 Page 424 Transport & Communication

(d) Evaluate whether developments in transport networks benefit or create problems for the
people and the natural environment in Pakistan. Give reasons to support your judgement
and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider benefits and problems in your
answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[6]

[TOTAL: 13]

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 Unit 9 Page 425 Transport & Communication

Question Answer Marks

6 (b)(i) How roads are interconnected / joined / distributed / spread out across an area 1
/ linkage of roads / road pattern
1 @ 1 mark

(b)(ii) Bar drawn at 7 for number of roads (allow 6–8) 1 @ 1 mark 2

Correctly shaded using key 1 @ 1 mark

(b)(iii) • Rugged / steep slopes / high / hilly terrain (making road building difficult) or 4
(more expensive to build – embankments / cuttings / tunnels / bridges);
• Unstable land – landslide / rock falls (dangerous);
• Remote / uninhabited / low population density areas / few people live in
these areas (so less demand for roads / so hard to supply equipment / lack
of labour to build roads);
• Groups who live in these areas may be traditional in outlook (and therefore
oppose areas being opened up by roads / are resistant to modernisation);
• Long distance to cover between towns (making road projects expensive);
• Lack of investment;
• Extreme weather / extremely cold / snow / frost (roads blocked by snow).
ETC.

Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development (in parentheses).

Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.

2 @ 2 marks

(c)(i) One of :babul, shisham, acacia, coniferous / spruce / fir, eucalyptus, jhand, 1
tamarisk, fruit trees.
1 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2017
 Unit 9 Page 426 Transport & Communication

Question Answer Marks

(c)(ii) • Rainfall – in sufficient quantity / distributed throughout the year / arid areas 3
only thorn or scrub / wetter areas for evergreen / broad-leafed;
• Temperature – mild / warm for non-coniferous / cool / cold for coniferous;
• Extent of water supply other than rainfall – oases / aquifer at surface, river
banks, sea / estuary / delta for mangroves / tolerates salt;
• Soil – alluvium for mangrove / riverain / soil type influences density of
forest;
• Altitude – types of forest vary with altitude / only up to treeline at 4000 m /
coniferous
1000–4000 m / thorn / scrub / riverain below 1000 m.
3 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2017
 Unit 9 Page 427 Transport & Communication

Question Answer Marks

(d) Levels marking 6

No valid response (0 marks)

Level 1 (1–2 marks)

Simple point addressing any view (1)
Simple points addressing any view (2)

Level 2 (3–4 marks)

Developed point(s) explaining one view (3)
Developed point(s) explaining both views (4)
No evaluation

Level 3 (5–6 marks)

Well-developed points explaining both views – benefits and problems with
reference to people or environment with evaluation giving clear support to one
view or appropriate example (5)
Well-developed points explaining both views – benefits and problems with
reference to people or environment with evaluation giving clear support to one
view and appropriate example (6)

Content Guide

Answers are likely to refer to:

Benefits
• Quicker / cheaper long distance travel for passengers / goods;
• More developed public transport network means less need for / expense of
car ownership;
• Employment in named transport industry / building motorways;
• Greater mobility of labour / university students;
• Greater ability to transport bulky / low value goods / freight / minerals;
• Rail development reduces number of cars / lorries on the roads and
amount of air pollution / fumes from road vehicles;
• Development of industrial estates / settlements alongside new roads.

Problems
• Rail not door-to-door / trains only stop at stations;
• Fumes from diesel trains cause air pollution / very polluting;
• Noise pollution;
• Railway tracks / motorways use up / divide farmland;
• Railway tracks / motorways destroy / disturb / divide natural habitat;
• Relocation of people / loss of homes / reduces value of property.
ETC.

© UCLES 2017
 Unit 9 Page 428 Transport & Communication

7 (a) Study Fig. 2, which shows changes in road type in Pakistan over a 15-year period.

1998–99 2013–14

0% 0%
90% 10% 90% 10%

80% 20% 80% 20%

70% 30% 70% 30%

60% 40% 60% 40%

50% 50%

Key:
Metalled

Unmetalled

Fig. 2

(i) Complete the pie chart for 2013–14 by using the following information and the key
provided:

Road type Percent

Metalled 73
Unmetalled 27
[2]

(ii) State the increase in the percentage of metalled roads in Pakistan between 1998–99
and 2013–14.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(iii) Suggest two advantages of developing the motorway network in Pakistan.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

© UCLES 2017
2059/02/M/J/17
 Unit 9 Page 429 Transport & Communication

(iv) Explain the difficulties of building roads in the desert areas of Pakistan. You should
develop your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]

© UCLES 2017 2059/02/M/J/17 [Turn over

 Unit 9 Page 430 Transport & Communication

(d) It has been proposed that a large integrated iron and steel mill should be built on the outskirts
of Rawalpindi, Punjab.

80 km2 of land will be cleared for the mill and new infrastructure will be provided to the site by the
local authorities. Large amounts of raw materials will be brought onto the site by road or rail and it
is planned to produce up to 3 million tonnes of finished steel per year.

Evaluate how the new integrated iron and steel mill will affect the local people of Rawalpindi.
Give reasons to support your answer. You should consider both benefits and problems in
your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[6]

[TOTAL: 15]

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 Unit 9 Page 431 Transport & Communication

Question Answer Marks

7 (a)(i) First radial line at 0% and second at 73% (allow 72–74%) 2

Correctly shaded using key
2 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) 1998–99 = 56% 1

2013–14 = 73%
73 – 56 = 17 (% increase) (allow 14–20)
1 @ 1 mark

(a)(iii) • Quicker/faster connection/more direct routes/saves time; 2

• Cities/towns/rural areas will be better connected/connect remote
areas;
• Faster supply/delivery of raw materials/finished goods/
exports/imports/trade will be more efficient/quicker trade routes;
• Promote industrial growth/industrialisation/industries will
develop/build industrial estates along route;
• To relieve pressure on existing roads;
• Create employment opportunities/attract foreign investment;
• To connect to Afghanistan and Central Asian Republic/or other
named countries;
• Establish new settlements along the route;
• Increase development of tourism.
2 @ 1 mark

(a)(iv) • Rugged/hilly/undulating/sandy terrain (increases construction 4

cost)/(due to extra bridges/cuttings/ embankments/extra length to
curve around features);
• Extreme aridity/heat/hot/high temperatures/sand/dust storms
(making difficult working conditions for construction
workers)/(causing dehydration/heat-related illnesses of
workers/workers might find it exhausting/traffic can be hampered
due to sand storms);
• Remote/uninhabited/low population density areas (increasing cost
of transporting/housing workers/so not cost effective)/(meaning a
shortage of local labour);
• Lack of government investment/government funding;
• Opposition from tribal areas;
• Lack of security/insurgency;
• Lack of water;
• High construction costs.
ETC.

Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development (in parentheses).

Note: Max 2 marks if no development.

2 @ 2 marks

© UCLES 2017
 Unit 9 Page 432 Transport & Communication

Question Answer Marks

(b)(i) • Mixing clay with water; 3

• Placing mixture into rectangular moulds/mould the clay/moulded
into brick shape/cuboid shape/put into stencils/blocks;
• Leaving to dry in sunlight;
• Firing/baking in kilns/furnace/heated in kilns to harden
them/baked/heated in a furnace.

Note: Processes do not have to be in the correct order.

3 @ 1 mark
(d) Levels marking 6

Level 1 (1–2 marks)

Simple point addressing either a problem or benefit (1).
Simple points addressing either problems or benefits or both (2).

Level 2 (3–4 marks)

Developed point(s) explaining either problems or benefits (3).
Developed point(s) explaining both problems and benefits (4).
No evaluation.

Level 3 (5–6 marks)

Developed points explaining both problems and benefits. Evaluation giving
clear support to problems or benefits or a named example (5).
Developed points explaining both problems and benefits. Evaluation giving
clear support to problems or benefits and a named example (6).

Content Guide:

Answers are likely to refer to:

Benefits
• Employment opportunities
• Improvements to roads/other infrastructure
• New settlements
• Educational/recreational facilities
• More trade for local shops
• More work for local ancillary/related industries
Problems
• Farmland/grazing
• Air pollution/dust from chimneys, etc.
• Visual pollution/eyesore
• Roads/railways congested
• Attracts migrants
• Uses large amounts of water/power
ETC.

Note: Answers must relate to local people not the nation.

© UCLES 2017
 Unit 9 Page 433 Transport & Communication

8 (a) (i) Study Fig. 8 which is a bar graph giving information about infrastructure spending in
Pakistan for 2014–15.

Key
Ongoing

Projects New – Wapda

New – Karachi–Lahore
motorway
New – other

Government

Funds Private corporations

available
Foreign assistance

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000

Rs billion

Fig. 8

A What is meant by the term ‘infrastructure’?

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

B Using information from Fig. 8 only, describe problems for infrastructure spending in
2014–15.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

© UCLES 2016 2059/02/O/N/16

 Unit 9 Page 434 Transport & Communication

(ii) Spending on infrastructure projects is lower in some years than others. Suggest reasons
why this might be.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

© UCLES 2016 2059/02/O/N/16 [Turn over

 Unit 9 Page 435 Transport & Communication

(d) Read the following article:

The Lowari Tunnel is due to open in 2017. It is 8.6 km long and will give Chitral Valley
its only all-weather road to the rest of Pakistan.
For some in Chitral Valley this tunnel will be of real benefit but for others it will create
problems.

To what extent does the Lowari Tunnel benefit or create problems for the local people and
economy of Chitral? Give reasons for your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[6]

[TOTAL: 15]

© UCLES 2016 2059/02/M/J/16 [Turn over

 Unit 9 Page 436 Transport & Communication

8 (a) (i) Study Fig. 8 which is a bar graph giving information about infrastructure spending
in Pakistan for 2014–15.

A What is meant by the term ‘infrastructure’? [2]

Definition: the basic facilities / services / installations / utilities e.g. electricity, water
needed for the functioning / operation of a community / society / enterprise / country
/ area - 1 mark
Example: Roads / rail / ports / airports / electricity / gas /power supplies / sewerage /
water / telecommunication / phone lines / internet provision – 1 mark

B Using information from Fig. 8 only, describe problems for infrastructure

spending in 2014–15. [3]
Projects cost much more than funds / money available
Total projects Rs7700 ±100 bn, funds available Rs700 ±100 bn – lack of funds
overall
Source of funds available – government Rs400 ±100 bn, private Rs150 ±50 bn,
foreign assistance Rs 150± 50 bn – government has to rely heavily on private /
foreign assistance
Large amount / number of ongoing / new projects
Not all projects can be funded successfully – ongoing projects Rs 4200 ± 100 bn /
new projects e.g. new Wapda Rs1500 ± 100 bn, new K-L motorway Rs800 ±
100 bn, new other Rs1200 ±100 bn, new total RS3500 ± 100 bn
Wapda more expensive than money available / Wapda Rs1500 ± 100 bn, funds
available Rs 700 ± 100 bn
Money available would only pay for Karachi-Lahore motorway / funds available Rs
700 ± 100 bn, K-L motorway Rs 700 ± 100 bn

Maximum of 1 mark for use of data with Rs bn units. Tolerance ± 100 Rs bn

(ii) Spending on infrastructure projects is lower in some years than others. Suggest
reasons why this might be. [3]

Size of debt / trade / balance of payments deficit

Limited financial resources / lack of funds available / limited amount of money collected
through taxes
Narrow export base leads to instability in export earnings
Investment is sometimes difficult
Spending cuts to balance budget
No agreements with foreign capital / banks
Change of government / policies
Other national priorities / more pressing priorities than development projects
Funds for natural disaster relief
No large projects in those years / projects may have been completed / maintenance of
existing projects prioritised
Less financial aid

© UCLES 2016
Unit 9 Page 437 Transport & Communication

(d) Read the following article:

The Lowari Tunnel is due to open in 2017. It is 8.6km long and will give Chitral Valley
its only all-weather road to the rest of Pakistan.

For some in Chitral Valley this tunnel will be of real benefit but for others it will
create problems.

To what extent does the Lowari Tunnel benefit or create problems for the local people
and economy of Chitral? Give reasons for your answer. [6]

L3 5–6 6 – At least one developed statement about each aspect (benefits

marks AND problems) with evaluation

5 – At least one developed statement about each aspect (benefits

AND problems)

L2 3–4 4 – Two developed statements about either aspect (benefits

marks AND/OR problems). No evaluation

3 – One developed statement about one aspect (benefits OR

problems)

L1 1–2 2 – Two simple statements about either aspect (benefits AND/OR

marks problems)

1 – One simple statement about one aspect (benefits OR

problems)

0 – No valid response

Indicative content (developed points in parentheses)

Benefits
Chitral valley no longer cut off from the rest of Pakistan for 6 months per year.
Access by road in winter when Lowari Pass closed by snow
Avoids travelling into Afghanistan and back into Pakistan (the only natural winter route)(this
route not available since 2009 due to presence of militants)
Shortens duration of journey to Peshawar by half (7 hours instead of 14 hours)
Greater access to hospital/university/airports (in Peshawar and Islamabad)
Greater access for trade
Greater access for tourists/higher income from tourism
Allows greater provision of services/food in winter
Stimulates industrial development/employment

Problem
Too many visitors (commercialisation of culture)
Young/ males likely to migrate (seasonally to urban areas)
Maintenance cost
Ease of movement for terrorists / a terrorist target
Increase in air pollution from exhaust fumes (which creates breathing difficulties)

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Unit 9 Page 438 Transport & Communication

9 (c) Study Fig. 10 which gives information about the number of internet users and telephone lines
in Pakistan.

120

100 internet users

telephone lines
80
number
(000 people) 60

40

20

0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Fig. 10

© UCLES 2016 2059/02/M/J/16

 Unit 9 Page 439 Transport & Communication

(i) How many more people were using the internet in 2012 than in 2007?

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) A. Describe one difference between the number of internet users and the number of
telephone lines over the period 2007 to 2012.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

B. Suggest one reason for the change in the number of telephone lines over the same
period.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(iii) What problems might there be in extending Information Technology (IT) throughout
Pakistan?

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[5]

© UCLES 2016 2059/02/M/J/16 [Turn over

 Unit 9 Page 440 Transport & Communication

9 (c) Study Fig. 10 which gives information about the number of internet users and
telephone lines in Pakistan.

(i) How many more people were using the internet in 2012 than in 2007? [1]

29 000 Allow 28 500–29 000

(ii) A: Describe one difference between the number of internet users and the number
of telephone lines over the period 2007 to 2012.

B: Suggest one reason for the change in the number of telephone lines
over the same period. [2]

A: Internet use increases: telephone lines decreases

Internet use higher than telephone lines

B: An increase in mobile/cellular phone use/social

media/Skype/WhatsApp/Snapchat/Instagram/ Facebook/Twitter/GooglePlus
(iii) What problems might there be in extending Information Technology (IT)
throughout Pakistan? [5]

Lack of electricity in remote areas

Lack of signal in remote areas / many people live in remote areas
Lack of media infrastructure e.g. masts/WiFi/telephone lines/cables
IT illiteracy
Lack of IT professionals
Frequent electrical/technical faults/breakdowns/loadshedding/damage from natural
disasters
Decreases employment/number of office workers
Resistance from older generations/traditional/tribal societies
Real or perceived threat of Internet on cultures/belief systems
Risk of cyber attack
Capital intensive / high initial cost /lack of government finance / high cost of [frequent]
replacement
Technology has to be imported / expensive imports of technology / negative effect on
balance of payments of import of technology
Population cannot afford bills/equipment

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

Unit 10 Page 441 Trade

ABSTRACT
The Unit focus on the reasons to carry out trade and
the constraints that might restrict trade
BLAST FROM THE PAST
Year Series

2016 May June

2017
TRADE
Trade around the world

2022
Oct Nov
2021
2018
2016
2016
2015
 Unit 10 Page 442 Trade

Topic Focus point What key knowledge you need to know R A G

Trade Major exports You should be able to:

and imports  name the main exports and imports

 describe the changes in the types/amounts/value of

goods exported and imported in recent years

 know and understand the meaning of GNP and GDP

and the difference between them

 explain the effect of changing trends in exports and

imports on Pakistan’s balance of trade and economy.

Pakistan’s You should be able to:

trading partners  name and locate Pakistan’s main trading partners, and
name the goods Pakistan exported to them or imported
from them

 understand the factors which may promote or hinder

trade with other countries, and explain why it is difficult
for Pakistan as a developing country to maintain or
increase its share of trade with other countries

 understand the factors that may promote and limit trade,

including trading blocs, trade barriers and currency
exchange rates.
 Unit 10 Page 443 Trade

1 (b) (i) Define ‘balance of trade’.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Name one of Pakistan’s main trading partners, and give one example of goods imported
from it and one example of goods exported to it.

main trading partner ..........................................................

name of goods imported ...................................................

name of goods exported ...................................................

[3]

(iii) Study Fig. 4.2, a bar graph showing the value of Pakistan’s imports from 2015 to 2020.

Using Fig. 4.2 only :

– What was the value of Pakistan’s imports in 2016?

.............................. US$ billions

– How has the value of Pakistan’s imports changed since 2018?

..................................................
[2]

© UCLES 2022 2059/02/O/N/22 [Turn over

 Unit 10 Page 444 Trade

(iv) Describe the changes in the types and amounts of goods imported by Pakistan in recent
years.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(c) Explain two factors which may promote trade with other countries. You should develop your
answer.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[4]

© UCLES 2022 2059/02/O/N/22

 Unit 10 Page 445 Trade

(d) Evaluate the extent to which Pakistan can increase its trade with other countries. Give
reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should
consider different points of view in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 20]

© UCLES 2022 2059/02/O/N/22

 Unit 10 Page 446 Trade

Question Answer Marks

1 b(i) Define ‘balance of trade’. 1

The difference between the value of a country’s exports and the value of its
imports .

value of exports – value of imports

1 @ 1 mark
 Unit 10 Page 447 Trade

Question Answer Marks

(b)(ii) Name one of Pakistan’s main trading partners and give one example of 3
goods imported from it and one example of goods exported to it.

main trading goods imported from goods exported to

partner
UK iron and steel clothing/textiles
machinery cereals/fruits/nuts
electrical appliances cotton
vehicles surgical goods
Germany/ machinery clothing/textiles
named EU pharmaceuticals cotton
countries electrical appliances leather articles
chemicals surgical goods
USA cotton clothing/textiles
iron and steel cotton
machinery leather articles
pharmaceuticals carpets/rugs
mineral oil/fuel surgical goods
vegetable oil sports goods
wheat
named Middle mineral oil/fuel meat
Eastern countries electrical equipment cereals
plastics clothing/textiles
machinery spices/rice
China electrical equipment cotton
machinery copper
pharmaceuticals cereals
mineral oil/fuel fish
stationary cotton yarn
Afghanistan cotton cereals/sugar/flour/rice/
fruits/nuts/vegetable vegetables
mineral oils/fuel edible oil
salt salt
iron and steel pharmaceuticals
plastics
Japan electrical appliances cotton
vehicles clothing/textiles
machinery fish and fish products
Bangladesh tea cement
cotton/jute textiles
Indonesia/ tea textiles
Malaysia/Sri edible oil clothing
Lanka

3 @ 1 mark
 Unit 10 Page 448 Trade

Question Answer Marks

(b)(iii) Study Fig. 4.2, a bar graph showing the value of Pakistan’s imports 2
from 2015 to 2020.

Using Fig. 4.2 only:

• What was the value of Pakistan’s imports in 2016?
• How has the value of Pakistan’s imports changed since 2018?

• 46 billion dollars
• decreased/gone down/falling/reduced
2 @ 1 mark

(b)(iv) Describe the changes in the types and amounts of goods imported by 4
Pakistan in recent years.

• imports of primary goods/raw materials have decreased

• imports of food/food products have decreased
• imports of consumer/value added goods have decreased
• imports of raw materials for consumer/value added goods/for
manufacturing have increased
• imports of industrial machinery/equipment/high value goods/capital
goods have increased
• imports of fuel oils/energy have fluctuated/increased
• imports of raw materials/luxury items/intermediate goods have
(recently/2022) been paused/restricted
• imports overall were paused/decreased during COVID-19
4 @ 1 mark
 Unit 10 Page 449 Trade

Question Answer Marks

(c) Explain two factors which may promote trade with other countries. 4
You should develop your answer.

• membership of World Trade Organisation (WTO); places Pakistan on

world stage/competes with other countries
• establishing/extending trade agreements with trading blocs/
SAARC/EU/CPEC/ECO/ASEAN; allows expansion of markets for
exports/imports/allows more foreign exchange
• removing trade barriers; international competition for local industries
leads to improved quality goods/efficiency
• competitive exchange rates; determines the cost of imports and
exports/impacts on the balance of payments
• developing export processing zones (EPZ); attracts foreign
investment/boosts industrialisation/offers incentives, e.g. tax breaks for
import
• establishment of the Export Promotion Bureau (replaced by)/Trade
Development Authority of Pakistan (TDAP); has an overview of the
planning and development of different sectors/marketing of Pakistan
through conferences, etc.
• increased mechanisation; faster production times/can sell goods at
lower prices
• manufacturing standardised products; meets international quality
standards
• developing ports/airports/highways/transport infrastructure; can make
more efficient/faster trading routes to other countries/can agree deals to
allow (landlocked) countries to trade via Pakistan
• training programmes/educated/skilled workforce; make higher quality
products
• constant power supply to industry/no load shedding; products can be
made efficiently/to meet deadlines/more reliable production

Note: 1 mark for simple point and a further mark for the development of the
point. 1 mark for second simple point and a further mark for development of
the second point.
Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.
2 @ 2 marks
 Unit 10 Page 450 Trade

Question Answer Marks

(d) Evaluate the extent to which Pakistan can increase its trade with other 6
countries.

Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you

have studied. You should consider different points of view in your
answer.

Levels marking

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view only (3)
Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant
example (4)

Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant
example (5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant
example (6)

Content guide

Pakistan can increase its trade with other countries because:

• Pakistan is already a member of some major trade blocs/named
examples
• member of WTO/this aids trade
• already large investments from other countries such as China and
UK/other named example countries/projects
• by investing in/training/upskilling workers so quality of products meets
international standards
• Pakistan could offer further concessions/incentives to attract investors
who manufacture goods for export

It would be difficult to increase trade with other countries because:

• varying investment in different sectors/regions
• trained/skilled workers required
• trade barriers/import/export tariffs
• connectivity through transport networks requires further improvement,
e.g. rail/road/air/ports
• power supply reliability/load shedding restricts production
 Unit 10 Page 451 Trade

2 (a) (i) Study Fig. 4.1 (Insert), a map showing the top five destinations of goods exported and
origins of goods imported by Pakistan in 2017.

Using Fig. 4.1 only, identify the country:

– to which Pakistan exports the highest value of goods

.....................................

– from which Pakistan imports the highest value of goods

.....................................

– which Pakistan both exports goods to and imports goods from

.....................................
[3]

(ii) In 2017 Pakistan’s total exports were valued at US $24.8 billion and its total imports at
US $55.6 billion.

Calculate Pakistan’s trade balance in 2017. Show your working in the box below.

[2]

(b) (i) What is the difference between GNP and GDP?

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) State two of Pakistan’s main exports and two of its main imports.

main exports main imports

1 .......................................................... 1 ..........................................................

2 .......................................................... 2 ..........................................................
[4]

2059/02/O/N/21
Unit 10 Page 452 Trade

(iii) Describe the changes in the types and value of goods imported and exported by Pakistan
in recent years.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(c) Explain how trading blocs and currency exchange rates affect Pakistan’s trade. You should
develop your answer.

trading blocs .............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

currency exchange rates ...........................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[4]

2059/02/O/N/21
Unit 10 Page 453 Trade

(d) In 2017 Pakistan’s balance of trade was affected by a 0.2 per cent decrease in the value
of its exported goods and a 5.1 per cent increase in the value of imported goods. Read the
following two views:
A B

Pakistan could Pakistan could export

decrease the amount goods to a wider
of cheap goods number of countries
imported to improve to improve the balance
the balance of trade. of trade.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider View A and View B in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 25]
 Fig. 4.1 for Question 2

© UCLES 2021
Afghanistan
Unit 10

Germany

UK

USA
Japan
China
Saudi Arabia
A

United Arab
Page 454

Emirates

2059/02/INSERT/O/N/21
Key Indonesia

1 mm = US $2 billion

exports
imports

Pakistan
Trade

[Turn over
 Unit 10 Page 455 Trade

Question Answer Marks

2(a)(i) Study Fig. 4.1 (Insert), a map showing the top five destinations of 3
goods exported and origins of goods imported by Pakistan in 2017.
Using Fig 4.1 only, identify the country:
• to which Pakistan exports the highest value of goods
• from which Pakistan imports the highest value of goods
• which Pakistan both exports goods to and imports goods from

Exports to = USA
Imports from = China
Exports to and imports from = China
3 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) In 2017 Pakistan’s total exports were valued at US $24.8 billion and its 2
imports at US $55.6 billion.

Calculate Pakistan’s trade balance in 2017. Show your working in the

box below.

24.8 – 55.6 = –30.8(billion US $)

Note: reserve one mark for working out. If correct answer but no working or
incorrect working = max 1 mark
2 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2021
 Unit 10 Page 456 Trade

Question Answer Marks

(b)(i) What is the difference between GNP and GDP? 2

• GNP is the production by nationals both within and outside Pakistan/

measures the output by Pakistan nationals/companies wherever they are
in the world.
• GDP is domestic production from within a country regardless of who
produced it/from nationals or foreign companies/the value of everything
that people in a country produce.
2 @ 1 mark

(b)(ii) State two of Pakistan’s main exports and two of its main imports. 4

exports:
• miscellaneous textiles/worn clothing;
• cotton (yarn) (medium staple);
• knit or crochet clothing/accessories;
• clothing/accessories (not knit or crochet);
• cereals/rice;
• leather/animal gut articles;
• copper;
• sugar/sugar confectionery;
• mineral fuels including oil;
• beverages/spirits/vinegar;
• salt/sulphur/stone/cement;
• fruit, nuts;
• medical/surgical/optical/technical apparatus;
• sports goods;
• carpets and rugs;

imports:
• mineral fuels including coal/oil/petroleum/oil products;
• machinery/electronics/electrical equipment;
• iron/steel;
• chemicals/chemical products;
• vehicles/cars;
• plastics/plastic articles;
• animal/vegetable fats/oils/waxes;
• oil seeds;
• cotton;
• wheat:
2 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2021
 Unit 10 Page 457 Trade

Question Answer Marks

(b)(iii) Describe the changes in the types and value of goods imported and 4
exported by Pakistan in recent years.

• fewer food products are imported;

• imports of fuel energy are decreasing;
• imports of high value/capital goods has increased (e.g. machinery to
manufacture its products);
• imports of consumer goods have decreased (e.g. computers,
appliances, clothes);
• exports of low value/primary /agricultural products have decreased;
• exports of high value/manufactured/processed/industrial products have
increased;
• exports of value added goods have increased;

Note: reserve 1 mark for exports and 1 mark for imports.

4 @ 1 mark

(c) Explain how trading blocs and currency exchange rates affect 4
Pakistan’s trade. You should develop your answer.

trading blocs:
• members have a free trade agreement/there are low or zero trade
restrictions; which encourages trade between member states e.g.
Pakistan is a member of SAARC/so more goods can be exported to
member countries by Pakistan;
• since 2014 Pakistan has had preferential access for its exports to EU
markets; with low or zero tariffs on most goods increasing trade;
• Pakistan is a member of ECO/ASEAN; but some trade barriers remain;
• have trade barriers; which hinders trade between non-member states
which affects Pakistan if it does not belong to a particular trading bloc;
Etc.

exchange rates:
• determine the cost of imports and the value of exports; therefore the
increase or decrease of the PK Rupee is significant to trade;
• determine the amount of overseas investment; companies/government/
people more likely to invest in Pakistan if the exchange rate is favourable;
• currency depreciation means that imports are more expensive/exports
have lower value; this can reduce trade as Pakistan may not be able to
afford to import as many goods/will earn less from exports;
• currency appreciation means that imports are cheaper/exports have
higher value; this can increase trade as Pakistan can afford to import
more goods/will earn more from exports//however Pakistan’s exports may
decrease as countries may shop around for cheaper goods elsewhere.
Etc.

Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development.
Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.
2 @ 2 marks

© UCLES 2021
 Unit 10 Page 458 Trade

Question Answer Marks

(d) In 2017 Pakistan’s balance of trade was affected by a 0.2 per cent 6
decrease in the value of its exported goods and a 5.1 per cent increase
in the value of imported goods. Read the following two views:

View A
Pakistan could decrease the amount of cheap goods imported to
improve the balance of trade.

View B

Pakistan could export goods to a wider number of countries to improve

the balance of trade.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your
answer and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider
View A and View B in your answer.

Levels marking

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view (3)
Developed points referring to both views (4)

Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example
(5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant
example (6)

Content Guide

Answers are likely to refer to:

agree with View A:

• Pakistan could manufacture many of the products that it imports creating
jobs;
• many of the goods imported are not needed but are imported due to an
increase in consumerism;
• Pakistan can educate people on the impact of consumerism on the
environment;
• by focussing on local industry e can improve standards of goods can be
improved e.g. by working with PTEC (Pakistan Technical and
Educational Council) for training.
Etc.

© UCLES 2021
 Unit 10 Page 458 Trade

Question Answer Marks

(d) disagree with View A:

• Pakistan does not have resources to manufacture goods that it imports;
• it would cost too much to make the products/cheaper to import them; it is
costly to develop infrastructure and to train and educate people;
• it may be difficult to support the domestic demand for products that are
no longer imported.
• importing cheap goods does not affect the balance of trade significantly;
Etc.

agree with View B:

• Pakistan currently only exports to five main countries;
• increasing the number of countries that Pakistan can export to will mean
that Pakistan will increase manufacturing /employment and earn more
income;
• Pakistan will be less reliant on a few countries for trade;
Etc.

disagree with View B:

• it may not be possible to make trade agreements with more countries;
• there is a lot of competition for trade;
• trade blocs e.g. EU or individual countries may place tariffs on imports
reducing the impact on the balance of trade;
• increasing exports is not the only/best way to improve the balance of
trade;
Etc.

Evaluation may argue:

that both ideas are necessary for improving Pakistan’s balance of trade.
 Unit 10 Page 459 Trade

3 (b) (i) Study Fig. 3.2, a world map. Shade and label two countries that are major importers of
products from Pakistan.

Pakistan N

[2]
Fig. 3.2

(ii) Name three major products that are imported into Pakistan.

1 ..................................................................

2 ..................................................................

3 .................................................................. [3]

© UCLES 2018 2059/02/O/N/18 [Turn over

 Unit 10 Page 460 Trade

(c) (i) Define the term ‘trade deficit’.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Study Fig. 3.3, a bar graph showing the exports and imports of Pakistan in millions of
rupees.

800 000

700 000

600 000

500 000

millions of
rupees 400 000

300 000

200 000

Key 100 000

exports
imports
1979 – 80 1989 – 90 1999 – 2000 2002 – 03
year

Fig. 3.3

© UCLES 2018 2059/02/O/N/18

 Unit 10 Page 461 Trade

A Calculate the trade deficit for 1979–1980. Circle one correct answer below.

+23519 –90114 –23519 +46929

B Identify how the trade deficit has changed from 1979 to 2003. Circle one correct
answer below.

increased stayed the same decreased

[2]

(iii) Explain why Pakistan has a trade deficit. You should develop your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]

© UCLES 2018 2059/02/O/N/18 [Turn over

 Unit 10 Page 462 Trade

(d) The negative Balance of Payments needs to be corrected in order to ensure future economic
growth. Read the following two views about correcting the Balance of Payments in Pakistan:

A B

The best way to correct the The best way to correct the
Balance of Payments is to Balance of Payments is to
increase exports. restrict imports.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider View A and View B in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[6]

[TOTAL: 18]

© UCLES 2018 2059/02/O/N/18

 Unit 10 Page 463 Trade

Question Answer Marks

3 (b)(i) Accurate shading and labels for 2 countries. 2

• Afghanistan
• Australia
• Bangladesh
• Belgium
• Egypt
• Canada
• China / Hong Kong
• Denmark
• France
• Germany
• India
• Japan
• Kenya
• Kuwait
• Malaysia
• Holland
• Poland
• Portugal
• Russia
• South Africa
• South Korea
• Saudi Arabia
• Spain
• Sri Lanka
• Switzerland
• Sweden
• Tanzania
• Turkey
• Thailand
• United Arab Emirates
• United Kingdom
• United States of America
• Yemen
2 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2018
 Unit 10 Page 464 Trade

Question Answer Marks

(b)(ii) • Machinery / computers 3

• Electrical appliances / electronics
• Wheat
• Mineral oil / petroleum / crude oil
• Tea
• Oil seeds
• Vegetables
• Vegetable oils / edible oils / animal fats / waxes
• Coal
• Vehicles
• Iron / steel / metals
• Chemicals
• Plastics
3 @ 1 mark

(c)(i) Trade deficit is a negative balance of trade where the value of imports 1
exceeds the value of the exports.
1 @ 1 mark

(c)(ii) 1979–1980: 23 519 2

Increased
2 @ 1 mark

(c)(iii) Ideas such as: 4

• Value of imports is greater than exports (import of higher value goods
compared with goods for export which are lower value);
• Export a small variety of goods (e.g. cotton, rice, sports goods, leather
goods, carpets and rugs);
• Import food items (e.g. not completely self – sufficient in food);
• weather-related points, (e.g. bad storms, heavy rain etc. leading to
failed harvests);
• Trade barriers / restrictions on exports (e.g. child labour, environmental
and health standards);
• Tough world market competitors / competition (e.g. Pakistan does not
belong to major trade organisations, lack of standardisation / quality)
• Limited range of specialist / niche products that other countries need or
want (e.g. standardisation / produce cheaper goods / have to import
luxury items);
• Instability (deters foreign investment);
• Shortage of skilled / knowledgeable people to manage products;
Etc.

Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development (in parentheses).

Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.

2 + 2 marks

© UCLES 2018
 Unit 10 Page 465 Trade

Question Answer Marks

(d) Levels marking 6

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point addressing any challenge or strategy (1)
Simple points addressing any challenge or strategy (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point(s) explaining one challenge or strategy (3)
Developed point(s) explaining any challenge and strategy (4)
No evaluation

Level 3 5–6
Developed points explaining challenges and strategies
Evaluation giving clear support to one challenge or strategy or appropriate
example (5)
Evaluation giving clear support to one challenge or strategy and appropriate
example (6)

Content Guide
Answers are likely to refer to:

To increase exports:
• Exports with higher value-added element encouraged;
• Develop cottage and small-scale industries – especially using local raw
materials;
• Increase variety of exports;
• Develop EPZ – export processing zones;
• Reduce taxes on exports;
• Boost industrialisation by developing export agencies e.g. Export
Promotion Bureau;
• Strict quality control;
Etc.

To restrict imports:
• Tertiary sector – less reliance on foreign employees, train Pakistani
workers;
• More goods produced in Pakistan – both low and high value goods;
• Less reliance on other countries / use home produced raw materials if
possible;
• More food could easily be produced in Pakistan;
• Improves local economy;
Etc.

Note: Candidates may suggest that both ideas work hand in hand, i.e. by
reducing imports and increasing exports the development of EPZs would be
a logical step.

© UCLES 2018
 Unit 10 Page 466 Trade

4 (a) Study Fig. 3, which ranks Pakistan’s main trading partners for imports and exports in 2013.

Rank Origin of imports Rank Destination of exports

1 UAE 1 USA
2 China 2 China
3 Saudi Arabia 3 Afghanistan
4 Kuwait 4 UAE
5 India 5 Germany
6 Malaysia 6 UK

Fig. 3

(i) Name a country which is a main trading partner for both imports and exports.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) For either imports or exports suggest reasons why the countries listed are important
trading partners for Pakistan.

Choice .........................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

© UCLES 2017 2059/02/M/J/17

 Unit 10 Page 467 Trade

(b) Study Fig. 4, which shows the amount of coal produced in Pakistan over the period
1980–2012.

6000

5000

4000
000
tonnes
3000

2000

1000

0
1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012

Fig. 4

(i) Name two coal producing areas in Pakistan.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ....................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) A Complete Fig. 4, by drawing the bar for 1988. The amount of coal produced in 1988
was 3 million tonnes.

B In which year did coal production peak?

...........................................................................................................................................

C How has coal production changed since its peak? Circle the correct answer.

increased decreased stayed the same [3]

© UCLES 2017 2059/02/M/J/17 [Turn over

 Unit 10 Page 468 Trade

(iii) Explain why the amount of coal being extracted in Pakistan has changed since its peak.
You should develop your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]

(c) Pakistan usually has a negative balance of trade.

(i) What is meant by the term ‘balance of trade’?

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) What are the reasons for having a negative balance of trade?

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

(iii) Suggest two effects of a negative balance of trade on the national economy.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

© UCLES 2017 2059/02/M/J/17

 Unit 10 Page 469 Trade

(d) Evaluate whether using global telecommunications has improved employment opportunities
in Pakistan. Give reasons to support your answer and refer to examples you have studied.
You should consider different points of view in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[6]

[TOTAL: 25]

© UCLES 2017 2059/02/M/J/17 [Turn over

 Unit 10 Page 470 Trade

Question Answer Marks

4(a)(i) China / UAE 1

1 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) Imports 3
• China/India – regional superpower/strong economy/neighbouring
country/has land links;
• China/India – source of capital/manufactured goods/ technological
goods/import machinery;
• UAE/Kuwait/Saudi Arabia – source of oil;
• Malaysia – source of palm oil;
• India – source of primary commodities, e.g. fruit and vegetables.

Exports
• Any named country – increased sales/markets/market
share/enlarge market share;
• China/Afghanistan – neighbouring countries with land links;
• Afghanistan – foodstuffs such as rice, sugar;
• China – to maintain relations/political ties with regional superpower;
• UAE – nearby country via sea/Arabian Sea/Makran Coast;
• USA/Germany/UK – developed economies raw materials, e.g.
cotton yarn/woven cloth or manufactured goods, e.g. sports goods,
linen, suits.

Note: Country must be named plus import or export.

Note: No additional products or countries allowed.

3 @ 1 mark

(b)(i) • Lower/S Sindh/Lakhra/Jhimpir/Sonda/Thar/Thar desert; 2

• N/NW Balochistan/Quetta/Sor/Mach/Degari/Khost/
Shahrig/Harnal/Duki/Chamalang;
• Salt Range/Dandot Pidh/Potwar plateau;
• Makerwal.
2 @ 1 mark

(b)(ii) A Bar accurately drawn on Fig. 4 3

B 2005

C Decreased

Note: Width within demarcations and height must touch the 3m line.
3 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2017
 Unit 10 Page 471 Trade

Question Answer Marks

(b)(iii) • Existing coalfields becoming exhausted/existing coal measures 4

becoming harder to access (therefore increasing cost of extraction);
• High cost of extraction/exploration/equipment/ technology (leads to
indebtedness);
• Lack of government funding (which a developing country with high
population growth cannot afford);
• Lack of/poor transport links to/from coal producing areas/potential
coal producing areas (which discourages further investment);
• Lack of skilled/highly trained labour (therefore requiring expensive
foreign expertise);
• Insurgency/lack of security (which discourages foreign mining
companies from operating/investing);
• Decreased demand for fossil fuels/change to cleaner
fuels/renewables (due to world agreements/targets);
• Coal from Pakistan is low grade (so has to be imported from other
countries);
• Domestically replacing coal with gas (as Pakistan has many gas
fields, e.g. at Sui/one of largest in world);
• Change from coal to oil/diesel for trains (due to partition).
ETC.

Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development (in parentheses).

Note: Max 2 marks if no development.

2 @ 2 marks

(c)(i) The difference between the value of goods imported and exported by a 1
country/the value of imports subtracted from exports/the value of exports
minus imports.
1 @ 1 mark

(c)(ii) • Value of goods imported is more than the value of goods exported; 3
• Uncompetitive quality/low quality of exports;
• Unable to fulfil domestic needs of population;
• Import tariffs/quotas in other countries;
• Dependency on import of capital goods/machinery/ oil/high value
added goods;
• Dependency on importing/exporting agricultural
products/food/named examples;
• Depreciating own currency/rupee against dollar;
• Trade embargoes imposed by other countries.
3 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2017
 Unit 10 Page 472 Trade

Question Answer Marks

(c)(iii) • Foreign debt; 2

• Dependence on foreign aid;
• Need to use country’s cash reserves/assets/loss of foreign
exchange;
• Development projects cancelled/delayed;
• Rise in taxation;
• Strategies to increase exports/high value exports/ Government
encourages local industry to export;
• Country’s currency depreciates, so imports become expensive.
2 @ 1 mark

(d) Levels marking 6

Level 1 (1–2 marks)

Simple point addressing any view (1).
Simple points addressing any views (2).

Level 2 (3–4 marks)

Developed point(s) explaining one view (3).
Developed point(s) explaining different points of view (4).
No evaluation.

Note: Max 3 for explanations for and against one view only.

Level 3 (5–6 marks)

Developed points explaining different points of view. Evaluation giving clear
support to preferred view or a named example (5).
Developed points explaining different points of view. Evaluation giving clear
support to preferred view and a named example (6).

Content Guide:

Answers are likely to refer to:

Great improvement
• Creates many employment opportunities
• Examples of employment opportunities
• Better paid jobs in tertiary sector
• Improved working conditions

Small improvement/no improvement

• Creates relatively few employment opportunities
• Reasons why
• Lack of education/skills
• Cost of computers
• Less demand from developed countries
• Poor electricity infrastructure/load shedding
• Can be long working hours
ETC.

© UCLES 2017
 Unit 10 Page 473 Trade

5 (c) (i) Name two of Pakistan’s main exports.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ....................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) Read the following article:

Pakistan produces many goods that could be exported in greater quantities. For a
variety of reasons the amount of exports remains low: in 2013 the value of exports
was only 13% of GDP.

Explain why it is difficult for Pakistan to sell more of its goods to other countries.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]

© UCLES 2016 2059/02/O/N/16 [Turn over

 Unit 10 Page 474 Trade

(d) Chemical fertilisers to help increase agricultural production are one of Pakistan’s main
imports. These imports are expensive. Read the following two views:

A B

Pakistan should manufacture Pakistan should rely less on

more of its own chemical chemical fertilisers and reduce
fertilisers to reduce the need the need for importing them by
for importing them. using natural alternatives.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and explain why it
is important to reduce imports of chemical fertilisers.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[6]

[TOTAL: 12]

© UCLES 2016 2059/02/O/N/16

 Unit 10 Page 475 Trade

5 (c) (i) Name two of Pakistan’s main exports. [2]

Linen / textiles / clothing / men’s suits / bed linen

Raw cotton / cotton yarn / cotton products
Carpets / tents /rugs
Rice
Refined petroleum / oil
Cement
Leather / leather products / named leather product e.g. shoes
Sports goods
Surgical instruments
Chemicals

(ii) Read the following article:

Pakistan produces many goods that could be exported in greater quantities. For a
variety of reasons the amount of exports remains low: in 2013 the value of exports was
only 13% of GDP.

Explain why it is difficult for Pakistan to sell more of its goods to other countries.
[4]

Challenging to compete with foreign / larger companies / producers (accept an example,

e.g. Egypt – textiles)
Quality of items (lack of access to / high cost of raw materials / machinery)
Child labour causes barriers to trade (e.g. EU)
Limited management expertise in the export industry
Other countries have trade barriers / tariffs / quotas / restrictions (to protect their own
industries / markets)

Pakistan government may have trade barriers with other countries (e.g. China – on
cheap imported goods)

Maximum of 2 + 2 (mark + development mark)

Relations with some other countries restricts trade

(d) Chemical fertilisers to help increase agricultural production are one of Pakistan’s main
imports. These imports are expensive. Read the following two views:

A B
Pakistan should rely less on
Pakistan should manufacture more chemical fertilisers and reduce the
of its own chemical fertilisers to need for importing them by using
reduce the need for importing them. natural alternatives.

© UCLES 2016
Unit 10 Page 476 Trade

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and
explain why it is important to reduce imports of chemical fertilisers. [6]

L3 5–6 6 – Developed points addressing both views and the importance of

marks reducing imports of chemical fertilisers. Evaluation gives clear
support to one view

5 – Developed points addressing both views and the importance of

reducing imports of chemical fertilisers. No evaluation

L2 3–4 4 – Two developed point(s) addressing any view

marks
3 – Developed point addressing any view

L1 1–2 2 – Two simple point(s) addressing any view

marks
1 – Simple point addressing one view

0 – No valid response

Indicative content (development of points in parentheses)

Chemical fertilisers
Modern factories (e.g. Enven-Engro in Daharki, Sindh) are energy efficient / environmentally
compliant
Cow dung is in insufficient amounts / used as a fuel in rural areas
Pakistan has large supplies of natural gas (the main raw material for fertiliser) (at Sui)

Natural alternatives
Fertiliser factories use large amounts of fuel (especially natural gas)
Ample source of manure from large livestock sector
Ample source of compost from agricultural waste
Alternative methods of improving soil quality are possible (crop rotation / nitrogen-fixing
plants / beans / legumes / avoiding overcropping / multi-cropping)

Importance

top 5 imports / 2% imports)

Chemical fertilisers cause water pollution (agricultural runoff containing chemicals goes into
streams / rivers / causes eutrophication)
The cost of imports (trade / balance of payments deficit / imports>exports) (fertilisers one of

© UCLES 2016
 Unit 10 Page 479 Trade

6 (b) Study Fig. 3 (Insert) which gives information about the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of
Pakistan for 2014 by sector.

(i) State what might be in categories A and B in Fig. 3.

A .....................................................................................................................................

B .................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) For one sector in Fig. 3 explain how its contribution to GDP could be increased.

Sector ................................................................................................................................

Explanation .......................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

Fig. 3 for Question 7

Key:

Sector Category

Primary crops
A
80% 20%
forestry
fishing
mining
manufacturing
Secondary
other industry

Tertiary B

60% 40%

© UCLES 2016 2059/02/M/J/16 [Turn over

 Unit 10 Page 480 Trade

6 (b) Study Fig. 3 (Insert) which gives information about the Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
of Pakistan for 2014 by sector.

(i) State what might be in categories A and B in Fig. 3. [2]

A: Livestock/named livestock
B: Services /named service/named employment in service industry

(ii) For one sector in Fig. 3 explain how its contribution to GDP could be increased. [2]

Primary
Improve irrigation to increase area under crops
Develop further modern methods of agriculture e.g.
mechanisation/fertilisers/pesticides/HYVs
Land reforms/consolidation
Government schemes e.g. plant protection programmes / credit/loans to buy farm
machinery
More agricultural training college to increase skills
[Foreign]Investment in livestock facilities/husbandry
[Foreign] investment in exploration/extraction of natural resources
Afforestation projects
Modernisation of fishing fleet

Secondary
Expand Industrial Estates/Special Industrial Zones
Government organisations to promote small scale/cottage industries / loans to small
industry owners / technical service/development centres
Attract foreign/private investment for business start-ups
Promote training courses in business/technology
Introduce hi-tech/modern machinery
Higher quality control of finished goods

Tertiary
Improve security to attract tourists
Develop telecommunication network
More publicity/marketing
Government organisations to promote tourism/call centres
Improved IT/business skills training
Setting up schools / colleges / education/training centres / hospitals

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Unit 10 Page 481 Trade

7 (a) Study Fig. 7, which gives information for the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Pakistan in
1992 and 2012.

1992 2012
0% 0%
agriculture

80% 20% 80% 20% manufacturing

industry

other industry

60% 40% 60% 40% services

Fig. 7

(i) What is meant by the term Gross Domestic Product (GDP)?

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) A. What percentage of GDP came from services in 2012?

...........................................................................................................................................

B. What might be included in the category ‘other industry’?

...........................................................................................................................................

C. State whether the share of GDP from the following has increased, decreased, or
stayed the same in the period from 1992 to 2012:

Agriculture .................................................................................................................

Manufacturing industry ..........................................................................................[3]

© UCLES 2015 2059/02/O/N/15

 Unit 10 Page 482 Trade

(b) Study Fig. 8, which shows the value of exports and imports in Pakistan in 2011.

Category Exports (US$ million) Imports (US$ million)

Animals and animal products 560 –
Vegetable products 3940 1460
Edible fats and oils – 2590
Prepared foodstuffs 560 540
Mineral products 690 6030
Chemicals, incl. fertilisers 370 5050
Leather 680 –
Textiles and textile products 13 490 2870
Metals 960 2290
Machinery and instruments 640 5130
Vehicles and transport – 2190
Other 1460 3490
TOTAL 23 350 31 640

Fig. 8

(i) Name a textile product exported by Pakistan.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) How much greater is the total value of all imports than the total value of all exports?

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(iii) Use Fig. 8 to describe three differences between goods Pakistan exports and imports.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

© UCLES 2015 2059/02/O/N/15 [Turn over

 Unit 10 Page 483 Trade

(iv) Explain two problems for Pakistan’s economy caused by the differences you have
described in your answer to part (iii).

Problem .............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

Problem .............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]

(c) (i) State one main trading partner with Pakistan for each of exports and imports.

Exports ..............................................................................................................................

Imports ..........................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) Describe a method of transport that could be used for trade with one of the countries
stated in your answer to part (i). Suggest the benefits of using this method of transport.

Method ..............................................................................................................................

Benefits .............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]

© UCLES 2015 2059/02/O/N/15

 Unit 10 Page 484 Trade

(d) ‘There are more factors that hinder trade between Pakistan and other countries than factors
that help trade.’

To what extent do you agree with this view? Give reasons and use examples you have studied
to support your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[6]

[Total: 25]

© UCLES 2015 2059/02/O/N/15 [Turn over

 Unit 10 Page 485 Trade

7 (a) Study Fig. 7, which gives information for the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of
Pakistan in 1992 and 2012 .

(i) What is meant by the term Gross Domestic Product (GDP)? [1]
Annual sum/total value of all output/goods and services produced within a country
Income generated by a country’s own workers and resources

(ii) A. What percentage of GDP came from services in 2012?

B. What might be included in the category ‘other industry’?
C. State whether the share of GDP from the following has increased, decreased,
or stayed the same in the period from 1992 to 2012: Agriculture Manufacturing
industry [3]
A. 53–54%1 mark
B. Mining/construction/power/fishing/forestry 1 mark Not list rule
C. Agriculture decreased: manufacturing increased Both to be correct for 1 mark

© Cambridge International Examinations 2015

Unit 10 Page 486 Trade

(b) Study Fig. 8, which shows the value of exports and imports in Pakistan in 2011.

(i) Name a textile product exported by Pakistan. [1]

Garments/bed linen/cotton cloth/cotton yarn/carpets/rugs/suits/towels/fabrics Use list rule

(ii) How much greater is the total value of all imports than the total value of all
exports? [1]
8290 US$

(iii) Use Fig. 8 to describe three differences between goods Pakistan exports and
imports. [3]
Animal products/leather exported but not imported
Edible fats and oils/vehicles and transport imported but not exported
Vegetable products/textiles and textile products (much) more exported than imported
Metals more imported than exported
Mineral products/ chemicals /machinery and instruments much more imported than
exported
Value of imported goods more balanced/evenly spread than exported goods
Mainly exports primary goods but mainly imports manufactured goods
High value/low value goods = 0
Only accept complete comparisons of exports with imports (and like with like)

(iv) Explain two problems for Pakistan’s economy caused by the differences you have
described in your answer to part (iii). [4]
Narrow export base/overdependence on a few export items (so if low production e.g.
poor harvests, no surplus/profit)
Main export/import items subject to world price fluctuations/vagaries of commodity
market (e.g. oil, cotton, rice) (so some years there may not be a profit/economy goes into
debt/has not surplus)
Exports are largely low value-added products which do not earn a great deal/great deal
of foreign exchange [from small and cottage industries] (so other countries benefit more
when add value)
Exports are items subject to high competition in the world market (so may not find a
market)
Lack of quality control of export items (so may lose orders)
Production of main agricultural export items is subject to variations in weather and
effects of pests (e.g. poor cotton crop due to unfavourable weather/virus/lack of
rainfall/frost etc.)
Imports are mainly high value-added products and therefore expensive (such as
manufactured goods/capital goods/luxury goods)
Food (e.g. wheat) has to be imported that could be grown in Pakistan
Importing consumer good which harms Pakistan industry (named consumer
goods/industry)
Value of imports are greater than the value of exports (causing negative balance of
payments).
Award second mark per line for explanation (parentheses show examples)
Two problems explained @ 2 marks each

© Cambridge International Examinations 2015

Unit 10 Page 487 Trade

(c) (i) State one main trading partner with Pakistan for each of exports and imports. [2]
Exports: USA/UAE/Afghanistan/China/UK/Germany/EU
Imports: China/Saudi Arabia/UAE/Kuwait/USA/Japan/EU
2 × 1 mark

(ii) Describe a method of transport that could be used for trade with one of the
countries stated in your answer to part (i). Suggest the benefits of using this
method of transport. [4]

• Ship/by sea (1), shorter link to European markets, freight costs low/cheap, modern
port facilities especially for containers/bulk cargo/oil, Middle East readily accessible,
ports are warm water and open all year

• Aeroplane/by air (1), effective for low volume/lightweight goods, very quick,
useful for perishable/high value goods, e.g. fruits and vegetables Fragile/delicate
goods = 0

• Truck/lorry/by road (1), link to China/Iran/Afghanistan/India, useful for smaller

consignments, e.g. electronics/medicinal herbs/Chinese fabrics/decorative
items/toys/cotton textiles/dried fruits/hosiery, useful for perishable/high value goods

• Train/by rail (1), link to Iran, cheaper for long distance, useful for bulky/heavy goods,
e.g. food grains/cotton/oil/fertiliser/heavy machinery, effective for low value goods

1 mark for method of transport

3 marks for any three benefits listed
Marks are for transporting/handling goods
Easy/easier, references to safety = 0

(d) ‘There are more factors that hinder trade between Pakistan and other countries than
factors that help trade.’

To what extent do you agree with this view? Give reasons and use examples you have
studied to support your answer. [6]

Levels marked
Level 3 (5–6 marks) Developed points explaining both views (hinder and help). Evaluation
giving clear support to one view (5) and with at least one reference to a piece of place-
specific detail or an example (6).

Level 2 (3–4 marks) Developed point(s) explaining one view (3), explaining both views (4).
No evaluation

Level 1 (1–2 marks) Simple point addressing one view (1), simple points addressing both
views (2)

© Cambridge International Examinations 2015

Unit 10 Page 488 Trade

Indicative content (development of points/place-specific detail/examples in parentheses)

Hinder
Lack of security/internal civil and tribal unrest/terrorism
Political instability/inconsistent government policies
Debt/imbalance of trade (leads to need for loans/foreign economic assistance and possible
trade embargo if default)
International tension (e.g. with India, historically since partition 1947 and periodically over
Kashmir so no significant trade with India has developed).
Mountainous terrain to NW. (Passes to Afghanistan e.g. Khyber, Kurram, and Khojak subject
to border tensions, landslides, and avalanches.)
Trade barriers/embargoes from industrialised countries (which express concerns about child
labour/health and safety/hygiene/environmental standards such as excessive use of
pesticides on cotton).
Membership of regional organisations (e.g. ECO/SAARC/WTO in 2004) (involves removing
import tariffs causing inflow of cheap imports)
Devaluing Pakistan rupee (makes imports, which are more than exports, more expensive)

Help
Improvements to transport infrastructure, (e.g. Karakoram Highway/new road Quetta to
Chaman, Afghanistan/upgrade to RCD Highway to open a route to Iran and Turkey)
Development of ports (particularly Karachi/Bin Qasim port for containers and bulk cargo/
Gwadar port/Makran Coast)
Membership of regional organisations (e.g. ECO/SAARC/WTO in 2004) (in which member
countries benefit from access to major world markets)
Tax incentives for exporters
Export Promotion Bureau/Trade Development Authority of Pakistan/Export Processing Zones
Devaluing Pakistan rupee (makes exports cheaper)

[Total: 25]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2015

Unit 11 Page 489 Industries

ABSTRACT
The unit discusses the working of manufacturing and
processing industries and evaluate the problems
associated with tourism industry
BLAST FROM THE PAST

Year Series

2023 May June

2021
2019
INDUSTRIES 2018
Industrial Development 2016

2023 Oct Nov

2022
2019
2017
2015
 Unit 11 Page 490 Industries

Topic Focus point What key knowledge you need to know R A G

Industrial Understanding You should:

development common terms  understand the meaning of the terms raw materials,
refined, processed, manufactured and value-added

 understand the meaning of the terms infrastructure and

services

 be able to define the terms primary industry, secondary

industry, and tertiary industry.

Secondary and Processing and manufacturing industries to be studied: cement,

tertiary cotton (from ginning to clothing), sugar refining, crafts, fertiliser,
industries iron and steel, brick, oil refining, sports goods, surgical
instruments, tourism.
You should be able to:
 understand the definitions used in Pakistan to distinguish
between large-scale industry, small-scale industry and
cottage industry

 state the main products of the listed industries and whether

they are destined for the domestic market and/or for the
export market

 state the main locations of the listed industries and explain

the factors influencing location and development – capital,
site, sources of raw materials, power, water, labour,
communications, government policy and other means

 understand the differences between the formal sector and

informal sector of industry
 Unit 11 Page 491 Industries

Topic Focus point What key knowledge you need to know R A G

Industrial Secondary and  understand the range of services provided by the

development tertiary informal sector, and their advantages and
industries disadvantages to the development of Pakistan

 understand the importance of both the formal and

informal sectors, and evaluate the contributions of both
sectors to the development of the listed industries

 understand sources of capital and labour

 state and explain how the governing authorities promote

industrial growth

 name examples of export processing zones and other

industrial estates, explain the reasons for their
development and describe their characteristics

 assess the feasibility of using global communications to

enhance employment opportunities in service industries,
e.g. call centres

 state and describe briefly, with an example of each,

some of the natural and cultural attractions of Pakistan
that are, or could be made available to tourists

 assess the feasibility of developing tourism as a means

of increasing employment, development, gross national
product (GNP) and gross domestic product (GDP).
 Unit 11 Page 492 Industries

Fig. 5.2 for Question 1

© UCLES 2023 2059/02/INSERT/O/N/23

 Unit 11 Page 493 Industries

1 (a) (i) Define ‘tertiary industry’.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State two job types found in the formal sector and the informal sector of the tourism
industry.

formal sector informal sector

1 1

2 2

[4]

(iii) Describe two disadvantages of working in the informal sector.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) Study Fig. 5.1, a divided bar graph showing the international tourism revenue for different
world regions in 2017 as a percentage of the world total.

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
share of international tourism revenue (%)
Key
Americas Africa Middle East Asia-Pacific Europe

Fig. 5.1

Using Fig. 5.1 only:

– which region had the highest percentage of the world total?

.................................................................

– which region accounted for 3% of the world total?

.................................................................

– what percentage of the world total was accounted for by the Asia‑Pacific region?

.........................................%
[3]
© UCLES 2023 2059/02/O/N/23 [Turn over
Unit 11 Page 494 Industries

(c) (i) Study Fig. 5.2 (Insert), a photograph showing a tourist attraction in Pakistan.

Describe two attractions to tourists of the area shown.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Name and describe three cultural attractions of Pakistan.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[3]

(iii) Explain the importance of television and the internet to Pakistan’s tourist industry. You
should develop your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]
Unit 11 Page 495 Industries

(d) To what extent is developing new transport systems the most effective way to further develop
the tourist industry in Pakistan? Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 25]
 Unit 11 Page 496 Industries

Question Answer Marks

1(a)(i) Define ‘tertiary industry’. 1

service industry / provides (a) service(s)

1 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) State two job types found in the formal sector and the informal sector of 4
the tourism industry.

Formal sector: taxi driver/bus driver/driver/pilot/hotel

worker/waitress/waiter/tour guide/security guard, etc.

Informal sector: street vendor/hawker/food vendor/shoe shiner/car

cleaner/handicrafts seller/street performer, etc.

Note: Some jobs may occur in both sectors, credit each job once only

4 @ 1 mark

(a)(iii) Describe two disadvantages of working in the informal sector. 2

• low pay/no regular income/unreliable income/less income

• no contract/no job security/can be dismissed at any time
• lack of (safety) regulations/poor working conditions
• long hours/irregular hours/antisocial hours
• could get moved on/illegal
• limited worker’s rights/no sick pay/holiday pay/pension benefit/
unregistered
• sometimes includes child labour/loss of education
2 @ 1 mark
 Unit 11 Page 497 Industries

Question Answer Marks

(b) Study Fig. 5.1., a divided bar graph showing the international tourism 3
revenue for different world regions in 2017 as a percentage of the world
total.

Using Fig 5.1. only:

• which region had the highest percentage of the world total?
• which region accounted for 3% of the world total?
• what percentage of the world total was accounted for by the Asia-
Pacific region?

• Europe
• Africa
• 30% (tolerance accept 28–32%)
3 @ 1 mark

(c)(i) Study Fig. 5.2. (Insert), a photograph showing a tourist attraction in 2

Pakistan.

Describe two attractions to tourists of the area shown.

• waterfalls/river/stream to look at/listen to/to sit in/to paddle

• picnic benches/tables areas to sit/to eat and drink/to chat
• café/shop to buy food/drink/souvenirs
• steep slopes/hill/mountain/valley to hike/walk
• trees/woodland/forest/vegetation to watch birds/to enjoy
• picturesque scenery/peaceful setting/scenic beauty to photograph/to relax
• description may be detail of the named attraction(s)
2 @ 1 mark
 Unit 11 Page 498 Industries

Question Answer Marks

(c)(ii) Name and describe three cultural attractions of Pakistan. 3

• museums e.g. History/Lok Virsa Islamabad

• archaeological sites e.g. ruins/Mohenjo-daro, Harappa, and Taxila
• historic sites e.g. fort/gardens/monument/Fort of Baltit, Shahi Qila Lahore,
Mazar-e-Quaid (Mausoleum of Mohammad Ali Jinnah), Shalimar
Gardens Lahore
• religious sites/festivals e.g. Eid, mosque/mashjid e.g. Faisal Mosque,
Badshadi Mosque
• modern buildings/structures e.g. palace/parliament/Minar-e-Pakistan
Lahore
• stadia/sports events e.g. cricket/polo/Shandur Polo Festival/cricket
stadiums e.g. Gaddafi stadium Lahore
• salt mines e.g. in Punjab/Khewra (souvenirs e.g. lamps)
• traditional crafts/craft bazaars e.g. in Peshawar/Multan
• traditional foods/food markets/restaurants e.g. Anarkali in Lahore
• communities e.g. Kalasha/Ismaili peoples, traditional
dress/customs/dancing/festivals e.g.in Chitral/Hunza Valley

Note: Candidates should state examples with some detail to describe them
e.g. where or what they are.

Note: A list of generic attraction types e.g. museum, historic site, salt mine =
1 mark. A list of named attractions = 0 marks.

3 @ 1 mark
 Unit 11 Page 499 Industries

Question Answer Marks

(c)(iii) Explain the importance of television and the internet to Pakistan’s 4

tourist industry. You should develop your answer.

• helps Pakistan on a global scale; can compete with other countries in the
international market
• TV/internet provides a way for companies/government to run promotion
campaigns/advertise images and information about a place; can increase
revenue and GDP from tourism
• improves image of Pakistan abroad; people will see/find out about its safe
environment
• individuals can use internet/social media/apps to produce content about
attractions/to reach a wide audience; people will want to visit the
place/creates demand/increases potential tourist numbers
• internet can provide online tools for tourists e.g. Google Maps/apps/social
media; these help in planning your visit/ booking hotels/finding
attractions/reading reviews
• can advertise jobs; provides/attracts a wider variety of potential
employees
• internet/social media advertising is cheaper than traditional methods;
which saves tourism companies money/ they could afford more
advertising/ reach a wider audience/reduces need for travel agent offices
• tourists want/expect to have TVs and mobile internet/wi-fi in their hotel
rooms/need internet to communicate; otherwise they won’t visit/will go
elsewhere

Note: 1 mark for simple point and a further mark for the development of the
point. 1 mark for second simple point and a further mark for development of
the second point.

Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.

2 @ 2 marks
 Unit 11 Page 500 Industries

Question Answer Marks

(d) To what extent is developing new transport systems the most effective 6
way to further develop the tourist industry in Pakistan?

Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have
studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.

Levels marking

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view only (3)
Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant
example (4)

Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant
example (5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant
example (6)

Content guide

Developing new transport systems is the most effective way because:

• if all parts of Pakistan are accessible by different modes of transport, then
more people are likely to visit Pakistan
• domestic tourists will also be able to visit parts of Pakistan that they may
not have been able to access previously
• if motorways are developed/increased then hotels and tourist related
services can be developed along them
• providing an integrated transport system will encourage people to travel
further afield within Pakistan
• more/new modern international airports in all major cities of Pakistan will
encourage international tourists to all parts of the country

Other ways may be more effective because:

• improving other infrastructure will enable more tourists and thereby the
tourist industry e.g. regular and reliable electricity supply/water/ sanitation
etc.
• more new/modern hotels/restaurants/cafes/shops etc. in all parts of
Pakistan would help to further develop the tourist sector
• training employees in the tourist/service sectors will ensure that they
meet international standards
• marketing is more important as many people may be unaware of the
natural and/or human attractions of Pakistan
 Unit 11 Page 501 Industries

Fig. 4.2 for Question 2

© UCLES 2023 2059/02/INSERT/M/J/23

 Unit 11 Page 502 Industries

2 (a) (i) Study Fig. 4.1, a diagram showing the intended destination for the main products of
some of Pakistan’s major industries.

type of product destination

industry

needles/
export
crafts scalpels/
market
scissors

sports carpets/ domestic

goods rugs market

iron and footballs/ domestic

steel cricket bats market

metal
domestic
surgical rolls/bars/
and export
instruments tubes/wires/
market
sheets

Fig. 4.1

Complete Fig. 4.1 by using arrows to match the type of industry with the correct product
and its main destination. An example has been done for you. [3]

(ii) State one city where each of the following industries takes place in Pakistan.

sports goods ...........................................................

iron and steel ..........................................................

surgical instruments ...............................................

[3]

(iii) To which sector do the types of industry named in (a)(i) belong? Circle the correct
answer.

primary secondary tertiary [1]

© UCLES 2023 2059/02/M/J/23 [Turn over

 Unit 11 Page 503 Industries

(b) (i) Study Fig. 4.2 (Insert), a photograph taken inside a steel mill in Pakistan.

Using Fig. 4.2 only, describe three features of the steel mill shown.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[3]

(ii) Study Fig. 4.3, a line graph showing changes in the percentage share of total employment
by employment sector in Pakistan between 2012 and 2020.

50

40

30
share of total
employment
(%)
20

10

0
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
year
Key
primary sector
secondary sector
tertiary sector

Fig. 4.3

Complete Fig. 4.3 by plotting the percentage share employed in the secondary sector in
2018 and the tertiary sector in 2020 using the information below.

sector year percentage (%)

secondary 2018 25
tertiary 2020 38
[2]
© UCLES 2023 2059/02/M/J/23
 Unit 11 Page 504 Industries

(iii) Suggest reasons for the changes in the percentage share of total employment for each
employment sector shown in Fig. 4.3.

primary ..............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

secondary ..........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

tertiary ...............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[3]

(c) Explain two factors influencing the location of the iron and steel industry in Pakistan. You
should develop your answer.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[4]

© UCLES 2023 2059/02/M/J/23 [Turn over

 Unit 11 Page 505 Industries

(d) The informal sector plays an important role within many of Pakistan’s major industries.

To what extent does informal labour benefit the economic development of Pakistan? Give
reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should
consider different points of view in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 25]

© UCLES 2023 2059/02/M/J/23

 Unit 11 Page 506 Industries

Question Answer Marks

2(a)(i) Study Fig. 4.1, a diagram showing the intended destination for the 3
main products of some of Pakistan’s major industries.

Complete Fig. 4.1 by using arrows to match the type of industry with
the correct product and its main destination. An example has been
done for you.

type of industry product destination

sports goods footballs/cricket bats export

market

iron and steel metal rolls/bars/tubes/ domestic

wires/sheets market

surgical needles/scalpels scissors domestic and

instruments export market

3 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) State one city where each of the following industries takes place in 3
Pakistan.

 sports goods – Sialkot

 iron and steel – Faisalabad / Gujranwala / Islamabad / Jacobabad /

Karachi / Lahore / Quetta / Peshawar / Rawalpindi / Taxila

 surgical instruments – Sialkot/Lahore

3 @ 1 mark

(a)(iii) To which sector do the types of industry named in (a)(i) belong? Circle 1
the correct answer.

secondary
1 @ 1 mark

May/June 2023
 Unit 11 Page 507 Industries

Question Answer Marks

(b)(i) Study Fig. 4.2 (Insert), a photograph taken inside a steel mill in 3
Pakistan.

Using Fig 4.2 only, describe three features of the steel mill shown.

 large/wide building/factory
 high ceiling
 machinery/mechanised/high tech
 rollers
 metal/steel plate/steel bar(s)/steel sheet/rolled steel
 staircases/walkways/bridge
 barriers/railings
 windows
 lights/spotlights/floodlights/strip lights/electricity/power supply
 offices/control room (to the side)
 two/three storeys/floors/levels
 container(s)/storage box
3 @ 1 mark

b)(ii) Study Fig. 4.3, a line graph showing changes in the percentage share 2
of total employment by employment sector in Pakistan between 2012
and 2020.

Complete Fig. 4.3 by plotting the percentage share employed in the

secondary sector in 2018 and the tertiary sector in 2020 using the
information below.

accurate completion of secondary line: 2018 – 25%

accurate completion of tertiary line: 2020 – 38%

2 @ 1 mark
 Unit 11 Page 508 Industries

Question Answer Marks

(b)(iii) Suggest reasons for the changes in the percentage share of total 3
employment for each employment sector shown in Fig. 4.3.

 (primary decline)
more mechanised/mechanisation/manual work reduced
loss of agricultural land
importing more food/raw materials
rural to urban migration
low wages

 (secondary remains steady)

lack of investment in industries
manufactured goods are imported
some new factories/mills employ few people due to machines

 (secondary slight increase)

foreign/multi-national investment
some new manufacturing industries need workers
more educated/skilled/trained/literate population
people attracted to jobs by higher wages/better conditions

 (tertiary industry increased)

increased high technology/ICT/research and development
increased call centre/banking/insurance jobs
more international/domestic tourism
increasing demand/growing population for more services/shops /
entertainments/leisure
more disposable income to spend on services
more educated/skilled/trained/literate population
people attracted to jobs by higher wages/better conditions

Note: 1 mark per section. No credit for the same idea used in more than
one sector.

3 @ 1 mark
 Unit 11 Page 509 Industries

Question Answer Marks

(c) Explain two factors influencing the location of the iron and steel 4
industry in Pakistan. You should develop your answer.

 close to raw materials (e.g. iron ore/manganese); as raw materials are

expensive/bulky to transport (dev)
 in areas where raw materials are accessible by mining; complex
extraction requires more money/highly skilled workforce/expensive
machinery (dev)
 site of steel mill must be flat land; this reduces construction costs/level
rollers required for steel sheet production (dev)
 site of steel mill must have area of large/cheap land available; for future
expansion/for storage (dev)
 mine/mill needs a reliable/available power supply; such as a power
station/named example e.g. Karachi nuclear plant/connected to national
grid/load shedding will slow production (dev)
 needs a close water supply/river/sea; to be used as a coolant (dev)
 good transport links/routes are required nearby; such as roads/railways
for ease/speed of transporting raw materials/finished products (dev)
 coastal location for steel mills; to allow access to port/import of raw
materials (dev)
 near to towns/cities/large population/densely populated areas; for
abundant/skilled/unskilled labour/where workers can commute (dev)
 steel mill away from housing/residential area; due to noise/air pollution
(dev)
 near to manufacturing industries/named example e.g. car assembly
plants/steel girders; for sales/markets for goods/because they use the
iron/steel to make their finished product (dev)

Note: 1 mark for simple point and a further mark for the development of the
point. 1 mark for second simple point and a further mark for development of
the second point.

Note: Max. 2 marks if no development. 2 @ 2 marks

 Unit 11 Page 510 Industries

Question Answer Marks

(d) The informal sector plays an important role within many of Pakistan’s 6
major industries.

To what extent does informal labour benefit the economic

development of Pakistan? Give reasons to support your judgement
and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different
points of view in your answer.

Levels marking

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view only (3)
Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant
example (4)

Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant
example (5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant
example (6)

Content Guide

Informal labour benefits economic development because:

 informal labour plays an important role in many industries e.g. textile
industry/sports goods etc. allowing export products to be manufactured
 informal sector employs large numbers of people providing them
income, to spend on other goods and services
 allows people with little education/skills to gain income so can reduce
number of homeless/extreme poverty
 skills in informal work are handed down through generations so
government have less need to invest in education
 informal industry makes use of local raw materials/waste products from
other industries, therefore reduces cost of/need for imports
 tourists spend money on informally made traditional craft products
contributing to GDP
 informal jobs can fit work around other commitments providing extra
income for people, this income can be spent in other sectors

Informal labour may not benefit economic development because:

 if formal instead of informal labour was used there would be less
unemployment or under-employment/more taxes paid to government so
more investment could take place/examples of how taxes could be used
to further develop the country
 informal labour is better for industries because it reduces costs in
paying taxes/can pay lower wages but this negatively affects the
economy overall
 Unit 11 Page 511 Industries

Question Answer Marks

(d)  do not have to maintain a contract/regular hours, informal labour is only

used temporarily to fill gaps to meet demand so the contribution to the
economy fluctuates
 it may limit international trade – non-standardised goods/poor working
conditions/some areas of the informal sector use child labour
 formal labour could increase international trade/meet international
standards to increase value of goods/exports

Examples could include named industries e.g. brick kiln/surgical

instruments, craft products e.g. embroidery/shoes etc.
3 @ 1 mark
 Fig. 3.1 for Question 3

Key

© UCLES 2022
main roads
Unit 11

ri
minor roads
Lya
River
railway
railway station
Gul Plaza ir
Mal
River international airport
Atrium Mall retail
port / cruise terminal
oil terminal
museum
river / sea
beach
parks and open space
Page 512

industrial

2059/02/INSERT/O/N/22
Clifton Dolmen Mall commercial
Beach
residential
X N
0 2
Arabian Sea km
Industries

[Turn over
 Unit 11 Page 513 Industries

Fig. 3.2 for Question 3

The boundaries and names shown, the designations used and the presentation of material on any maps contained in this question paper/insert do not imply
official endorsement or acceptance by Cambridge Assessment International Education concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area or any of its
authorities, or of the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.

Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of Cambridge Assessment. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of Cambridge
Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is a department of the University of Cambridge.

© UCLES 2022 2059/02/INSERT/O/N/22

 Unit 11 Page 514 Industries

3 (a) (i) What is meant by the term ‘tertiary occupation’?

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Name two examples of a tertiary occupation.

1 ....................................................

2 ....................................................
[2]

(iii) State two advantages and two disadvantages of the informal sector to the tourist
industry in Pakistan.

advantages disadvantages
1 1

2 2

[4]

(b) (i) Study Fig. 3.1 (Insert), a map showing part of the urban area of Karachi.

Using evidence from Fig. 3.1 only, suggest why X is a good location for a hotel.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

© UCLES 2022 2059/02/O/N/22 [Turn over

 Unit 11 Page 515 Industries

(ii) Study Fig. 3.2 (Insert), a photograph of an area near Karachi used by tourists.

Using Fig. 3.2 only, state two natural attractions of the area shown.

1 ....................................................

2 ....................................................
[2]

(iii) Suggest how tourists may use the area shown in Fig. 3.2.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(c) Explain two approaches used by governing authorities to promote industrial growth in
Pakistan. You should develop your answer.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[4]

© UCLES 2022 2059/02/O/N/22

 Unit 11 Page 516 Industries

(d) Read the following two views about ways industry could encourage further economic growth
in Pakistan:

A B

Pakistan could develop

Pakistan could develop
more large-scale
tourism further to
manufacturing industries
increase GDP.
to increase GDP.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider view A and view B in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 25]

© UCLES 2022 2059/02/O/N/22 [Turn over

 Unit 11 Page 517 Industries

Question Answer Marks

3(a)(i) What is meant by the term ‘tertiary occupation’? 1

A job providing a service/working in the service sector.

1 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) Name two examples of a tertiary occupation. 2

• tourism examples: waiter/tour guide, etc.

• retail examples: shop worker/cashier/sales person, etc.
• office work examples: computer operator/telephone operator, etc.
• transport work examples: train driver/pilot, etc.
• public sector examples: teacher/ civil servant, etc.
• health care work examples: nurse/doctor, etc.
2 @ 1 mark

(a)(iii) State two advantages and two disadvantages of the informal sector to 4
the tourist industry in Pakistan.

Advantages:
• self-employed
• can employ people temporarily/seasonal/zero-hour contracts
• aren’t required to pay taxes/sick pay/not legal or registered
• can pay low wages
• low skilled/manual work (so easy to find workers)
• work long hours/shifts/can choose own hours

Disadvantages:
• no contracts/workers can leave without notice/unreliable workers, e.g.
irregular hours
• possibility of high turnover of staff/workers may be difficult to manage
• may have to recruit/train people quite frequently
• workers may lack skills required/unqualified
• poor relations with customers/could put customers off
• unprofessional image created
• some areas of the informal sector use child labour
4 @ 1 mark

(b)(i) Study Fig. 3.1 (Insert), a map showing part of the urban area of 3
Karachi.

Using evidence from Fig. 3.1 only, suggest why X is a good location
for a hotel.

• proximity to rail/airport/port/cruise terminal for access/transport

• on/near main road for transport links to all major parts of the city
• close by to commercial area/mall for shopping/leisure
• (Clifton) beach/Arabian Sea nearby for relaxing/swimming/for sea view
• close to a large park for leisure
• in/surrounded by residential area/far from industrial areas for holiday
makers/tourists/for quiet
• near to commercial/industrial areas for people on business trips
3 @ 1 mark
 Unit 11 Page 518 Industries

Question Answer Marks

(b)(ii) Study Fig. 3.2 (Insert), a photograph of an area near Karachi used by 2
tourists.

Using Fig 3.2 only, state two natural attractions of the area shown.

• beach/sand/sandy
• wide/flat land/coastline
• sea/water/waves
• (steep) cliffs/rocky/rocks
• clear blue sky/sunshine
2 @ 1 mark

(b)(iii) Suggest how tourists may use the area shown in Fig. 3.2. 3

• relaxing/sunbathing/beach games/picnics
• photography/bird watching/scenic views
• swimming/watersports/surfing
• fishing/boating
• rock climbing/hang gliding/abseiling
• walking/hiking
• to cool down in summer/cooling breezes/visit cooler area/to get fresh air
3 @ 1 mark
 Unit 11 Page 519 Industries

Question Answer Marks

(c) Explain two approaches used by governing authorities to promote 4

industrial growth in Pakistan. You should develop your answer.

• Pakistan industrial development corporation (PIDC); to invest in (large

scale) industries, e.g. textiles/cement, these were transferred to private
sector once set up
• nationalisation of industries; stimulated industrial activity/particularly
such as iron and steel/power generation/to encourage linked industries
• privatisation of state-owned enterprises promoted; follows global
trend/creates opportunities for the private sector/allows
expansion/modernisation/improves productivity and profitability/reduces
the burden on government economic resources/achieve more rapid
industrialisation
• incentives/subsidies/loans offered to industries/or named examples;
stimulates investment in Pakistan
• tariffs on imported goods; encourages domestic production/people to
buy locally produced goods
• the China/Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC); encourages industrial
growth in both countries/China invests in industry/power/transport in
Pakistan/providing jobs
• industrial estates/Special Economic/Export Processing/Special
Industrial/ TDAP Zones established; relaxed planning permission/have
tax exemptions/reductions to encourage investors, e.g. no import duty
on machinery
• marketing of industries/industrial areas; e.g. TV/ brochures/internet/to
raise awareness of government support/locations available for new
industry/tourism
• policies to encourage development in regions/rural areas/outside of big
cities; to promote industry in less developed areas
• transport infrastructure/railways/ports built; imports/exports/transport of
goods are easier/tourism
• education and training/encouraging research and development; to
provide a skilled work force/to improve industrial standards/develop
better quality products

Note: 1 mark for simple point and a further mark for the development of the
point. 1 mark for second simple point and a further mark for development of
the second point.
Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.
2 @ 2 marks
 Unit 11 Page 520 Industries

Question Answer Marks

(d) Read the following two views about ways industry could encourage 6
further economic growth in Pakistan:

View A
Pakistan could develop more large-scale manufacturing industries to
increase GDP.

View B
Pakistan could develop tourism further to increase GDP.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your
answer and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider
view A and view B in your answer.

Levels marking

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view only (3)
Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant
example (4)

Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant
example (5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant
example (6)

Content guide

A: for developing manufacturing:

• will utilise Pakistan’s own raw materials
• provide a range of employment opportunities both skilled and unskilled
• provide goods for both domestic and international markets
• improve trade/balance of trade
• promotes standardisation of products
• manufactured products are high in value and will bring in more profit
than primary products

A: against developing manufacturing:

• international markets are competitive, e.g. goods from China available
at lower costs
• a high level of investment is required to develop new manufacturing
industries
• power supply needs to be reliable/manufacturing takes a lot of power
• requires skilled labour
• transport/communications infrastructure would need to be further
improved
 Unit 11 Page 521 Industries

Question Answer Marks

(d) B: for developing tourism:

• Pakistan has many natural and cultural attractions
• provides a wider range of job opportunities for local people
• improvements to transport and/or services for tourism will benefit local
people too
• improve relations/cultural links with other countries
• contributes to Pakistan’s global image
• high-end/adventure/mass tourism will bring in large amounts of revenue
• Pakistan Tourism Development Corporation (PTDC) have already done
work to promote tourism

B: against developing tourism:

• tourism tends to be seasonal/no money generated out of season
• transport/communications infrastructure would need to be further
improved to meet tourist needs
• accommodation for tourists would require further improvement
• international tourism may lead to dilution of traditional culture
 Unit 11 Page 522 Industries

4 (a) (i) Study Fig. 4.1, a pie chart showing the percentage share of Pakistan’s fertiliser production
by province-level area.

0% Key province-level area %

90 10 Punjab 55
Sindh 30
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 10
80 20 all other 5

70 30

60 40
50

Fig. 4.1

Complete Fig. 4.1 using the information in the key. [3]

(ii) Define ‘secondary industry’.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) (i) Name two raw materials needed to manufacture fertiliser.

1 ................................................................

2 ................................................................
[2]
(ii) Study Fig. 4.2 (Insert), a photograph of a fertiliser factory in Pakistan.
Describe two features of the factory shown.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

© UCLES 2021 2059/02/M/J/21 [Turn over

 Unit 11 Page 523 Industries

(iii) Describe the physical factors required for the location of a fertiliser factory.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(c) (i) State three ways in which the fertiliser industry is important to Pakistan.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

3 .........................................................................................................................................
[3]

(ii) Explain two negative impacts of using fertilisers and pesticides in Pakistan. You should
develop your answer.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[4]

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 Unit 11 Page 524 Industries

(d) Pakistan’s agricultural sector is becoming increasingly dependent on fertiliser. Read the
following two views about ways of meeting the demand for fertiliser.

A B

Additional research and use Increasing imports of fertiliser

of technology in Pakistan’s is the best way of providing
fertiliser industry is the best way more fertiliser for agricultural
of providing more fertiliser for use in Pakistan.
agricultural use.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider View A and View B in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 25]

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 Unit 11 Page 525 Industries

Fig. 4.2 for Question 1

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 Unit 11 Page 526 Industries

Question Answer Marks

4(a)(i) Study Fig. 4.1, pie chart showing the percentage share of Pakistan’s 3
fertiliser by province-level area.

Complete Fig. 4.1 using the information in the key.

• each correct division to create pie segment = 1 mark – max 2 marks;

• correct use of key = 1 mark.

Note: must be completed in the correct order as shown in the table – largest
to smallest, as indicated by the completed segment ‘other’
3 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) Define ‘secondary industry’. 1

Changes raw material into a finished product/uses raw materials to

manufacture products.
1 @ 1 mark

(b)(i) Name two raw materials needed to manufacture fertiliser. 2

• gypsum;
• hydrogen;
• natural gas;
• nitrogen;
• phosphate/phosphorous;
• potash rock;
• potassium;
• sulphur;
• water.
2 @ 1 mark

(b)(ii) Study Fig. 4.2 (Insert), a photograph of a fertiliser factory in Pakistan. 2

Describe two features of the factory shown.

• tall towers/chimneys/many towers;

• square/rectangular buildings;
• white/silver/grey/yellow/gold buildings;
• hardly any windows;
• cranes;
• large area of flat land/space/large factory;
• multi storey/double storey;
• pipes/pipelines;
Etc.

Note: features must be visible on the photograph

2 @ 1 mark

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 Unit 11 Page 527 Industries

Question Answer Marks

(b)(iii) Describe the physical factors required for the location of a fertiliser 4
factory.

• availability of flat land (to build on);

• large area of land/room to expand;
• away from environmentally sensitive areas (to limit environmental
impact);
• near to a water source;
• close to raw materials/raw materials available nearby;
• stable land/not prone to earthquakes;
• well drained land/not liable to flood;
Etc.

Note: Named raw materials do not gain additional mark.

4 @ 1 mark

(c)(i) State three ways in which the fertiliser industry is important to Pakistan. 3

• to increase agricultural output/healthy crop growth;

• reduce imports/as an export to bring in revenue;
• to provide employment opportunities;
• to make use of Pakistan’s mineral resources;
• to develop the formal sector;
• soil is nitrate deficient;
Etc.
3 @ 1 mark

(c)(ii) Explain two negative impacts of using fertilisers and pesticides in 4

Pakistan. You should develop your answer.

• chemicals drain into rivers; causing eutrophication/pollutes water/growth

of algae/reduced oxygen/fish die;
• increased toxicity in rivers/pollutes rivers; threat to livestock/human
health;
• can weaken the human immune system; increased risk of
diseases/gastro-intestinal disease/tuberculosis;
• damage ecosystems; break down food-chains;
• loss of/destruction of habitats/harmful to animals; animals move away or
die out;
Etc.

Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development.
Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.
2 @ 2 marks

© UCLES 2021
 Unit 11 Page 528 Industries

Question Answer Marks

(d) Pakistan’s agricultural sector is becoming increasingly dependent on 6

fertiliser. Read the following two views about ways of meeting the
demand for fertiliser.

View A
Additional research and use of technology in Pakistan’s fertiliser
industry is the best way of providing more fertiliser for agricultural use.

View B
Increasing imports of fertiliser is the best way to provide more fertiliser
for agricultural use in Pakistan.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your
answer and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider
View A and View B in your answer.

Levels marking

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view (3)
Developed points referring to both views (4)

Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example
(5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example
(6)

Content Guide
Answers are likely to refer to:

Agree with View A because:

• Pakistan is an agro-based country and should improve technology further
to keep a-pace with demand;
• if Pakistan is self-sufficient in the production of fertilisers it will reduce
imports and help with the balance of payments;
• Pakistan has plenty of raw materials required to produce enough fertilisers
so should increase the number of factories;
improved technology will save money and create skilled jobs;
• increased demand can be met internally;
Etc.

Disagree with View B because:

• the cost of imports will burden the economy;
• reliance on other countries for fertiliser means that this could lead to the
price of fertiliser rising;

© UCLES 2021
 Unit 11 Page 529 Industries

5 (a) (i) Study Fig. 3.1, a map showing the location of Sialkot, a place where sports goods are
manufactured in Pakistan.

Key:
international boundary CHINA

province-level boundary
disputed boundary JAMMU AND
KASHMIR
disputed territory
Islamabad

TAN
IS Sialkot
N
G HA
AF
Multan

IRAN INDIA

0 100 200 300

Arabian Sea km

Fig. 3.1

Using the information in Fig. 3.1 only, describe the location of Sialkot.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) State two raw materials that the sports goods industry uses.

1 ......................................................

2 ......................................................
[2]
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 Unit 11 Page 530 Industries

(iii) Describe how the sports goods industry operates in Pakistan.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(b) (i) Study Fig. 3.2, which shows the percentage of sugar mills in Pakistan by province.

0%

Key:

Punjab

Sindh

KPK

Fig. 3.2

Complete the pie chart to show the percentage of sugar mills in Sindh and Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), using the following information and the key provided:

province percentage (%)

Sindh 40%
KPK 10%
[2]

(ii) State one reason why there are no sugar mills in Balochistan.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Name one by-product of the sugar industry and state what it is used for.

by-product ......................................................

use ....................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]
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 Unit 11 Page 531 Industries

(c) (i) Study Fig. 3.3 which is a diagram of the factors affecting industrial location.

market

land power

labour raw material

communication transport

capital water

Fig. 3.3

Choose one physical and one human factor and explain how each influences the choice
of location for a steel mill. You should develop your answer.

physical factor ...................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

human factor .....................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(ii) Classify the following products into the correct category in the table below. You need to
decide if each product is mainly for the domestic market or the export market.

Domestic market Export market

Choose from:

cement cotton fertilisers

sports goods steel surgical instruments

[2]
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 Unit 11 Page 532 Industries

Question Answer Marks

5(a)(i) • North / north eastern / eastern part of Pakistan; 3

• Distance from named city / Multan / Islamabad;
• Direction from named city / north-east of Multan / south-east of
Islamabad;
• Close / near to border of Jammu and Kashmir / south-west of Jammu
and Kashmir;
3 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) • Rubber 2
• Wood / wood pulp
• Stitching thread / cotton
• Leather
• Water
• (Linseed) oil / varnish
2 @ 1 mark

(a)(iii) • In small workshops / within household / small scale industry / in 3

cottages / primitive conditions;
• Uses predominantly manual labour / by hand / hand tools;
• Processes, e.g. cutting, sewing, stitching, shaping;
• The final stages are done in factories;
• There are aspects of both formal and informal sectors;
• Mostly work is conducted by unskilled / child labourers;
• Goods are manufactured to international standards / high quality / for
export;
• All stages are supervised for quality control.
3 @ 1 mark

(b)(i) • completion of pie chart 2

• correct shading
2 @ 1 mark

(b)(ii) • There is no sugar cane grown in Balochistan; 1

• Sugar mills have to be located near the sugar cane fields and there are
none in Balochistan;
• Sugar cane starts to lose its sugar content as soon as it is harvested / it
needs to be crushed immediately;
• Too far to transport sugar cane from Balochistan to the nearest sugar
mill;
• Sugar cane is bulky and heavy so it is expensive to transport.
1 @ 1 mark

(b)(iii) By-product 2
• Bagasse
• Molasses

Use
• Bagasse: as a fuel in sugar mills / to make chipboard / to make paper /
to make animal feed.
• Molasses: to manufacture various acids, e.g. citric acid / in the chemical
industry / to make cattle feed / to make yeast / as fuel (in sugar
factories) / used in manufacture of synthetic rubber.
2 @ 1 mark
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 Unit 11 Page 533 Industries

Question Answer Marks

(c)(i) Physical factors 4

• Raw material; heavy and bulky to transport / so factory would be best
located close to the source of the raw material in order to reduce cost of
transportation (dev);
• Water; a large quantity of water is needed in steel manufacture / so the
factory would be sited near to a large source of water e.g. a river or lake
(dev);
• Land; flat land is required; as it is easier to build on (dev) / unused land
is preferred as money does not have to be spent cleaning up the land
first (dev) / large area of land so there is room for expansion and
storage if needed in the future (dev); cheap land / so that it is affordable
for businesses and loans do not have to be taken out (dev).

Human factors
• Power; situated near to a thermal or nuclear power station / is preferred
so that energy supplies will be uninterrupted (dev);
• Labour; skilled and unskilled labour is required so located near to a
large town or city / so that labour can access the factory (dev);
• Market; located to large towns and cities / railways / ports / so that the
products can easily be transported for sale or export (dev);
• Communication; near to motorways / railways and / or good IT
infrastructure / so that goods can be transported efficiently and deals
can be made within Pakistan or beyond (dev);
• Transport; near to main road and rail network and ports for the
movement of raw material in / finished products out / and for workers /
large and bulky raw material needs to be near factory (dev);
• Capital; tax breaks, loans, incentives, (dev) etc.

Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development (in parentheses).

Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.

2 @ 2 marks

(c)(ii) Domestic market: cement / steel / fertilisers 2

Export market: cotton / sports goods / surgical instruments

2 @ 1 mark

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 Unit 11 Page 534 Industries

6 (a) (i) Define ‘tertiary industry’.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Study Fig. 4.1, which shows the percentage share of people employed in each economic
sector in Pakistan.

0%
90% 10%
Key:

80% 20% Primary

Secondary

Tertiary
70% 30%

60% 40%
50%

Fig. 4.1

What is the percentage of people employed in tertiary activities in Pakistan?

..................................................................... % [1]

(iii) Name three different job types in the tertiary sector.

1 ..................................................................

2 ..................................................................

3 .................................................................. [3]

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 Unit 11 Page 535 Industries
(b) (i) Describe the difference between domestic and foreign tourism.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Study Table 4.1, which shows the source of foreign tourists to Pakistan from selected
countries in 2007.

origin number
UK 275 600
USA 129 600
Afghanistan 80 500
China 30 600

Table 4.1

A Which country is the main source of foreign tourists?

..............................................................

B Suggest two reasons for this.

1 .................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

2 .................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [3]

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 Unit 11 Page 536 Industries
(c) (i) Explain two advantages of tourism to Pakistan. You should develop your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(ii) Study Figs. 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5 and 4.6 (Insert), photographs of some natural and cultural
attractions of Pakistan. Use the photographs and your own knowledge to suggest how
each is a tourist attraction.

Fig. 4.2 ..............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

Fig. 4.3 ..............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

Fig. 4.4 ..............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

Fig. 4.5 ..............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

Fig. 4.6 ..............................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [5]

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 Unit 11 Page 537 Industries
(d) Tourism is an important and growing activity in Pakistan contributing 7.4 per cent to Gross
Domestic Product in 2017.

To what extent is further development of Pakistan’s tourism industry possible? Give reasons
to support your judgement. You should support different points of view in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 25]

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 Unit 11 Page 538 Industries
Fig. 4.2 for Question 6

Fig. 4.3 for Question 6

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 Unit 11 Page 539 Industries
Fig. 4.4 for Question 6

Fig. 4.5 for Question 6

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 Unit 11 Page 540 Industries
Fig. 4.6 for Question 6

© UCLES 2019 2059/02/INSERT/M/J/19

 Unit 11 Page 541 Industries

Question Answer Marks

6(a)(i) Tertiary industry is any activity concerned with providing a service. 1

1 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) 35% 1
1 @ 1 mark

(a)(iii) • Sales; 3
• Waiter;
• Driver;
• Teacher (teaching) / education;
• Doctor / bank clerk (banking);
• Guide;
• Hairdresser;
• Trading;
• Salon services;
• Maid;
• Tourism;
• Healthcare;
• Engineering;
• Security;
• Manager;
Etc.
3 @ 1 mark

(b)(i) • Domestic tourism is when people go on holiday within their own 2

country;
• Foreign tourism is when people from a different country visit / go on
holiday abroad.
2 @ 1 mark

(b)(ii) A: UK 3
1 @ 1 mark
B:
• Visiting friends and family living in Pakistan;
• On business / official meetings (classed as tourist / visitor);
• Attending a cultural event;
• Sporting event;
• Visiting a religious site / pilgrimage;
• Sightseeing / historical sites / historical ties (e.g. colonial links);
• Scenic beauty / nature loving.
2 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2019
 Unit 11 Page 542 Industries

Question Answer Marks

(c)(i) • Income from tourism; is usually greater than exporting raw materials (or 4
named examples) / can help to correct the balance of payments /
increase foreign exchange / money spent on areas like education and
healthcare (dev);
• Creates employment in local areas; examples of employment
opportunities, e.g. in hotels / as tour guides (dev);
• Encourages development of cottage or craft industries; handmade
souvenirs are sold as profit / earn an income (dev);
• Food production is increased; creation of local markets (dev);
• Local people can use the tourist facilities; named examples, e.g.
swimming pools / public transport (dev);
• Tourist and local interaction; creates cultural awareness and
understanding (dev);
• Tourism is a sustainable industry; tourist attractions will be maintained /
developed (dev);
• Improves literacy; development of language skills interacting with
tourists (dev);
Etc.

Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development (in parentheses).

Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.

2 @ 2 marks

(c)(ii) • Fig 4.2: beach for relaxing holidays / sunbathing / water sports / 5
admiring scenic view of ocean from beach / cooling breeze from sea
reduces heat / beach cricket or similar activities / riding camels;
• Fig 4.3: chairlifts (in Murree) for leisure and sightseeing / explore
mountains / adventurous activities / photo opportunities / scenic viewing
/ greenery / admiring the scenic beauty / entertainment and thrills / aerial
views;
• Fig 4.4: shopping / buy souvenirs (in Murree) / honeypot site for tourists /
many attractions and amenities / hotels / stay in resort / market /
investigating local culture / eating traditional food;
• Fig 4.5: experience mountains (in northern regions) /adventure tourism /
mountain climbing / hiking / skiing / trekking / snowboarding;
• Fig 4.6: historic buildings / view architecture / to sample history /
investigate culture / study traditions / sightseeing / historical sites /
spiritual visit.
5 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2019
 Unit 11 Page 543 Industries

Question Answer Marks

(d) Levels marking 6

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to any view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view only (3)
Developed points referring to both views (4)

Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example
(5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant
example (6)

Content Guide
Answers are likely to refer to:

Possibilities
• Many impressive attractions natural / cultural / historic that could be
further developed for tourism / named area, e.g. 1500 km coastline with
beaches in southern Pakistan;
• Increased marketing and promotion of attractions using social media /
TV; development of clear brand for Pakistan;
• The role of the Pakistan Tourist Development Board in promoting
tourism;
• Recent additions to infrastructure that help; airports / helicopter services
/ roads, etc.;
• Improved tourist activities / services; named hotels / packages;
• Emerging middle class with time / money to go on holiday;
• Visa on arrival available to 24 countries;
• Greater expertise in hospitality / management of tourist facilities /
training for staff;
• Careful management of attractions would preserve and enhance
cultural / natural tourist sites.

© UCLES 2019
 Unit 11 Page 544 Industries

Question Answer Marks

(d) Difficulties
• Cost of developing a tourist infrastructure;
• Focus is on the development of other industries;
• Current infrastructure; power, sewage facilities can slow the rate of
development;
• Access to sites restricted by transport network; road / rail / air;
• Attracting investment;
• Security in some tourist areas;
• Some accommodation and services below international standards;
• Some tourist sites have been mismanaged causing soil degradation,
etc.;
• Risk of natural disasters in tourist regions; flash flooding / landslides /
earthquakes.

Note: Example may include named infrastructure / attraction / activities.

© UCLES 2019
 Unit 11 Page 545 Industries

7 (a) (i) Study Fig. 4.1, a map showing the location of selected textile industries in Pakistan.

Key:
major textile centre
other textile centre
cotton JAMMU &
KASHMIR
international boundary
disputed territory
province-level boundary
disputed boundary
Z

X
Y 0 100 200 300
Arabian Sea
km

Fig. 4.1

Name the three major textile centres labelled X, Y and Z on Fig. 4.1.

X ........................................................

Y ........................................................

Z ........................................................ [3]

(ii) Describe the location of the major textile centre labelled Y on Fig. 4.1.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

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 Unit 11 Page 546 Industries

(b) (i) Define the term ‘secondary industry’.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) State a feature of each of the following types of industry:

cottage industries; .............................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

small-scale industries; .......................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

large-scale industries. .......................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

(iii) State three reasons for the location of the cotton textile industries in Pakistan.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

© UCLES 2018 2059/02/M/J/18 [Turn over

 Unit 11 Page 547 Industries

(c) (i) Study Fig. 4.2, a diagram showing three of the processes involved in the spinning of
cotton.

Describe processes A, B and C in the boxes on Fig. 4.2.

A
B

Fig. 4.2
[3]

(ii) Explain why the cotton textile industry is important to Pakistan. You should develop your
answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]
© UCLES 2018 2059/02/M/J/18
 Unit 11 Page 548 Industries

(d) Although cotton textiles is Pakistan’s largest industry, it still faces challenges if it is to increase
its global market share. Read the following two views about some of the challenges to the
cotton textile industry in Pakistan:

A B
Load shedding of electricity Lack of skilled labour is
is a major challenge to the a major challenge to the
growth of the cotton textile growth of the cotton textile
industry. industry.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider View A and View B in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[6]

[TOTAL: 25]

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 Unit 11 Page 549 Industries

Question Answer Marks

7 (a)(i) • X = Hyderabad; 3
• Y = Karachi;
• Z = Faisalabad.
3 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) Karachi is: 2

• In south of Pakistan;
• Next to the coast / near sea / Arabian Sea;
• In the province Sindh;
• Close to border with Balochistan;
• At centre of three cotton areas;
• Distance from named feature, e.g. within 100 km of other textile centres /
cotton areas;
• Direction from named feature, e.g. west / southwest of X.
2 @ 1 mark

(b)(i) • Industry that converts raw materials into commodities / products (for the 1
consumer) / manufacturing industry / where raw materials are
manufactured / made / processed into a product.
1 @ 1 mark

(b)(ii) A cottage industry is: 3

• where the owner and family work with no hired labour / in homes / mostly
women and children work / small investment / low output / informal;
A small-scale industry is:
• where up to 10 hired labourers work / medium investment / up to R10mn
invested / formal or informal / in workshops / (small) factories;
A large-scale industry is:
• where there is no limit to the number of people employed / unlimited
investment / high capital / standardised / skilled labour / multinational /
registered / formal sector / mechanised / in (large) factories.
3 @ 1 mark

(b)(iii) • Near a port / dry ports for imports / exports; 3

• Close to cotton belts of Pakistan / close to raw materials;
• Near to large population centres for skilled / unskilled labour;
• Near to markets;
• Favourable / stable government policies / in tax exempt areas;
• Agglomeration / near to each other to share ideas / materials;
• Near to / uninterrupted power supply;
• Near to named infrastructure, e.g. roads / rail.
3 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2018
 Unit 11 Page 550 Industries

Question Answer Marks

(c)(i) • A: Opening / bales of cotton laid down uniformly in layer / rollers used to 3
flatten cotton fibres / smooth out folds / straighten fibres / spread out
fibres;
• B: Carding / sorts fibres to produce a continuous web or slivers / teasing
wires produce loose bundles of fibres (web / slivers) / the fibres (web /
slivers) are divided into threads;
• C: Drawing / fibres are straightened / the combined sliver (threads) is
collected in moving cylinders where fast and slow rollers further divide
slivers / slivers stretched / twisted / pulled out further.
3 @ 1 mark

(c)(ii) • Largest sector of the economy / large-scale production; 4

• Great export potential / demand;
• Is 60–65% / most of export earnings;
• Improves balance of trade;
• Employs a large number of people;
• Unskilled and skilled labour;
• Contributes approx. 7% of GDP;
• Textiles are value added products;
• Earn more foreign exchange than raw cotton;
• Uses local raw materials;
• Reduces dependence on imports;
• Large domestic demand.
Etc.

Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development (in parentheses).

Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.

2 @ 2 marks

© UCLES 2018
 Unit 11 Page 551 Industries

Question Answer Marks

(d) Levels marking 6

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point addressing any view (1)
Simple points addressing any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point(s) explaining one view (3)
Developed point(s) explaining both views (4)
No evaluation

Level 3 5–6
Developed points explaining both views
Evaluation giving clear support to one view or appropriate example (5)
Evaluation giving clear support to one view and appropriate example (6)

Content Guide
Answers are likely to refer to:

Load-shedding
Production comes to a standstill;
Orders cannot be completed;
Workers may be sent home / not paid;
Deadlines cannot be met;
Lose market share if trading partners cannot rely on Pakistan.

Skilled labour shortage

Government need to invest in education and training;
Current employees are overworked;
Full capacity of cotton production cannot be met;
Cotton production may decline in the future if there are no skilled workers to
fill the vacancies.
Etc.

© UCLES 2018
 Unit 11 Page 552 Industries

8 (a) (i) Study Fig. 2, which is a flow diagram of the cement industry.

..............................................
factory cement

coal

Fig. 2

On Fig. 2, insert the name of a raw material used to make cement in the space provided.
[1]

(ii) Give one example of primary, secondary and tertiary employment in the cement industry.

Primary ..............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

Secondary .........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

Tertiary ..............................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

(iii) The cement industry is an example of a formal industry. State three characteristics of
employment in the formal sector of industry.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

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 Unit 11 Page 553 Industries

(d) There are many influences on industrial growth at the national level in Pakistan. Read the
following two views:

A B

Government projects, policies Energy shortages, the security

and support have the greatest situation and natural disasters have
influence on the growth of the greatest influence on the growth
industries. of industries.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider View A and View B in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[6]

[TOTAL: 25]

© UCLES 2017 2059/02/O/N/17

 Unit 11 Page 554 Industries

Question Answer Marks

8(a)(i) In space LHS of diagram: 1

limestone / gypsum (calcium sulphate) / clay / shale / chalk
1 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) Primary – job related to mining raw materials (coal, limestone, gypsum) / mine / 3
quarrymen;
Secondary – job related to manufacturing product, packing / bagging product /
factory worker;
Tertiary – job related to lorry driving / sales / advertising / cleaning /
maintenance.
3 @ 1 mark

(a)(iii) • Employed / not self-employed / registered with government / legal; 3

• Trained / skilled workforce;
• Uniform / dress code;
• Improved working conditions / named example – pension;
• Regular working hours / fixed working hours;
• Fixed / regular / higher wages;
• More likely to use machines / equipment / not labour intensive;
• Purpose-built office / factory;
• Less likely to be female / child labour.
3 @ 1 mark

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 Unit 11 Page 555 Industries

Question Answer Marks

(d) Levels marking 6

No valid response (0 marks)

Level 1 (1–2 marks)

Simple point addressing any view (1)
Simple points addressing any view (2)

Level 2 (3–4 marks)

Developed point(s) explaining one view (3)
Developed point(s) explaining both views (4)
No evaluation

Level 3 (5–6 marks)

Well-developed points explaining both views. Evaluation giving clear support to
one view or appropriate example (5)
Well-developed points explaining both views. Evaluation giving clear support to
one view and appropriate example (6)

Content Guide

Answers are likely to refer to:

View A
For
• Industrial policy / taxation;
• Investment;
• Infrastructure / power projects;
• Training in skills / examples of;
• Services to industries.

Against
• Mismanagement;
• Inconsistency of government policy / changes of government;
• Delay in / cancellation of government projects.

View B
For
• Shortage of electricity generation and problems with supply;
• Natural disasters divert national funds away from industry;
• Security issues / unrest.

Against
• Destruction / damage can stimulate construction industry;
• Cost of building earthquake-proof buildings is high;
• Cost of emergency shelters during floods;
• Cost of security.
ETC.

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 Unit 11 Page 556 Industries

9 (c) (i) Study Fig. 6 which shows the distribution in Pakistan of selected cottage industries and
the engineering industry.

Peshawar Risalpur Rawalpindi

Taxila Gujrat

Gujranwala
Chiniot
Dera Faisalabad Lahore
Ghazi
Multan
Quetta Khan
Bahawalpur
Key:
cottage industries
engineering industry
cottage industries
and engineering industry
Hab
international boundary
Hyderabad
Karachi disputed boundary
provincial boundary
Arabian Sea 0 400
km

Fig. 6

A. Give an example of a cottage industry.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

B. Compare the distribution of cottage industries and engineering industry as shown in

Fig. 6.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

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 Unit 11 Page 557 Industries

(ii) For the products of either cottage industry or engineering industry, identify your chosen
industry and circle a suitable method of transport.

Chosen industry ...............................................

air road ship rail [1]

(iii) Suggest one advantage of using this method of transport for your selected industry.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(iv) Explain what is meant by the term ‘small-scale industry’.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

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 Unit 11 Page 558 Industries

(d) Read the following two views about possibilities for industrial development in Pakistan.

A B

It is better for Pakistan to promote large- It is better for Pakistan

scale industries which provide more goods to promote small-scale
for domestic use and for other industries. and cottage industries
in rural areas.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to places
or examples you have studied.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[6]

[TOTAL: 15]

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 Unit 11 Page 559 Industries

9 (c) (i) Study Fig. 6 which shows the distribution in Pakistan of selected cottage
industries and the engineering industry.

A: Give an example of a cottage industry. [1]

One of: furniture / pottery / woodwork / metalwork / jewellery / hand woven

rugs/carpets/shawls / handicrafts / embroidery/sewing / hand-made leather
goods/shoes / candles

B: Compare the distribution of cottage industries and engineering as shown in

Fig 6. [3]

Similar
Both in all four provinces / spread throughout provinces
Both concentrated in Punjab
Both present in Karachi/Hyderabad/Lahore/Gujrat
Both have two locations in Sindh/one location in Balochistan/one in KPK / equal in
number in S/B/KPK

Different
Cottage has more locations in Punjab/use of stats to exemplify e.g. cottage 7
locations in Punjab whereas engineering 5 locations
Cottage present only in
Quetta/Peshawar/Rawalpindi/Chiniot/Multan/DGK/Bahawalpur/S Punjab
Engineering present only in Hab/Faisalabad/Gujranwala/Taxila/Risalpur
Engineering more clustered / cottage more spread out

(ii) For the products of either cottage industry or engineering industry, identify your
chosen industry and circle a suitable method of transport. [1]

Cottage industry: accept air/road

Engineering: accept ship/road/rail

(iii) Suggest one advantage of using this method of transport for your selected
industry. [1]

Air – for export / small/light/low volume/high value goods

Ship – for export / large/heavy/bulky goods / containers
Rail – for large/heavy/bulky goods / containers / long distances
Road – extensive/dense network / door-to-door / short distances

(iv) Explain what is meant by the term ‘small-scale industry’? [3]

Assets limited /capital limited / capital <Rs 10mn

Family workers / small number hired workers / workforce <10
Worked carried out outside the home / in factory / in workshop
Example: sports goods/surgical instruments/carpets/electric fans/cutlery/toys/agricultural
implements

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

Unit 11 Page 560 Industries

(d) Read the following two views about possibilities for industrial development in
Pakistan.

A B
It is better for Pakistan to promote large-scale It is better for Pakistan to
industries which provide more goods for promote small-scale and
domestic use and for other industries. cottage industries in rural
areas.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer
to places or examples you have studied. [6]

L3 5–6 6 – Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation gives

marks clear support to one view. At least one reference to an
appropriate place or example

5 – Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation gives

clear support to one view

L2 3–4 4 – Developed point(s) explaining or both views. No evaluation

marks
3 – Developed point(s) explaining one view

L1 1–2 2 – Simple point(s) addressing both views

marks
1 – Simple point(s) addressing one view

0 – No valid response

Indicative content (developed points in parentheses)

Large scale
For
Reduces need for expensive imports of finished goods (e.g. vehicles)
Export potential
Fulfils domestic demand (e.g. galvanised steel in construction)
Greater contribution to GDP
Encourages private sector to invest (e.g. Pindi Bhattian)
New industries would encourage large scale employment

Against
Expensive to set up (foreign investment/loans/debt)
May require expensive imports of raw materials (e.g. coking coal/iron ore for steel industry)
Changes of government/political instability (large projects may be delayed/cancelled)
Employs relatively fewer people (approx. 20% industrial workforce/very few women)
Noise/air/ water pollution
Causes deforestation (which destroys habitats)(loss of scenic beauty)

Small scale and cottage

For
Important source of income in rural areas

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Unit 11 Page 561 Industries

Money is re-invested locally

High demand (both domestic and exports / 30% manufacturing exports by value)
Employment possibilities (employs approx. 80% industrial workforce)
Conducted in homes (women can work)
Reduces rural to urban migration
Recycles industrial waste (e.g. of cotton/steel industries)
Small input requirement/uses local raw materials (e.g. leather/wood)(promotes primary
industries)(limited need for imports)
Low cost

Against
Only small (5%) contribution to GDP
Limited profit/wholesalers take most of the profit
Limited ability to expand
High production costs (since no economies of scale)
Lack of electricity in rural areas

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Unit 11 Page 562 Industries

10 (a) Study Fig. 9, which is a map giving information about cotton textile industries in Pakistan.

Peshawar Haripur
Rawalpindi

Gujrat
Sargodha
Chiniot Lahore
Jhang B Key:
Okara
Multan major centre
Quetta
Muzaffargarh
other centre

Rahimyar Khan international boundary

Shikarpur
Larkana Khairpur disputed boundary

provincial boundary

Hab Tando Adam

A
Karachi 0 400
km

Fig. 9

(i) Name one of the major centres of the cotton industry, A or B.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Suggest reasons why the cotton textile industry is distributed as shown in Fig. 9.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

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 Unit 11 Page 563 Industries

(iii) Explain what can be done to improve Pakistan’s cotton textile industry.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

(b) (i) State two characteristics of employment in the informal sector of industry.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ....................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) Give an example of a job in the informal sector.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(iii) Study Photographs C and D (Insert).

A. Describe the road transport that can be seen in Photograph C.

B. Explain the problems of using road transport in the northern areas of Pakistan with
reference to Photograph D and your own knowledge.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[5]

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 Unit 11 Page 564 Industries

(c) (i) Choose a province and name two tourist attractions within it.

Province ......................................................

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ....................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) Suggest two problems the tourist industry in Pakistan must overcome in order for it to be
more developed.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(d) Read the following two views:

Tourism is one of the Tourist facilities must be

world’s fastest growing restricted. The increasing
industries. More number of tourists will
attractions and facilities damage our culture and
for tourists must be built cause environmental
to help Pakistan develop. degradation.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[6]

[Total: 25]
© UCLES 2015 2059/02/O/N/15
 Unit 11 Page 565 Industries

Photograph C for Question 10

Photograph D for Question 10

© UCLES 2015 2059/02/INSERT/O/N/15

 Unit 11 Page 566 Industries

10 (a) Study Fig. 9, which is a map giving information about cotton textile industries in
Pakistan.

(i) Name one of the major centres of the cotton industry, A or B. [1]
Hyderabad / Faisalabad

(ii) Suggest reasons why the cotton textile industry is distributed as shown in Fig. 9.
[3]
Specific to one centre Reserve 1 mark
e.g. Karachi – port, availability of thermal/nuclear power
Faisalabad – in cotton producing region of Punjab
Hyderabad – in cotton producing area of Sindh, close to coast/Karachi

General
Availability of labour
Large local demand/market
Good transport system/roads
Near rivers for water in manufacturing process
In/near cotton growing area ‘Raw materials’ = 0

© Cambridge International Examinations 2015

Unit 11 Page 567 Industries

(iii) Explain what can be done to improve Pakistan’s cotton textile industry. [3]
Increase production of cotton crop / quality of cotton crop
Research into solutions to leaf-curl virus
Irrigation
More investment/government support/tax holidays/loans
Address child labour/environmental issues to ease international restrictions
Modernise machinery/plant/technology
Increase availability of power/electricity
Training / education of workers

(b) (i) State two characteristics of employment in the informal sector of industry. [2]
Self employment
Labour intensive/little equipment
Irregular hours/wages/low wages Seasonal = 0
Paid daily/cash in hand
Not pensionable/no health benefits
At home/in streets
Not a registered business
Female labour
Child labour

(ii) Give an example of a job in the informal sector. [1]

Handicrafts/carpet maker
Street trader/hawker / cobbler / fruit seller
Labourer in construction/factories / garment worker
Bus/truck/taxi driver
Care work / maids
Street sweeper
USE LIST RULE

(iii) Study Photographs C and D (Insert).

A. Describe the road transport that can be seen in Photograph C.
B. Explain the problems of using road transport in the northern areas of Pakistan
with reference to Photograph D and your own knowledge. [5]

A. Transport Reserve 2 marks

Pick-up/4×4/4-wheel-drive vehicle/jeep
Overloaded / heavily loaded
Carrying large pieces of timber/wood/sawn trunks ‘Wood’ = 0
Trucks/lorries
Painted

B. Problems Reserve 2 marks

Mountain roads very narrow/steep/small for large trucks
Danger of falling rocks/cliff edges
Likely to be closed/blocked due to landslides
Closed in winter due to snow/ice/avalanches
Unmetalled roads/potholes
Lack of security

© Cambridge International Examinations 2015

Unit 11 Page 568 Industries

(c) (i) Choose a province and name two tourist attractions within it. [2]

Punjab
Ancient history/archaeology – Taxila/ Harappa
Hillstations – Murree/Nathia Gali
Tombs/shrines -Allama Iqbal/Ranjit Singh/ Jahangir
Culture – Mughal architecture/ Shalimar Gardens/ Badshahi mosque/Lahore Fort/Rohtas
Fort
Modern buildings – Minar–e-Pakistan/Presidential palace/Parliament building/Faisal
mosque
Other – Khewra salt mines

Sindh
Ancient history/archaeology – Mohenjo-Daro/ Bhambore/ Kot Deji
Tombs/shrines – Shahbaz Qalander (sufi)/ Muhammad Ali Jinnah/Mazar-e-Quaid./
Chaukundi/ Makli
Culture – Mughal architecture/Jamia Masjid/ Ranikot Fort/ Kafir-Qila Fort
Hillstations – Gorakh
Lakes – Keenjhar, Manchar

KPK
Valleys – Kaghan/Kumrat/Swat/Kalam/Naran
Lakes – Saiful Muluk

Accept any other reasonable examples located in correct province

(ii) Suggest two problems the tourist industry in Pakistan must overcome in order for
it to be more developed. [2]
Poor security/terrorism/political instability
Bad management/planning of tourist developments/corruption
Poor transport infrastructure/poor road network/unpredictable railways/ infrequent air
access in north
Lack of government funding/priority
Little tourism infrastructure / few tour agencies / hotels not international standard
Lack of maintenance/cleanliness of tourist areas

© Cambridge International Examinations 2015

Unit 11 Page 569 Industries

(d) Read the following two views:

1. Tourism is one of the world’s fastest growing industries. More attractions and
facilities for tourists must be built to help Pakistan develop.
2. Tourist facilities must be restricted. The increasing number of tourists will damage
our culture and cause environmental degradation.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer. [6]

Levels marked
Level 3 (5–6 marks) Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation giving clear support
to one view. (5) and with at least one reference to an appropriate place or example (6).

Level 2 (3–4 marks) Developed point(s) explaining one view (3), explaining both views (4).
No evaluation.

Level 1 (1–2 marks) Simple point addressing one view (1), simple points addressing both
views (2)

Indicative content (development of points in parentheses)

1. Tourism increased
Tourist income likely to be high (and greater than from other sources, e.g. from exporting raw
materials)
Creates employment
Boosts cottage craft industries (leading to financial stability/preservation of culture/heritage)
Locals can use tourist facilities (which increases their quality of life)
Increases cultural linkages with foreign countries
Source of foreign exchange/improves economy (which will enable Pakistan to clear debts)

2. Tourism restricted
Only seasonal employment (May–Oct in northern areas)
Money could be spent on other important sectors (such as minerals, power, manufacturing,
mechanising agriculture, alleviation of poverty)
Displacement of local people to make way for development, e.g. hotels
Named social problems e.g. crime, alcohol/drugs
Lack of respect for local customs/beliefs
Increases prices of local goods/food
Clearing of natural habitat to make way for tourist developments (e.g. deforestation in Swat
Valley)
Unsightly hotel construction
Air/noise pollution from more vehicles
Water pollution in rivers from overloaded sewerage system
Litter

[Total: 25]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2015

 Unit 11 Page 570 Industries

11 (a) (i) Making cement is an important industry in Pakistan. Circle below which industrial type
the cement industry belongs to.

PRIMARY SECONDARY TERTIARY

[1]

(ii) Which statement below shows the two main raw materials extracted in Pakistan to make
cement? Tick your answer.

Tick
Statement
✓
Limestone and chalk.
Chalk and gypsum.
Gypsum and limestone.
[1]

(iii) Name two other inputs that are used in a cement factory.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Study Fig. 2.

The distribution of cement factories in Pakistan

Nowshera
Atlock
Cherat
AFGHANISTAN Rawalpindi
Kohat
Daud Khel
Dundot Gharibwal
Jauharabad

Dera
Ghazi
Khan
INDIA

KEY
Rohri cement
Khairpur
industries
IRAN international
boundary
disputed
Nooriabad Hyderabad international
boundary
sea Karachi Thalta

Fig. 2

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 Unit 11 Page 571 Industries

(i) Suggest why there are no cement factories in Balochistan.

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Describe the distribution of cement factories in Pakistan.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Cement is mostly used for building in Pakistan. However, many manufactured products
are exported. What is an ‘Export Processing Zone’ (EPZ)?

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iv) Explain how these Zones can increase the ‘Gross National Product’ (GNP) of Pakistan.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [4]

(c) (i) Look at Photograph A on the Insert. It shows a cement factory near Ghulamullah, in
Thatta district. Apart from building the factory, suggest one other way in which human
activity has changed the landscape here.

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

© UCLES 2013 2059/02/SP/15 [Turn over

 Unit 11 Page 572 Industries

(ii) Explain two ways in which this factory may be damaging the local environment.

Way 1: ...............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

Way 2: ...............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [4]

(d) Read the following two statements.

A. “More industrial estates should be built on land near major cities such as Karachi in
Pakistan.”

B. “The most important use of land anywhere in Pakistan is for growing food.”

Which statement do you agree with more? Give reasons for your answer and refer to places
or examples you have studied in Pakistan to support your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[TOTAL: 25]

© UCLES 2013 2059/02/SP/15

 Unit 11 Page 573 Industries

11 (a) (i) Making cement is an important industry in Pakistan. Circle below which industrial
type the cement industry belongs to.

Secondary [1]

(ii) Which statement below shows the two main raw materials extracted in Pakistan to
make cement? Tick your answer.

Gypsum and limestone [1]

(iii) Name two other inputs that are used in a cement factory.

Examples
Labour (1)
Land / area (1)
Buildings (1)
Machinery (1)
Money / capital / investment (1)
Power / electricity / gas / coal / oil (1)
Water (1) (1 + 1) [2]

(b) (i) Suggest why there are no cement factories in Balochistan.

Examples
Maybe no gypsum / limestone (1)
Mining difficulties due to mountains (1)
Low rainfall / drought makes working difficult (1)
Lack of water (1)
Transport problems (1)
Low population density / lack workforce (1) [1]

(ii) Describe the distribution of cement factories in Pakistan.

Examples
Mostly north-east / Punjab area (1)
One in central area (1)
Cluster / six in south-east (1)
Group / three close to / on coast / in Sindh (1)
Almost all in Punjab / Sindh / in east of Pakistan (1) (1 + 1) [2]

(iii) Cement is mostly used for building in Pakistan. However, many manufactured
products are exported. What is an ‘Export Processing Zone’ (EPZ)?

Examples
A special industrial zone (1)
An industrial estate (1)
Supports manufacture of products for export only (1)
Companies get government grants (1) e.g. for electricity/water supply/roads/telephones (1)
Companies get tax exemptions (1)
Companies can develop housing / social facilities within EPZ (1)
Allow one mark if they name Karachi, Sialkot, Rawalpindi or Risalpur (1) (1 + 1 + 1) [3]

© UCLES 2013 2059/02/SM/15 [Turn over

 Unit 11 Page 574 Industries

(iv) Explain how these Zones can increase the ‘Gross National Product’ (GNP) of
Pakistan.

Examples
Attract manufacturing companies (1)
More products to sell abroad/ increase exports (1)
Earn more foreign exchange (1)
More profit due to grants, lower taxes, incentives (1)
Other linked services move in and increase income (1) (1 + 1 + 1 + 1) [4]

(c) (i) Look at Photograph A on the Insert. It shows a cement factory near Ghulamullah,
in Thatta district. Apart from building the factory, suggest one other way in which
human activity has changed the landscape here.

Examples
Cleared of trees/vegetation/deforestation (1)
Creation of kacha/wide road (1)
Tyre tracks indicate presence of transport (1) [1]

(ii) Explain two ways in which this factory may be damaging the local environment.

Examples
Transport to/from factory (1) may be creating air pollution (1)
Smoke from chimney (1) causing air pollution (1)
Factory buildings (1) create visual ugliness / pollution (1)
Waste from factory (1) may cause water pollution (1)
Smoke from factory (1) may damage vegetation in local area (1)
Transport may be creating ruts in landscape (1) compacting surface / soil erosion (1)
2 × (1 + 1) [4]

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 Unit 11 Page 575 Industries

(d) Which statement do you agree with more? Give reasons for your answer and refer to
places or examples you have studied in Pakistan to support your answer.

No marks awarded for statement supported; marks are for the argument candidates make.

Level Description Marks

Level 3 Two more elaborate statements that refer to both statements (A [5–6]
and B) in a positive and/or negative way while supporting one
statement, and also includes some place-specific information or
examples that relate to Pakistan.
Level 2 One or two more elaborate statements that refer to both statements [3–4]
(A and B) in positive and/or negative ways while supporting one
statement, e.g. a more elaborate statement supporting statement A,

Although it is important to increase food supplies, I support

Statement A more. Major cities have a large workforce so they can
be paid low wages.
Level 1 One or two simple statements that show limited positive and/or [1–2]
negative reasons for choosing one statement (A or B) only, e.g. a
simple statement supporting statement A,

I support statement A more because there are customers nearby.

Level 0 No valid response. [0]

Indicative content

Supporting Statement A
Increased improvement to economy
Long-term improvement vital; otherwise status quo continues
Local workforce available close by
Much of infrastructure already in place
Customers close by
Transport costs to customers can be low
Major cities may have international links for exports

Supporting Statement B
High growth of population
Food shortages must be resolved / more humane investment
Health is vital to development
Increased life expectancy needed
Healthier workforce will increase productivity
Long-term interest to increase food production
Reduce imports of food and improve balance of payments

© UCLES 2013 2059/02/SM/15 [Turn over

 Unit 11 Page 576 Industries

12 (b) (i) Describe two features of large-scale industry.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Using Fig. 1.2 (Insert) and your own knowledge, suggest two advantages of locating a
new large-scale industry at W.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

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...........................................................................................................................................
[4]

(c) Explain how large-scale industries can increase economic development in Pakistan. You
should develop your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

© UCLES 2022 2059/02/M/J/22

 Fig. 1.2 for Question 12

Shahi Park

Kacha
Gorhi ad
er Ro
yb
Kh
Jamrud Road Saddar
Airport
r

W
i Khwa

Hayatabad
Palosa

Ri
ng
Ro Bara
ad 0 3
km
Key
main commercial area (city centre)
administrative city boundary
residential road
universities railway
industrial canal
parks and open space river
airport
 Unit 11 Page 577 Industries

Question Answer Marks

12 (b)(i) Describe two features of large-scale industry. 2

 requires a large area of land

 in factories/warehouses/large storage facilities
 capital intensive/large investment
 convert raw materials into (manufactured) goods
 uses automation/machinery/modern technology
 meets international standards/standardised goods/quality controlled
 mass production/high output/in bulk/economies of scale
 high(er) output per worker/employee
 can be a multi-national company
 large number of employees/100+
 registered/formal industry/regular wages/ contribute to taxes
 health & safety/regulations
2 @ 1 mark

(b)(ii) Using Fig. 1.2 (Insert) and your own knowledge, suggest two advantages 4
of locating a new large-scale industry at W.

 in large settlement/city; nearby source of workers/utilities example

electricity/water
 river/canal nearby; for a constant water supply
 in residential area; will offer employment opportunities to local people/not
far for workers to travel
 close to industrial area; for links to similar industries/agglomeration/links
to suppliers/to save transport costs
 close to commercial area; for banking/retail/customers/marketing or
promotion
 close to university; for high skilled labour/for links to research/which will
be attractive for investors
 close to rail/roads/canal/river/airport; for imports/exports/to take heavy
goods to ports/to take perishable goods by air/for senior staff to travel to
meetings
 close to parks; good living area attracts high skilled workers

Note: 2 marks for locating a relevant feature on Fig. 1.2, 2 marks for
suggested advantages linked to Fig. 1.2.
Note: credit for suggested advantages can be given without location.

2 @ 2 marks

© UCLES 2022
 Unit 11 Page 578 Industries

Question Answer Marks

(c) Explain how large-scale industries can increase economic development 4

in Pakistan. You should develop your answer.

 provides jobs/employment/reduces unemployment; provides a regular

income for families/higher wages/more people earning/paying taxes
 agglomeration/multiplier effect/encourage further growth/improve the
area; e.g. steel production provides materials for other industries/attracts
new investment
 more output/goods will be produced; which means Pakistan has more to
trade/export/sell/can reduce imports
 produce high value/manufactured goods; which have demand in other
countries/can increase foreign exchange/can improve the balance of
payments
 increase in/large amount of exports; reduces need for imports/which will
improve the balance of trade/increase GDP
 will provide training and skills; trained workforce will have transferable
skills/generate more employment opportunities
 will require new roads/reliable power supply; this will benefit other local
industries as they can use them too
 standardised products; meets international standards for improved
trade/more trading partners

Note: 1 mark for simple point and a further mark for the development of the
point. 1 mark for second simple point and a further mark for development of
the second point.
Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.
2 @ 2 marks

© UCLES 2022 Page 6 of 26

Unit 12 Page 579 Population

ABSTRACT
The unit discusses the problem of population growth
and problem associated with it such as unemployment
along with factors that affect population pattern
BLAST FROM THE PAST
Year Series

2023
May June
2022
2021
Population 2020
2019
Population and Employment
2018

2022 Oct Nov

2020
2019
2018
2018
2017
 Unit 12 Page 580 Population

Topic Focus point What key knowledge you need to know R A G

Population and Structure and You should be able to:

employment growth  understand the changing population structures (both
age and sex) as shown by population pyramids for
Pakistan

 explain and evaluate the effects of the present and

projected population structures on the economy and
development of Pakistan

 interpret graphs and statistics illustrating birth rates,

death rates and the rates of natural increase in
Pakistan, and identify trends in population growth

 explain the social, educational, economic and

political factors which contribute to population growth
over time

 explain the problems for development caused by

population growth over time, consider its sustainability and
evaluate possible solutions to these problems.
 Unit 12 Page 581 Population

Topic Focus point What key knowledge you need to know R A G

Population and Movements of You should be able to:

employment population  describe and explain, with reference to both ‘push’
and ‘pull’ factors, the main causes of population
movements, including rural-urban migration,
seasonal migration, emigration and immigration
(including refugees)

 describe and explain the effects of these population

movements, including shanty developments in cities,
tent cities and the de-population of rural areas

 understand the effects of population movements and

evaluate the measures which may be taken to help
solve the problems created, such as self-help
schemes, provision of clean water and other services
(including adverse outcomes such as poor housing).

Distribution and You should be able to:

density of
 distinguish between distribution of population and
population
density of population

 recognise the variations in both distribution of

population and density of population between the
Provinces (including the Northern Area) and within
the Provinces (including within the Northern Area)

 explain the physical, economic, social and political

factors which contribute to these variations.
 Unit 12 Page 582 Population

Topic Focus point What key knowledge you need to know R A G

Population and Employment You should be able to:

employment  define the terms primary, secondary and tertiary in
relation to occupations

 describe and explain the proportions of the workforce

engaged in each of the primary, secondary and
tertiary sectors, and any changes in these
proportions that may have taken place or may be
taking place

 understand and explain the causes of rural and

urban unemployment and underemployment (that is,
people who are not fully employed), and understand
the problems for development created by
underemployment and unemployment

 describe and explain the availability of skilled labour

(people qualified for the professions, for
management and as technicians, etc.) and manual
labour

 understand that unemployment and

underemployment can be factors that influence GNP
and GDP

 understand and evaluate the importance for Pakistan’s

development of literacy, education and training for both
males and females, in rural as well as urban areas.
 Unit 12 Page 583 Population

Fig. 5.1 for Question 1

© UCLES 2023 2059/02/INSERT/M/J/23

 Unit 12 Page 584 Population

1 (a) (i) Study Fig. 5.1 (Insert), a map showing part of the urban area of Islamabad.

Using Fig. 5.1 only, describe the location of the ‘National Institute of Health’.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Using Fig. 5.1 only, identify two areas used for leisure and recreation.

1 .....................................................................

2 .....................................................................
[2]

(iii) Fig. 5.1 shows an area around the edge of Islamabad that could be used for future
development. Suggest three ways in which this area could be developed for leisure and
tourism.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[3]

© UCLES 2023 2059/02/M/J/23 [Turn over

 Unit 12 Page 585 Population

(b) (i) Define ‘death rate’.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Explain two ways in which death rates can be reduced in Pakistan. You should develop
your answer.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[4]

(iii) Life expectancy is the average number of years a person is likely to live from birth.
Suggest two ways that an increasing life expectancy could benefit Pakistan.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(c) Describe why seasonal migration occurs in Pakistan.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

© UCLES 2023 2059/02/M/J/23

 Unit 12 Page 586 Population

(d) Physical and social factors contribute to variations in population density.

Assess the importance of these factors in causing differences in population density between
provinces / administrative areas in Pakistan. Give reasons to support your judgement and
refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your
answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

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............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 25]

© UCLES 2023 2059/02/M/J/23

Unit 12 Page 587 Population

Question Answer Marks

1 (a)(i) Study Fig. 5.1 (Insert), a map showing part of the urban area of 3
Islamabad.

Using Fig. 5.1 only, describe the location of the ‘National Institute of
Health’.

 on the outskirts/edge/east of Islamabad/built up/urban area/city

 along/on/accessed via Park Road
 near/close to the following named features:
Rawal Lake
Rawal Town
Korang River
Jinnah Stadium
Shakarparian Park
Jinnah Convention centre
Park Road

 direction from any named feature:

NE of Margalla Town/Pakistan Airforce Base Nur Khan
E/ENE of Rawal Town
E of Shakarparian Park
E/ESE of Jinnah Stadium/Fatima Jinnah Park
SE of Margalla Hills/Rawal Lake/President’s House/Islamabad
Zoo/Faisal Mosque/Jinnah Convention Centre
S/SW of Quaid-i-Azam University

 distance in km from any named feature:

1.5–5 Rawal Lake
2.5–4.5 Rawal Town
3.5–6.5 Margalla Town
4.5–5.5 Jinnah Convention Centre
4.5–7.5 Shakarparian Park
5–6.5 Jinnah Stadium
6–9 South of Quaid-i-Azam University
7–9 President’s House
8–11Pakistan Air Force Base Nur Khan
11–15 Margalla Hills
10–12.5 Islamabad Zoo
11–12.5 Faisal Mosque
11–13.5 Fatima Jinnah Park
3 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) Using Fig. 5.1 only, identify two areas used for leisure and recreation. 2

 parks/open spaces (in key)

 (main) commercial area (in key)
 Named features: (max 2)
Jinnah Convention centre / Fatima Jinnah Park/Korang River
/Islamabad Zoo/Jinnah Stadium/Margalla Hills/Rawal Lake/
Shakarparian Park/Quaid-i-Azam University
2 @ 1 mark

May/June 2023
Unit 12 Page 588 Population

Question Answer Marks

(a)(iii) Fig. 5.1 shows an area around the edge of Islamabad that could be 3
used for future development.

Suggest three ways in which this area could be developed for leisure
and tourism.

 hotels/guest houses/campsite
 restaurants/cafes
 shops/mall/markets
 parks/open space/picnic area
 taxis/car hire facilities/bus station
 museums/theatres/cinema
 wildlife centres/zoo
 sports ground/gym/stadium/racetrack/go-karting track/skatepark
 amusement park/theme park/water park/boating lake
 viewing point/observation tower
3 @ 1 mark

(b)(i) Define ‘death rate’. 1

The number of deaths/people who die per 1000 people per year
1 @ 1 mark
Unit 12 Page 589 Population

Question Answer Marks

(b)(ii) Explain two ways in which death rates can be reduced in Pakistan. You 4
should develop your answer.

 (improved) medical/health facilities/medical staff; so there are fewer

people per doctor/increased access to healthcare/people can be treated
quickly/disease and illness diagnosed and treated (dev)
 (more) vaccination programmes e.g. cholera/covid-19/access to
medicines e.g. antibiotics/malaria tablets; reduce death from
disease/reduces infant mortality rates (dev)
 (improved) sanitation/access to clean water/flushing toilets/waste
disposal/sewerage system/high quality housing; to avoid water borne
disease/allows people to wash hands/surfaces/electricity/heating or
other examples reduces risks of diseases (dev)
 (health) education/literacy e.g. importance of hygiene/about handling
food/about alcohol/smoking/how diseases/viruses are spread/health
information advertisements; leads to healthier lifestyles/to make people
aware of how to keep fit and healthy/people seeking medical care when
needed (dev)
 mechanisation/improvements in agriculture; increases food
supply/prevents malnutrition/famine (dev)
 improved diets/healthier diets/increasing food production; examples of
improvements in agriculture/people not eating too many
calories/increasing calorific intake/which helps build healthy immune
system (dev)
 exercising regularly; helps to maintain a healthy body/lowers risk of
heart disease etc (dev)
 increasing incomes; to be able to afford higher quality housing/can
afford medication/treatment (dev)
 legislation/(health and safety) regulations/building regulations/air and
water pollution controls/smoking legislation; fewer people doing
dangerous work/less likely to be killed in accidents/less destruction in
natural disasters/safer/healthier environments (dev)

Note: 1 mark for simple point and a further mark for the development of the
point. 1 mark for second simple point and a further mark for development of
the second point.

Note: Max. 2 marks if no development. 2 @ 2 marks

Unit 12 Page 590 Population

Question Answer Marks

(b)(iii) Life expectancy is the average number of years a person is likely to 2

live from birth.

Suggest two ways that an increasing life expectancy could benefit

Pakistan.

 more workers/economically active people producing

goods/services/contributing to the economy/increasing GDP
 more workers to provide taxes to government
 people can work for longer so build more financial security/
pensions/savings
 people can be independent/self-sufficient to an older age/not need to be
cared for by younger adults
 older generation can pass down experience/skills/knowledge
 older generation can look after (grand)children/allow parents to work/do
voluntary work
 reduced infant mortality/fewer child deaths increases future workforce

2 @ 1 mark

(c) Describe why seasonal migration occurs in Pakistan. 4

 transhumance is practised/farmers move their flocks to the cooler

highlands in summer/move their flocks to the warmer plains/lowlands in
winter
 nomadic farmers move to cities to sell livestock in markets/move to
seek new grazing land for their animals
 water shortages due to seasonal drought
 lack of food/food shortages e.g. in summer due crop failure
 to avoid extreme cold/ice/snow in winter which make conditions
dangerous/roads are blocked/mountain areas are isolated
 unbearable heat so people move to higher/cooler/northern areas in
summer
 monsoon/seasonal flooding, e.g. along the River Indus
 lack of work e.g. in winter due to heavy snowfall
 seasonal work in tourism/agriculture/manufacturing e.g. cotton mills;
people move to find another job after it ends
 moving for education/during term time/for the academic year

4 @ 1 mark
Unit 12 Page 591 Population

Question Answer Marks

(d) Physical and social factors contribute to variations in population 6

density.

Assess the importance of these factors in causing differences in

population density between provinces / administrative areas in
Pakistan.

Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you

have studied. You should consider different points of view in your
answer.

Levels marking

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view only (3)
Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant
example (4)

Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant
example (5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant
example (6)

Content Guide

Physical factors:

Reasons why some administrative areas have a higher population

density include:

 there is more flat land available for building on

 the climate is favourable for growing crops – no climate extremes such
as too cold or too dry
 there is a plentiful supply of fresh water for agricultural, domestic and
industrial use
 soils are fertile so a variety of crops can be grown
Unit 12 Page 592 Population

Question Answer Marks

(d) Reasons why some administrative areas have a lower population

density include:

 steep slopes e.g. Gilgit-Baltistan which makes building

settlements/roads/railways/airports difficult and thus these areas are
inaccessible
 low temperatures/ice and snow make areas unfavourable for living in
and difficult to rear animals or grow crops
 high temperatures and low rainfall in the desert areas e.g. Balochistan
make it difficult to live there
 infertile soils make growing a wide variety of crops difficult
 regular flooding deters people from settling

Social factors: (accept socio-economic factors)

Reasons why some administrative areas have a higher population

density include:

 good quality, brick-built houses with electricity and clean running water
e.g. people want to live in Karachi/Islamabad etc.
 investment in education with a variety of schools from primary up to
university level especially in the large cities attracts families
 there is a wide variety of healthcare provision such as specialist clinics
and hospitals, people want to live/work close to services
 a variety of employment opportunities in all economic sectors or named
examples of job types attracts a large population
 higher wages tend to be paid in the cities, people live close to
workplaces
 MNC’s/businesses or named examples offer employment to a large
number of people, companies set up where there are large population
centres and even more people are attracted

Reasons why some administrative areas have a lower population

density include:

 less people so fewer schools/hospitals/services are provided

 business/industry and investors favour cities, there are fewer of these in
Balochistan/KPK/Gilgit-Baltistan so less investment and fewer jobs
available
 narrow range of job opportunities mostly in primary sector such as
mining/farming which are lower paid/more risky/less attractive

Examples: could include named areas/regions/provinces/cities, named

rivers, mountain ranges.

Guidance: Punjab and Sindh have a higher population density; KPK,

Balochistan and Gilgit-Baltistan have a lower population density.
 Unit 12 Page 593 Population

2 (a) (i) Study Fig. 5.1, a diagram showing the Demographic Transition Model (DTM).

stage 1 stage 2 stage 3 stage 4 stage 5

30 48

25 40

20 32
death rate birth rate
per thousand per thousand
population 15 24 population

10 16

5 8

0 0
time

Key
birth rate
death rate
total population
projection

Fig. 5.1

Using Fig. 5.1 only:

– What is the birth rate at its highest point?

.............................. per thousand

– What is the death rate at its highest point?

.............................. per thousand

– What happens to the total population in stage 2?

....................................................
[3]

(ii) In 2018 Pakistan’s birth rate was 25 per thousand population and the death rate was
7 per thousand population. Using Fig. 5.1, identify which stage of the DTM Pakistan was
at in 2018.

Stage ................... [1]

(iii) On Fig. 5.1, shade a stage of the DTM which shows high natural population increase.
[1]

© UCLES 2022 2059/02/O/N/22 [Turn over

 Unit 12 Page 594 Population

(iv) State three reasons for a reduction in the death rate in stages 2 and 3 of the DTM.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................
[3]

(b) (i) Explain two reasons why birth rates are high in Pakistan. You should develop your
answer.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[4]

(ii) Describe how birth rates are being reduced in Pakistan.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

© UCLES 2022 2059/02/O/N/22

 Unit 12 Page 595 Population

(c) Suggest three likely changes to Pakistan’s population structure over the next 50 years.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

3 .................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[3]

© UCLES 2022 2059/02/O/N/22 [Turn over

 Unit 12 Page 596 Population

(d) Read the following two views about ways of slowing Pakistan’s population growth rate:

A B

Reducing infant mortality Increasing family

in Pakistan is the best planning in Pakistan is
way to slow the rate of the best way to slow the
population growth in the rate of population growth
future. in the future.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider view A and view B in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

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............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 25]

© UCLES 2022 2059/02/O/N/22

Unit 12 Page 597 Population

Question Answer Marks

2 (a)(i) Study Fig. 5.1, a diagram showing the Demographic Transition Model 3
(DTM).

Using Fig. 5.1 only:

• What is the birth rate at its highest point?
• What is the death rate at its highest point?
• What happens to the total population in stage 2?

• birth rate = 43 – 45
• death rate = 27 – 28
• increases/rises/goes up/gets bigger
3 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) In 2018 Pakistan’s birth rate was 25 per thousand population and the 1
death rate was 7 per thousand population. Using Fig. 5.1, identify
which stage of the DTM Pakistan was at in 2018.

stage 3
1 @ 1 mark

(a)(iii) On Fig. 5.1, shade a stage of the DTM which shows high natural 1
population increase.

shade Stage 2 or Stage 3 or both

1 @ 1 mark

(a)(iv) State three reasons for a reduction in the death rate in stages 2 and 3 3
of the DTM.

• improvements in hygiene or examples of that, e.g. clean/drinking water

• improved sanitation/introduction of sewage systems
• improved housing/shelter or examples of that, e.g. electricity
• improvements in diet/food intake/safer food storage/better access to
food, e.g. shops/markets
• improved/more/better access to healthcare/medical facilities or
examples of that, e.g. hospitals
• more/better/educated/improved access to medical workers or examples
of that, e.g. doctors
• vaccinations
• cures for diseases/medicines/medical procedures
• fewer people doing dangerous jobs/improved working conditions
• healthier lifestyle choices/more health conscious or examples of that,
e.g. exercise/not smoking
3 @ 1 mark
Unit 12 Page 598 Population

Question Answer Marks

(b)(i) Explain two reasons why birth rates are high in Pakistan. You should 4
develop your answer.

• (religious) beliefs; people have many children

• strong desire for sons; to carry on the family name
• need/desire for large families; to provide labour/work on farms/bring in
extra income/help look after the family in old age
• may lack knowledge about family planning/use of contraceptives
• lack of/high cost of contraceptives; people cannot afford them/don’t
have access to them
• early marriages; increases the span for reproductivity
• high infant mortality rate; so people have more children
• unsuccessful population welfare projects; limited success in tackling
high birth rates/so fewer people benefit/fewer people are educated by
such projects

Note: 1 mark for simple point and a further mark for the development of the
point. 1 mark for second simple point and a further mark for development of
the second point.
Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.
2 @ 2 marks

(b)(ii) Describe how birth rates are being reduced in Pakistan. 4

• more people want/have/are choosing to have fewer children

• more people are educated/literate
• more people have a career/job
• people are having children later in life
• reduced reproductivity span
• having a legal age for marriage/women are marrying later
• government and NGOs are raising awareness/educating about of the
benefits of having smaller families
• promoting/funding/investing in family planning projects methods/
services across the country/in rural/urban areas
• examples of projects, e.g. Greenstar/Sabz Sitara clinics
• providing better access to/awareness of using (free/cheap)
contraceptives/making family planning socially acceptable
• banning child labour/reducing dependence on children for income

4 @ 1 mark
Unit 12 Page 599 Population

Question Answer Marks

(c) Suggest three likely changes to Pakistan’s population structure over 3

the next 50 years.

• narrowing base/fewer babies being born/fewer children/fewer 0–14 age

groups
• fewer young dependents
• wider middle/still a high number of young adults (in proportion to the
rest of the population)/more 20 – 40 age groups
• more economically active/working age in the population
• broader top/there will be more older people/longer life expectancy/more
in 60 – 75 age groups
• increasing number of very old/elderly groups/more over 75+
• increasing older/elderly dependents
3 @ 1 mark
Unit 12 Page 600 Population

Question Answer Marks

(d) Read the following two views about ways of slowing Pakistan’s 6
population growth rate:

A
Reducing infant mortality in Pakistan is the best way to slow the
population growth in the future.

B
Increasing family planning in Pakistan is the best way to slow the rate
of population growth in the future.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your
answer and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider
view A and view B in your answer.

Levels marking

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view only (3)
Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant
example (4)

Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant
example (5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant
example (6)

Content guide

Reducing the infant mortality will slow the population growth rate
because:
• with a reduction in infant mortality people will choose/need to have fewer
children
• pressure on healthcare services will be reduced and more babies will
survive
• pressure on education services will be reduced so more of the
population will be well-educated/literate
• population growth will slow down as people have more confidence in
healthcare systems and that their children will survive

Reducing the infant mortality will not slow the population growth rate
because:
• some people will still have large families so that their children can work
for them/send money home/look after them in old age
• high cost of pre/anti-natal care
Unit 12 Page 601 Population

Question Answer Marks

(d) • more doctors/nurses needed to help reduce the infant mortality rate
• to begin with population will grow, it will take time for people to react to a
lower infant mortality rate and have fewer children
• education to be improved before infant mortality rate can be reduced; to
train more midwives/doctors/so the birth rate falls due to higher literacy
• improved nutrition is needed to help reduce the infant mortality rate and
some families cannot afford better diets
• living conditions for some families require further improvement, e.g.
sewerage/reliable power supply

Increasing family planning will help slow the population growth rate
because:
• more access to family planning clinics/centres will inform people
(especially women) of the options available to them
• educating women about family planning will help them to make informed
choices about how many children to have
• availability and use of contraception can be improved through more
widespread access
• educating girls from a young age about sexual health and career
opportunities will encourage them to delay having families and choose to
have fewer children

Increasing family planning will not help slow the population growth
rate because:
• males are still the decision makers in some families
• religious beliefs/cultural traditions mean some couples continue to want
large families
• many poorer families want a large family to help look after them
financially and/or in old age
• family planning is not widely available in remote rural areas
• investment in education is needed to ensure everyone attends school

Evaluations could include ideas such as:

• view A will be achieved by implementing view B, therefore view B is a
better starting point for slowing population growth
• view B challenges cultural/religious beliefs; so there may be resistance
to it, whereas view A would be acceptable to all
• education is key to both views which work best if used together
 Unit 12 Page 602 Population

3 (a) (i) Define ‘population distribution’.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Study Fig. 5.1 (Insert), a map showing average annual population change by district in
southern and western Pakistan between 1998 and 2017.

Using Fig. 5.1 only, describe the distribution of the districts within southern and western
Pakistan with over 4 per cent annual population change.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iii) Suggest two reasons for the annual population change of the district labelled Z in
Fig. 5.1.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) (i) Study Fig. 5.2 (Insert), a photograph of part of a tent city in Pakistan.

Using Fig. 5.2 only, describe two features of the area shown.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

© UCLES 2022 [Turn over

 Unit 12 Page 603 Population

(ii) State two reasons for the growth of tent cities in Pakistan.

1 ...........................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Describe four problems faced by many people living in tent cities.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

4 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[4]

(c) Explain two strategies which could be used to improve living conditions in existing tent cities
in Pakistan. You should develop your answer.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[4]

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 Unit 12 Page 604 Population

(d) Read the following two views about approaches that could be taken to further develop
Pakistan’s economy.

A B

Reducing death rates and the Improving literacy rates

spread of disease in Pakistan and educational provision in
is the best way to develop the Pakistan is the best way to
economy further. develop the economy further.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider view A and view B in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 25]

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 Unit 12 Page 605 Population

Fig. 5.1 for Question 3

Key
N international boundary
province-level boundary
district boundary
KPK Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Jammu &
0 100 200 300 Kashmir
percentage annual population change
AJK
over 4 disputed territory
km
KPK 3–4
TAN 2–3
I S
N 1–2
G HA
under 1
AF

Punjab

Balochistan
IRAN
INDIA

Sindh

Arabian Sea

Fig. 5.2 for Question 3

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 Unit 12 Page 606 Population

Question Answer Marks

3 (a)(i) Define ‘population distribution’. 2

is the way that people are spread/scattered over an area

or

it is the pattern of where people live

Note: 1 mark for the idea of spread/pattern. 1 mark for area/place/where

people live
2 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) Study Fig. 5.1 (Insert), a map showing average annual population 3
change by district in southern and western Pakistan between 1998 and
2017.

Using Fig. 5.1 only, describe the distribution of the districts within
southern and western Pakistan with over 4 per cent annual population
change.

 uneven distribution/more in south than in north

 on/near international borders with Iran/Afghanistan
 mostly in Balochistan
 in central area of Pakistan
 south-west/west/north-east part of Balochistan
 south-west part of/coast of Sindh/Balochistan-Sindh boundary
 central/north/north-east/north-west part of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
3 @ 1 mark

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 Unit 12 Page 607 Population

Question Answer Marks

(a)(iii) Suggest two reasons for the annual population change of the district 2
labelled Z in Fig. 5.1.

 international migration
 internal migration between provinces/districts
 rural to urban migration
 displaced people/refugees
 push or pull factors (two from below:)
in search of jobs/education/healthcare, etc.
fleeing war/conflict/disaster/hazards, etc.
 increasing birth rates
 decreasing death rates/infant mortality rates
 birth rate is increasing while death rate is decreasing
 people are living longer/longer life expectancy
 people having larger numbers of children
2 @ 1 mark

(b)(i) Study Fig. 5.2 (Insert), a photograph of part of a tent city in Pakistan. 2

Using Fig. 5.2 only, describe two features of the area shown.

 Large/vast area of land/flat land/barren

 wood/wooden poles/wooden beds
 fabric/cloth/plastic sheets/tarpaulins
 low/small/single storey (homes/dwellings)
 densely populated/high density/close together (homes/dwellings)
 white/bright coloured (homes/dwellings)
 tracks/non-metalled roads
 little vegetation/few trees
 arid/dry/dusty/sandy ground
 land pollution/litter/waste/rubbish on ground
 clothes on roofs
 pylons/water tower/large building in distance
2 @ 1 mark

(b)(ii) State two reasons for the growth of tent cities in Pakistan. 2

 migration/rural-urban migration/growing population/overpopulation

 overcrowding/lack of land in cities
 demand for housing is higher than supply/there is a lack of housing
 difficult to keep pace with the large number of houses needed
 formal housing is unaffordable/poverty/unemployment
 tent homes are cheap to construct
 tent homes can be built quickly
2 @ 1 mark

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 Unit 12 Page 608 Population

Question Answer Marks

(b)(iii) Describe four problems faced by many people living in tent cities. 4

 overcrowded/cramped/congested living conditions/lack of privacy

 noisy/noise pollution/not soundproof
 little protection from weather/sun/rain/wind/dust
 homes are poorly built/easily destroyed/leak/fall down/lack foundations
 homes catch fire/fires spread easily
 rubbish piles/lack of rubbish disposal/waste attracts vermin and
flies/smells
 lack of security/possible wild animal attacks/high crime rates/difficult to
police
 often unemployed/employed in low paid/informal jobs/unskilled
jobs/poverty/poor
 can be evicted/land can be cleared/no rights of ownership
 disease can spread more easily
 food shortages/lack of food/malnutrition
 lack of sanitation examples; taps/kitchens/(running/piped) water/drains
etc/have to travel to collect water/standing water attracts mosquitoes
 lack of infrastructure/utilities examples; metalled roads/toilets/sewerage
disposal/internet/ telephone/no electricity supply/unable to have
appliances, e.g., fridges/lights
 lack of services examples;
doctors/healthcare/hospitals/schools/education/public transport, etc.

4 @ 1 mark

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 Unit 12 Page 609 Population

Question Answer Marks

(c) Explain two strategies which could be used to improve living conditions 4
in existing tent cities in Pakistan. You should develop your answer.

 build hospitals/health services; for vaccinations against disease

 build schools/education/self-help/resident training schemes; teach skills
to improve housing/improve employment options/improve health
 clean/drinking water/water taps/wells/pipes/ water tanks installed;
providing a supply of running water to each house/to reduce the chance
of catching disease
 toilets/sewerage system installed; reducing the spread of infectious
diseases or example
 gas/electricity provided; allowing people to heat and light their homes
 roads built; provides jobs in construction/allows people to access more
employment/education opportunities
 streetlights installed; makes people feel safer and/or reduces crime
 building materials provided; to make the houses brick/more
private/stable/better insulated
 rubbish collections: to clean up the area and reduce the vermin/spread of
disease
 open spaces/parks created; provides space for
recreation/play/sports/trees create shade
 loans/funding from government/NGOs; pay for education/allow them to
get qualifications/ to make their houses more secure/safer
 government/NGOs build/provide affordable homes; which have running
water/electricity provided

Note: 1 mark for simple point and a further mark for the development of the
point.1 mark for second simple point and a further mark for development of
the second point.
Note: Max. 2 marks if no development
2 @ 2 marks

© UCLES 2022
 Unit 12 Page 610 Population

Question Answer Marks

(d) Read the following two views about approaches that could be taken to 6
further develop Pakistan’s economy.

Reducing death rates and the spread of disease in Pakistan is the best
way to develop the economy further.

Improving literacy rates and educational provision in Pakistan is the

best way to develop the economy further.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your
answer and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider
view A and view B in your answer.

Levels marking

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view only (3)
Developed points referring to both views (4)

Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example
(5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example
(6)

Content Guide:

agree with A because:

 less people will be ill so can go to work
 government won’t have to spend as much money on hospital care
 if infant mortality rate is reduced people will have fewer children, lowering
the birth rate
 widespread vaccination programmes can reduce the spread of disease,
therefore less burden on healthcare
Etc.

© UCLES 2022
 Unit 12 Page 611 Population

Question Answer Marks

(d) disagree with A because:

 reducing death rates will mean that there will be more dependents to
support which places more burden on the government
 reducing death rates will lead to higher unemployment
 reducing death rates will put more pressure on healthcare facilities
 there are not enough doctors/vaccines to enable a lower death
rate/reduce the spread of disease
Etc.

agree with B because:

 improved literacy rates and educational provision will lead to a more
skilled workforce
 an educated and literate population can improve technology and innovate
new ideas
 rise of entrepreneurs to develop businesses
 will attract investment from abroad
Etc.

disagree with B because:

 literacy rates tend to be higher in city areas so development will be
patchy/uneven
 educational provision is limited and not everyone has access to
schools/higher education
 some families do not send their children to school so this is difficult to
achieve
Etc.

© UCLES 2022
 Unit 12 Page 612 Population

4 (a) (i) Study Fig. 5.1, a line graph showing the unemployment rate (as a percentage of the
population) in Pakistan between 2008 and 2018.

3.5

2.5
unemployment
rate (%) 2

1.5

0.5

0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
year

Fig. 5.1

Complete Fig. 5.1 to show that 3% of the population were unemployed in 2013. [1]

(ii) In which year was the unemployment rate lowest? ........................... [1]

(iii) Which of the following statements best describe the change in the unemployment rate
between 2008 and 2018? Tick (3) two boxes in the table below:

Unemployment rate has: Tick (3)

decreased then increased
fluctuated
generally decreased
generally increased
stayed the same
[1]

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 Unit 12 Page 613 Population

(iv) In 2018 the total working-age population of Pakistan was 127 million and the
unemployment rate was 3 per cent.

Calculate the number of unemployed people in Pakistan in 2018. Show your working in
the box below.

[2]

(b) (i) Define ‘underemployment’.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Suggest two reasons for unemployment and two reasons for underemployment in
Pakistan.

reasons for unemployment reasons for underemployment

1 1

2 2

[4]

(iii) Describe how unemployment and underemployment can influence GDP in Pakistan.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

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 Unit 12 Page 614 Population

(c) (i) Name two jobs in Pakistan’s informal sector.

1 ...................................................

2 ...................................................
[2]

(ii) Explain how employment opportunities are affected by the availability of manual labour
and skilled labour in Pakistan. You should develop your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

© UCLES 2021 2059/02/M/J/21

 Unit 12 Page 615 Population

(d) Pakistan’s literacy rate was 60 per cent in 2020 and was predicted to be 68 per cent by
2025. To accelerate this growth, a new government initiative was introduced with the target of
achieving a national literacy rate of 90 per cent by 2025.

Assess the extent to which higher literacy rates may increase employment opportunities for
people in Pakistan. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have
studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 25]

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 Unit 12 Page 616 Population

Question Answer Marks

4(a)(i) Study Fig. 5.1, a line graph showing the unemployment rate (as a 1
percentage of the population) in Pakistan between 2008 and 2018.

Complete Fig 5.1 to show that 3% of the population were unemployed in

2013.

Point plotted at 3% and line joined up.

1@ 1 mark

(a)(ii) In which year was the unemployment rate lowest? 1

2008
1 @ 1 mark

(a)(iii) Which of the following statements best describe the change in the 1
unemployment rate between 2008 and 2018? Tick (  ) two boxes in the
table below:

fluctuated, generally increased

1 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2021
 Unit 12 Page 617 Population

Question Answer Marks

(a)(iii) In 2018 the total working-age population of Pakistan was 127 million and 2
the unemployment rate was 3%. Calculate the number of unemployed
people in Pakistan in 2018. Show your working in the box below.

127 000 000 ÷ 100 × 3 = 3 810 000 (people)

Note: reserve one mark for working out. If correct answer but no working or
incorrect working = max 1 mark
2 @ 1 mark

(b)(i) Define ‘underemployment’. 1

People are working fewer hours than they wish/people who are not fully
employed/doing jobs that they are over qualified for.
1 @ 1 mark

(b)(ii) Suggest two reasons for unemployment and two reasons for 4
underemployment in Pakistan.

Reasons for unemployment:

• rapidly growing population;
• mechanisation of farming;
• increased use of technology;
• rural to urban migration;
• reduction in demand for some products;
• natural disasters or examples e.g. floods/earthquakes;
• not enough jobs for the number of people;
• some of the workforce have lower levels of education/literacy/skills;

Reasons for underemployment:

• jobs may be seasonal e.g. cotton picking;
• increased mechanisation of farming;
• increased use of technology;
• mainly part time jobs available;
• cultural restraints/traditions/family ties;
Etc.

Note: Different reasons required for unemployment and underemployment.

4 @ 1 mark

(b)(iii) Describe how unemployment and underemployment can influence GDP 3

in Pakistan.

• reduced/low GDP/negative impact;

• under-utilisation of human resources results in low GDP;
• wages decrease therefore taxes collected are reduced leading to low
GDP;
• lower consumer expenditure which reduces a country’s earnings/slows
economic growth;
• leads to out migration/international migration/emigration affecting GDP;
Etc.
3 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2021
 Unit 12 Page 618 Population

Question Answer Marks

(c)(i) Name two jobs in Pakistan’s informal sector. 2

• rug making;
• making pottery/ceramics;
• weaving/making textiles;
• street vendors;
• fruit seller;
• cleaners;
• handicrafts at home/tailor/pedlar.
Etc.
2 @ 1 mark

(c)(ii) Explain how employment opportunities are affected by the availability of 4

manual labour and skilled labour in Pakistan. You should develop your
answer.

manual labour
• abundance of manual labour will promote low paid primary activities;
thereby reducing employment opportunities and/or higher earnings;
• less manual labour means fewer people to do the low paid primary jobs
such as farming/mining; resulting in low output and/or food shortages;

skilled labour
• abundance of skilled labour will encourage international companies to
invest in Pakistan; thereby promoting employment opportunities;
• less skilled labour limits employment opportunities and/or industrial
development in the secondary and tertiary sectors; limiting competition
with other countries;
• industries need skilled labour to operate; due to high cost of
machinery/prefer people over machines or examples;
• literate people/entrepreneurs create job opportunities; reduces
unemployment/boosts the economy;
Etc.

Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development.
Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.
2 @ 2 marks

© UCLES 2021
 Unit 12 Page 619 Population

Question Answer Marks

(d) Pakistan’s literacy rate was 60 per cent in 2020 and was predicted to be 6
68 per cent by 2025. To accelerate this growth, a new government
initiative was introduced with the target of achieving a national literacy
rate of 90 per cent by 2025.

Assess the extent to which higher literacy rates may increase

employment opportunities for people in Pakistan. Give reasons to
support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You
should consider different points of view in your answer.

Levels marking

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view (3)
Developed points referring to both views (4)

Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example
(5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example
(6)

Content Guide

Answers are likely to refer to:

higher literacy rates may increase people’s employment opportunities

because:
• it would make people more attractive to employers;
• more skilled people bigger range of jobs open to them especially in the
public sector;
• people in education and training for longer will not join unemployment
statistics at 16;
• may encourage people to seek jobs overseas;
Etc.

higher literacy rates may not increase people’s employment

opportunities because:
• may not be enough jobs for people with literacy skills;
• Pakistan needs to invest further in secondary and tertiary industry to
create jobs;
• Pakistan needs to attract increased foreign investment to create jobs;
Etc.

Examples can be job types.

© UCLES 2021
 Unit 12 Page 620 Population

5 (a) (i) Define the term ‘migration’.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Suggest four push factors that lead to rural–urban migration.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

4 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[4]

(iii) Describe the impacts of rural–urban migration on rural areas of Pakistan.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

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 Unit 12 Page 621 Population

(b) (i) Study Fig. 5.1, a map showing the distribution of urban population in Pakistan in 2018.

Fig. 5.1

Using Fig. 5.1 only, describe the distribution of urban population in Pakistan.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

© UCLES 2020 2059/02/O/N/20

 Unit 12 Page 622 Population

(ii) Study Fig. 5.2, a bar graph showing the percentage of the population living in urban
centres by province in 2018.

55

50

45

40
population
35
living in
urban centres (%) 30

25

20

15

10

0
Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa
Punjab

Sindh

Balochistan

provinces

Fig. 5.2

Complete Fig. 5.2 by drawing the bar for Sindh using the information below.

province-level area percentage (%)

Sindh 52
[1]

(iii) Using Fig. 5.2 only list the provinces in rank order by the percentage of their population
living in urban centres.

1 ................................................................ highest percentage

2 ................................................................

3 ................................................................

4 ................................................................ lowest percentage

[1]

© UCLES 2020 2059/02/O/N/20 [Turn over

 Unit 12 Page 623 Population

(iv) State two problems which occur when large numbers of people live in urban areas.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(c) Explain two physical factors that affect the population distribution of Pakistan. You should
develop your answer.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[4]

© UCLES 2020 2059/02/O/N/20

 Unit 12 Page 624 Population

(d) Read the following two views about the impact of migration on Pakistan’s future economic
development.

A B

The emigration of working-age The immigration of skilled and

people from Pakistan will professional people to Pakistan
encourage further economic will encourage further economic
development. development.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider View A and View B in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 25]

© UCLES 2020 2059/02/O/N/20

 Unit 12 Page 625 Population

Question Answer Marks

5(a)(i) Define the term ‘migration’. 1

Migration is the movement of people from one place to another/leave own

country and settle in another/moving in and out of an area.
1 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) Suggest four push factors that lead to rural-urban migration. 4

• drought so crops die/lack of water for people/crops/livestock;

• natural disasters/earthquakes;
• not enough land to divide between heirs due to large families;
• insufficient food grown/pest attack/leads to hunger/illness;
• overgrazing by livestock leads to soil degradation/erosion/flooding;
• high unemployment rate/low paid jobs/no or lack of jobs/few high
salaried jobs/work for family;
• lack of services e.g. schools/shops;
• lack of hospitals/medical facilities;
• lack of infrastructure e.g. metalled roads/electricity supply;
• floods destroy homes/fields/livelihoods;
• no/limited irrigation due to lack of electricity e.g. tubewell;
• no/limited recreational facilities or examples;
• mechanisation in farming;
4 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2020
 Unit 12 Page 626 Population

Question Answer Marks

(a)(iii) Describe the impacts of rural-urban migration on rural areas of

Pakistan.

Negative impacts:
• rural de-population/low population/fewer people left behind;
• reduced workforce/people available to work on farms;
• reduced production;
• more women/children/older people/dependent population left
behind/imbalance in population;
• feeling isolated/families are separated;
• fewer people discourages investment/development in rural areas;
• children are needed to work on the farm so cannot go to school;
• falling birth rate;
• families work harder to make up for the people who have left.

Positive impacts:
• send money back and so improve quality of life in rural area;
• more availability of food/electricity etc;
• more jobs available as people have moved out/less unemployment.
3 @ 1 mark

(b)(i) Study Fig. 5.1, a map showing the distribution of urban population in 3
Pakistan in 2018. Using Fig. 5.1 only, describe the distribution of urban
population in Pakistan.

• uneven distribution;
• most/high population is distributed in the north-east/east;
• least/low population is in the south-west/west/far north;
• two locations have 5+ million: south and north-west;
• linear distribution north-west to south-east;
• most frequent distribution is 50 000 to 99 999;
• one area of 5+ million along Arabian Sea/very few along coastline/
Arabian sea/most are inland;
• two areas of 0.5–0.99 million on the disputed boundary;
• only one area of 0.1–0.49 million in the south-west;
• only one area of 0.5–0.99 million in centre-west/west;
• reference to scale and correct number identified from key.
3 @ 1 mark

(b)(ii) Study Fig. 5.2, a bar graph showing the percentage of the population 1
living in urban centres by province in 2018. Complete Fig. 5.2 by
drawing the bar for Sindh using the information below.

Accurate completion of bar at 52%

1 @ 1 mark

(b)(iii) Using Fig. 5.2 only, list the provinces in rank order by their percentage 1
of population living in urban centres.

highest-lowest: Sindh, Punjab, Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK)

1 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2020
 Unit 12 Page 627 Population

Question Answer Marks

(b)(iv) State two problems which occur when large numbers of people live in 2
urban areas.

• pressure/burden on school places;

• pressure/burden on healthcare services;
• pressure/burden on transport/traffic congestion;
• pressure/burden on sanitation/need more sanitation;
• housing shortage/shanty town development/homelessness;
• unemployment/not enough jobs/growth of informal economy;
• environmental degradation/more noise/air/water/land pollution;
• more waste generated/rubbish tips/rubbish in streets;
• increased load shedding/shortage of electricity;
• increased crime/theft.
2 @ 1 mark

(c) Explain two physical factors that affect the population distribution of 4
Pakistan. You should develop your answer.

• topography/landscape/relief (1); e.g. flat land/plain area - more people

able to settle there/build houses (dev);
• climate (1); e.g. no extremes of temperature or rainfall - more people
live there (dev);
• soil fertility (1); e.g. rich fertile soil so able to grow crops and feed the
population - so more people live there (dev);
• availability of natural resources raw materials or named examples (1);
provides employment opportunities/settlements grow up around
resources - more people live there (dev);
• availability of water (1) near to rivers/lakes/fresh water/water a
necessity for life/irrigation - more people live there (dev);
• natural routes (1) e.g. gaps through mountains/confluence of
valleys/natural harbours provides transport opportunities between
countries/inaccessible areas - more people live there (dev);
• proximity to coast/beach/mountains/forests (1) for fishing
opportunities/development of tourism/mountaineering/recreation -more
people live there (dev);

Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development.
Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.
2 @ 2marks

© UCLES 2020
 Unit 12 Page 628 Population

Question Answer Marks

(d) Read the following two views about the impact of migration on 6
Pakistan’s future economic development.

A: The emigration of working-age people from Pakistan will encourage

further economic development.
B: The immigration of skilled and professional people to Pakistan will
encourage further economic development.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your
answer and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider
View A and View B in your answer.

Levels marking

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view (3)
Developed points referring to both views (4)

Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example
(5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant
example (6)

Content Guide
Answers are likely to refer to:

Agree with View A more

• Pakistan has a large population so encouraging people to move abroad
will alleviate the burden of unemployment/encourage development;
• people who migrate will send remittances home which will improve
household income/quality of life and increase revenue in Pakistan
through domestic spending and investment in health/education;
• people may move abroad and gain training and expertise then return to
Pakistan and help to develop the country by sharing skills/educating
others/generating high income;
• less money has to be spent on training and/or benefits in Pakistan
saving the balance of payments;
• people may diversify with this income/build wealth/invest in assets;
• reduced labour supply can lead to increased wages in local labour
markets;
• increased demand for local goods/services from increased remittances;
Etc.

© UCLES 2020
 Unit 12 Page 629 Population

Question Answer Marks

(d) Agree with View A less

• people who move abroad tend to be young economically active males;
which changes the population composition and may leave a gap/skills
shortage in Pakistan for filling certain jobs;
• loss of labour may lead to reduced production in agricultural/cottage
industries;
• young and elderly dependants need the economically active to work in
Pakistan to contribute towards GDP and balance of payments;
• encouraging the economically active to migrate creates more problems
than it solves;
Etc.

Agree with View B more

• Pakistan has a lack of skilled and professional people which may hold
back further economic development;
• skilled and professional people can teach/educate/train the people in
Pakistan;
• skilled and professional people can set up businesses and create further
employment opportunities;
Etc.

Agree with View B less

• it may lead to further unemployment of Pakistani people as foreigners
will take the jobs that are available;
• Pakistani people may be put off from training and education if this does
not lead to secure employment;
• foreign workers will send remittances to their home country which will
not benefit Pakistan economically;

Etc.

© UCLES 2020
 Unit 12 Page 630 Population

6 (a) (i) Study Fig. 5.1, a population pyramid showing the projected population structure for
Pakistan in 2040.

male female
85 +
older 80 – 84
75 – 79
dependents 70 – 74
65 – 69
60 – 64
55 – 59
50 – 54
45 – 49
economically 40 – 44
active 35 – 39
30 – 34
25 – 29
20 – 24
15 – 19
young 10 – 14
dependents 5–9
0–4
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
age
percentage (%) group percentage (%)

Fig 5.1

Complete the population pyramid using the information below:

males
age 60–64 1.7%
[1]

(ii) Using Fig. 5.1, calculate the percentage of female young dependents in Pakistan.

Circle the correct answer.

13.1% 17.4% 18.6% 36.0%

[1]

(iii) Describe the projected population structure for Pakistan in 2040 using Fig. 5.1 only.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

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 Unit 12 Page 631 Population

(iv) Explain how population data can be used to plan for the future in Pakistan. You should
develop your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(b) (i) Suggest three benefits of a youthful population for Pakistan.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[3]

(ii) State four ways that a low and steady birth rate can be achieved in Pakistan.

1 ...........................................................................................

2 ...........................................................................................

3 ...........................................................................................

4 ...........................................................................................
[4]

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 Unit 12 Page 632 Population

(c) (i) Complete the sentence below about overpopulation. Put the correct words in the spaces
provided.

There is overpopulation when there are ........................... people and

........................... resources to support a satisfactory quality of life.

too few too many

[1]

(ii) Describe two impacts of overpopulation.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

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 Unit 12 Page 633 Population

(d) Pakistan has one of the world’s largest and fastest growing populations. Read the following
two views about the impact of fertility rates on the future economic development of Pakistan:

A B

Unchecked high fertility Reducing the fertility

rates in Pakistan will rate in Pakistan will
hinder future economic hinder future economic
development. development.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider View A and View B in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 25]

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 Unit 12 Page 634 Population

Question Answer Marks

6(a)(i) Accurately drawn bar for males aged 60–64 1

1 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) 17.4% 1
1 @ 1 mark

(a)(iii) Ideas such as: 3

0–4 age group has highest percentage of population;
Predominantly young population/widest bars are below age 30;
Bars start to decrease after age 34;
Sharper decrease in bars after age 59;
Lower percentage of population in older age groups; etc.
3 @ 1 mark

(a)(iv) Ideas such as: 4

To see how many young dependents there are; (so that the number of
school places required can be determined/vaccinations/healthcare);
To identify how many old dependents there will be; (so that the amount to
spend on healthcare/care homes/medicines/pensions/hospitals can be
estimated);
To know how many economically active there are; (so the amount
potentially earnt in taxation can be estimated);
To estimate the total number of population; (so that the quantity of new
houses/building/services/facilities needed can be predicted/named
examples); etc.

Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development (in parentheses).
Note: Max 2 marks if no development.
2 @ 2 marks

(b)(i) Ideas such as: 3

Enough people to work in the future;
Can pay more taxes;
Can support families when are older;
Provides a growing market for manufactured products; etc.
3 @ 1 mark

(b)(ii) Ideas such as: 4

Introduction/wider availability of contraception;
Family planning centres/clinics;
Educating women;
Population policy;
Improved healthcare; etc.
4 @ 1 mark

(c)(i) Overpopulation is a result of too many people and too few resources 1

Note: Both answers must be given for one mark

1 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2020
 Unit 12 Page 635 Population

Question Answer Marks

(c)(ii) Ideas such as: 2

Limited food supply;
Famine/starvation;
Overcrowding/too few houses;
Development of squatter settlements;
Shortage of essential services or named examples;
Limited clean water;
Excess waste/pollution;
Pressure on infrastructure;
Unemployment; etc.
2 @ 1 mark

(d) Levels marking 6

Level 1 (1–2 marks)

Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)

Level 2 (3–4 marks)

Developed point referring to one view (3)
Developed points referring to both views (4)

Level 3 (5–6 marks)

Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example
(5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant
example (6)

Content Guide
Answers are likely to refer to:

A: Unchecked high fertility rates will hinder future economic development

Agree because:
Too many people and not enough resources or named examples e.g. food,
water, houses etc;
May lead to high levels of unemployment;
Increased pressure on services such as healthcare and education;
Higher taxes required to pay for services needed by young dependents;
People will have to work longer;
Investment in infrastructure or named examples may be reduced/limited as
excess capital is diverted to support the young; etc.

Note: Conversely candidates may argue against View A and refer to

examples of how high fertility rates may aid future economic development
by creating a larger workforce that can contribute through taxes etc.

B: Reducing the fertility rate will hinder future economic development

Disagree because:
There will be more mouths to feed;
More pressure on land for housing/farming/industry;
Higher unemployment/not enough jobs to go around;
There will be more pressure on services such as healthcare and education;
Water, electricity, transport infrastructure is already stretched; etc.

© UCLES 2020
Unit 12 Page 636 Population

Question Answer Marks

Note: Conversely candidates may argue in favour of View B and refer to

examples such as: China adopted an ante-natal population policy and later
experienced an ageing population with too few economically active people,
there may be natural checks to population (Malthus theory) e.g. war/famine
etc.
 Unit 12 Page 637 Population

7 (a) Study Fig. 5.1 which shows the annual population growth rate in Pakistan between 1976 and
2016.

4.0

3.0

annual population
growth rate (%) 2.0

1.0

0
1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016
year

Fig. 5.1

(i) Complete the line graph for the annual population growth rate on Fig. 5.1 using the
information below:

year annual population growth rate (%)

2016 2.0
[2]

(ii) A In which year was the lowest annual population growth rate?

..........................................

B In which year was the highest annual population growth rate?

..........................................

C Identify how the annual population growth rate has changed between 1976 and 2016.
Circle one correct answer below.

increased stayed the same decreased

[3]

© UCLES 2019 2059/02/O/N/19

 Unit 12 Page 638 Population

(iii) State two reasons for a declining death rate.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) (i) Define the term ‘overpopulation’.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Explain two ways in which population growth can be reduced in Pakistan. You should
develop your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

© UCLES 2019 2059/02/O/N/19 [Turn over

 Unit 12 Page 639 Population

(c) (i) What are the causes of unemployment in Pakistan?

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(ii) Suggest three ways that employment can be generated.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[3]

© UCLES 2019 2059/02/O/N/19

 Unit 12 Page 640 Population

(d) It is expected that over the next twenty years Pakistan’s birth rate and death rate will decrease
further.

Evaluate the extent to which projected population structures will affect the economy and
development of Pakistan. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples
that you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 25]

END OF QUESTION PAPER

© UCLES 2019 2059/02/O/N/19

 Unit 12 Page 641 Population

7(a)(i) • 2.0 for 2016 2

• joining up of the line
2 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) A= 2008 3
B= 1980
C= decreased
3 @ 1 mark

(a)(iii) • Better (access to) medical facilities / Improved transport to doctors / 2

more clinics / more hospitals;
• Improvements in medical care / more doctors / more nurses;
• Leading a healthy lifestyle;
• Control of diseases or examples: cholera / malaria / typhoid / cures for
diseases / medication;
• Immunisations;
• Improved diets / food production;
• Improved sanitation / hygiene;
• Clean / safe water supplies;
• Fall in infant mortality.
2 @ 1 mark

(b)(i) Overpopulation is when the number of people is too many / large for the 1
available resources.
1 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2019
 Unit 12 Page 642 Population

Question Answer Marks

(b)(ii) • Introduction of population welfare programmes; e.g. women’s 4

association / Behbud association / green star clinics and child welfare
association (dev);
• Non-governmental agencies working with the government; for
population welfare (dev);
• Improving literacy rate / education; so that people know about family
planning / understand the benefits of smaller families (dev);
• Support of Ulemas; to distribute knowledge that family planning
benefitting maternal and infant health is within Islamic principles (dev);
• More schools for females; so as to increase the age of marriage which
will reduce the birth rate (dev);
• Access to / use of contraception / free contraception; decreases birth
rate (dev);
• Increased education on family planning; prefer careers to having a
family (dev);
• Improvements in healthcare;
• Reduced infant mortality rate;
• Population policies to reduce number of people / anti-natalist policy; no
more than two children allowed / fined if failed to follow policies (dev);
• Provide pensions; so that children do not have to look after them when
they get old (dev);
• Prohibit child labour; so, no need for more children to earn for family
(dev);
• Fewer early marriages; as women focus on careers / reduce span of
reproductivity (dev);
Etc.

Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development (in parentheses).

Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.

2 @ 2 marks

(c)(i) • Generation of enough economic opportunities for skilled and unskilled 4

workforce / not enough jobs for everyone;
• Competition from people from other countries;
• Migrants / refugees moving into the country;
• Rate of population growth;
• Mechanisation in agriculture or industry / less manual labour;
• Increased use of ICT;
• Cultural traditions / restraints;
• Mismatch in supply and demand of labour force / rural-urban migration
adds to numbers of unemployed;
• Security issues discourage investment;
• Underemployment / many part time jobs;
• Literacy rates / availability of education / skill levels.
4 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2019
 Unit 12 Page 643 Population

Question Answer Marks

(c)(ii) • Government investment for small businesses / open more businesses 3

or factories or industries;
• Support for new businesses;
• Inward foreign investment or named examples;
• Incentives to encourage foreign companies;
• Expansion of industry;
• Development of service industry/tourism;
• Non-governmental agencies or named examples;
• Bank loans;
• Community projects / self-help schemes or named examples;
• Invest in public sector.
3 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2019
 Unit 12 Page 644 Population

Question Answer Marks

(d) Levels marking 6

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view (3)
Developed points referring to both views (4)

Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example
(5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant
example (6)

Content Guide
Answers are likely to refer to:

Encourage economy and development

• A lower birth rate puts less pressure on the economic resources. e.g.
education, healthcare, food and housing;
• A low birth rate means a lower dependency ratio;
• Lower birth rate allows greater investment in in areas such as
agriculture, industry, transport, trade etc., which eventually leads to
economic growth (fewer resources spent supporting younger people,
e.g. education / child healthcare etc.);
• A decreasing death rate means a larger active population (15–60)
available for work and can contribute to increasing the revenue of the
country / pay taxes. This will lead to more expenditure increasing
development;
• A lower death rate means that the increasing number of elderly people
can help with child care / pass on wisdom, knowledge and expertise to
younger generations;
Etc.

Limit economy and development

• Lower death rates will mean there are more people living longer, which
leads to an ageing dependent population / may offset possible
development benefits of a lower birth rate;
• A higher proportion of elderly people will increase the need for
investment in healthcare, care homes, pensions etc.;
• There will be an increased dependency ratio of older people to younger
people and who contribute less to economic growth;
• A lower death rate will mean there is a larger proportion of economically
active people available to work (15–60) but this may create an
economic burden if there are not sufficient economic opportunities
available for the increased workforce;
Etc.

© UCLES 2019
 Unit 12 Page 645 Population
8 (a) (i) Study Fig. 5.1, a map showing population distribution in Pakistan.

Key:
CHINA
international boundary
province-level boundary
JAMMU AND
disputed boundary KASHMIR
densely populated
disputed territory
Islamabad

AN
I ST
N
G HA Lahore
AF Quetta

N
IRAN INDIA

Hyderabad

Karachi 0 100 200 300

Arabian Sea
km

Fig. 5.1

Name a province that is sparsely populated.

..................................................................... [1]

(ii) Using Fig. 5.1, describe the population distribution of Pakistan.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

© UCLES 2019 2059/02/M/J/19

 Unit 12 Page 646 Population
(iii) Suggest three physical factors for the pattern of population distribution shown in Fig. 5.1.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(b) (i) Define ‘rural to urban migration’.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Using your own knowledge, what is the trend for the percentage share of people living in
rural areas? Circle the correct answer.

increasing decreasing stable

[1]

(iii) State three pull factors for people moving to urban areas.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 .........................................................................................................................................

3 ................................................................................................................................... [3]

© UCLES 2019 2059/02/M/J/19 [Turn over

 Unit Page 647 Population
(c)12(i) Explain two impacts of large numbers of people moving into urban areas. You should
develop your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(ii) Study Figs. 5.2 and 5.3 (Insert), which show two areas of shanty development in
Pakistan. Describe three differences between the shanty developments shown in
Figs. 5.2 and 5.3.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

© UCLES 2019 2059/02/M/J/19

 Unit 12 Page 648 Population
(d) Evaluate the measures taken to improve the living conditions in shanty developments in
urban areas of Pakistan. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you
have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 25]

© UCLES 2019 2059/02/M/J/19

 Unit 12 Page 649 Population
Fig. 5.2 for Question 8

© UCLES 2019 2059/02/INSERT/M/J/19

 Unit 12 Page 650 Population

Fig. 5.3 for Question 8

© UCLES 2019 2059/02/INSERT/M/J/19

 Unit 12 Page 651 Population

Question Answer Marks

8(a)(i) Balochistan / Northern areas / Gilgit-Baltistan / FATA / tribal areas. 1

1 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) • Unevenly spread; 3

• Most people in North / North East Punjab / KPK;
• Densely populated in Punjab / Sindh;
• Most population in East Pakistan (compared with west);
• Most / more population centred around cities or named example from
map, e.g. Islamabad / Lahore / Hyderabad / Karachi / Quetta;
• South West / West / North / North East Pakistan has few people /
sparsely populated;
• Balochistan / FATA / Northern KPK / NWFP/ Gilgit-Baltistan / Northern
Areas / Jammu and Kashmir are sparsely populated;
Etc.
3 @ 1 mark

(a)(iii) • Topography / mountainous areas / uneven terrain = fewer people / flat 3

land = more people;
• Temperature / colder areas have fewer people / hot desert areas =
fewer people / moderate or tolerable or favourable temperature = more
people;
• Snow in Northern Areas, fewer people / lack of rainfall, arid, dry = fewer
people / moderate rainfall = more people;
• Soil type / rich fertile soil able to grow crops = more people / dry or
sandy soils difficult to grow crops / thin soil difficult to grow crops / farm
= fewer people;
• Near to / adequate water supply / river attracts more people / away from
rivers = fewer people;
• Natural route ways = more people / lack of route ways = fewer people;
• Vegetation cover = more people / less vegetation cover = fewer people;
• Availability of raw materials = more people / lack of raw materials =
fewer people;
Etc.
3 @ 1 mark

(b)(i) Rural to urban migration is the movement of people from the countryside / 1
village to towns / cities.
1 @ 1 mark

(b)(ii) Decreasing 1
1 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2019
 Unit 12 Page 652 Population

Question Answer Marks

(b)(iii) • Wider variety / higher salary jobs / better working conditions / industrial 3
jobs;
• Pleasant climatic conditions / not too hot or cold;
• More / better educational opportunities / more schools / primary,
secondary and further education available;
• More / better healthcare facilities / more doctors / clinics available;
• More reliable food supply in the cities;
• Better standard of living / quality of life / modern lifestyle;
• Better living conditions / better housing / improved sanitation / electricity
supply / clean water;
• More entertainment / recreation / bright lights / glamorous lifestyle /
shopping malls / cinema;
• More / better metalled roads / railways / public transport;
Etc.
3 @ 1 mark

(c)(i) • Unplanned growth of cities; leads to urban sprawl / growth of shanty 4

towns (dev);
• More houses needed / crowded housing areas; so people build their
own homes / poorly built / development of shanty towns (dev);
• Pressure on healthcare; more hospital beds / doctors needed, etc.
(dev);
• Pressure on education; large class sizes / half day schooling /
insufficient school places (dev);
• Sanitation / sewage systems overstretched; spread of diseases / raw
sewage in streets (dev);
• Inadequate water supply; people drink polluted water / water shortages
/ water turned off during certain times of the day (dev);
• More power needed / electricity needed; power cuts during the day /
leads to power theft (dev);
• More / high / increased unemployment; high competition for jobs / more
unskilled or uneducated people / creation of more jobs required / growth
of informal sector (dev);
• Increased traffic; leads to more air pollution / congestion / accidents
(dev);
• Pressure on food supplies; leading to increased prices / poor diet;
Etc.

Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development (in parentheses).

Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.

2 @ 2 marks

© UCLES 2019
 Unit 12 Page 653 Population

Question Answer Marks

(c)(ii) • Houses are made from bricks (5.3) not material (5.2) / house (5.3) 3
versus tents (5.2);
• Houses are more permanent (5.3) rather than moveable / tents (5.2);
• Drainage has been installed (5.3), no evidence of drainage (5.2);
• Cemented pavements / walkways have been built (5.3) versus mud
paths (5.2);
• A water supply has been added as tanks are visible on roofs (5.3), no
obvious water supply (5.2);
• Electricity / wires / cables / transmission lines have been installed (5.3),
not evident in (5.2);
• The new housing has built doorways and windows (5.3), no doorways
or windows in the tents / makeshift houses (5.2);
• Solid (metal / concrete) roof (5.3) versus canvas roof (5.2);
• Two storeys (5.3) versus single storey (5.2);
Etc.
3 @ 1 mark

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 Unit 12 Page 654 Population

Question Answer Marks

(d) Levels marking 6

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to any view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view only (3)
Developed points referring to both views (4)

Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example
(5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant
example (6)

Content Guide
Answers are likely to refer to:

Successful because
• Many shanty settlements have been improved by the government;
• Self-help schemes encourage community spirit as people will work
together;
• People take pride in their environment;
• Clean water prevents spread of diseases;
• People will be healthier;
• Better standard of living;
• Housing is permanent and secure;
• Have directed where housing can be built;
Etc.

Less successful because

• Not all shanty settlements have been improved / only a few have been
improved;
• Unplanned urban growth / sprawl continues;
• Some housing is still crowded so disease spreads easily;
• Rural to urban migration continues;
• Some housing is cramped / too small for large families;
• Some people remain living in poverty;
Etc.

© UCLES 2019
 Unit 12 Page 655 Population

9 (a) (i) Study Fig. 5.1, a population pyramid for Pakistan in 2014.

Male Female
100+
95 – 99
90 – 94
older 85 – 89
dependents 80 – 84
75 – 79
70 – 74
65 – 69
60 – 64
55 – 59
50 – 54
45 – 49
economically 40 – 44
active 35 – 39
30 – 34
25 – 29
20 – 24
15 – 19
young 10 – 14
dependents 5–9
0–4
15 12 9 6 3 0 0 3 6 9 12 15
Population (in millions) Age Group Population (in millions)

Fig. 5.1

Complete the graph using the information below:

Females
Age 20–24 10 million
[1]

(ii) Using Fig. 5.1 describe the population structure of Pakistan.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

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 Unit 12 Page 656 Population

(b) (i) Define the term ‘birth rate’.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) Study Fig. 5.2 showing selected population information about Pakistan.

Total population 187 million

Urban population 70.87 million

Rural population 116.13 million

Population growth rate 2.0% per annum

Total fertility rate 3.3 per thousand

Birth rate 26.8 per thousand

Death rate 7.0 per thousand

Fig. 5.2

Using data from Fig. 5.2 calculate the natural population increase for Pakistan.

Show your working in the box below.

[2]

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 Unit 12 Page 657 Population

(iii) From the list below tick three correct reasons for overpopulation:

Tick (3)
Too many people
Use of contraception
Not enough resources e.g. food, shelter, water
Immigration
Poor infrastructure
Lack of government finance
Rapid population growth
[3]

(c) (i) Give two benefits and two problems to a family of having a small number of children.

benefits ..............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

problems ...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]

(ii) Explain how and why the death rate in Pakistan is changing. You should develop your
answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]

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 Unit 12 Page 658 Population

(d) Stage 4 of the Demographic Transition Model shows low birth and death rates with steady
population growth for Pakistan between 2014 and 2040.

To what extent will low birth and death rates have a positive impact on the future development
of Pakistan? Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have
studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[6]

[TOTAL: 25]

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 Unit 12 Page 659 Population

Question Answer Marks

9 (a)(i) Accurate completion of population pyramid graph. 1

1 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) • Large number of young dependents 0–19; 3

• Small proportion of elderly dependents 60+;
• Gradual decline through the older age groups / economically active
decline 20+;
• Economically active are the biggest sector;
• More females in older age groups / less males in older age groups;
• More males in young dependents.
3 @ 1 mark

(b)(i) Birth rate – the number of babies’ births / born per 000 of the population per 2
year.
2 @ 1 mark

(b)(ii) Natural Increase = birth rate – death rate 2

26.80 – 7.00 = 19.8 (per thousand)
2 @ 1 mark

(b)(iii) • Too many people; 3

• Not enough resources, e.g. food / shelter / water;
• Rapid population growth.
3 @ 1 mark

(c)(i) Benefits of having a small number of children: 4

• Have more food to go around;
• More disposable income / less outgoings;
• Can afford education;
• Will be healthier;
• More opportunities for employment;
• Better standard of living / quality of life;
• Less overcrowding;
• Less burden on services e.g. housing;
• More quality time for family;
Etc.

Problems of having a small number of children:

• Children needed to work (on the farms or other examples) / sent away
to work so less money coming in / more work to be done by fewer
people;
• High infant mortality rate so children may not survive to adulthood;
• May not have a son to carry on the family name;
• May not have a child to take care of parents in old age;
• Have to pay others to work / less income earned;
Etc.
4 @ 1 mark

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 Unit 12 Page 660 Population

Question Answer Marks

(c)(ii) How: 4
• Death rate is falling / decreasing / declining / lower; (decreased from 30
in 1947 to 7.2 per 1000 in 2012);

Why:
• Due to improved access to healthcare / more doctors / nurses;
• Improved medical facilities / more or better or improved hospitals /
clinics / faster emergency services;
• Diseases like cholera / malaria / typhoid have been brought under
control;
• Vaccinations;
• Improvements in food production / hygienic food / improved diets or
examples;
• Education about healthy living / lifestyle / exercise;
• Improved hygiene / sanitation / sewerage;
• Safer / cleaner drinking water / water supply;
• Infant mortality rate decreasing;
Etc.

Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development (in parentheses).

Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.

2 @ 2 marks

© UCLES 2018
 Unit 12 Page 661 Population

Question Answer Marks

(d) Levels marking 6

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point addressing any view (1)
Simple points addressing any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point(s) explaining one view (3)
Developed point(s) explaining both views (4)
No evaluation

Level 3 5–6
Developed points explaining both views
Evaluation giving clear support to one view or appropriate example (5)
Evaluation giving clear support to one view and appropriate example (6)

Content Guide
Answers are likely to refer to:

Low birth and death rates may assist future development because:
• Lead to population / economic stability;
• A lower birth rate puts less pressure on the economic resources, e.g.
education and healthcare, food and housing;
• A low birth rate means a lower dependency ratio;
• Lower birth rate allows greater investment into agriculture, trade,
industry, transport etc. which will eventually lead to economic growth;
• A larger proportion of 15–60-year olds will mean that there is a large
proportion of the population available for work / economically active to
contribute to increasing the revenue of the country / pay taxes;
• Lower death rate means that elderly people can help with child care /
pass on wisdom / knowledge to younger generations;
Etc.

Low birth and death rates may limit / hinder future development because:
• Lower death rate will mean there are more people living longer, which
leads to an ageing dependent population may offset possible
development from a lower birth rate;
• A higher proportion of elderly people will increase the need for
investment in healthcare, care homes, pensions etc.;
• There will be an increased dependency ratio of older people to younger
people and who contribute less to the economic growth of the country;
• A larger proportion of 15–60-year olds will mean that there is a large
proportion of the population available for work / economically active but
this could lead to high unemployment levels if there are not enough jobs
available putting a further economic burden on the government;
Etc.

Examples / ideas of how to reduce birth rates e.g. Subs-Sitara Clinics /

Chabi ka Nishan

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 Unit 12 Page 662 Population

10 (a) Study Fig. 5.1, which is a diagram of the Demographic Transition Model.

high

birth
rate Z ...................................
40

births and deaths

(per 000 30
per year)
20

10 death
rate
low
1 2 3 4 time
stages

Fig. 5.1

(i) Add a suitable label for line Z on Fig. 5.1. [1]

(ii) Describe the changes that occur in Stage 2 of the Demographic Transition Model in
Fig. 5.1.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

© UCLES 2018
 Unit 12 Page 663 Population

(b) (i) Suggest three reasons for a high and fluctuating death rate in Pakistan during Stage 1 of
the Demographic Transition Model.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

(ii) Explain two reasons for a fall in the birth rate in Pakistan during Stage 3 of the
Demographic Transition Model. You should develop your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]

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 Unit 12 Page 664 Population

(c) (i) Define the term ‘population density’.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Study Fig. 5.2, a map showing the population density of Pakistan.

Key:
people per square kilometre
over 1000
101–1000 JAMMU &
KASHMIR
0–100
disputed territory
international boundary
province-level boundary
disputed boundary

0 100 200 300

Arabian Sea
km

Fig. 5.2

Describe the population density of Pakistan.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

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 Unit 12 Page 665 Population

(iii) Suggest reasons for the variation in population density in Pakistan as shown in Fig. 5.2.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[5]

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 Unit 12 Page 666 Population

(d) Pakistan’s population is predicted to double by 2050 if population growth continues at the
current rate.

Evaluate whether it will be possible for the government to support the population of Pakistan
in the future. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have
studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[6]

[TOTAL: 25]

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 Unit 12 Page 667 Population

Question Answer Marks

10 (a)(i) • Total population / population growth. 1

1 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) • Birth rate increases slightly then decreases slightly / overall slight 2
decrease;
• Death rate falls (rapidly);
• Natural increase is at its highest / steeply rises / increases;
• (Total) population grows / increases (rapidly).
2 @ 1 mark

(b)(i) • High infant mortality rate / children die from disease; 3

• High maternal death rate;
• Spread of diseases such as diarrhoea / cholera / malaria;
• Food shortages / lack of food / traditional farming methods / unreliable
rainfall / drought;
• Poor hygiene facilities / lack of sewage disposal / lack of sanitation;
• Little development of medicines / drugs such as antibiotics / statins /
limited availability of treatments for disease / vaccinations;
• Limited hospital / medical facilities / doctors / access to health facilities;
• Use of traditional practitioners / medicines;
• Natural disasters such as earthquakes / floods / mudslides;
• Insufficient knowledge on healthy diets / healthy living / exercise / health
hazards of smoking;
• Unsafe / polluted drinking water.
3 @ 1 mark

(b)(ii) • Family planning programmes / named examples, e.g. subz-sitara clinics / 4

Chabi ka Nishan;
• People aware of benefits of / desire smaller families;
• People have knowledge of problems of / understand issues of
overpopulation;
• Increased literacy rates / people become educated;
• More women working / career orientated;
• Mechanisation of farming / fewer workers needed on farms;
• Later marriages;
• Decreased span of reproductivity;
• Desire for material possessions, e.g. cars rather than having children;
• Internal migration / international migration;
• Men leave / families fractured.
Etc.

Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development (in parentheses).

Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.

2 @ 2 marks

(c)(i) • Number of people per square kilometre / square mile / hectare / acre / 1
unit area.
1 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2018
 Unit 12 Page 668 Population

Question Answer Marks

(c)(ii) • Varied / uneven distribution; 3

• Small number of areas high density / high density areas are scattered;
• More densely populated in South East / East / Sindh / KPK / Punjab;
• Less densely populated / in South West / West / North / Balochistan /
Gilgit / Northern areas;
• Moderate density in central areas.
3 @ 1 mark

(c)(iii) Reasons for variations in population density such as: 5

• Topography (flat v rugged);
• Climate (no extremes);
• Natural vegetation (type / abundance);
• Soil (farming);
• Natural resources / raw materials (availability);
• Water supply / near rivers (availability);
• Natural routes / valleys / natural corridors / named infrastructure;
• Power supply (availability / security);
• Economic / availability of jobs / income / industries;
• Political / stable government / government investment;
• Social / schools / healthcare / migration.
Etc.
5 @ 1 mark or development

© UCLES 2018
 Unit 12 Page 669 Population

Question Answer Marks

(d) Levels marking 6

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point addressing any view (1)
Simple points addressing any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point(s) explaining one view (3)
Developed point(s) explaining both views (4)
No evaluation

Level 3 5–6
Developed points explaining both views
Evaluation giving clear support to one view or appropriate example (5)
Evaluation giving clear support to one view and appropriate example (6)

Content Guide
Answers are likely to refer to:

Possible
Government help through;
Encouraging use of contraception;
Introducing population policies;
Educating people about family planning / contraception;
Developing pre-natal care to reduce infant mortality rates;
Reducing the unemployment rate / create jobs;
Ensuring incentives are given to farmers to ensure demand for food is met;
As the country further develops / industrialises there will be more money in
the economy and further investments can be made in healthcare / education /
housing / food production.

Not possible
Insufficient food to feed the population now;
Limited healthcare;
High infant mortality rates;
School places in short supply / not all children can go to school;
Unemployment levels high;
Housing shortage / shanty towns developed;
Crime / discontent / racism / discrimination.
Etc.

© UCLES 2018
 Unit 12 Page 670 Population

11 (a) Study Photograph A (Insert), which shows part of the urban area of Islamabad.

(i) Describe three features of the residential area in this photograph.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

(ii) Suggest reasons why people move into areas such as that shown in Photograph A.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]

(b) A shortage of food is one reason why people move away from rural areas.

(i) Give two reasons why there might be a shortage of food in rural areas.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

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 Unit 12 Page 671 Population

(c) Study Fig. 1, which shows death rates in Pakistan between 2000 and 2014.

10
9
8
7
6
population
5
(per 000)
4
3
2
1
0
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

Fig. 1

(i) What is the death rate in 2000?

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) How has the death rate changed between 2000 and 2014?

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(iii) Give one reason why the death rate has changed over this period.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(iv) Explain the impacts of this change in death rates on Pakistan. You should develop your
answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]

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 Unit 12 Page 672 Population

(d) Rapid population growth and rural to urban migration lead to pressure on housing in urban
areas of Pakistan. Read the following two views about ways to solve the housing problems in
urban areas:

A B

The government should provide

The government should provide
funding to rural areas to prevent
funding to improve poor quality
migration from rural to urban
housing in urban areas.
areas.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider View A and View B in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[6]

[TOTAL: 25]

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Unit 12 Page 673 Population

Photograph A for Question 11

 Unit 12 Page 674 Population

Question Answer Marks

11 (a)(i) • Irregular pattern / arrangement; 3

• Crowded / closely built / high density;
• No open space / garden / small yards;
• Two storey / single storey / low buildings / houses;
• Small buildings / houses;
• Flat roofs;
• Brick built;
• Water containers on roofs;
• Power cables / transmission lines / telephone lines;
• Not glass windows / not many windows;
• Lack of vegetation;
• Narrow roads / pavements.
3 @ 1 mark

(a)(ii) • Considered a temporary living area; 4

• To be closer to work / to find work / more jobs available / high wages;
• To be closer to shops / entertainment / bright lights;
• To move in with relatives;
• Cannot afford higher quality housing / low rent or cheaper housing / low
land tax;
• Lack / shortage of higher quality housing provision by authorities;
• Better housing than in squatter settlements / katchi abadis;
• Close to / improved transport links;
• Close to / improved education facilities;
• Close to / improved medical facilities;
• Close to services, e.g. electricity, water, gas, sewage, etc.
4 @ 1 mark

(b)(i) • Pests / crop disease; 2

• Storms / floods / heavy rain / frost / drought;
• Overcultivation / overgrazing;
• Waterlogging and salinity;
• Desertification / soil erosion / infertile soil;
• Inheritance laws / farm / plot size too small;
• Cannot afford named agricultural input, e.g. seeds;
• Mismanagement / neglect / landlords lack incentive;
• Increasing population growth / high population;
• Lack of education – farming methods / farming practices / traditional
methods;
• Lack of irrigation.
2 @ 1 mark

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 Unit 12 Page 675 Population

Question Answer Marks

(b)(ii) • Increase production of fodder crops; 3

• Provide more land for grazing;
• Improve feed / better food / healthy food / hygienic food;
• Improve veterinary facilities / number of vets;
• Vaccinations / vitamins / medicines / treatment;
• Provide shelter from elements / weather in winter / living in hygienic
conditions;
• Government support / agricultural development funds / loans;
• Education for farmers on animal health/husbandry / disease prevention /
selective breeding / cross breeding;
• Investment from multinational companies in poultry / milk processing;
• Introduction of machines, e.g. milking machines.
3 @ 1 mark

(c)(i) 9.5/000 / 9.5 per 000 – UNIT required (allow 9.3–9.5) 1

1 @ 1 mark

(c)(ii) Decreased / fallen / lowered / gone down / declined 1

1 @ 1 mark

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 Unit 12 Page 676 Population

Question Answer Marks

(c)(iv) • Population increases (pressure on named resource / increased crime / 4

qualified pollution / specified congestion);
• More elderly to share experience / give advice / training (and so improve
skills of working population);
• More elderly to offer family support (allowing more parents to work);
• Decreased infant mortality (pressure on healthcare / education);
• More people to contribute to labour force / more economically active
(improves family income / greater productivity);
• Strain on families to support elderly; more dependents / higher
dependency ratio (meaning more people who have to be supported by
smaller share of working population / who do not contribute to the
economy / financial burden);
• Strain on government / local authorities (to provide named services such
as pensions / homes for elderly / healthcare / schools);
• High cost of supporting elderly (causing taxes to be raised / longer working
hours for wage earners / increase in pension age);
• More people of working age (more competition for jobs / increased
unemployment / increased crime).
ETC.

Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development (in parentheses).

Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.

2 @ 2 marks

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 Unit 12 Page 677 Population

Question Answer Marks

(d) Levels marking 6

No valid response (0 marks)

Level 1 (1–2 marks)

Simple point addressing any view (1)
Simple points addressing any view (2)

Level 2 (3–4 marks)

Developed point(s) explaining one view (3)
Developed point(s) explaining both views (4)
No evaluation

Level 3 (5–6 marks)

Well-developed points explaining both views. Evaluation giving clear support to
one view or appropriate example (5)
Well-developed points explaining both views. Evaluation giving clear support to
one view and appropriate example (6)

Content Guide

Answers are likely to refer to:

View A
For
• Self-help schemes;
• Schemes to renovate houses;
• Projects to build permanent housing / new low-cost housing;
• Loans to build own housing;
• Infrastructural development;
• Successful examples in Pakistan (e.g. Orangi Pilot Project, Karachi).

Against
• High cost of building materials / construction;
• Huge size of the problem – some slums are very large / makes projects
very costly / long term;
• May attract more rural migrants;
• Local / community resistance to change.

View B
For
• Rural electrification / transmission lines;
• Other named infrastructure improvements, e.g. sewerage, roads;
• Build new settlements along roads;
• Schemes to support agriculture / cottage industries;
• Schemes to provide services – healthcare / education.

Against
• Pull factors of urban areas too great to prevent migration from rural areas;
• Push factors of rural areas more large-scale / widespread;
• Control of landlords / loss of land;
• Remoteness of rural areas makes it difficult to improve.
ETC.

© UCLES 2017
 Unit 12 Page 678 Population

12 (b) Read the following article:

People move to towns and cities from the countryside for many reasons and often in large
numbers. Some people return but most stay. As well as changing the lives of the migrants
in many different ways, this rural–urban migration also brings change to the urban areas.
The effects can be positive or negative.

(i) State two pull factors for the movement of population described in the article.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Describe the effects on urban areas of the movement of large numbers of people into
them.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [4]

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Unit 12 Page 679 Population

12 (i) State two pull factors for the movement of population described in the article. [2]

Higher paid jobs / better working conditions / more opportunity / variety of work
Better / higher education / colleges
More reliable sources of food
Expectation of better quality of life
Greater access to healthcare / hospitals / more hospitals / doctors
Better healthcare / improved medicines / vaccinations
Constant supply / availability of water / electricity / gas / telephone
More entertainment
Better / more housing
Better road / rail / bus links
Better law and order

(ii) Describe the effects on urban areas of the movement of large numbers of people
into them. [4]

Greater workforce
Increased competition for jobs / more unemployment
Greater variety of skills
Larger local market
Overcrowding / shortage of housing / shanty development
Overpopulation / densely populated
Shortage of food / lack of food
Strain / pressure on named services e.g. need more schools
Strain on named utilities e.g. water, power
Crime increases / increase in violence
Growth in informal sector
Urban sprawl / unplanned urban growth
Traffic congestion / jams
Increase in social and psychological problems
Air / water / land / noise pollution / dumping untreated waste / damage to aquatic life
Increased incidence of named health hazard – dysentery, cholera / disease spreads
more quickly

© UCLES 2016
 Unit 12 Page 680 Population

13 (b) (i) What is meant by the term ‘population density’?

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Which province in Pakistan has the highest population density?

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(iii) Explain the physical factors that cause areas such as the province you named in (ii) to
have a high population density.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]

© UCLES 2016 2059/02/M/J/16 [Turn over

 Unit 12 Page 681 Population

(c) Study Fig. 2 (Insert) which shows two population pyramids for Pakistan.

(i) What information is displayed in a population pyramid?

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) Identify two ways in which Pakistan’s population structure is forecast to change between
2014 and 2040.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(iii) Give one possible reason for each change identified in (ii).

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

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 Unit 12 Page 682 Population

(d) Read the following two views about overpopulation in Pakistan:

A B

The problems caused by The needs of the people

overpopulation can only be solved by can only be met if
increasing resources such as food, population growth can
housing, and essential services. be controlled.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to places
or examples you have studied.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[6]

[TOTAL: 18]

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 Unit 12 Page 683 Population

Fig. 2 for Question 11

Male Pakistan – 2014 Female

100+
95–99
90–94
85–89
80–84
75–79
70–74
65–69
60–64
55–59
50–54
45–49
40–44
35–39
30–34
25–29
20–24
15–19
10–14
5–9
0–4
15 12 9 6 3 0 0 3 6 9 12 15

Population (in millions) Age Group Population (in millions)

Male Pakistan – 2040 Female

100+
95–99
90–94
85–89
80–84
75–79
70–74
65–69
60–64
55–59
50–54
45–49
40–44
35–39
30–34
25–29
20–24
15–19
10–14
5–9
0–4
15 12 9 6 3 0 0 3 6 9 12 15

Population (in millions) Age Group Population (in millions)

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Unit 12 Page 684 Population

13 (b) (i) What is meant by the term ‘population density’? [1]

The [average] amount/number of people per unit area/km 2/mile 2/acre/ha accept: m 2 / per
square unit

(ii) Which province in Pakistan has the highest population density? [1]

Punjab

(iii) Explain the physical factors that cause areas such as the province you named in
(ii) to have a high population density. [4]

Plains/doabs/flat land for ease of/suitable for building/communication routes/agriculture

Alluvial terraces/flood plains producing fertile soil
Moderate temperature/climate not too extreme/monsoon rainfall giving tolerable living
conditions
High annual rainfall leading to higher agricultural yields
Rivers/Indus/tributaries/named tributary for water supply [for industry]/irrigation/flooding
land/fishing/transport
Fertile soils which allow cultivation of crops

(c) Study Fig. 2 (Insert) which shows two population pyramids for Pakistan.

(i) What information is displayed in a population pyramid? [2]

Amount/proportion/percentage of population in certain age groups/ distribution of various

age groups in a population / age structure of the population
In 5–year age groups
[Compares] male and female [shown separately]

(ii) Identify two ways in which Pakistan’s population structure is forecast to change
between 2014 and 2040. [2]

Fewer children/young dependents /fewer of specified age in range 0–14

Fewer 15–19
More working population / more of specified age in range 25–59/64

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

Unit 12 Page 685 Population

More elderly/old dependents/more of specified age in range 60+/65+

(If no other answer accept) ageing population

(iii) Give one possible reason for each change identified in part (ii). [2]

Lower birth rates/parents having fewer children/smaller family size

Marrying later / women in education/working/empowered
Higher use of/introduction of contraception/family planning
Education/awareness about contraception/family planning/healthcare/diet/hygiene
Over the period the larger bars move up the pyramid
Greater in-migration/more refugees in working age group
Longer life expectancy/higher standard of living/lower death rates/lower infant mortality
rates
Improved healthcare/vaccinations / more/better qualified doctors
Improved hygiene/diet/nutrition/food supply

(d) Read the following two views about overpopulation in Pakistan.

A B
The problems caused by The needs of the people
overpopulation can only be solved can only be met if
by increasing resources such as population growth can be
food, housing, and essential controlled.
services.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer
to places or examples you have studied. [6]

Increasing resources
For
Reclaiming land for agriculture (deserts/waterlogged and saline areas)
Green revolution/modern methods in agriculture (increase yields)
Government schemes to improve services (electricity/sanitation/house
building/improvement/shanty housing redevelopment)

Against
Pakistan is a developing country with few resources/resources not exploited (government
cannot afford/in debt/trade/BoP deficit)

Controlling population
For
Family planning/birth control clinics (free /education about contraceptives)
Education for women (likely to marry later/work/have fewer children)

Against
Natural increase/birth rate still high (policies to reduce them still not working)
Factors are present preventing lower birth rate (religious/tribal opposition to family
planning/women’s education)
Tradition for large families (children as workers/security/status)

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 Unit 12 Page 686 Population

14 (a) (i) Complete Fig. 3.1, which is a divided bar graph, using the information below to show the
employment structure of Pakistan:

Sector Percentage (%)

Primary 42
Secondary 14
Tertiary 44

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100%

[4]
Fig. 3.1

(ii) Complete the table by classifying the jobs from the list below into the correct categories.
An example has been done for you.

Primary Secondary Tertiary

farmer factory worker teacher

[3]

nurse train driver builder

chef miner fisherman

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 Unit 12 Page 687 Population

Question Answer Marks

14(a)(i) Accurate completion of percentage bar chart. 4

4@ 1 mark

(a)(ii) • Primary = farmer, miner, fisherman; 3

• Secondary = factory worker, builder, chef;
• Tertiary = teacher, nurse, train driver.
3 @ 1 mark

© UCLES 2018
 Unit 12 Page 688 Population

15 (a) Study Fig. 5 which gives information about employment in Pakistan by sector.

1973 2013

Key:

Primary
80% 20% 80% 20% Secondary
Tertiary

60% 40% 60% 40%

Fig. 5

(i) A. State the proportion of primary sector employment in 1973.

...........................................................................................................................................

B. By how much has secondary employment increased between 1973 and 2013?

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) Suggest reasons for the change in tertiary employment shown in Fig. 5.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

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 Unit 12 Page 689 Population

(b) (i) What are the causes of unemployment and underemployment in urban areas of Pakistan?

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

(ii) Suggest two reasons why unemployment is difficult to measure in countries such as
Pakistan.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

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 Unit 12 Page 690 Population

15 (a) Study Fig. 5 which gives information about employment in Pakistan by sector.

(i) A State the proportion of primary sector employment in 1973.

B By how much has secondary employment increased between 1973 and 2013? [2]

A: 58% Accept 57–59%

B: 6% Accept 5–7%

(ii) Suggest reasons for the change in tertiary employment shown in Fig. 5. [3]

Improved education/training leading to higher numbers entering e.g.

trade/finance/insurance
Larger population requiring more health services / education
services / government / administration
More informal sector services /named informal sector employment e.g. tailors/
cobblers/maids/ drivers/guards
New named infrastructure e.g. hotels/airports resulting in more named tertiary jobs
Is higher paid / perceived to be higher paid
Better working conditions in offices/air conditioning
More foreign investment in banking/insurance

(b) (i) What are the causes of unemployment and underemployment in urban areas? [3]

Population increasing rapidly/overpopulation

Increasing numbers of rural to urban/internal migrants / refugees
Mechanisation replacing workers [in factories / IT/computer use]
Lack of education/skills
Discrimination/corruption
Loadshedding/temporary layoffs
Political instability
Slow economic growth / weak economy
Definition of underemployment: people work less than full time although would prefer to
work longer hours/ people who accept jobs that do not utilise their skills.

(ii) Suggest two reasons why unemployment is difficult to measure in countries such
as Pakistan. [2]

Disguised unemployment/more people employed than are needed

Large informal sector / workers not registered
Home workers / cottage industries
Self-employment
Unpaid e.g. domestic helps
Workers are mobile / high internal movement of labour/ fluid labour market/ seasonal
labour / part-time labour
Inaccurate data collection / problems in collecting data e.g. in tribal areas

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Unit 12 Page 691 Population

16 (a) Study Fig. 3.

Levels of literacy in urban and rural areas of Pakistan

Urban Rural
0 0
90% 10% 90% 10%

80% 20% 80% 20%

70% 30% 70% 30%

60% 40% 60% 40%

50% 50%

Key:
literate
illiterate

Fig. 3

(i) State the percentage of literate people living in urban areas.

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) How much greater is this than the percentage of literate people living in rural areas?

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Give two reasons why the percentage of literate people living in urban areas is greater
than the percentage living in rural areas.

Reason 1 ...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

Reason 2 ...........................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

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 Unit 12 Page 692 Population

(b) (i) Population totals are affected by birth and death rates. Study Fig. 4.

Birth and death rates for Pakistan in 2009

Birth rate Death rate Natural increase of population

(per 1000 of population) (per 1000 of population) (per 1000 of population)

31.5 8.6

Fig. 4

Complete the table by calculating the natural increase of population for 2009. [1]

(ii) Population totals can also be affected by migration. PUSH and PULL factors cause
people to migrate from rural areas to urban areas. Fig. 5 shows four of these factors:

Factor Circle
Work in a factory PUSH/PULL
Drought killing crops PUSH/PULL
Safety from civil war PUSH/PULL
Children can go to school PUSH/PULL

Fig. 5

Circle on the table whether you think each is a PUSH or PULL factor. [2]

(iii) Suggest three problems that migrants from rural areas to urban areas might face when
they arrive at the town or city they have moved to.

Problem 1 ..........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

Problem 2 ..........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

Problem 3 ..........................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [3]

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(iv) Why do people in villages think that their quality of life will improve if they move to a town
or city?

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [4]

(c) (i) Study Photograph B on the Insert. Describe the housing shown at the front of the
photograph.

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) With reference to Photograph B and your own knowledge, give two reasons why many
people become ill in areas such as the one shown here.

Reason 1 ...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

Reason 2 ...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [4]

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 Unit 12 Page 694 Population

(d) Read the following two statements.

A. “The standard of living in shanty towns and tent cities can be improved by introducing
small-scale self-help schemes to the residents who live there.”

B. “The standard of living in shanty towns and tent cities can only be improved by large-
scale government investment in the areas.”

Which statement do you agree with more? Give reasons for your answer and refer to places
or examples you have studied in Pakistan to support your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[TOTAL: 25]

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 Unit 12 Page 695 Population

Photograph B for Question 16.

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 Unit 12 Page 696 Population

16 (a) (i) State the percentage of literate people living in urban areas.

62/63% [1]

(ii) How much greater is this than the percentage of literate people living in rural
areas?

24–26% [1]

(iii) Give two reasons why the percentage of literate people living in urban areas is
greater than the percentage living in rural areas.

Examples
There are schools / better schools (1)
Jobs in towns attract literate people (1)
Presence of HE/FE/colleges/universities (1)
Traditional farming has less/little need for literacy (1)
More literate women likely to be in urban areas (1)
Higher income in urban areas / can afford to be educated (1) (1 + 1) [2]

(b) (i) Complete the table by calculating the natural increase of population for 2009.

22.9 [1]

(ii) Population totals can also be affected by migration. PUSH and PULL factors cause
people to migrate from rural areas to urban areas. Below are four of these factors.
Circle whether you think each is a PUSH or PULL factor.

Work in a factory PULL

Drought killing crops PUSH
Safety from civil war PUSH
Children can go to school PULL

(Mark as one correct = 0, two or three correct = 1 mark, four correct = 2 marks) [2]

(iii) Suggest three problems that migrants from rural areas to urban areas might face
when they arrive at the town or city they have moved to.

Examples
Lack of housing (1)
Can’t afford a house (1)
Lack of work / unemployment (1)
Have to live in cramped/crowded/illegal conditions (1)
Issues of race/caste/tribal differences/culture clashes (1)
Exploitation / low pay / long working hours (1)
Health issues / examples e.g. cholera (1)
Language differences (1)
Lack of education/qualifications (1) (1 + 1 + 1) [3]

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 Unit 12 Page 697 Population

(iv) Why do people in villages think that their quality of life will improve if they move to
a town or city?

Examples
Access to better housing (1)
More chance of employment (1)
Better wages (1)
Regular work/wages (1)
Better working conditions/hours than farming (1)
Access to services/electricity/gas/water/internet/phones (1)
Access to infrastructure/banks/transport/shops (1)
Better/more reliable food sources (1)
Bright lights syndrome / media perception (1)
Access to entertainment/clubs/parks (1)
Safety/security/police (1) (1 + 1 + 1 + 1) [4]

(c) (i) Study Photograph B on the Insert. Describe the housing shown at the front of the
photograph.

Examples
Irregular pattern (1)
Crowded together (1)
Single-storey (1)
Corrugated iron roofs (1)
Lack gardens / land around them (1)
Lack windows (1)
Squatter settlements / shanty areas (1) [1]

(ii) With reference to Photograph B and your own knowledge, give two reasons why
many people become ill in areas such as the one shown here.

Examples
Crowded homes (1) cause disease to spread (1)
Cramped conditions / noise from factories (1) creates stress (1)
Water pool/pond (1) encourages mosquitoes/malaria (1)
Stagnant water (1) helps create cholera/bilharzia (1)
Lack of clean water/polluted water (1) causes illness/stomach problems (1)
Dust/air pollution from nearby factory (1) causes asthma/breathing issues (1)
Flimsy buildings / leaky roofs (1) creates risk of damp/cold conditions (1)
No access to doctors/hospitals (1) so not likely to be treated quickly / germs spread (1)
2 × (1 + 1) [4]

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 Unit 12 Page 698 Population

(d) Which statement do you agree with more? Give reasons for your answer and refer to
places or examples you have studied in Pakistan to support your answer.

No marks awarded for statement supported; marks are for the argument candidates make.

Level Description Marks

Level 3 Two more elaborate statements that refer to both statements (A [5–6]
and B) in a positive and/or negative way while supporting one
statement, and also includes some place-specific information or
examples that relate to Pakistan.
Level 2 One or two more elaborate statements that refer to both statements [3–4]
(A and B) in positive and/or negative ways while supporting one
statement, e.g. a more elaborate statement supporting statement A,

Although it is important that the shanty towns are improved to a

high standard by using some good companies, I support Statement
A more. Shanty towns have a large workforce who could provide
their labour free so saving the government the full cost.
Level 1 Two simple statements that show limited positive and/or negative [1–2]
reasons for choosing one statement (A or B) only, e.g. a simple
statement supporting statement A,

I support statement A more because there are workers nearby.

Level 0 No valid response. [0]

Indicative content

Supporting Statement A
Local workforce available close by
Can train/develop local skills for future
Gives responsibility to local people
Allows local people to provide inputs
Cheaper if labour is free
Only need to provide training/materials
Quick to implement

Supporting Statement B
Government has power to get things done
Easy to fund/get resources from government
Can employ companies that will complete job professionally
Can improve large areas without local issues of dissent
Can gain economies of scale in providing raw materials
Easy to create linked services e.g. electricity, water
People don’t need skills training

© UCLES 2013 2059/02/SM/15