EVIDENCE
(Course Outline)
Prepared by: Atty. April Joy L. Reyes
PART I.
1. General Provisions (Rule 128)
a. Definition of Evidence
b. Evidence v. Proof
c. Factum probandum v. Factum Probans
d. Burden of Proof vs. Burden of Evidence
e. Admissibility of Evidence
i. De Jesus v. Sanchez-Malit, A.C. No. 6470, July 8, 2014
ii. People v. Samontanez, G.R. No. 134530, December 4, 2000
iii. Navarro v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 121087, August 26,
1999
iv. Reyes y Capistrano v. People, G.R. No. 229380, June 6, 2018
v. People v. Delociembre y Andales, G.R. No. 226485
(Resolution), June 6, 2018
f. Relevant evidence
g. Competent evidence
h. Fruit of the Poisonous Tree Doctrine
i. People of the Philippines v. Rosemarie Gardon-Mentoy, G.R.
No. 223140, September 4, 2019
i. Circumstantial evidence
j. Doctrines of Admissibility of Evidence
i. Multiple admissibility
ii. Conditional admissibility
iii. Curative admissibility
2. What need not be proved (Rule 129)
a. Judicial Notice
i. Juan v. Juan, G.R. No. 221732, August 23, 2017
ii. Pilipinas Shell Petroleum Corporation v. Commission on
Customs, G.R. No. 195876, December 5, 2016
iii. Republic v. Science Park of the Philippines, Inc., G.R. No.
237714, November 12, 2018
iv. Trinidad y Bersamin v. People, G.R. No. 239957, February 18,
2019
b. Requisites of Judicial Notice
c. Judicial Admissions
i. Demetria de Guzman et al. v. Filinvest Development
Corporation, G.R. No. 191710, January 14, 2015
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PART II.
Rules of Admissibility (Rule 130)
1. Object Evidence
a. Chain of Custody Rule in relation to Object Evidence
i. People of the Philippines v. Alivio, G.R. No. 177771, May 30,
2011
ii. Leonardo Casona v. People of the Philippines, G.R. No.
179757, September 13, 2017
b. DNA Evidence Rule in relation to Object Evidence
i. People of the Philippines v. Efren Maglente y Cervantes, G.R.
No. 179712, June 27, 2008
ii. Jesse U. Lucas v. Jesus S. Lucas, G.R. No. 190710, June 6,
2011)
2. Documentary Evidence
a. Original Document Rule
i. Heirs of Margarita Prodon v. Heirs of Maximo S. Alvarez and
Valentina Clave, represented by Rev. Maximo Alvarez, Jr.,
G.R. No. 170604, September 02, 2013
ii. Country Bankers Insurance Corp. v. Lagman, G.R. No. 165487,
July 13, 2011
iii. Flores y De Leon v. People, G.R. No. 222861, April 23, 2018
b. Rule on Electronic Evidence (A.M. No. 01-7-01-SC)
i. RCBC Bankard Services Corp. v. Oracion, Jr. G.R. No.
223274, June 19, 2019
c. Secondary Evidence
i. People of the Philippines v. Ybo Lastimosa, G.R. No. 265758,
February 3, 2025
d. Parol Evidence Rule
i. Fernando Manancol Jr. v. Development Bank of the
Philippines, G.R. No. 204289, November 22, 2017
ii. Sps. Manuel and Victoria Salimbangon v. Sps. Santos and
Erlinda Tan, G.R. No. 185240, January 20, 2010
e. Testimonial Evidence
i. Qualification of a witness
1. Child Witness Rule
2. People v. Umali y Amado, G.R. No. 84450, February 4,
1991
3. People v. Aleman y Longhas, G.R. No. 181539, July 24,
2013
4. People v. Bustos, G.R. No. 27200, January 20, 1928
5. People of the Philippines v. Golem Sota and Amidal
Gadjadli, G.R. No. 203121, November 29, 2017
ii. Competency versus credibility of a witness
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1. Tamayo v. Señora, G.R. No. 176946, November 15, 2010
iii. Marital Disqualification Rule
1. Alvarez v. Ramirez, G.R. No. 143439, October 14, 2005
2. People v. Quidato, Jr., G.R. No. 117401, October 1, 1998
3. People v. Pansensoy, G.R. No. 140634, September 12,
2002
iv. Disqualification – Privileged Communication
1. Zulueta v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 107383, February
20, 1996
2. Hilado v. David, G.R. No. L-961, September 21, 1949
3. Eagleridge Development v. Cameron, G.R. No. 204700,
November 4, 2014
4. Air Philippines Corp. v. Pennswell, Inc., G.R. No.
172835, December 13, 2007
5. Banco Filipino Savings and Mortgage Bank v. Purisima,
G.R. No. 56429, May 28, 1988
v. Testimonial Privilege
PART III.
1. Admission v. Confession
a. Cases:
i. People v. Erguiza, G.R. No. 171348, November 26, 2008
b. Admission by Silence
i. People v. Bautista, G.R. No. 111149, September 5, 1997
ii. People v. Ciobal y Pabrua, G.R. No. 86220, April 20, 1990
iii. Villanueva v. Balaguer, G.R. No. 180197, June 23, 2009
iv. Uyguangco v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 76873, October 26,
1989
v. People v. Roa, G.R. Nos. 138195-96, July 2003
c. First Part of Res Inter Alios Acta; Exceptions
i. People v. Tena, G.R. No. 100909, October 21, 1992
ii. Naguiat v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 118375, October 3, 2003
iii. Gardiner v. Magsalin 73 Phil. 114 (1941)
iv. Bordalba v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 112443, January 25,
2002
v. Gevero v. Intermediate Appellate Court, G.R. No. 77029,
August 30, 1990
d. Second Part of Res Inter Alios Acta
i. People v. Pineda, G.R. No. 141644, May 27, 2004
ii. People v. Magpayo, G.R. Nos. 92961-64, September 1, 1993
iii. People v. Acosta, G.R. No. 126351, February 18, 2000
2. Extrajudicial confession versus judicial confession
PART IV.
1. Inadmissible Hearsay; Admissible Hearsay
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a. Oral, written or non-verbal hearsay
i. Exceptions to the hearsay rule
1. Independently Relevant Statements
a. Lea Mer Industries Inc. v. Malayan Insurance Co.
Inc., G.R. No. 161745, September 30, 2005
2. Dying Declaration
a. People v. De Las Eras y Zafra, G.R. No. 134128,
September 28, 2001
b. People v. Pena, G.R. No. 133964, February 13,
2002
c. People v. Sergio and Lacanilao, G.R. No. 240053,
October 19, 2019
d. People v. Labagala, G.R. No. 184603, August 2,
2010
e. People v. Viovicente, G.R. No. 118707, February
2, 1998
3. Dead Man’s Statute/ Survivorship Disqualification Rule,
“Statement of a decedent” as an exception to the hearsay
rule, as amended
4. Declaration against Interest
a. People v. Bernal, G.R. No. 113685, June 19, 1997
b. Parel v. Prudencio, G.R. No. 146556, April 19,
2006
5. Act or Declaration About Pedigree
a. Lazatin v. Campos, Jr., G.R. No. L-43955-56, July
30, 1979
b. Heirs of Fabillar v. Paller, G.R. No. 231459,
January 21, 2019
c. Mendoza v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 86302,
September 24, 1991
6. Family Reputation or Tradition Regarding Pedigree
a. People v. Sayat, G.R. Nos. 102773-77, June 8,
1993
b. Jison v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 124853,
February 24, 1998
c. People v. Apostol, G.R. Nos. 123267-68,
December 9,1999
7. Common Reputation
8. Part of the Res Gestae
9. Startling Occurrence
a. People v. Estibal y Calungsag, G.R. No. 208749,
November 26, 2014
b. People v. Villarico, Sr., G.R. No. 158362, April 4,
2011
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c. People v. Vargas y Jaguarin, G.R. No. 230356,
September 18, 2019
d. People v. Floresta y Selencio, G.R. No. 239032,
June 17, 2019
e. People v. Dagsa y Bantas, G.R. No. 219889,
January 29, 2018
10. Verbal Acts
a. Talidano v. Falcon Maritime & Allied Services,
Inc., G.R. No. 172031, July 14, 2008
11. Records of Regularly Conducted Business Activities
12. Entries in Official Records
a. Standard Insurance Co, Inc. v. Cuaresma, G.R. No.
200055, September 10, 2014
b. UCPB General Insurance, Co. Inc. v. Pascual
Liner, Inc., G.R. No. 242328, April 26, 2021
13. Commercial Lists and the Like
a. PNOC Shipping and Transport Corp. v. Court of
Appeals, G.R. No. 107518, October 8, 1998
14. Learned Treaties
15. Testimony or Deposition at a Former Proceeding
a. Ambray v. Tsourous, G.R. No. 209264, July 5,
2016
b. Ilao-Quianay v. Mapile, G.R. No. 154087, October
25, 2005
c. Cariaga v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 143561,
June 6, 2001
16. Residual Exception
PART V.
1. Opinion Rule
a. Expert Witness
i. Cebu Shipyard & Engineering Works, Inc. v. William Lines,
Inc., G.R. No. 132607, May 5, 1999
ii. Marcos v. Heirs of Navarro, G.R. No. 198240, July 3, 2013
iii. Heirs of Donton v. Stier, G.R. No. 216491, August 23, 2017
b. Ordinary Witness
i. Mariano v. Roxas, A.M. No. CA-02-14-P, July 31, 2002
ii. Hernandez v. San Juan-Santos, G.R. Nos. 166470 & 169217,
August 7, 2009
2. Character Evidence
a. How to prove character evidence
b. Instances when character is directly in issue
c. Criminal Cases
i. People v. Lee, G.R. No. 139070, May 29, 2002
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d. Sexual Abuse Shield Rule
i. People v. Suarez, G.R. No. 201151, January 14, 2015
e. Rape Shield Rule
f. Civil Cases
g. Impeachment of Good Character
PART VI.
1. Burden of Proof and Presumptions (Rule 131)
a. Case:
i. People of the Philippines v. Japag, G.R. No. 223155, July 23,
2018
ii. People of the Philippines v. Dagani, G.R. No. 153875, August
16, 2006
b. Conclusive and Disputable Presumptions
2. Presentation of Evidence (Rule 132)
a. Examination of Child Witness
b. Rule on Electronic Evidence
c. Rights and Obligations of a Witness
d. Order in the examination of an individual witness
i. Direct examination
ii. Cross-examination
iii. Re-direct examination
iv. Re-cross examination
e. Judicial Affidavit Rule
i. Ng Meng Tam v. China Banking Corp., G.R. No. 214054,
August 5, 2015
f. Recalling witness
g. Leading and misleading questions
h. Impeachment of Adverse Party’s Witness
i. People v. De Guzman, G.R. No. 122740, March 30, 1998
i. Impeachment by evidence of conviction of crime
j. Unwilling/Hostile Witness
i. Gomez v. Gomez-Samson, G.R. No. 156284, February 6, 2007
ii. People v. Aranda y Doria, G.R. No. 100985, September 17,
1993
k. How witness impeached by evidence of inconsistent statements
l. Exclusion and Separation of Witness
m. When witness may refer to memorandum
i. Canque v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 96202, April 13, 1999
n. Present recollection revived
i. People v. Plasencia y Desamparado, G.R. No. 90198,
November 7, 1995
o. Past recollection recorded
i. Borromeo v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. L-31342, L-31740,
April 7, 1976
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p. When part of transaction, writing, or record given in evidence, the
remainder admissible
i. Chan v. Chan, G.R. No. 179786, July 24, 2013
q. Right to inspect writing shown to witness
PART VII.
Classes of Documents
1. Public Documents, Authentication, Legal Significance
a. Republic v. Galeno, G.R. No. 215009, January 23, 2017
b. Arreza v. Toyo, G.R. No. 213198, July 1, 2019
c. Siguan v. Lim, G.R. No. 134685, November 19, 1999
d. Dadis v. Spouses De Guzman, G.R. No. 206008, June 7, 2017
e. Alcantara-Daus v. Spouses De Leon, G.R. No. 149750, June 16, 2003
f. Spouses Aguinaldo v. Torres Jr., G.R. No. 225808, September 11,
2017
2. Public Documents as Evidence
3. What attestation of copy must state
4. Proof of Lack of Record
a. Escobar v. Luna, G.R. No. 169204, March 23, 2007
b. Kho v. Republic, G.R. No. 187462, June 1, 2016
5. Private Documents, Authentication
6. How Judicial Record Impeached
7. Alteration in Documents
8. Seal
9. Documentary evidence in an unofficial language
10. Offer of Evidence and Objections thereto, Ruling thereon
a. Laborte and Philippine Tourism Authority v. Pagsanjan Tourism
Consumers Cooperative, G.R. No. 183860, January 15, 2014
b. Magsino v. Magsino, G.R. No. 205333, February 18, 2019
11. Striking out answer
12. Tender of Excluded Evidence
PART VIII.
1. Weight and Sufficiency of Evidence (Rule 133)
a. People v. Mayingque, G.R. No. 179709, July 6, 2010
b. People v. Caliso, G.R. No. 183830, October 19, 2011
c. People v. Nuyok, G.R. No. 195424, June 15 2015
*This “work” is for the EXCLUSIVE USE of the Law Students of SMU (i.e. Law Students who are
enrolled in EVIDENCE for the School Year 2025-2026). The same should not be disseminated to anyone
or any entity without the express written consent of Atty. April Joy L. Reyes. Those who will disseminate
without the consent of Atty. April Joy L. Reyes will never pass the Bar © 2025
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