CONSTRUCTION OF SMART HOME AUTOMATION SYSTEMS

BY

SAMUEL ABIODUN ODESEYI

ACP/ND/EEE/23/0001

The Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,

School of Engineering Technology,

Allover Central Polytechnic, Ota Ogun State.

SEPTEMBER, 2025

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CONSTRUCTION OF SMART HOME AUTOMATION SYSTEMS

BY

SAMUEL ABIODUN ODESEYI

ACP/ND/EEE/23/0001

SUBMITTED

TO

THE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING,

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY,

ALLOVER CENTRAL POLYTECHNIC, OTA OGUN STATE.

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF

NATIONAL DIPLOMA (ND) IN ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

SEPTEMBER, 2025

ii
 CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that, this project work was carried out by SAMUEL ABIODUN ODESEYI,

with the matric no ACP/ND/EEE/23/0001 in the department of Electrical and Electronic

Engineering, Allover Central Polytechnic, Ota in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

award of National Diploma in Electrical and Electronic Engineering.

………………………… …………………..

Engr. Bello S. O. Date

Project Supervisor

…………………………… …………………

Engr. O. S. Yekini Date

Head of Department

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HOME AUTOMATION SYSTEMS
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Historical Background

Home automation is building mechanization for a home, called a smart home. It

includes the control and computerization of lighting, warming, (for example, brilliant

indoor regulators), ventilation, aerating and cooling (HVAC), and security, and also home

machines, for example, washer/dryers, stoves or fridges/coolers. Wi-Fi is regularly utilized

for remote checking and control. Home devices, when remotely observed and

controlled through the Internet, are an essential constituent of the Internet of Things.

Smart homes constitute a branch of ubiquitous computing that involves incorporating

smartness into dwellings for comfort, healthcare, safety, security, and energy conservation.

Early home automation began with labor-saving machines. Self-contained electric or gas-

powered home appliances became viable in the 1900s with the introduction of electric power

distribution, and led to the introduction of washing machines (1904), water heaters (1889),

refrigerators, sewing machines, dishwashers, and clothes dryers (Pasha, K. Takeda, 2014).

The automation has existed for many years. It began with a student connecting two electric

wires to the hands of an alarm clock in order to close a circuit of a battery and light bulb. Later,

companies developed automated systems of their own to control alarms, sensors, actuators and

video cameras and, in so doing, created the first automated buildings. (Armando Roy

Delgado,2013)

Home automation systems are developed in recent years that make use of emerging

technologies for the development. Home automation has become a one of the upcoming field
that introduces many technologies for making the automation easy and with good performance.

Most of the systems make use of a web server and mobile communication for controlling the

home appliances. (Vic Grout,2013)

The vision of the system is to provide an efficient internet based system to control everyday

home appliances. The system offers users an easy & effective means of controlling their various

home appliances from a remote location i.e. without physically being present at home. The

system makes use of the internet to enable remote access to the various home appliances. Apart

from merely turning the appliances ON & OFF, the scope of the system can be extended to

regulate their output power & set their usage time. (Rich Picking,2012)

Home automation is an umbrella term used to describe the use of specific automation

techniques in private homes for enhanced convenience, comfort, energy efficiency and security

of the residents. Prevalent techniques used in home automation include control of lighting,

heating, ventilation, air conditioning, appliances, multi-media home entertainment, security

surveillance and other systems. With the vast number of the household electronic and electrical

appliances used in modern homes, the undertaking of home automation systems has become

extensive and hefty. Home Automation as a Service (HAS) can simplify this scenario by

connecting each sub-system of a home automation system directly to the cloud, and thus not only

reduce the setup and maintenance cost by eliminating the need of specialized gateway and web

server in each household. (Guangming Song,2012). It enables home automation services

providers to deliver advanced automation services to the home automation system. Multi-user

home automation services must be necessarily based on the standard cloud computing model, in

which services are made available to the general public over the Internet as long as they use the

specified web application programming interface (API). Cloud computing refers to the online
services provided over the Internet together with the hardware and software infrastructure of the

data centers that offer those services. The services offered by existent cloud providers can be

broadly categorized as Software as a Service (Michael Armbrust,2013).

The idea of home automation has been around since many decades ago. However, its

implementation has slow progress due to the expensive cost of hardware and installation.

Nevertheless, the introduction of smart living and smart home concepts get the home automation

back on track. Moreover, smart home systems are increasingly sophisticated in recent years (M.

Alaa and A. Zaidan,2017). The emerging of the Internet of Things (IoT) has led smart home

technology to be integrated with a variety of devices and appliances including

conventional sensors and remote controls as well as various smart appliances and robots with

the help of electrical appliances industry that introduces Wi-Fi-enabled home appliances to

the market which consequently offers an alternative for implementing smart home automation

systems at an affordable cost by average consumers.( Y.-T. Lee,2016). The use of

smartphones to control electrical appliances remotely causes the manufacturers to deploy cloud

services for their consumers’ data storage and application hosting. In the case of smart home, the

manufacturers used cloud services for hosting applications for controlling the appliances using

the cloud providers’ system software and hardware (H. Hassan and M. Nasir,2017).

In the current context, home automation system has less to do with its predecessor, the do- motic

system, because it is based on arevolu- tionary concept: IoT (“Internet of Things”), which

represented the beginning of a new era for technology. It represented the moment when the

technology had the capacity to change fiction into reality through simple de- velopments of

automated systems, wirelessly interconnected and managed using only one mobile device, a

better idea than domotics, which required a multitude of interconnected computers to manage
related applications of domestic appliances. Before describing the system and its function- alities

I want to clarify the difference between home automation” and “smart home”, be- cause I

noticed they are usually used as syno- nyms by general public and even by experts. The first

concept was designed to integrate household appliances, relying solely on the use of subroutines

in order to ease and im- prove people's lifestyles. The system I have implemented and I will

present in the next sec- tions is based on this concept, because it has no intelligence, the devices

being automated according to my preferences using program- ming languages. “Smart home”

was a term used for the first time in the mid-1980s during the boom of the domotic system and

has its origins in “home automation”, but it is a much wider concept that includes a large range

of features, technologies and industries, all inter- connected through Internet of things (IoT) (M.

Miller,2017).

A home is a part of an environments. A home automation system based-on IoT is a system that

employs an electronics devices, such as personal computers (PC), gadgets and mobile

devices to control basic functions. Further, some features of such home can be controlled

automatically through internet anywhere, everywhere, and anytime. This system is usually called

as a smart home system. The smart home system is meant to reduce the utilization of resources

and human activities on its operation, making it is possible for client to operate systems from

anywhere all over the world through internet access. The IoT is applied in the integration of

several technologies for communication and performing some actions. In the previous years, the

usage of IoT gadgets have increased significantly in the productions (Ramlee and Leong, 2013).

The developed system has mainly three parts that are monitor, control and security parts. The

devices of the home can be monitored and controlled by different systems. Through the internet

the automation system can send and re- ceive data from the remote user by online or offline. The
user can control and monitor the status concerning On/OFF of the devices of the home. The

homeowner can observe the house temperature, humidity, and flame condition from anywhere

and anytime by using a smart-phone or desktop or laptop. If any trespasses enter into the house

gate camera take a picture automatically and send the picture to the homeowner through email.

(J. S. Donnal and J. Paris,2016)

This has revolutionized the area of home automation with respect to an increased level of

affordability and simplicity through the integration of home appliances with smart phone and

tablet connectivity. Smart phones are already feature-perfect and can be made to communicate

to any other devices in an ad hoc network with a connectivity options like Bluetooth. With the

advent of mobile phones, Mobile applications development has seen a major outbreak. Utilizing

the opportunity of automating tasks for a smart home, mobile phone commonly found in normal

household can be joined in a temporary network inside a home with the electronic equipments.

(http://www.android.com).

In today century, where automation is playing an important role in human life. Home automation

allows us to control household appliances like light, door, fan, AC etc. It also provides home

security and emergency system to be activated. Home automation not only refers to reducing

human efforts but also energy efficiency and time saving.Home Automation and Security System

based on GSM and Android application implies that whenever a person tries to enter into the

house then a SMS will be sent to house owner’s mobile phone indicating the presence of some

person inside the house and the house owner can take some preventive measure in order to

protect his house from the burglar. Moreover the person can control the home appliances using

an android application present in the mobile phone which will reduce the human hard work. The

list of various home appliances along with TURN ON and TURNOFF buttons will be provided
in an android application. By clicking on that particular button the person will be able to TURN

ON and TURN OFF the home appliances using an android application.(Mahesh N. Jivani and

Gujarat,2014).

This idea has been developed for years, but it wasn't given a name until 1999. A Coke machine

at Carnegie Melon University was the first internet appliance. Programmers have the ability to

connect to the machine via the internet, check its status, and ascertain whether a cool drink will

be waiting for them if they choose to visit the machine. The idea behind the Internet of Things

(IoT) is to connect any item, such as smartphones, Internet TVs, sensors, and actuators, to the

Internet. By doing so, new kinds of communication between objects and people as well as

between objects themselves are made possible. Since it has given the field of information and

communication technologies a new dimension, the Internet of Things (IoT) has grown in

popularity during the past few years. In the upcoming years, it is anticipated that there will be

two billion devices online, up from the current 100 million. 80% of machine-to-machine (M2M)

connections were made in 2011, and this number is predicted to rise in the future because M2M

over mobile networks is significantly less expensive than fixed networks.( Akhil Jain, Prerit

Mathur, 2014).

These days, security systems are crucial for safeguarding investments and people's lives. This is

accomplished by integrating many subsystems, including surveillance, intruder control, access

control, fire detection, etc., into the security system under a single control unit. A smart home is

one that has electronic devices, lighting, and heating that can be controlled from a distance using

a smartphone or the internet. The goal of an internet-based home automation system is to

operate household electronics from anywhere in the house. The capacity to remotely or

automatically control many aspects of the home is provided by home automation. An instrument
or gadget intended to carry out a certain task is called a home appliance. Electrical devices, like

refrigerators, are particularly useful in the home. Devices and appliances are interchangeable

terms.(Ajah, G and David, N, 2013)

The popularity of network enabled home automation has been increasing greatly in recent years

due to simplicity and much higher affordability. Moreover, with the rapid expansion of the

Internet, there is the potential for the remote control and monitoring of such network enabled

appliances. However, the new and exciting opportunities to increase the connectivity of devices

within the home for the purpose of home automation through internet are yet to be explored.(Ali

M and Vlaskamp,2013).

1.2 Aims and Objective

1.2.1 Aims

I To Improve Energy Efficiency

II To Facilitate Remote Monitoring and Control

1.2.2 Objectives

The main objectives of this research is to design and to implement a a low cost and open-source

home automation that’s able to lead most of the home and sustain the home automation system.

To use wireless reliable technology to interconnecting many modules to the server of the home

automation system, as a result, the proposed system gives more flexibility.

1.3. Significant of the Project

Design and Implementing a Home Automation systems addresses critical issues.

1.High Cost: Automating a full home setup can be expensive due to the number of components

and wiring required.

2. Vulnerability: Without proper security, the Bluetooth connection may be exposed to

unauthorized access or signal interference.

3. Difficulty in Achieving Security: Adding strong security features like encryption or

authentication increases the system’s complexity and setup time.

4.Power Supply Instability: The system may fail or reset if there is any power fluctuation or

outage.

1.4. Scope of the Project

This project involves the development of a distributed home automation system that integrates a

central server with multiple hardware interface units. The system is intended to remotely control

and monitor electrical appliances within a household, such as lights, fans, and sensors. Each

hardware module is linked to the server, which coordinates their operations and can be expanded

to manage additional modules as required. Depending on the system design, communication

between the server and modules may be carried out through either wired or wireless means. The

project is focused on essential automation functions like device switching, system monitoring,

and scalable control.

1.5 Definition of Terms

1. Home Automation System (HAS): A system that allows automated control of household

appliances and security.

2. Internet of Things (IoT): A network of interconnected devices communicating over the

internet.

3. Artificial Intelligence (AI): The simulation of human intelligence in machines for decision-

making and automation.

4. Smart Home: A residence equipped with interconnected devices for remote monitoring and

control.

5. Sensors: Devices that detect changes in the environment, such as temperature, motion,

and light.

6. Cloud Computing: The use of remote servers to store and process data for accessibility from

multiple devices.

7. Bluetooth: This is a wireless personal area network (PAN) technology that allows devices to

communicate with each other over short distances.

8. Zigbee: A wireless protocol mainly used for smart home automation and various IoT

applications.

9. Wi-Fi: Wireless technology that uses radio waves to deliver high-speed internet access

without cables.
10. Arduino: A programmable device that enables interaction with external hardware devices

using software programs, devices that can be connected to Arduino include lights, sensors,

actuators, screens, speakers, and other electronic devices.

11. Relay: An electrically operated switch. It uses a small electrical signal to control a larger

electrical circuit, acting as a "switch" that can turn something on or off.

12. Distributed System: A system where control components are spread across different

locations.

13. Microcontroller: A small computer used to control devices and sensors.

14. Automation: Performing tasks automatically without human input.

15. Dependability: The reliability and consistent performance of the system.

 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Background Information

Yekhande, et. al. 2022, proposed the architecture for smart home control and monitoring

systems using Arduino is proposed and implemented. It gives a basic idea of how to control

different home appliances and provide security by using Arduino Uno controlled from a desktop

application. In our project, we tried to implement an embedded system that meets the main

functions of home automation for the management of lighting, habitat security, and temperature

& humidity control. For these reasons, a desktop application was created to interact with an

Arduinovia the serial port.

K Eeswari et. al. 2017, the light sensor was properly configured to detect when the laser was

broken, while not accidentally tripping due to different ambient light environments. In addition,

the temperature and light control subsystem outputs are confirmed to be working. Specifically,

the firmware has been tested and is confirmed to be outputting the appropriate signals to the
subsystem BJT switches which control lighting and furnace operations. Overall, the project has

been working to design specifications and has maintained a high-quality standard which can be

integrated into modern homes.

Kausalya et. al. 2018, suggest, we found out that in this era of computers, smart home

technology has become imminent. It’s a smart technology that gives us a different level of living

standard. We are fully dependent on a system where everything is fully automatic. We are using

sun tracking technology so we can get maximum efficiency of solar power. It has two

different user functions; one is controlled manually and other automatically. Security is

password and/or biometrically protected and sensing ability gives this home strength to protect

itself.

Sahoo et. al. 2019, in this paper present a Home Automation system (HAS) using Intel Galileo

that employs the integration of cloud networking, wireless communication to provide the user

with remote control of various lights, fans, and appliances within their home and storing the data

in the cloud. With this internet of things project, 6 you can control 4 relays from ArduinoIoT

Cloud dashboard, Alexa, IR remote, and manual switches. You can also monitor the real-time

room temperature in the Arduino cloud dashboard and Amazon Alexa app. If there is no internet

available still, you can control the appliances from the IR remote and switches. I have used all

the FREE tools and you do not need any Alexa devices or Amazon Echo Dot for this voice

control smart home IoT project.

El-Hajj M. et. al. 2020, proposed the system focuses on the a near complete and up-to-date view

of the IoT authentication field. It provides a summary of a large range of authentication protocols

proposed in the literature. Using a multi-criteria classification previously introduced in our work,
it compares and evaluates the proposed authentication protocols, showing their strengths

and weaknesses, which constitutes a fundamental first step for researchers and developers

addressing this domain.

Ahmed et. al. 2021, introduce the system that will automatically change on the basis of sensors’

data. This system is designed to below cost and expandable allowing a variety of devices to be

controlled Such as, E-commerce, Coal Mine, Wearable device, Smart Grid, Laboratory

Monitoring, Agriculture, and many other domains. The process of controlling or operating

various equipment, machinery, industrial processes, and other applications using various control

systems and with less or no human intervention is termed as automation.

Kasbekaret. al. 2021,, define as the Arduino UNO, ESP wi-fi module, Thing speak, relay module

monitors and schedule any old electronic device through a mobile application. The process of

controlling or operating various equipment, machinery, industrial processes, and other

applications using various control systems and also with less or no human intervention is termed

as automation. There are various types of automation based on the application they can be

categorized as home automation, industrial automation, autonomous automation, building

automation, etc.

2.2. Smart Home

Smart home is not new new term for science society however, it is still for more away from

people’s vision and audition. As electronic technologies are converging, the field of

home automation is expanding. Smart home automation is very popular due to its numerous

benefits in most area or house. These techniques will control all the electronic devices

which will reduce the human involvement to get minimize. It will provide various benefits
such as good safety, comfort, lower cost, more rational use of energy and other resources

contributing to a significant saving. The system is very friendly with the dramatic increase in

smart phones users, which is smart phones have gradually turned into portable devices where the

people can provide for their daily. In this research, a low cost wireless controlled smart home

system for controlling and monitoring the home environment.

2.2.1. Home Automation System

This system makes the operations of various home appliances more convenient and saves energy.

With the energy-saving concept, home automation or building automation makes life very

simple nowadays. It involves automatic controlling of all electrical or electronic devices

in homes or even remotely through wireless connection. Centralized control of lighting

equipment, air conditioning and heating and all other equipment used in home systems is

possible with this system.

Figure 2.1. Home Automation System

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-13-8614-5_12
There is also a system is mainly implemented by sensors, controlling devices and actuators. The

sensors detect light, motion, temperature and other sensing elements, and then send that

data to the main controlling devices. These sensors can be thermocouples or thermistors, level

sensors, pressure sensors, current transformers, IR sensors and manymore which need

additional signal conditioning equipment to communicate with the main controller.

Controllers may be personal computers/laptops, and smartphones, attached to the

controlling devices like programmable logic controllers that receive the information from the

sensors, and based on the program, control the actuators. This program can be modified based on

load operations. The programmable controller allows connecting various sensors and actuators

through various input and output modules whether they are analog or digital. Actuators are

the final controlling devices like limit switches, relays, motors, and other controlling

mechanisms which finally control the home equipment. Communication plays an important

role in this home automation system for remote access to these operations.

2.2.2. Types of Home Automation System

It consists of three types

1. Power Line Home Automation System: This automation is inexpensive and doesn’t

require additional cables to transfer the information, but uses existing power lines to

transfer the data. However, this system involves a large complexity and necessitates additional

converter circuits and devices.

2. Wired Home Automation System: In this type of automation, all the home equipment

is connected to the main controller (programmable logic controller) through a

communication cable. The equipment is attached with actuators to communicate with the main
controller. The entire operations are centralized by the computer that continuously communicates

with the main controller.

3. Wireless Home Automation: This is the expansion and advancement of wired automation

which uses wireless technologies like IR, Zigbee, Wi-Fi, GSM, Bluetooth, etc., for achieving

remote operation. As a practical example, the following home automation system research, in

which loads are controlled by a touch panel, is very informative.

2.2.3. Importance of Home Automation System

1. Safety: The ability to control small appliances and lighting with your fingertips anywhere you

are will add safety in your home. You can make sure appliances are off when it’s needed to be

off and on when it’s needed to be on.

2. Convenience: The ability to control everything with your fingertips is very convenient. You

never leave the house without your wallet, keys and of course your smart phone. With our smart

phone always with us, we can easily monitor our home and control everything with just touch of

a finger.

3. Save Time: Since we are living in a very fast-paced environment, we don’t even have time to

worry about our home. With home automation, we can save time going back to our home and

make sure everything is order, like if the kids or anyone at home turn on/off the lights, fans

when they are use it or not use it when you are not at home.

4. Save Money: This is the biggest advantage of home automation. With the ability to control

the light, whether turning on/off on specific time will saves homeowner a great ton of
money. You can save money through household temperature, with proper automation of

fan device at home. In addition, you can save electricity, by not driving back home if

you forgot to turn off any appliances at home.

2.3. Internet of Things

The term ‘Internet of Things’ is represent electrical and electronic devices, of varying

sizes and capabilities, that are connected to the Internet.The scope of the connections is

broadening to beyond just machine-machine communication (M2M). IOT devices employ

a broad array of networking protocols, applications and network domains. The rising of

facilitated by physical objects being linked to the internet by various types of short range

wireless technologies such as Zigbee, RFID, sensor networks, arduino and manymore. IoT

will make the impact of the internet even more pervasive, personal and intimate in daily life.

According to the CISCO Internet Business Solutions Group (IBSG), when more inanimate

objects were connected to the internet than human users, the IoT entity was achieved.

Figure 2.2 Internet of Things

https://slideplayer.com/slide/18089019/

Internet of Things become important part in our daily life, some of the interesting research are.
Zariman, et al 2019, develop a garbage monitoring using Arduino and ESP WiFi that can be

used in the garbage management system in the city.

Azahar, et al 2020, develop intelligent egg incubator using Arduino Uno, PIR Sensor,

and ESP8266 that can be used to control the temperature of the incubator.

Ismail, et al 2020, develop smart water level indicator using Arduino Uno, Servo Motor,

and NodeMCU ESP32 that can be used to provide early warnings and control the dam of the

river.

Husin and Hisham,2019 develop smart charger that can be used to control the charging time

to preserve battery lifetime.

Latif, et al 2020, develop smart mirror using Arduino Uno, Raspberry Pi 3, and NodeMCU that

can be used to provide latest news updates while the user do activity in front of mirror.

Ghani and Zariman 2019, develop smart cane to help provide safe navigation for user with vision

disability.

Hazhari, et al 2020, develop smart delivery that help delivery items faster.

Azizi and Zariman,2020 develop health display based on ESP 8266 NodeMCU and pulse sensor

to help display pulse rate.

Saidatin, et al 2020, develop automate feeder using ESP 8266 to help feeding birds.

Hermansyah, et al 2020, develop a remote monitoring and control system to switch main energy

source to backup when main source goes out.

In today’s time, there are multiple of standards and protocols implemented by industries.

Each company is trying to implement their own technology into the market. Internet of Things

(IoT) is the communication platform for light-weight microcontroller based devices. Each

company or industries has its own unique way of implementing IOT based solutions. Some have

their Zigbee based routers needed to communicate with their in-house manufactured devices,

whereas some industries use Wi-Fi as its base wireless network, connected android or iOS

connected with sensors and arduino and bluetooth also widely used for designing IoT based

networks. So, what is important here is fragemented in current times, which include

Wi-Fi, Zigbee, Bluetooth, Arduino, Sensors, and other wireless techniques to from a

dedicated small network of Internet of Things (IOT) (E.Saraswathi and A. Kumar,2018).

2.3.1. Advantages of Internet of Things

* The system is cost-effective and flexible, when compared to CCTV or other methods.

* To update data to the server our system takes just 3 seconds.

* Disable persons can control home appliances through voice control.

*Control from anywhere in the world through the internet.

* It works wirelessly.

* It ensures home security.

* Comfort and luxury

2.4. Components of Internet of Things

Nowadays, we can see a lot of research that implied IoT concept. There are many components

that the developer use to build an IoT.

2.4.1. NodeMCU

NodeMCU is an open source LUA based firmware developed for ESP8266 Wi-Fi chip. By

exploring functionality with ESP8266 chip, NodeMCU firmware comes with ESP8266

Development board/kit i.e. NodeMCU Development board. NodeMCU Dev Kit/board

consist of ESP8266 Wi-Fi enabled chip. The ESP8266 is a low-cost Wi-Fi chip developed by

Expressive Systems with TCP/IP protocol NodeMcu is an open-source development board,

based on famous ESP8266 chip, which is a 32-bit controller with built-in WiFi transceiver. And

it is very low cost. Best of all, this board is Arduino IDE compatible, you can utilize the

millions of example code and library on NodeMCU. Besides Arduino IDE or Arduino

programming langauge, NodeMCU supports many other languages like LUA script,

microPython etc. With these scripting languages, you can develop your prototype within a few

script lines.

Figure 2.3 NodeMCU ESP8266

https://www.google.com/hardware component

2.4.1.1 Mode of Operation in Esp8266 Module

1.Access Point (AP) - The Wi-Fi module acts as a wireless network or access point (hence the

name), allowing other devices to connect to it. A bidirectional communication is estab- lished

between the module and the devices connected to it via Wi-Fi.

2. Station (STA) - The ESP8266 module can connect to an access point (AP), such as the Wi-Fi

router used in the home. This allows any device connected at the same Wi-Fi net- work to

communicate with the module re- motely, building a local network.

3. Access point and station - in this mode, it acts both in AP and STA mode.

In the system I implemented, I used the Wi-Fi module in STA mode, to represent a control point

between the objects connected to the network and the mobile device, also con- nected to the

same network as ESP8266. This module allows the users to create an autono- mous web server

using various libraries by which the client (the mobile application) can efficiently control and

manage the LEDs, light sensor, motion sensor and the stepper motor attached to the gate,

receiving power through the 8-relay module. Thus, through the mobile application that connects

to the HTTP server and sends requests, various responses are re- turned depending on the needs

of each user.

2.4.2. Arduino Ide

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a cross-platform

application (for Windows, Mac OS, Linux) that is written in the programming language Java. It

originated from the IDE for the languages Processing and Wiring. It includes a code editor

with features such as text cutting and pasting, searching and replacing text, automatic

indenting, brace matching, and syntax highlighting, and provides simple one click

mechanisms to compile and upload programs to an Arduino board. It also contains a

message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for common functions and a hierarchy

of operation menus. The source code for the IDE is released under the GNU General Public

License, version 2. The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++ using special rules of
code structuring. The Arduino IDE supplies a software library from the Wiring research,

which provides many common input and output procedures. User-written code only requires

two basic functions, for starting the sketch and the main program loop, that are compiled and

linked with a program stubmain into an executable cyclic executive program with the

GNU toolchain, also included with the IDE distribution. The Arduino IDE employs the

program avrdude to convert the executable code into a text file in hexadecimal encoding that

is loaded into the Arduino board by a loader program in the board's firmware.

Figure 2.4. Arduino IDE 2.2.1

https://support.arduino.cc

2.4.3. Breadboard

A breadboard is a versatile prototype tool in electronics that is used to make

temporary circuit connections without soldering. It is often made up of a grid of

interconnected metal clips that allow components to be inserted and easily connected. It

promotes rapid experimentation and testing of electronic circuits due to consistent spacing for
DIP (dual in-line package) components. Because of the breadboard’s design, engineers

and hobbyists can quickly prototype and change circuits for efficient electrical

development

Figure 2.5 Breadboard

https://www.campuscomponent.com

2.4.4. 4-Channel Relay Module

A 4-channel relay module is a versatile electronic component that can control several high-

power devices. Each channel normally provides a switching voltage of 250V alternating current

and a current of 10A, making it appropriate for a wide range of applications. The module is

frequently powered by a low-level input signal (5V) and includes isolation to safeguard

sensitive control circuits. Its four independent relay channels provide an easy-to-use

solution for controlling and automating various electrical loads in applications, including

robotics, industrial control, and home automation.

Figure 2.6 4 Channel Relay Module

 https://.app.goo.gl/ijTQgrmXytgaH47SA

2.4.5. Blynk Application

The Blynk app, built for home automation in this project, provides a dynamic platform

for easy management of smart devices. It is compatible with various microcontrollers and IoT

hardware, allowing users to create customized dashboards for monitoring and controlling

connected devices. Blynk simplifies the construction of personalized automation interfaces by

providing an easy interface with drag-and-drop capabilities. Furthermore, it offers real-

time data visualization, push notification features, and easy connection with top IoT

platforms, solidifying its position as a powerful tool for developing successful and engaging

smart home solutions.

Figure 2.7 Blynk Application

https://dke.vn/blog/blynk-server-v1

2.4.6. The Stepper Motor Module

The stepper motor module is used to automate the gates from the front yard. Their control is

done by a simple click, representing a great benefit for the homeowners, since it will be much

easier for them to come into with their cars or if they have luggage and it is not at their fingertips

to open the gates by themselves.

 Figure 2.8. Stepper Motor Module

https://.app.goo.gl/igittAbUQfHKbVpk6

Table 2.1. Technical specifications for Arduino Uno and ESP8266

TechnicalSpec/Board Arduino Uno ESP8266

Operating voltage 5V 3.3V

Microcontroller ATmega328P ESP8266

Digital I/Opin 14( 6 PWM) 13 (9 PWM)

Analog pin 6 1

Flash memory 32 KB 1 MB

SRAM 2 KB 64 KB

EEPROM 1 KB -

Clock speed 16 Mhz 80 Mhz

External power Yes No

2.5. Hardware Platform

The hardware part consists of a digital computer, an Arduino Uno board, Light Detecting

Resistors, motion sensor, an infrared receiver and a transmitter, temperature humidity sensor

(DHT11), DC Motor. The diagram is below

Figure 2.9. Smart home automation system

https://.app.goo.gl/PmN2HVDB5KiJEUEXA

2.5.1. Lighting system

In a traditional electrical installation, the switch and the lamp are connected by the same wire.

So, to realize an evolutionary lighting system, we used 5 lamps, one reserved for the

garden which will be controlled by a photo-resistance according to the degree of the luminosity

(It will be ON as soon as it gets dark). The other 4 lamps will be controlled manually and by the

application (the application checks the state of the lamps and controls them). Each lamp is

connected to a relay connected to the Arduino, when it is powered by a voltage of 5V; it will

open its contact which will allow the necessary electric current to light the lamp.
2.5.2. The Door Control System

This part requires the use of a driver called L293D to manage the motors. The L293D circuit is

connected to the Arduino. The motor rotates in both directions.

2.5.3. Security System

In this system, it was only necessary to use a presence sensor and a buzzer. The sensor detects

the change at the infrared of the objects if there is a change, its value takes 1 otherwise it takes 0.

2.5.4. Temperature and Humidity Control System

To calculate the temperature and humidity, the DHT11 sensor was used, which provides a digital

signal proportional to the temperature and humidity measured by the sensor. This ensures high

reliability, excellent long-term stability and a time of very rapid response.

2.5.5 Motion Sensor

The motion sensor is based on IR (Infrared) technology and is used to detect the presence of a

human/object at a distance up to 7m. It's use to control the automatic lighting in the garden.

When it gets dark and a person arrive at home or leaves, the LEDs will light up,

allowing him/her to lock/unlock quickly and easily.

2.5.6. Light Sensor

The light sensor is a component that is use to retrieves data from the environment and Iused it to

control the lighting system around the house. It detects intensity changes of light, and helps the

users to achieve an optimal energy control along with the motion sensor.
2.5.7. Remote control system

For the remote control system, two components are needed: an infrared receiver and a

transmitter. The receiver is used for the cloning of a remote control and its storage in the

database and the transmitter to use the remotes available on the database. When a button on the

remote control is pressed, it emits an infrared signal that will be captured by the receiver and

with the IRemote library the signal will be converted to hexadecimal or integer.

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1 System Design

The smart home appliance system serves as an interface between user-operated remote controls

(such as smartphones or dedicated remotes) and home electrical devices. This system design

integrates microcontrollers such as Arduino and NodeMCU to manage device control either

manually via a mobile app or automatically using sensors. Each application within the home

automation setup is built with careful consideration for connectivity, control logic, and energy

efficiency.

The block diagram of the complete Smart Home Automation System (SHAS) is presented in

Figure 3.1. The architecture consists of various hardware modules controlled by microcontrollers

(e.g., Arduino Uno, NodeMCU ESP8266), which interface with external sensors and relays.

Wireless communication between the user interface and hardware modules is achieved using

technologies such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi (ESP8266), and RF modules. A custom Android

application has been developed to allow users to control home devices such as lights and sensors

remotely. Through this application, the user can send commands over the internet or local Wi-Fi

network, which are then received and processed by the NodeMCU microcontroller, triggering

appropriate actions on connected appliances.

Figure 3.1.Block diagram of the proposed home automation system.

https://app.goo.gl/YKwutBKRF1Rv417g9

3.2. System Components and Description

The proposed smart home automation system is built using low-power electronic components

that focus on controlling and monitoring light current devices such as lights and sensors. The

system utilizes a microcontroller (ATmega328P), NodeMCU (ESP8266), Bluetooth/Wi-Fi

modules, and an Android mobile interface for remote access. Below is an overview of the key

components involved:

3.2.1 Microcontroller (ATmega328P)

The ATmega328P is an 8-bit AVR microcontroller used to interface and control low-voltage

appliances. It features 32KB flash memory, 1KB EEPROM, and 2KB SRAM. It has several

digital I/O pins, ADC channels, PWM outputs, and serial communication interfaces. In this
system, it acts as the core control unit for switching appliances based on user commands or

sensor inputs. The microcontroller receives serial data via Bluetooth or Wi-Fi and responds by

activating relays to switch lights or read sensor values. A 16 MHz crystal oscillator provides its

clock source.

3.2.2 NodeMCU (ESP8266)

The NodeMCU is a low-cost microcontroller with built-in Wi-Fi capability, enabling wireless

communication between the central server (or cloud database) and home devices. It is

programmed using the Arduino IDE and supports remote control and monitoring through a

mobile app. In the system, it handles Wi-Fi communication, retrieves control commands from

the cloud, and sends sensor status updates for remote monitoring.

3.2.3 Android Application

An Android-based mobile application serves as the user interface for controlling the home

automation system. The app is designed to send commands to the microcontroller via Bluetooth

or Wi-Fi and display feedback from sensors. Through this app, the user can turn on/off lights,

monitor environmental conditions, and receive alerts on abnormalities like gas leaks or fire

detection. The app ensures real-time communication and enhances the usability of the system.

3.2.4 Bluetooth Module (HC-05)

The HC-05 Bluetooth module allows wireless serial communication between the smartphone and

the ATmega328P. It operates in slave mode, receiving commands sent from the Android app.

These commands are forwarded to the microcontroller, which then takes the necessary action,
such as switching a light. Since the module communicates using the UART protocol, voltage

level converters are used to match the TTL levels of the microcontroller.

3.2.5 Sensors (PIR, Gas, Temperature, Flame)

To enable automation, several low-current sensors are incorporated:

PIR Sensor: Detects human motion to automate lighting.

MQ-2 Gas Sensor: Detects gas leakage and triggers alarms.

DHT11 Temperature Sensor: Monitors ambient temperature for data logging and alerts.

Flame Sensor: Detects fire and alerts the user through the app and buzzer system.

Figure 3.2. Circuit diagram of the proposed home automation system.

https://app.goo.gl/qv2gD3xz39BVFQ2A8

3.3. Smart Home Lighting Control System Design

This section explains the design and operation of the smart home lighting control system, which

enables users to control household lighting either manually using a smartphone or automatically
through a PIR (Passive Infrared) sensor. Figure 3.2 shows the structure of the lighting control

system. The system allows the user to turn lights ON/OFF or adjust brightness levels through a

dimmer control on a smartphone interface. Dimmers are electronic devices used to regulate the

brightness of lights by adjusting the RMS voltage supplied to the lighting load. Modern dimmer

circuits utilize silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCRs), which offer higher efficiency compared to

older resistive methods. Because an SCR switches between ON (low resistance) and OFF (high

resistance) states, it dissipates very little power. The Arduino Uno microcontroller is used as the

core of the control system. It supports both USB and serial communication, making it suitable

for Bluetooth connectivity with Android applications. A Bluetooth module enables wireless

communication between the Arduino board and a smartphone. The control signal from the phone

is processed by the Arduino, which in turn activates relays connected to light fixtures. The

electrical power is routed through a main control board that houses a voltage regulation and relay

circuit. A transformer and rectifier are used to convert AC to DC voltage, and linear regulators

ensure stable 5V and 3.3V outputs needed by various components. Low-voltage switches are

also integrated for easier installation and user convenience. The system is designed to mount

directly beside existing wall switches. It eliminates the need for extensive rewiring and allows

multiple control boards to be installed across the home. The Android app, developed on versions

2.2 and 4.0.4 (Froyo and Ice Cream Sandwich), provides a simple interface where users can tap

icons to control lighting after connecting via Bluetooth.

 Figure 3.3. Smart Home Lighting Control Systems

https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=x-raw-image

3.4. Managing Light-Current Appliances for User Comfort

Managing home appliances for comfort and convenience is one of the core objectives of home

automation systems. In this project, emphasis is placed on the intelligent and remote

management of light-current appliances such as electric lights and sensors to create a more

responsive and user-friendly living environment. A good example is the automatic lighting

control based on room occupancy or ambient light level. The system integrates a PIR (Passive

Infrared) motion sensor and/or light sensor to detect human presence and environmental light

conditions. When a user enters a room, the sensor detects motion and sends a signal to the

Arduino microcontroller, which then triggers a relay to switch on the light. When no motion is

detected for a set time, the light is automatically turned off to conserve energy.

Some Key Features of This Light-Current Appliance Control System Include:

1. Closed-loop design – sensors collect environmental data and feed it back to the controller for

real-time decision making.

2. Sensors – the PIR and LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) sensors serve as input devices to

monitor occupancy and lighting conditions.

3. Actuators – relays or solid-state switches are used to turn lights on or off based on control

signals.

4. Microcontroller (Knowledge Base) – Arduino acts as the processing unit that receives sensor

input and decides what actions to take based on predefined logic.

While this project does not employ advanced artificial intelligence, the structure of such a system

lays the foundation for future expansion. For example, machine learning algorithms could be

integrated in future designs to adapt lighting preferences based on user habits or time of day. By

combining user control (via smartphone) with automated responses (via sensors), the system

enhances home comfort, ensures energy efficiency, and reduces the need for manual switching of

devices.

Figure 3.4.SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

https://.app.goo.gl/24i2rGj7M6w74meYA

3.5. Power and Energy Calculations

In this section, we illustrate the technique used to calculate RMS (Root Mean Square) values of

voltage and current. For voltage measurement, the ZMPT101B voltage transformer is used. It

converts the AC voltage signal into a DC-biased sinusoidal waveform centered around 2.5V. To

compute the RMS value, 40 samples are taken per cycle (i.e., one sample every 500

microseconds). The RMS value of the measured cycle is then calculated using the following

equation:

Vrms per cycle = √ (Σ Vsample² / 40) .............................. (3.5.1)

To improve accuracy, the average RMS value over 12 cycles is computed. This entire calculation

process is refreshed every 10 seconds. The same method is used for current measurement, using

the ACS712 Hall Effect IC as the current sensor.

Every 10 seconds, the apparent power (S) is calculated and added to the energy variable to track

total energy consumption:

S (VA) = Vrms × Irms .................................................... (3.5.2)

Power Factor and Average Power

To calculate the power factor (PF), the system measures the time difference between the voltage

zero-crossing sample and the current zero-crossing sample.

1 cycle at 50Hz = 20ms

1 cycle = 360 degrees

With 20 samples per cycle, each sample = 1ms = 18°

Let N be the number of samples between voltage and current zero-crossings.

Then,

θ = 18 × N .................................................................... (3.5.4)

PF = Cos(θ) ................................................................ (3.5.5)

Now, the average real power is computed as:

Pavg = S × PF ............................................................. (3.5.6)

Energy Calculation (Watt-Hour)

The system tracks total energy consumption using the average power and the 10-second refresh

interval:

Energy (Watt-hour) = Previous value + Pavg × (10 / 3600) .......... (3.5.7)

3.6. Remote Control of Light-Current Devices

Another major feature of the home automation system is remote control, which allows users to

manage their appliances even when they are not physically present at home. In the proposed

system, the user can control light-current devices such as electric bulbs, PIR-triggered lighting,

or simple curtain motors through a smartphone application or RF-based remote. For example, if

the user is on their way home and wants the room lights to be switched on before arrival, they

can send a command using the mobile app. The Arduino microcontroller receives this command

via Bluetooth or RF communication module and triggers the appropriate relay circuit to switch

on the connected appliance.

The System Consists Of The Following Components:

1. Authorization and Receiver Unit – The receiver (Bluetooth module or RF receiver)

connected to the Arduino listens for authenticated input from the smartphone or remote. While

the current implementation is basic, future improvements may involve encrypted signals to

enhance security and ensure only authorized access.

2. Decision Logic Unit – Unlike AI-driven agents, this project uses a programmed Arduino

microcontroller to act based on predefined logic. For instance, a received signal for "Turn On

Light 1" will activate relay 1, while a “Turn Off All” command deactivates all relays.

3. Actuator Unit – The actuator part of the system includes relays or triacs that switch light-

current appliances like bulbs and small motors on or off, based on signals from the

microcontroller.

This remote functionality enhances the convenience and energy efficiency of home appliances,

giving users control over their environment without needing to be physically present.

CHAPTER FOUR
 RESULT, TESTING AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the testing outcomes, evaluation, and discussion of the implemented smart

home automation system. The system was tested for responsiveness, power measurement, and

control efficiency of connected light-current devices using remote and sensor-based inputs.

Results were recorded, analyzed, and interpreted to verify that the design goals were achieved.

4.1. Testing and Evaluation

The developed smart home automation system was tested in a controlled environment. The

testing was carried out to evaluate various functionalities of the system, including:

Wireless remote control via smartphone (Bluetooth)

PIR sensor-based automatic lighting

Manual switch override

Voltage and current monitoring

Power and energy calculation accuracy

The table below shows a summary of the test results:

Table 4.1. Test Results

Test case Input condition Expected Output Actual Output Status

Bluetooth Light Bluetooth paired Light turn ON Light turned ON PASS

ON Via Smart and ON button

phone tapped

Bluetooth Light Bluetooth paired Light turn OFF Light turned OFF PASS

OFF Via Smart and OFF button

phone tapped

PIR Sensor Person enters Light turn ON Light turned ON PASS

motion detected room automatically

PIR Sensor No No movement in Light turn OFF Light turned OFF PASS

motion room for 30s automatically

Manuel switch Toggle wall Light toggles Light toggled PASS

override switch ON/OFF accordingly

Voltage sensing Connected to AC Approx.220v 217.5V - 222.1v PASS

(AC main 200v) supply displayed

Current sensing Load connected 0.45A current 0.4A PASS

(bulb 100w) measured

Energy Device ON for I 100watt-hour 99.2watt- hour PASS

calculation hours energy consumed

4.2. Discussion

The smart home system performed successfully during all test cases. The response time from the

smartphone app was nearly instantaneous (under 1 second) due to the use of efficient Bluetooth

communication. The PIR sensor correctly detected human movement and controlled the lights as

intended, enhancing automation and energy saving. Manual switch overrides worked in parallel

with the microcontroller control, offering redundancy and flexibility. Voltage and current

sensing modules (ZMPT101B and ACS712 respectively) provided accurate readings with

tolerances within ±2%, sufficient for real-time monitoring. Power factor measurements and

energy consumption calculations were verified by comparing with standard multimeter and smart

energy meters, and showed over 95% accuracy. This confirms the reliability of the

microcontroller-based energy monitoring approach using RMS sampling and power factor

correction. The system also demonstrated scalability by allowing multiple

microcontrollers(Arduino units) to communicate with a single smartphone or control hub. This

opens the path for multi-room control with minimal modification.

4.3. System Flowchart

The flowchart below illustrates the operation of the home automation system. It shows how the

system transitions from standby mode to active control, based on either motion detection or

Bluetooth commands from a mobile device.

 Figure 4.1 system flowchart

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/General-flow-diagram-of-mobile-software_fig5_373452372

The Flowchart Explains the Following Key Processes:

Start: The system initializes all components including sensors and Bluetooth module.

Bluetooth Check: If Bluetooth command is received, it is decoded and executed to toggle

appliances.

Motion Sensing: If no Bluetooth signal is received, the system checks for motion using

PIR.
Auto Light Control: When motion is detected, lights are automatically turned ON.

Timer Condition: If no motion is detected within a preset timeout, the system turns the lights

OFF.

Manual Override: The system continuously allows manual switches to override any automation

for user convenience.

Loop Back: The process repeats for continuous monitoring and control.