27- In hemi-section of the spinal cord (Brown Sequard syndrome):

a- Pain is lost below the level of lesion on the same side of the body \!!!;)
b- All sensations are lost at the level of the lesion on the opposite side of the body,
@ Vibration sense is lost on the same side below level of the lesion
d- There is "jacket loss" of pain and temperature .
e- Touch sensation is completely lost on both sides below level of the lesion
1- All about growth hormone is correct, except:
a- It increases protein deposition by the osteogenic cells
b- It activates JAK2 Janus family of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases
c- Its secretion is stimulated by starvation
@ It has prolonged action while somatomedin C has short action
e- Levi-Lorain dwarf is due to inability to form somatomedin C
2- Hypothalamic releasing hormones:
a- Regulate the release of oxytocin
b- Pass down nerve axons to reach the pituitary gland
!'8J Regulate the release of thyroid stimulating hormone
er: Regulate the release of somatostatin
e- Pass through systemic circulation to reach pituitary
3- Panhypopituitarism:
a- Is accompanied by severe gain of body weight
b- Produces a state of increased-body energy expenditure and anernia
(cj Manifests with amenorrhea and stennty in females
er. Patients have dry skin with increased pigmentation
e- Is characterized by increased tolerance to stress
4- Thyroxine:
a- Is liberated from thyroglobulin by action of peroxidase enzyme inside the follicles
@ Increases the body needs for vitamins
c- Acts on nuclear receptors only which produce its genomic and non genomic actions
d- Acts more rapidly than T3
e- Has more affinity to receptors than T3
5- Thyroid hormones deficiency:
a- Since birth produces cretinism which is mentally normal and sexually retarded
b- Produces Increased metabolic rate
c- In an adult produces shortened reflex reaction time
@ Produces coarse skin with non-pitting edema
e- Is accompanied by decreased body mass index
6- Thyrotoxicosis: '
a- May occur due to autoimmune disease in which antibodies destruct thyroidal tissue
b- Is characterized by increased energy expenditure and cold, pale, dry skin
c-Is accompanied .by a rise in systolic and diastolic blood pressure
d- Due to pituitary thyrotrope tumor is accompanied by High T3 and T4 with low TSH
@ May be associated with exophthalmos due to antibodies against extraocular muscles
7- Parathyroid hormone:
a- Binds osteoclastic receptors to stimulate osteoclast proliferation and activity
@ Rapid phase of action involves pumping of Ca2+ from bone to extracellular fluid
c- Increases intestinal absorption of Ca2+ independent on 1 25 (OHh 03
J

d- Increases renal tubular P04- reabsorption

e- Stimulates renal tubular Ca2+ reabsorption in exchange with Mg2+excretion
8- Vitamin D:
a- Stimulates osteoblastic activity in the presence of a low Ca2+ and P04-
b- Requires the liver for formation of 1, hydroxy cholecalciferol (1-HCC)
@Stimulates the formation of calbindin 0 in the intestine
d- Cannot be synthesized in the body
e- Is converted to the more active form 24, 2S-0HCC by action of convertase enzyme
 36- Growth hormone secretion is increased by:
a- Cortisol
b- Hyperglycemia
@Exercise
@ High protein meal
e- Obesity

37- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH):

a- Is transported from the hypothalamus to neurohypophysis via portal vessels
b- Acts on the distal tubules to increase the insertion of urea transporters
c- Binds with V1 receptors to induce the production of prostaglandin E2
d~Secretion is stimulated by decreased osmolarity of the hypothalamus
® Deficiency decreases the level of cAMP in renal distal tubula.r cells

38- Prolactin:
a- Initiates ovulation
b- Causes milk ejection during suckling
c- Inhibits the growth of breast tissue
@ Secretion is inhibited by the bypothalamus
e- Secretion is increased by dopamine
9- Cortisol:
0U Augments glycogenolysis produced by glucagon
b- Promotes protein catabolism in hepatic tissue to provide amino acids needed for
gluconeogenesis
c- Decreases glucose utilization by the brain and lowers its insulin sensitivity
d- At normal blood levels, it Inhibits the antibody production from B- Iymphocytes
e- Is secreted with -the highest rate at the evening and lowest at early morning
10- Aldosterone secretion is increased by:
a- Administration of an inhibitor of angiotensin- converting enzyme (ACE)
b- Increased plasma Na+ levels
c- Decreased plasma K+ level
@ Decreased plasma volume .
e- Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
11- Regarding escape phenomenon:
a- It is the escape from Na+ and water retaining effect of low aldosterone levels
b- OC,curs in both primary and secondary hyperatdosteronlsrn
~ Atrial natriu:e:tic peptide (AN~). actions are opposite to angiotensin 11 actions
(f- The ~NP Na and water retaining effect balances aldosterone natriuretic effect
e- ANP Increases responsiveness of zona glomerulosa to secretory stimuli
39- Parathyroid hormone: .
2
a- Is secreted in response to an increase in plasma Ca + concentration
2
b- Acts directly on bone cells to increase Ca + deposition ,
c- Binds with osteoclastic receptors to increase RANKL production
@ Increases the permeability of the osteocytic membrane to Ca~+ "
e- Deficiency produces a state of decreased neuromuscular excitability

40- Thyroid hormones: '.

a- Increase the rate of oxygen consumption of the adult brain
b- Deficiency decreases the duration of tendon reflexes
@ Increase the transport CifNa+ and K+ through cell membrane of cells
d- Increase muscle protein catabolism ,
e- Decrease the number of low-density lipoprotein receptors on liver cells
42- Cortisol: , c
(a) Increases neuropeptide Y synthesiS In the hy~othalamuv .
'b-Decreases th~ num,ber d~f cir~uytl~~~~~~!~~f:~~o~~~:~:~:I;~sak at midnight
c- Is released Wlt~ a c,:ca ian r anti-inflammatory effect
d- In normal phYSIologIcal bloo~ levetls hthasan oconstrictor effect of catecholarnines
e- Decreases response of arterioles 0 e vas
 6- All of the foilowing increases adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
secretion, except: ' .
a- When the median eminence of the hypothalamus is stimulated
® When aldosterone blood levels decrease
c- When cortisol blood levels decrease
d- Very early morning as the normal hour of waking approaches
e- Following severe trauma
17- All is true concerning the mechanism of action of hormones, except:
((8J} Pepti~e hormones ~iffuse .into the cells and have .intracellular receptors
b- Steroid hormones diffuse Into the cells and have Intracellular receptors
c- The insulin receptor has tyrosine kinase activity
d- Thyroid hormones alter gene expression within the cell
e-Adrenaline, acting on.p-receptors, activates the 2nd messenger cAMP
18- Concerning Antidiuretic hormone (ADH):
a- ADH is transported from the supraoptic nucleus in the hypothalamus to
neurohypophysis via the hypophyseal portal system
b- ADH increases the permeability of loop of henle of the kidney to water
c- High rate of secretion of ADH can lead to complete stoppage of urine
d- A decrease in the osmolarity of the blood supplying the hypothalamus is a powerful
stimulus for ADH secretion
({j- A decrease in blood volume results in an increase in ADH secretion
19- Excessive glucocorticoid production (Cushing's syndrome) increases:
a- Skin thickness
b- Bone strength
(@j Blood glucose
d- The rate of wound healing
e- Immunoglobulins .
20- All about the thyroid gland is correct~ except:.
a- It takes up iodide against its elect:oc~en:lcal w~dlent
@ It decreases in size when dietary Iodine IS defiCient .
c- The hormone thyroxine is essential for no~mal development of the brain
d- It contains enzymes which iodinate thyroxine d r f tendon reflexes
e- Increased secretion of thyroid hormones decreases ura Ion 0... .

27-Excessive glucocorticoid secretion (Cushing's syndrome) causes:

a- Fat deposition in the limbs
b- An increase in bone strength
(C) An increase in blood glucose
d- A decrease in arterial blood pressure
28- Parathyroid hormone:
a- Is secreted by thyroid parafollicular cells
C!1- Increases serum calcium due to mobilization from bones
c- Decreases renal excretion of phosphate
d- Secretion is stimulated by the anterior pituitary gland
29- Gigantism is:
a- a manifestation of cushinq's syndrome
C!?Ilncreased secretion of growth hormone before puberty
c- Increased secretion of growth hormone after puberty
d- Associated with decreased blood glucose level
26- In Conn's disease sodium escape phenomenon is due to:
a- Decreased plasma levels of atrial natriuretic peptide
b- Increased plasma levels of angiotensin 11
c- Decreased sodium reabsorption in the collecting tubules
@ Increased extracellular fluid volume
27- For breast feeding to occur, which of the following must occur?
a- Myoepithelial cells must relax
b- Prolactin levels must fall
@ Oxytocin secretion from the posterior pituitary must take place
d- Releasing hormones secretion from hypothalamus must take place
 21-The endocrine system:
~ Secretes hormones which regulate processes within the body
b- Returns leaked fluid to the blood stream
c- Produces cornrnunicatinq chemicals involved in nerve impulses
d- Provides a means. of waste disposal
22- Hormones:
a- Are secreted by exocrine glands
b- Act only on neighbouring cells
c- Are always peptides .
@ Are secreted into blood . " ".....".. .\?
23- Which one of the following hormones oriqlnates In the anterior pituitary?
a- Dopamine .
b- Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
c- Somatostatin "
@) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
24- Growth hormone:·
a- Is synthesized in the hypothalamus
b- Its release is stimulated by sornatostatin
c- It decreases the rate of protein synthesis
@ It stimulates the production of somatomedins by ~he"liver . "f' (

25- A 10 year old child has been diagnosed as pituitary mfantillsm. The
hormones, he is lacking, are:
a- Growth hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
b- Growth hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).
@ Growth hormone and gonadotro~hic hor~ones (FSH &LH).
d- Growth hormone and corticotropin raleasinq hormone (CRH)
26- Myxedema is characterized by all the following, except:
a- Low serum levels otT, and T4
b- Intolerance to cold
(c) Increased metabolic rate
'er- Puffiness ..of the face and non-pitting edema
18- Regarding hypothalamic control of pituitary function:
a- The hypothalamic releasing hormones regulate the release of oxytocin
b- Blood flows from the anterior pituitary to the hypothalamus in the portal vessels
,@ All the hypothalamic hormones are synthesized and secreted by neurons
d- Loss of dopaminergic neurons in the hypothalarnus is likely to lead to a fall on the
secretion of prolactin
19- Parathyroid hormone directely:
a- Controls. the rate of 25-hydroxycholicalciferoiTormation
b- C~ntrols the rate of calcium transport in small intestine mucosa
c- Stimulates renal tubular reabsorption
~ Contro~s the rate of formayon of 1 25-dihydroxycholicalciferol
J

" 0- A patient has been taking pharrnacoloqic doses of a steroidal anti-

Inflammatory drug for a prolonged period for his asthmatic attacks. His obtained
laboratory values would be compatible with:
~ Low CRH and high cortisol
b- High CRH and high cortisol
c- Low CRH and low cortisol
d- High CRH and low cortisol
22- Cortisol:
® Decreases the production of vasodilator prostaglandins
b- Decreases the number of circulating neutrophils and platelets
c- Is released with a circadian rhythm so that its blood levels peak at midnight
d- In normal physiological blood levels has an anti-inflammatory effect
e- Decreases response of arterioles to the vasoconstrictor effect of catecholamines
19- Calcitonin:
a- Is secreted by the parathyroid glands. .
@ Secretion is stimulated by 13- adrenergic aqonists
c- Increases the activity of osteoclasts
d- Increases Ca2+ absorption by the stomach 2+
p_ Secretion is inhibited by an increase in plasma Ca
 22'-Oxytocin hormone:
, a- Stimulates milk formation by the breast
b- Deficiency produces decreased production of urine
0. Secretion is stimulated by cervical dilation _
0- Helps the storage of sperms in the vas deferns
23- All about thyroid gland is true, except:
a- Takesup iodide against its electrochemical gradient
@ T3 and T4 stimulate the secretion of TSH by the anterior pituitary
c- People who have a hyperactive thyroid gland have a high BMR
d- Contains enzymes which iodinate tyrosine
24- Triiodothyronine (T3):
a- Is the only biologically active form of thyroid hormones
b- Has less affinity to receptors than T4
(C) Is liberated from thyroglobulin by the action of proteinase enzyme
--er:.Binds to plasma membranereceptors
24- Calcitonin:
a- Is secreted by the parathyroid
@'Is secreted by the thyroid
c- Increases the activity of osteoclasts
d- Increases Ca2+ absorption by the stomach
e- Secretion is stimulated by a decrease in plasma Ca2+
. Parathyroid hormone (PTH):
~ Is released in response to low plasma calcium
~ Promotes reabsorption of phosphate in the kidney.
c- Stimulates osteoblastic proliferation
d- Increases calcium excretion in the kidneys
e- Is released from parafollicular cells in the thyroid.
7- Actions of cortisol include:
a- Decreased gluconeogenesis
b- Decreased mobilization of fatty acids from adipose tissue
@"'necreased phagocytosis by white blood cells
p.. Decreased stabilization of lysosomal membranes
.e- Decreased utilization of amino acids for the formation of proteins in the liver
16- Among the mechanisms of hormone action:
a- Steroid hormones act on cell membrane receptors to stimulate protein synthesis.
b- The thyroid hormones inhibit the genetic mechanism of the cell.
c- G- protein activation leads to changes in gene expression
@ Protein hormones act via a second messenger system
e- IP3 increases intracellular Ca2+ by opening membrane calcium channels

17- Oxytocin hormone:

a- Stimulates milk formation by the breast
b- Increases intrauterine pressure to help semen transport into uterus
~Is secreted by a neurohormonal reflex
Y- Secretion is inhibited by cervical dilation
e- Heips the storage of sperms in the vas deferns

18- Growth hormone:

a-Inhibits differentiation of chondrocytes and suppresses production of IGF-1.
b- Inhibits JAK2 Janus family of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases.
c- Suppresses nuclear responses through STAT pathway.
@ Has shorter duration of action than somatomedin C
e- Secretion is stimulated by hypoglycemia and obesity
20- Triiodothyronine (13):
a- Is the only biologically active form of thyroid hormones
b- Has less affinity to receptors than T4
@ Is liberated from thyroglobulin by the action of proteinase enzyme
d- Binds to plasma membrane receptors
e- Stimulates the secretion of TSH by the anterior pituitary
 "

'15- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): c

a- Secretion is stimulated by decreased plasma osmolarity and hypovolemia
b- Acts by insertion of aquaporin-2 channels into the proximal renal tubules
c- Secretion is decreased by alpha- adrenergic agonist administration
d- Deficiency manifests by excretion of large volume and highly solute containing urine
e- Stimulates V2 receptors in pituitary corticotropes during stress

16- Aldosterone hormone: e

a- Activates G-protein coupled receptors in tubular P-cells to increase Na+ reabsorption
b- Secretion increases by angiotensin I after it binds to its glomerulosa cells receptors
c- Deficiency causes severe hypokalemia and muscle weakness
d- Increased secretion due to adrenal tumors is accompanied with massive edema
e- Increases the activity of H+·:ATPase proton pump in the intercalated tubular cells

17- Cortisol hormone: d

a- Increases formation of interleukin-1 thus resolves inflammation rapidly
b- Is minimally controlled by pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
c- Is secreted with the lowest rate in early morning and the highest rate in the evening
d- In high amounts decreases the production of bone matrix type I collagen
e- Prevents histamine release from mast cells by inhibiting the antigen-antibody binding

18- Triiodothyronine (T3): c

a- Is the only biologically active form of thyroid hormones
b- Has less affinity to receptors than T4
c- Up-regulates low-density lipoproteins receptors on liver cells
d- Transforms in some tissues to its active form rT3 before binding receptors
e- Stimulates the secretion of TSH by the anterior pituitary .

19- A patient with Addison's disease would have: b

a- Low plasma cortisol, ACTH and corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
b- Low plasma cortisol and high ACTH and CRH .
c- Low plasma cortisol and ACTH, and high CRH
d- High plasma cortisol and lbw ACTH and CRH
e- High plasma cortisol and ACTH, and low CRH

20- Which of the following is seen in hypothyroldlam? d

a- Tachycardia
b- Increased appetite
c- Excessive sweating'
d- Non-pitting edema
e- Fine tremors

23- Calcitonin: b . .
a- Stimulates the formation of calbindin D in th~ intestine
b- Inhibits 1a-hydroxylase activity of renal proximal tubules
c- Increases the activity of osteoclasts and alkaline phosphatase .
d- Secretion is stimulated by gastrin hor~one to preve~} hypocalcemla
e- Secretion is stimulated by a decrease In plasma Ca
13- Which of the following hormones does not act through G-protein coupled
receptors?
a- Dopamine
b- Epinephrine
c- Angiotensin 11
d- Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
@Thyroxine
 \ 1-:;). Use each item once:
«- Growth hormone
8- Somatomedin C - 14- Growth hormone secretion is decreased by:
C- Oxytocin @Cortisol .
vD::'Antidiuretic hormone b- Hypoglyceml8
~Thyroxine c- Exercise
\.....
p:Cortisol d- Protein deficiency
\...e:: Prolactin e- Deep sleep
1-\-Somatostatin
1- Aldosterone

. r~Has prolonged action increasing synthesis of collaqen in chondrocytes B

e-
.J ' .

\,2(~ypersecretion antagonizes the action of gonadotrophic hormones

~'Deficiency produces a dwarf with a protruded tongue, umbilical hernia and delayed
milestones E
/
(4: Increases appetite by inducing neuropeptide Y synthesis in hypothalamus F
5.:'1ncreases passive water reabsorption from distal tubules secondary to Na + thus
1/ increasing extracellular fluid volume in an isotonic manner r
15- Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH):
a- Is an important regulator of cortisol, aldosterone and androstenedione secretion
b- Is usually lower in the morning than in the evening
c- Is increased after stimulation of the paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus
@Causes hyperpigmentation whenever it is chronically increased
e- Does not affect the size of the cells in the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis

16- Administration of high doses of exogenous glucocorticolds would lead to:

a- Exaggeration of the symptoms of a severe allergic reaction
(~ Decreased immunity and increased liability to infections
c- Increased muscle mass
d- Inability to respond to stress
e- Decreased extracellular fluid volume and hypotension

'17 - Oxytocin hormone:

a- Stimulates milk formation by the breast
@JDecreases intrauterine pressure to help semen transport into uterus
c- Produces its action by inducing formation of contractile proteins
d- Secretion is inhibited by cervical dilation
e- Helps the storage of sperms in the vas deferns

18- Which of the following physiological responses is greater for trllodothyronlne

(T 3) than for thyroxine (T4)1.
a- Secretion rate from the thyroid gland
b- Plasma concentration
@ Affinity for receptors in target tissues
d- Binding with plasma proteins
e- Latent period for onset of action in target tissues
 15~,Thyroxine:
#Oeficiency in adult produces prolonged reflex reaction time'
~b-Is converted to the active form rT3 in the periphery
c- Is liberated from thyroglobulin by action of peroxidase enzyme inside the follicles'
d- Acts only on the three receptor isoforms alpha1 & 2 and f1-1
8- Has more affinity to receptors than T3

1-6- A 50-year-old man complains of decreased.muscte strength and exercise

intolerance. Examination reveals a 10% reduction in lean body mass and an
increase in body fat mass. Thyroid hormone levels are norma!. Which diagnosis
is most consistent with these symptoms?
a- Glucocorticoid deficiency
b- Addison's disease
.:,/~~:;,··Growth
hormone deficiency
d- Prolactin deficiency
e- Acromegaly

17- Parathyroid hormone:

d: §.timulates renal tubular Ca2+ reabsorption in exchange with Mg2+excretion
:,;.t.W"Bindsosteoblastic receptors to stimulate osteoclast proliferation and activity
",.c- Increases intestinal absorption of Ca2+ independent on 1, 25 (OH)z D.,
d- Secretion is increased by the rise in plasma Ca2+ concentration
e- Decreasestha production of 1, 25 (OHh 03

·18-Calcitonin:
a- Acts mainly on the bones and intestine to lower plasma Ca2-
0- Increases activity of Ca2+ pump of osteocytic membrane
c- Increases the activity of osteoclasts and their alkaline phosphatase
/~nhibits the activity of 1a-hydroxylase of the proximal tubules
'e- Action is opposite to parathyroid hormone as regard P04- and Ca2+

19- A child is born with a rare disorder in which the thyroid gland does not
respond to thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). What would be the predicted
effects on mental ability, body growth rate, and thyroid gland siz.e (comparecl to
normal) when the child reaches 6 years of age?
a- Mental ability impaired, body growth rate slowed, and thyroid gland size larger
b- Mental ability unaffected, body growth slowed, and thyroid gland size smaller
~:,;:p:?lMental
ability impaired, body growth rate slowed, and thyroid gland size smaller
~rd_ Mental ability unaffected, body growth rate unaffected, and thyroid gland size srnaller

e- Mental ability impaired, body growth rate slowed, and thyroid gland size normal
21- Glucagon hormone: b
a- In large doses has a negative inotropic effect on the heart
b- Secretion is inversely proportional to blood glucose level
c- Increases the breakdown of muscle glycogen
d- Secretion is inhibited by high protein meal and exercise
e- Feedback mechanism is very important under normal conditions

22- Insulin hormone: e

a- Is secreted in between meals to help the glucose uptake by the brain
b- Receptor contains 2 a-subunits which possess tyrosine kinase activity
c- Secretion is stimulated by leptin
d- Receptors are down regulated by starvation
e- Stimulates the use of ketoacids by the peripheral tissue
 11- Concerning the mechanism of action of hormones: rfJ;
a- Peptide hormones diffuse into the cells and have intracellular receptors
b- The extracellular portion of G- protein coupled receptors includes G, !3 and "f subunits
c- §teriod hormones act on cell membrane receptors to stimulate protein synthesis ,
~;~The thyroid hormones bind nuclear receptors to control function of genetic ororuotojs-
e- Adrenaline, acting on a-receptors, activates the 2nd messenger cAMP

12- Concerning hypothalamic control of pituitary hormones:

a- Oxytocin is formed in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
b- Suckling triggers the secretion of a hypothalamic- releasing factor for oxytocin
,/c.fGonadotrophin- releasing hormone reaches the anterior pituitary 'lid portal vessels
" d- Increased thyroid hormone level stimulates release of thyrotropin releasinq hormone
e- All the hypothaiamic hormones that control pituitary are excitatory (increase release)

1:3- The functions of the Antidiuretic hormone include:

a- V3 receptors stimulation to insert aquaporin-2 channels in renal distal tubules
"yb::"lncreased flow of urea into the medullary interstitium
c- Decreased arterial blood pressure in case of hemorrhaqe.
d- V2 receptorsstimulation in pituitary corticotropes during stress
e- Controlling glomerular prostaglandin production by a positive feedback mechanism

14- Pan-hypopituitarism is accompanied by:

a- Marked increase in body weight
b- Decreased tolerance to hot weather
c- A form of diabetes mellitus
d- Excessive groWth of body hair
/- Amenorrhea and infertility
13- A pituitary adenoma secreting excess Growth hormone after adolescence
may lead to: d
a- Gigantism
b- Hypergonadism
c- Proportioned and symmetrical overgrowth of all bones.
d- Hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus
e- Decreased plasma free fatty acids

14- Oxytocin hormone: b

a- Stimulates milk formation by the breast
b- Release is initiated ay action potentials generated in magnocellular neurons
c- Secretion is regulated by releasing hormone secreted by the hypothalamus
d- Secretion is stimulated by cervical contracture during labo~ by the fetal ~ead
e- Maintains milk storage in breast alveoli by its storing protein neurophysin I

20- Adrenal insufficiency (Addison1s disease) is accompanied by:

8- Low plasma Na" due to failure of Na" reabsorption by proximal convoluted tubules
o- Raised plasma K+ concentration due to excessive hernolysis of red blood ce!ls
"C4"(ow blood glucose due to decrease of both gluconeogenesis and insulin resistance
. d-·figrr18ntation of skin due to decreased production of adrenocorticotropic hormone
e- Low blood pressure due to the increase in the extracellular fluid volume

21- A patient receiving long-term glucocorticoid therapy plans to undergo hip

replacement surgery. What would the physician recommend prior to surgery and
why?
a- To decrease glucocorticoids to prevent serious hypoglycemia during recovery
b- To increase glucocorticoids to stimulate immune function and prevent infection
c- To increase glucocorticoids to promote wound healing during recovery
d;:Jo ?ecrease glucocorticoids to permit adequate vascular response to catechojanlines
,,:2-- To Increase glucocorticoids to compensate for the increased stress duriog-surgery
 19- A 28-year-old woman complains of restlessness, insomnia, nervousness and '~; ;
feels that the work area is too hot. She is eating more but has lost 5 kg in the past '-~./
2 months. On examination her pulse is 101/minute, and ·blood pressure 145/85
mm Hg. Which of the foliowing is most likely to be present in this woman?
a- Decreased catecholamines
b- Decreased iodine uptake
c- Decreased plasma insulin (-e.pJ ):JCl(k __-? ~T S/-f
@ Decreased thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) -t:+ -r.:, --7 - vc 1-"1
e- Increased adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

21- Parathyroid hormone directly:

a-· Controls the rate of 25-hydroxycholicalciferol formation
b- Increases the activity of the osteoclasts
;I~ (~:ntrols t.he l~a;eof -rorma~i,ono~ cal,ciurr: binding pro~ein (,calbindin)
® Controls the f ale of formation 01 1, 25-dlhydrox}lchollcalclfero!
e- Stimulates renal tubular phosphate reabsorption