1

Unification of Germany
In this lesson, we explore the unification of Germany in the 1860s and 1870s, largely
accomplished through the statecraft of the Chancellor of Prussia and later Germany, Otto von
Bismarck.

Background
When people think of Germany, people tend to think of Germany as one, homogenous country.
This, however, couldn't be further from the truth. Indeed, as few as 150 years ago, modern
Germany did not exist at all, and it took the advent of German nationalism and Germany's first
great statesman to make it happen.
The German lands were composed of approximately 300 individual principalities and city-states
that largely operated in independence of one another. It was nominally united under an imperial
crown, the Holy Roman Empire.
In the early 19th century, Napoleon concord the German lands ending the Holy Roman Empire.
But in 1813 a German war of liberation was fought against the French Emperor Napoleon, which
liberated the German states from the domination of the French. After Napoleon's defeat, the
German states created a loosely-associated German Confederation in 1815, containing 39
German states with majority German speakers. The German confederation replaced the
destroyed Holy Roman Empire. It was a loose political association, formed for mutual defense,
with no central government.
However, Napoleon had inadvertently done Germany two favors in the process of his
rule. Besides instilling a sense of nationalism in its people, he had also consolidated Germany
into 39 states, a giant step toward unification. Since Napoleon's defeat two states had competed
for leadership of Germany: Austria and Prussia.

Bismarck and Early Nationalism

The creation of the German Confederation in 1815 was largely in reaction to the growing sense
of German nationalism, which had not existed in Europe prior to the 19th century. It was France's
conquest of the German lands in the first decade of the 19th century that first fully aroused
German nationalists into proposing a unified, German state. Indeed, J.G. Fichte's Addresses to
the German Nation, given in Berlin in 1808, called on Germans to unite under their common
language and traditions. The rallying points for German nationalism were race, culture, language
and power.
Perhaps no other statesman was in such a fine position to make this dream a reality as the
Chancellor of Prussia during the mid-19th century, Otto von Bismarck. Bismarck was a fervent
German nationalist who wanted a German nation, but specifically one dominated by his Prussia.
In 1862, King William I of Prussia appointed a new Prime Minster, Count Otto Von Bismarck. As
a result, Chancellor Bismarck set out to strengthen and improve the Prussian army and gain
international allies-especially Russia that would help Prussia on its way to unifying Germany.

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Prussian Wars
To increase the power and size of Prussia, Bismarck had to overcome two major obstacles. First,
Prussia had to drive Austria from its position of leadership in the German Confederation. Second,
Prussia had to overcome Austria’s influence over other German states, which opposed Prussian
leadership. He accomplished these objectives in three wars – 1- the Danish war 1864, 2- the
seven weeks war “Austrian- Prussian War” 1866 and 3- the Franco – Prussian war.
After defeating Denmark with the help of Austria in 1864. Bismarck then goaded the Austrians
into a war on 1866 and defeating the Austrians. Prussia now dominated all of Germany, and the
growing power and military might of Prussia worried France. In 1870 Prussia and France became
embroiled in a dispute over the candidacy of a relative of the Prussian King for the throne of
Spain. Taking advantage of the situation, Bismarck pushed the French into declaring war on
Prussia called the Franco-Prussian war.

The French were defeated and an official peace treaty was signed. France had to pay 5 billion
francs and give up the provinces Alsace and Lorraine to the new German state. The war marked
the end of French military domination in Europe. The new German Empire emerged as Europe’s
foremost military power. Prussia dominated this new German state. The war and its aftermath
created great bitterness between the two countries and sowed the seeds for the First World War.
French resentment at the loss of Alsace-Lorraine and the desire for revenge dominated French
politics for fifty years.

On January 18, 1871 William I was proclaimed as the first Kaiser of united Germany and
Bismarck the first Chancellor of united Germany with the capital Berlin the capital of Prussia.

3
Read the passage and answer the following questions:-

1. What controlled the loose city states of the German lands in the late18c? How did this entity
end?
__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

2. What effect did the French campaign have on German states?

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

3. Which two nations were strong and which one was the strongest? Why was it the strongest?

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

4. What were the principles for German nationalism?

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

5. What German state pushed for German Unification?

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

6. What factors were making the dream of unification a difficult one?

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

7. What three elements were the factors that helped in the unification of Germany?
__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

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8. How did Germany overcome French objections to a strong unified Germany? And what were
the results?
__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

9. In your opinion, what event is the key turning point in the process of German unification?

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

10. Who was the King of united Germany and which city was the capital?
__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

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 Causes of World War One
- In a group of four:

a. Search about every single meaning of the word MANIA

b. Nations that practiced it.
c. Advantages & disadvantages
d. Examples

M __________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

A ___________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

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N ___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

I ________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

A ____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

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 What is the Dreadnought?

- Research the dreadnaught and write a description of it? (write 10

points)

1. _______________________________________________________________________

2. _______________________________________________________________________

3. ______________________________________________________________________

4. _______________________________________________________________________

5. _______________________________________________________________________

6. _______________________________________________________________________

7. _______________________________________________________________________

8. _______________________________________________________________________

9. _______________________________________________________________________

10. _______________________________________________________________________

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18
 Causes of World War I

Though causes of war are complex, historians agree that one particular
event set the machine of World War I into motion: the assassination of
Austrian Archduke Ferdinand.
Prior to World War I, all the countries of Europe were competing to see
who had the most power. One way to increase a country’s power is to
team up with another country, in a relationship called an “alliance.” An
ally is someone who is on your side, and who will take action to defend
you, if necessary. Many alliances were formed beginning in 1879, with
Italy even teaming up with two different sides! 1907, France, Britain, and
Russia joined together to form what was known as the “Triple Entente.”
These three countries together were extremely powerful, and Germany
felt threatened.
At the same time, many of these countries were seeking to expand
their influence and power by taking over other countries. This is called
imperialism. France and Britain already had large empires. Germany
and Russia wanted large empires as well, so imperialistic motives
caused both competition and conflict between all these countries.
They did not trust each other. Europe was like a powder keg, waiting for
a spark to make it explode.
Then, on June 28, 1914, the heir to the Austrian-Hungarian throne,
Archduke Franz Ferdinand, was assassinated in Sarajevo. The Austrian
government thought Serbia was responsible. They already hoped to
get Serbia back under their control. They demanded Serbia take
certain actions and gave them 48 hours to do so. Serbia did not
comply, and Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia a month later.
Because of their alliances, the other countries of Europe also got
involved, and World War I began.

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 QUESTIONS: Causes of World War I

1. What do historians agree is the event that set WWI into motion?
A. the Triple Entente
B. alliances
C. the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
D. imperialism

2. Prior to WWI, what were the countries of Europe competing for?

A. power
B. influence
C. alliances
D. resources

3. Imperialism is:
A. seeking to expand influence and power by taking over other countries
B. a type of alliance
C. the result of mistrust
D. competing to see who has the most power

4. Archduke Ferdinand was the heir to the throne of:

A. Austria
B. Hungary
C. Serbia
D. Austria-Hungary

5. ______________ declared war on ___________ one month after the assassination of

Archduke Ferdinand.
A. Austria-Hungary, Russia
B. Austria-Hungary, Serbia
C. Serbia, Austria-Hungary
D. Germany, Austria-Hungary

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 The Balkan

Geography of the Region

The shaded area is the Balkan region. Look at the map then answer the following
questions:-

1- In what continent is the Balkan region located?

______________________________________________________________

2- What type of landform is the Balkan Region?

______________________________________________________________

3- What borders the Balkan region?

East: _________________________

West: ________________________

South. : _______________________

4- The Balkan region is divided into several countries, what Countries are
located within the Balkan region?

______________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

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History of the Region
- A significant cause of European tension prior to World War I was continued
instability and conflict in the Balkans. The name itself referred to a large peninsula
sandwiched between four seas: the Black sea, the Mediterranean Sea, the Adriatic
and the Aegean. On this land mass was a cluster of nations and provinces, including
Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, Macedonia and Bosnia.
- The importance of the Balkan Peninsula lay in its geographic location. Situated at
the crossroads of three major empires- Ottoman, Russian and Austro-Hungarian –
and with access to several important waterways, the Balkans were strategically vital
because of this area had for centuries been a gateway between East and West, an
area of cultural and mercantile exchange, and melting pot of ethnicities and people.
- The Balkans underwent significant change and disorder in the late 19 th century.
The Ottoman Empire had ruled most of Eastern Europe, but by the late of the 1800s
the ottomans were in retreat. By 1878 Greece, Serbia, Montenegro and Romania all
achieved independence from Ottoman rule while Austria- Hungary controlled Bosnia
and Herzegovina , Macedonia and Albania remained under the control of Ottoman
Empire.
In 1912 several Balkans nations incited by Russia signed a series of military
alliances to wage war on the ottomans and they were able to drive them out of
Eastern Europe entirely by 1913.
Serbia independence had a significant outcome, which contributed to the outbreak of
World War I, the first was a sharp increase in Serbian Nationalism.

Serbian nationalist claimed Serbia as a Nation and Serbia must unite all Slavic
people under one nation.

Serbia Primary Aim was to Free Bosnia from Foreign control of Austria-Hungry which
roused nationalist movements in the Region such as Crna Ruka (Black Hand).

Key points:

 The Balkans was a Cluster of Nations in Eastern Europe, between the Austro
Hungarian and the Ottoman Empire.
 Their Location made the Balkans strategically important, so European Powers
were focused on events there.
 The Balkans was also politically volatile, a hotbed of Ethnic and nationalist
Tensions.
 The Balkans was disrupted by two wars in 1912-13 as well as the rising of
Serbian Nationalist Groups.

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Answer the following questions:

1. Why was the Balkans an important region?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. What were the major Empires surrounded the Balkans?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. Which country allied the Balkans?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4. Why were the Balkans a problem before 1914?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5. Summarize the history of the Balkans ( 5 points )
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

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 The Assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Complete the following after watching the documentary:-

On June , there were _____men as part of a terrorist cell called the

________________. They will commit an act of murder that will start a war.
__________was their leader, he was a trained assassin.

Their target was the heir to the Austrian-Hungarian Empire, Archduke _______
, who was visiting , the capital of . The political objective of
the assassination was to break Austria-Hungary's south-Slav provinces off so they
could be combined into a Greater Serbia or a Yugoslavia. They wanted to be
independent from Austria and set up their own state which could run it. The heir to
the Austrian Empire had been warned that his visit could provoke trouble but he
ignored this advice. He wanted to project a friendly image to his subjects. He spent
the morning inspecting troops and maneuvers outside the city and then was set out
to spend a tour of Sarajevo. He insists on touring the town in an
car. He refused to deploy the army on the streets instead a ______policemen
were on duty. The day before the local newspapers had published the
____________________. The assassins were aligned along the main street beside
the _____________River where the procession would pass.

The Archduke was accompanied by his wife _________ and _____________ the
Governor of Sarajevo. The motorcade passed the first assassin, Mehmedbašić. Who
was armed with a bomb. Mehmedbašić failed to act. Vaso Čubrilović was placed
next to Mehmedbašić, armed with a pistol and a bomb. He too failed to act. Further
along the route, Nedeljko Čabrinović was placed on the opposite side of the street
armed with a bomb.

At 10:10 am, Franz Ferdinand's car approached and Čabrinović threw his bomb. The
bomb bounced off the folded back convertible cover into the street. ]The bomb's
timed detonator caused it to explode under the next car, putting that car out of
action, and wounding a total of _____ people according to Reuters.

Čabrinović swallowed his ___________ and jumped into the river. Čabrinović's
suicide attempt failed as the cyanide was __________ and only induced vomiting,

25
and the river was only four inches deep. Police dragged Čabrinović out of the river,
and was taken into custody.

The procession sped away towards the Town Hall. Cvjetko Popović, Gavrilo Princip
and Trifun Grabež failed to act as the motorcade passed them at high speed.
.After giving a short speech at the Town Hall. Franz Ferdinand and Sophie got back
into the motorcade, once again in the third car. He wanted to visit the injured officer
in hospital.
Although Sarajevo was not a safe place, he wanted to demonstrate that his family
was in control of Sarajevo and to have stopped the tour would have been seen as a
sign of weakness. Unfortunately, his driver did not fully understand his instructions
and got lost and took a wrong turn that changed the course of history.

After learning that the assassination had been unsuccessful Princip went to a nearby
food shop called ____________________. When Princip emerged, he saw Franz
Ferdinand's open car reversing after having taken a wrong turn. Princip fired two
shots from close range. The first bullet wounded the Archduke in his _________, the
second inflicted the Duchess in her __________. Princip was immediately arrested.

Franz Ferdinand's last words were "__________________________. Sophie was

dead on arrival at the Governor's residence. Franz Ferdinand died 10 minutes later.
The world was shocked at the news of the double tragedy of the
___________________. The funeral was held in ____________, the Capital of
___________. The Austrian -Hungarian Empire wanted revenge.

Gavrilo Princip was violently interrogated but, maintained his vow of secrecy.
Although there was suspicion that Serbia was behind the attack, Austria had no
proof. That is until __________ – The Fixer- was picked up by the police on a tip of
that Princip had stayed with him in Sarajevo. Ilic lost his cool and told the police
everything including that the arms he had provided came from the Serbian
Government. This was the smoking gun the Austrians were looking for.

The assassins, were arrested, tried, convicted and punished. Those who were
arrested in Bosnia were tried in Sarajevo in October 1914. The death penalty was
applied only to the assassins who were over ______ years old- Danilo Ilic was _____

26
years old’. The younger assassins faced prison for ________ years. Gavrilo Pricip
turned 20 a few days after his crime and barely escaped death penalty. He died of
_____________ in April 19____.

The bombing and murders of 28 June led to the outbreak of _________ exactly one
month later. The Austrian- Hungarian Empire with the support of their ally _______
declared war on ________. The Serbs had a pact with _________, who in turn had
an alliance with ________ and __________. Just six weeks after a man was killed
by a single bullet the alliances were triggered. Germany invaded _________ and the
First World War had begun.

Answer the following questions:-

1- What were the mistakes done by the Archduke that led to his
assassination?

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

2- What should have been done after the first bombing?

________________________________________________________________________________

3- If you were one of the Bosnian callers for freedom how would you
act?

________________________________________________________________________________

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4- If you were Serbia what would you have done to prevent war?

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

5- Gavrilo Princip claims that he is a freedom fighter and not a criminal,

Do you agree and why?

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

6- Explain how fate played an important role in the assassination of

Franz Ferdinand?

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

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 World War 1 Causes - key words

Mission - to identify and match 24 key words and definitions.

Words Definitions ?

When countries join together and become friends A

To do something quickly and often in a disorganized way B

Nationalist Someone who is very proud of their country C

To get ready for something - such as war D

A dangerous time or event E

The person next in line to become the leader of a country F

German word for king G

The lands taken over and under the control of another country H

Fighting ships of a country I

Someone who is hurt or injured J

I The idea to take over / own other lands - by invasion or use of force K

An area in the Southeast Europe - modern day Bosnia, Croatia, Slovenia L

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 The immediate cause of something M

The son of the Austrian Emperor N

To give total support or permission for another to do something O

Better than P

A ____ When a country takes another into its own Q

To give in to a “bully” to avoid trouble R

Increasing amount of - military weapons, ammunition + equipment S

This is surely going to happen! T

When something is going down or is weakening U

To feel sorry V

A country that has not taken any side in a conflict - doesn’t want to fight W

A French word - meaning a friendly relationship X

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World War I
World War I was a military conflict that took place between 1914 and
1918. It involved all the great powers of Europe, as well as the United
States. World War I has also been known as the First World War, the War
to End All Wars, and the Great War. More than 65 million men were
involved.

The opposing sides were known as the Allied Powers and the Central
Powers. The Allied Powers included France, Russia, Britain and
eventually the United States. The Central Powers included Germany,
Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria.

Most of the fighting happened in Europe in two general areas. On the

eastern front, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Bulgaria faced off
against Russia and Romania. On the western front, from the coast of
Belgium to Switzerland, France fought Belgium.

Many things contributed to the beginning of World War

I, including imperialism and alliances, but the catalyst is
generally considered to be the assassination of Austria
Hungary’s Archduke Ferdinand in June of 1914. In
response, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.
Within a few days, most of Europe was at war. As
Serbia’s ally, Russia stepped up to defend them. Then
Germany declared war on Russia to defend Austria.
France declared war on Germany to defend Russia.
When Germany invaded Belgium on their way to
France, Britain declared war on Germany to protect its ally, France.

Much of World War I was fought in trenches, with the armies shooting
and bombing each other. The fighting stopped on November 11, 1918
when both sides agreed to an armistice, meaning they would cease
hostilities. The signing of the Treaty of Versailles marked the official end
of the war.

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 QUESTIONS: World War I
1. When did World War II take place?
_______________________________________________________________
2. What event was the catalyst for World War I?
_______________________________________________________________
3. What other names has World War I been known by?
_______________________________________________________________
4. What were the two opposing sides of World War I known as, and
what countries were on each side?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
5. Who was the first country to declare war, and who did they
declare war on?
_______________________________________________________________
6. How was much of World War I fought?
_______________________________________________________________
7. When did the fighting stop?
_______________________________________________________________
8. What does armistice mean?
_______________________________________________________________

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 The First World War

 State the reason for each of the following to join the war.

Countries Reason For Entering the War

Austria- Hungary

Germany

Serbia

Russia

France

Great Britain

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41
 QUESTIONS: Allied Powers & Central Powers
Choose the correct answer.

1. Which of the following countries was NOT part of the Allies?

A. France

B. Russia

C. Germany

D. Britain

2. Opposing the Allied Powers was:

A. the United States

B. the Central Powers

C. the Associated Powers

D. Russia

3. In what year did the United States enter World War I?

A. 1914

B. 1915

C. 1917

D. 1918

4. In the Zimmerman Telegram, the U.S. learned of Germany’s intention

to:

A. ally with Mexico

B. gives Mexico the territories of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona

C. intercepts communications between the U.S. and Britain

D. A and B

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5. During World War II, the United States was known as an?

A. Allied Power

B. Central Power

C. Associated Power

D. Opposing Power

Answer the following questions:

1. When did World War I take place?

______________________________________________________________

2. What were the two opposing sides of the war called?

_______________________________________________________________

3. What was the Quadruple Alliance?

_______________________________________________________________

4. How did the Central Powers get their name?

_______________________________________________________________

5. How did the war begin?

_______________________________________________________________

6. Who was the leader of Germany during World War I?

_______________________________________________________________

7. Who was the leader of the Central Powers?

_______________________________________________________________

8. Which of the Central Powers had the largest army?

_______________________________________________________________

9. What is the final treaty that ended World War I?

_______________________________________________________________

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 Questions on the Schlieffen Plan (video)
1- When did the German cavalry cross the borders into neutral
Belgium?
_____________________________________________________________

2- How much weapons and men did the Belgian have? How
much did the Germans outnumber them?
_____________________________________________________________

3- How were the Belgians hoping to defend their country with?

Describe it?
_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

4- What were the secret weapon the Germans brought with

them to fight the Belgians?
_____________________________________________________________

5- Why was the Schlieffen plan failing in the west?

_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

6- Why was the Schlieffen plan failing in the East?

_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

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7- Although the Russian army outnumbered the Germans 4:1 it
suffered great losses, why?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

8- Explain the difference in tactics used by both the Russians and

the Germans?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
9- How many Russians were killed by the Germans?
_____________________________________________________________

10- In France things weren’t going as well for the Germans? What
happened in France?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
11- What is the name of the Battle east of Paris called? How long
did it last? How many men were involved in the battle?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
12- What are the advantages of this Battle?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

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 The Schliffen Plan

Read the article below to complete the table then write a paragraph on
why did the Schliffen plan fail?

Overview:

In 1914, Germany believed war with Russia was extremely likely. If war
broke out, Germany assumed France would also attack as she was both
an ally of Russia and keen for revenge for her defeat in the Franco-
Prussian war.

If this happened, Germany would face a war on two fronts. Germany

wanted to avoid this at all costs.

Germany planned to defeat France rapidly and then turn to the eastern
front for a major offensive on Russia. This was the basis for the
Schlieffen Plan.

Background:

The Germany Army Chief of Staff, Alfred von Schlieffen

was asked to plan a way of preventing a war on two
fronts. His initial plan was produced late in 1905. He
believed that it was a priority to defeat France quickly, forcing them to
surrender before Russia had a chance to mobilize her armed forces.

In full knowledge of French defences, Schlieffen proposed attacking

France through Holland, Belgium and Luxembourg – the Benelux

46
countries. Schlieffen planned to use 90% of German military forces to
deliver a knockout blow to France. The remaining 10% would defend the
eastern border of Germany against Russian attack.

Von Molkte replaced Von Schlieffen in 1906, and made some alterations
to the plan. His version avoided invading Holland, instead concentrating
attack through Belgium. According to Von Molke, the Belgium army
would be unable to resist a powerful German military, and German forces
would rapidly enter France.

The Schlieffen Plan's assumptions had been flawed.

Assumptions Reality

Russia would take 6 weeks to mobilize

France would be defeated in 6 weeks

Belgium would not resist

Britain would not get involved

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Write a paragraph on what is Schliffen plan? Why did it fail?

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

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 Trenches warfare ( Layout)

Fill the blanks:

111144

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February 14th 1915
My darling and loving wife Emily

It is Valentines Day and my thoughts are with you as always, I wish that I could be with you on this special day of
love instead of being here in this hell hole which Belgium has become.

I miss you little George and Harry so very much and I pray for the day that this war comes to an end, please pass
my love on to the children and kiss them for me.

We arrived at the front line just over a week ago and the smell was so bad that many of the men were sick, to
describe the smell would be an impossible task but some of the causes will give you an idea of just how bad it is.

Raw sewage from the open cess pit, body odour from men who haven’t had a decent wash for weeks, dead
bodies rotting in shallow graves and laying out in the open in no man’s land, the smell of exploded bombs and the
odour of Mustard gas which lingers for a few days after the attack, stagnant mud cigarette smoke and cooking
smells all add to the unpleasantness of the trenches.

They say that we will get used to the smell over time but it feels like it will never leave us at the moment.

The smell attracts rats they are everywhere you look and they seem to be unafraid to show themselves, there is
so much waste here that the rats are thriving and some of them are as big as felix our cat.

I shaved my head yesterday because my hair was crawling with lice most of the men have been scratching and
itching almost since the day we got here.

The rain is a constant companion flooding the trenches and turning the floor into mud it is so bad that some of the
men are getting sores on their feet and can hardly walk with the pain.

Sleep his so hard to come by with the constant booming and banging of the shells from both sides, my bed is a
bunk which has been placed in a dug out section of the trench, a mud roof a mud floor and the constant theat of a
stray shell keep me awake at night.

I am scared my darling Emily, my life is under constant threat, bullets randomly fired at us, shells exploding every
minute of the day, men are dying all around me if not from a stray bullet or shell they are falling with fever and
disease.

Four of the boys in my squad have died already they went through basic training with me and i considered them
good friends, my best friend John shot himself in the foot just to get out of here and away from the trenches, he
will be treated in a field hospital and sent home.

We are going over the top tonight climbing out of the trench and attacking the enemy trenches

A and B sqaud went last night and most of them were killed or wounded before they even got 10 yards out of the
trench, it is barbaric and a futile waste of human life but the powers that be seem to think that it is the way
forward and keep sending those poor men and boys to their deaths.

I will close now and pray that this is not the last letter that I will ever send to you my darling, I long to be back at
home with you and the children. I love you with all of my heart

Happy Valentines Day my love

your ever loving Husband George xxxx

53
Dear Parents,

Hello mom and dad. It has been three days since I have eaten. We have gotten new recruits
but they die just as fast as they come due to there lack of experience. I'm still trying to get off
of active duty on the front. I am starting to loose all hope of coming home. If Jenny asks
about me tell her not to worry that I am ready and willing to die. It's to hard to keep going,
watching body after body of young men falling on top of each other It becomes an embedded
image in my eyes. The screams and the blood gurgling in fellow soldiers mouths as they
struggle for there last breathes. I can do nothing but cry as I watch stray bullets fly passed me
striking into the skulls of others who aren't so lucky as me, sometimes I wish a bullet would
have claimed my life before this whole nightmare began. I stay distant from the others cause I
fear what will happen if I get attached. All the people that I once new are gone. I am the only
one left even the mice in the trenches where we sleep are not the original once. I have seen
people choke on their own breathe and I have seen others who were injured and could not left
there heads out of the water in the trenches, it reeks of death in the trenches and I often have
to vomit, but don't cry for me. If I make it then it will be at gods will. I love you mom and
dad.
sincerely
jonathan
Dear family,

Everything is going just as planned here, well not really, all we keep doing is fighting back
and forth to control ground. We sit in trenches for hours, sometimes days; a lot of people are
dying for no reason we do not know why we are fighting and our squad is getting smaller and
smaller. Some of the newbies we get can’t even think for themselves and they do stupid
things that get them injured when they should not have done it in the first place.
Hopefully the war will be over soon and I can come home soon. I think they are starting to
buckle. I will write the next time we have free time. I think they are going to attack tomorrow
because they have been bombing all night to keep us awake. I love you.
Your son,
Jonathan
Dear family,
it has been three months out here on the front lines, and many of my colleagues have been
maimed in one way or another. These German troops are well trained, but I am confident that
something decisive will happen soon, most likely in our favor. It is lonely up here on the
front, but we try to find ways to pass the down time between meaningless battles. I get little
rest due to the constant shelling from the enemy, but it is all right. I am sure the war will end
soon, and I will be reunited with the rest of you. How are our sons doing, I hope to be back
soon, and if all goes well I will be. Also, not to alarm you or anything, but yesterday I was
wounded in
battle, nothing serious... I just took a grenade off the face. I was lucky though, in all the
chaos, the German soldier forgot to pull the pin out. I have a black eye now, but I was able to
use the grenade and kill a group of Germans. Give my regards to everyone at home.
Wish I were home with all of you,

--JON

54
Dear Mom and Dad,
I can not begin to describe the horrible sights and feelings that I have gone through. This war
is horrible. People tell us solders to risk our lives to win a little piece of land. You could be
walking and talking to your friend then five minutes later you could see him being shot to
death by the enemy gun fire, and you can't do anything but run back to the trenches.
Sometimes when you look around, you see your friends or your foes dropping like flies.
Often we are driven back to our trenches. We sometimes stay there for long periods of time.
In that period of time we contract this fungus called trench foot. What it is, is your foot gets
wet for long periods of time that you skin starts to peel away from your muscle or bone.
My friends and I talk for long periods of time because we have time in between attacks. We
mostly talk about the war and how it is an unjust war. We still don’t know what we are
fighting for, after three years of talking.
I am hoping that this war will end very soon, or we will have many men dying for an unjust
war.
Love from your son,
John
Dearest Loved Ones,
With each day that passes I crave to be safe at home surrounded in your love. The conditions
here are not anything to be esthetic about. We see our friends gunned down, the innocent
protecting innocent. One by one our innocence is no longer for nor are we. This war is the
worst thing one can hope not to experience. I hope that this would all end, but hope gets us no
where. Our officers are no where near by, I wonder why that is! If I shall die, which is a
greater possibility then returning to you, know I love you and did this not for my country but
for each and everyone of you.
The tiredness that accompanies me is unbearable. We do not have bathrooms, and the rain
will not let up.......just like our enemies. Bodies everywhere. If I had a penny for 10 I'd be
well off. The pain of death has yet to come but I feel I have lost this struggle yet to begin.
LOVE Stacy

Letter Home From an Australian Soldier

Dear Father and Mother,
I am writing to you from the front at the war. It is in the middle of the night so we are not at
battle right now. But as I am writing to you, I am sitting in a trench that was dug for our
protection. It is in horrible condition and it is also very unsanitary. There are dead bodies
piled in here, it is infested with rats, and to make things worse, we have been getting lice over
and over for a couple of days now and it has been raining for three days straight, so the trench
is filled with mud. The ground is so slippery and more and more people are dying each and
everyday that comes. Soldiers are getting stuck in the mud, which is ankle deep, and then
they are getting shot and killed by our enemies from their advantage. I think that serving on
the front during the war is really scary. I have never been so terrified in all my life. It is truly
a frightening experience, one that you never want to have for yourself. I am feeling very
homesick, and I wish that I had never lied about my age to join. Since I am only twelve, I am
the youngest one here on the front. Most people are surprised that I have made it this far,
especially me. And right now, I wish I could come home. And mother and father, I have
some news for you that are not good. I was next to an artillery shelter when it blew up and it
blew off one leg and one arm and I was severely wounded in other places too, but I don't
want you two to worry any, because I will be all right. I will survive the war and be home in
no time, just wait, you'll see........Um dear parents of Francis S. Parker, and your son was just
shot and killed by a surprise attack. We are very sorry.
Sincerely, General Hurst

55
 Chart for Life in the Trenches
In each block, write what you have discovered from the letters of the soldiers that are
sent home. Support your answer with the words they used.

Situations Feelings

How are their

morals?
Do they miss home?
What do they miss
about home

Description of
trenches

Horrible
Experiences they
had

Do they make
friends? Why?

56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
 Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
Feb 4, 1915:

Germany declares war zone around British

Isles
Kaiser Wilhelm announces an important step in the development of the war,
proclaiming the North Sea a war zone, in which all merchant ships, including those
from neutral countries, were liable to be sunk without warning.
In widening the boundaries of naval warfare, Germany was retaliating against the
Allies for the British-imposed blockade of Germany in the North Sea, an important
part of Britain's war strategy aimed at strangling its enemy economically.

The German navy, despite its attempts to build itself up in the pre-war years, was far
inferior in strength to the peerless British Royal Navy. After resounding defeats of its
battle cruisers, such as that suffered in the Falkland Islands in December 1914,
Germany began to look to its dangerous U-boat submarines as its best hope at sea.
Hermann Bauer, the leader of the German submarine service, had suggested in
October 1914 that the U-boats could be used to attack commerce ships and raid
their cargoes, thus scaring off imports to Britain, including those from neutral
countries. Submarine, or U-boat, technology had only recently been perfected, and
Germany had produced a large fleet of the new vessels prior to the outbreak of war.

As submarine technology was so new, regular naval ships had no method of

defense. The German U-boat campaign was therefore so effective that even
Germany was astonished by its success. Furthermore, Germany announced that it
could no longer guarantee the safety of neutral ships. At the same time, Wilson also
notified Germany that serious consequences would result if American lives were lost
from illegal German submarine warfare.

On February 4, 1915, Kaiser Wilhelm announced Germany's intention to sink any

and all ships sailing under the flags of Britain, Russia or France found within British
waters. The Kaiser warned neutral countries that neither crews nor passengers were
safe while traveling within the designated war zone around the British Isles. If neutral
ships chose to enter British waters after February 18, when the policy went into
effect, they would be doing so at their own risk.

The situation become more tense in May of 1915 when Americans learned that the
British ocean liner Lusitania had been destroyed by a German submarine. Over 120
Americans, including women and children, were among the nearly 1,200 casualties.
Despite their outrage, however, the American people, Congress, and Wilson still
wished to remain out of the conflict. Wilson declared that the U.S. would not retaliate,
as peace was in the world's best interest.

70
The Germans understood the request, but only partially respected it. Within months
another British liner, the Arabic, was sunk by a U-boat torpedo. Wilson again
demanded the Germans to scale down the submarine attacks, and again the
German government gave only a half-hearted acknowledgment. Then, in early 1916,
Germany announced that it would begin attacking all merchant ships without warning
in the waters around Europe, including neutral merchants. Wilson notified Berlin that
this policy was illegal according to the international rules of war and were therefore
unacceptable. Germany responded only with the destruction of the
steamer Sussex in March. At this point, Wilson threatened to end all diplomatic
relations with Germany, an act that would surely bring the United States into war
against Germany. To prevent this–the German Emperor knew he could not defeat
the combined strength of the Allies powers and the United States–Germany agreed
to respect certain shipping lines. In May 1916 Germany agreed to stop attacking
passenger ships and give crews of merchant vessels time to escape prior to attack
(basically, give merchant ships warning they would be attacked). This agreement was called
“Sussex Pledge” War had been averted, but only for a time.

Germany returned back to unrestricted submarine warfare, that was Germany’s

policy of attacking any ship that tried to get through its U-boat blockade of Great
Britain. They would attack ANY ship, whether it was military, passenger, or
merchant.

The U.S. government immediately and strongly protested the war-zone designation,
warning Germany that it would take any steps it might be necessary to take in order
to protect American lives and property.

71
 Lusitania
(newspaper report)

LONDON, Saturday, May 8. - The Cunard Liner Lusitania, which sailed out
of New York last Saturday with 1,918 souls aboard, lies at the bottom of the
ocean off the Irish coast.

She was sunk by a German submarine, which sent two torpedoes crashing
into her side, while the passengers, seemingly confident that the great swift
vessel could elude the German underwater craft, were having a luncheon.

How many of the Lusitania's Passengers and crew were rescued cannot be
told at the present. Official statements from the British Admiralty up to
midnight accounted for not more than 500 or 600, and unofficial reports tell of
several hundred landed at Queenstown, Kinsale and other points.

Up to midnight 520 passengers from the Lusitania had been landed

at Queenstown from boats. Ten or eleven boatloads have come ashore and many
more are expected.

A press dispatch says seven torpedoes were discharged from the German
craft and one of them struck the Lusitania amidships. Probably at least 1,200
persons, including 128 Americans have lost their lives. The stricken vessel went
down in less than a half an hour according to all reports. The most definite
statement puts fifteen minutes as the time passed between the fatal blow and the
disappearance of the Lusitania beneath the waves.

This greatest sea tragedy of the war, because of the terrible loss of lives of
non-combatants and citizens of neutral nations, took place ten miles off the Old
Head of Kensal about 2 o'clock in the afternoon. A dispatch to the Exchange
Telegraph from Liverpool quotes the Cunard Company as stating that “the
Lusitania was sunk without warning."

72
Answer the following questions:-

1. What is unrestricted submarine warfare?

______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________

2. Why did Germany use this policy?

______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________

3. What was the “Sussex pledge”?

______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________

4. Why did Germany decide to resume using this policy?

______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________

5. How did this policy cause the United States to enter the war?
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________

73
6. What was the Lusitania?
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________

7. Where was she sailing?

______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________

8. What happened to it?

______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________

9. How many passengers died? And how many among them were
Americans?
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________

10. How did the United States react?

______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________

74
 American Trade 1914–1917
Historians have generally noted that the European powers had managed to avoid
war for so long, that when it did erupt in the autumn of 1914, it quickly
escalated into the most deadly war the world had seen. On one side were the
Germans, Austro-Hungarians, and the Ottoman Turks united as the Central
powers, while Great Britain, France, and Russia fought together as the Allies
powers on the other.

Although most Americans felt more inclined to side with England and the
Entente Allies, very few wanted the United States to enter the Great War. The
U.S. had a strong precedent of distancing itself from European political
entanglements, and had no desire to alter that tradition. Not only were the
American people united in this sentiment, but Congress and the President as
well. In a public appeal, Wilson announced that the United States "must be
neutral in fact as well as in name" and "impartial in thought as well as in
action."

Americans continued to conduct business as always. As a neutral nation,

America and its merchants initially traded goods such as food, clothing,
medicines, equipment, and even arms to both sides in the war. American ports
were open to all powers so long as they were used for non-military purposes. At
first, both belligerent powers agreed not to interfere with neutral shipping lines.
But for obvious reasons, the British did not want the United States trading with
Germany. And so, from the summer of 1914 on, the British used what they
called “Orders in Council” to claim the right to stop American shipping. They
controlled the seas, especially the Atlantic.

But actions taken by the Germans during the early course of the war quickly
caused many Americans to look more favorably on the Allies powers in both
thought and action. Soon, it seemed to the Germans that the United States
traded more with England and France than with Germany. More importantly,
because of the naval blockade's success, strong economic links never developed
with the Central Powers. The Germans were having trouble receiving any goods
from the U.S. and other nations, as the British Navy had placed an impenetrable
blockade around the European continent. Suffering from a severe lack of
supplies and food, Germany consequently began a great submarine campaign in
February of 1915.

75
When the war began, the U.S. economy was in recession, but by 1915, Allied
contracts for weapons and food triggered a boom in the United States. The
United States had a surplus of money at that time. Then, as the Allies and the
Central Powers hard currency reserves ran out, the United States was loaning
money to both sides; Great Britain, France and Germany, who paid high interest
rates on it. The British loans amounted to about two billion dollars while
Germany only borrowed a mere 27 million. In addition, they were buying
massive amounts of arms from the US on credit. Germany also purchased arms,
but in a much more limited fashion. If the Allies were to lose, then they would
not be able to pay the U.S. debt back. If Allies could not pay back all the loans
made to them by the American bankers, the US's economy could collapse.

76
Answer the following questions:-

1. What countries did America trade with during the war?

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

2. Could the United States have continued to trade with Germany during the
war?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

3. What made the trade balance in favor of Britain rather than Germany?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

4. What were the amounts of American loans to the Allied Powers? Central
Powers?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

5. How did American trade cause the United States to enter the war?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

77
To the German Minister to Mexico

Berlin, January 19, 1917

On the first of February we intend to begin submarine warfare unrestricted. In

spite of this, it is our intention to endeavor to keep neutral the United States of
America.

If this attempt is not successful, we propose an alliance on the following basis with
Mexico: That we shall make war together and together make peace. We shall give
general financial support, and it is understood that Mexico is to reconquer the lost
territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. The details are left to you for
settlement...

You are instructed to inform the President of Mexico of the above in the greatest
confidence as soon as it is certain that there will be an outbreak of war with the
United States and suggest that the President of Mexico, on his own initiative,
should communicate with Japan suggesting adherence at once to this plan; at the
same time, offer to mediate between Germany and Japan.

Please call to the attention of the President of Mexico that the employment of
ruthless submarine warfare now promises to compel England to make peace in a
few months.

Zimmermann

(Secretary of State)

78
Zimmermann Telegram

This telegram, written by German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmermann, is a

coded message sent to Mexico, proposing a military alliance against the United
States. The obvious threats to the United States contained in the telegram inflamed
American public opinion against Germany and helped convince Congress to
declare war against Germany in 1917.

Between 1914 and the spring of 1917, the European nations engaged in a conflict
that became known as World War I. While armies battled in Europe, the United
States remained neutral. In 1916 Woodrow Wilson was elected President for a
second term, largely because of the slogan "He kept us out of war." Events in early
1917 would change that hope.

In January of 1917, British cryptographers deciphered a telegram from German

Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmermann to the German Minister to Mexico, von
Eckhardt, offering United States territory to Mexico in return for joining the
German cause. To protect their intelligence from detection and to capitalize on
growing anti-German sentiment in the United States, the British waited to present
the telegram to President Wilson.

On February 24 Britain released the Zimmerman telegram to Wilson, and news of

the telegram was published widely in the American press on March 1. The
telegram had such an impact on American opinion that, according to David Kahn,
author of The Code breakers, "No other single cryptanalysis has had such
enormous consequences." It is his opinion that "never before or since has so much
turned upon the solution of a secret message." On April 6, 1917, the United States
Congress formally declared war on Germany and its allies. The Zimmerman
telegram clearly had helped draw the United States into the war and thus changed
the course of history.

79
Answer the following questions:-

1. What was the Zimmermann Telegram? Who sent it to whom?

_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

2. What did the telegram say?

_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

3. Who intercepted it? Why did they wait to tell the United States about it?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

4. How did this telegram cause the United States to enter the war?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

80
81
 QUESTIONS: The End of World War I

1. What was the last offensive Germany launched on Britain and

France?
______________________________________________________________

2. Who belonged to the Central Power Triple Alliance?

_______________________________________________________________

3. What problems was Germany having by 1918?

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

4. When did World War I end?

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

5. What is the poppy a symbol of?

_______________________________________________________________

6. Why do we now celebrate Veterans Day instead of Armistice

Day?
_______________________________________________________________

82
 The War of the Industrial Revolution: New Technology

Weapon Picture Who invent it ?How Strength Weakness

it was used?

Poison gas

Hand
grenade

Flame
Thrower

Tanks

83
Air planes

U-boats

Zeppelin

84
Machine
Gun

Gas mask

Grenade
Launchers

85
86
87
88
 World War One (In one Take)

Watch the video and complete the following:-

One bullet from a young Serbian’s gun, his trigger the spark for
_____________. But how did one shot prove so lethal as to kill over
______________________?
Late 19th century, ____________________ but there was sign of a storm
brewing.
Her emperor ___________________ had plans to teach his rivals a lesson.
Now ___________________is high but I’ll take her higher. One word! Two
syllabus______.
_____________, I will rule sea and land. Watch out world it is the
fatherland.
Germany’s neighbors started to take notice.
Hey Russia, have you heard this guy? I’m thinking of putting my
________________.
I know, Cousin Willie is giving me nausea. And now he signed an
agreement with _________.
Zut alors! Well we’ve got ____________. We’ll be here if the Kaiser
attacks!
It was against the backdrops that _________ a young Serbian nationalist
shot dead ____________________, the heir to the ___________. Setting off
a terrible chain of events.
Are you ready! Let’s go!
Austria and Germany attack into ________, who are allies with _______
(didn’t mention that earlier)
Russia get ready to advance and that brings in their pals, Yup
__________.

89
Germany attack France as quick as they can adopt an approach
called the “____________”
They go through____________, awful decision, As Belgium have friends
namely ________.
Here come _________.
Now let’s join the advance with the first British troops fighting in
_________.
Forward! get down boys …. We must take cover. Or we’ll be more
machine gun fodder, Good Lord, those Howitzer shells are big! Without
delay, quick chaps, _________!
By November 1914, 400 miles of _______ and ______ stretched from _____
to _________.

Commonwealth soldiers arrived from ___________, _________ and

_________.
But still more troops were needed. Men of Britain there’s much to do,
your time is now, your country needs you.
Sir, we’ve just had news from____________.
Ah yes, against the _________, a resounding victory? No sir ___________
causalities and a telegram send help please.
Back in the____________ there was more to fear as _________________
began to appear.
_______!______! and ecstasy of fumbling.
No mask? A ___________ better than nothing!
Sir I can’t see! The gas stings and burns, come here soldier let’s get you
to a________.
________ saw terrible losses on the Western front.
The Germans advanced at ____________ and the British went forward at
the ______ but neither battle proved decisive.

90
Meanwhile in the ____________the Russians were achieving some
successes.
It would take new tactics and technology to break _____________ on
either front.
In _________ Germany made a fatal calculation by pursuing a ruinous
____________.
German ____________ attacked ______________ to cut off supply.
Critically they attacked _____________ and in response the United States
declared war on Germany.
It would take another year for American troops to actually arrive in
Europe.
In the meanwhile a ____________________ seized his moment.
My Russian brothers listen in! let me introduce myself __________________.
I promise to take this country far, but first we need to kick
________________.
Good, that was easy now everyone’s equal. We’ll have bread, land
and peace for the people.
I think mother Russia’s had enough of ____________. I will meet with
__________ to settle the score.
The meeting took place in ______________________.
And Russian land was divided by Germany into _________________
including the _______.
With Russia out of the war the Germans moved all efforts to
________________. And planned a colossal effort in ____________________.
Ultimately the offensive _____________ and, at this pivotal moment
the______________ finally arrived.
We got your memo, and Jeez things have gotten out of hand. Good
thing you called up _____________.
By May 1918, ___________________________ were arriving per month.

91
And after withstanding the German tactics proved decisive for the
Allies.
Finally the Allies got some traction, putting the Germans
____________________.
At ________ on the __________________the guns fell silent upon
______________.
All in all a tragic loss, Europe secured but at what cost?
A generation lost, we are forever in debt 100 years hence lest we
forget.
*********************************************************************

92
 Causalities
Draw a pie chart containing the casualties of the following
countries:-

93
 The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Video)

Answer the following questions:-

1- What is the final resting place of kings and Queens?

_______________________________________________________________

2- How many monarchs lie in the Abbey?

________________________________________________________________

3- What is the most conspicuous (clearly visible) tomb that lies in the
Abbey?

________________________________________________________________

4- When was he buried?

________________________________________________________________

5- What is the name of this tomb?

________________________________________________________________

6- Which grave is the first memorial of its kind?

________________________________________________________________

7- Who was behind the idea of burring him there?

________________________________________________________________

94
 8- When he went back to the front what did he see that made him think of
this idea?

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

9- What was the idea he got?

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

10- Who was the prime minster of Britain at the time?

________________________________________________________________

11- What was he aware of?

________________________________________________________________

12- Why was it vital to choose the body at random?

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

13- How many battlefields were digging parties sent to?

________________________________________________________________

14- What was their job?

________________________________________________________________

95
15- Why was all of that done in secrecy?

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

16- Why was that this decision?

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

17- Who laid a wreath on the coffin?

________________________________________________________________

18- What was unveiled with the funeral ceremony?

________________________________________________________________

19- What is it?

________________________________________________________________

96
97
Poster No. 1:
__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

98
Poster No 2:
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
Poster No 3:
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________

99
 How did the War Affect Every one?
1. Psychological Impact
2. Economic Impact
3. Social Impact (among impact on women)
In groups of two try to guess some of these impacts.
Psychological Impact Economic Impact Social Impact

100
 Impact on Women (Video)

- In England just before the war, one of the most political issues
was the right of women to vote. It was the __________who led
the fight.
- First, they tried________, when it didn’t work they turn to
violence, burning down and bombing buildings.
- The British government started a campaign to silence the
suffragettes, they were sent to _______and forced to endure
all the humiliation of prison life.
- ___________before the outbreak of war, one of the
suffragettes leader was __________she was sent to prison for
breaking a window.
- She, like many others, went to a ____________and was forced-
fed.
- “I heard footsteps approaching outside my cell. I was strangled
with fear yet alert with every sound, the crowd’s forces filled
the door away, they flung me on my back on the bed and held
me down firmly by shoulders and ankles. Then the doctors
came stealing in. ______________pressed against my gums,
cutting the flesh. They were trying to get a tube down my
throat. I raised myself to resist that terrible pain. They got it
down I suppose. But I was unconscious of anything then save a
mad revolt of struggling.”
- The suffragettes _________their campaign as soon as war
broke out. Most women felt it was their duty to help
the__________.
- At first, they encouraged men to _________and provided
things for the troops; they collected millions of________,
_________, and _______________

101
- _________there was a shortage of workers as so many men
have joined up
- In this __________women were needed to take over jobs
which had always been done by men.
- Of all the professions women took over, one of the most
important was shell making.
- The guns had roaring fast, the bullets fly like rain, and the
airplanes are coveting. They go and come again. The bombs talk
loud, the mines crush out, no trench their might could stance.
Who helped them all to do that Job the girls with__________?
- In Britain ______women went to work in ________factories
like the Woolwich arsenal.
- The first time you go around you think what an interesting
place, then the evil smell becomes more noticeable. The
particles of acid land on your face make you nearly mad feeling
like pins and needles.
- ________was part of the women’s police service. Her job was
to keep order inside the factories. The fumes of the main
_________casualties a night you are blind and speechless by
the time you escape. Some of the causalities were not serious.
Women cut their ________or got _______in their eyes.
Sometimes they were killed by___________, what many
women didn’t realize at the time was that they were being
killed slowly by the explosives.
- All the time they were in factories, they were breathing in the
poisons fumes of __________.
- The first TNT poisoning symptoms was like a __________but as
soon as they got worse as munitions worked as Caroline Woped
had discovered.
- It was all bright ginger, all of the front of our hair. And all our
faces were____________. I used to call us_______________.

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 This doctor, he was looking at us girls one day and he’d say.
Half of you girls will never have _________and the other half
are too sick. God help you.
- War work was dangerous, but the women knew that without
their supply of shells and bullets the men would lose the war.
- Sometimes when we come upon our little train it would be all
packed with different people. There will be all the officers
sitting there. Some of them used to look at us as if we were
insects. And others used to matter well they are doing their bit.
- We said well we don’t mind dying for our country.
- The women believed that after the war their work would win
them _________and____________, but as the men returned
women were forced out of their jobs and equal voting right
with men was not achieved until_______________.

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 What happened to the Ottoman Empire?
Ataturk introduced many social and political changes to modernize
the country. What were they?

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

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 The Versailles Treaty Video

1- When was the armistice signed?

________________________________________________________________
2- Who had to pay the price of the war?

________________________________________________________________

3- Where was the Peace treaty signed? Where was it located?

________________________________________________________________

4- Where did the delegates of the victorious arrive to discuss peace? And
When?

________________________________________________________________

5- How many countries had representatives in the peace conference?

________________________________________________________________

6- Who were the most important statesmen among these delegates?

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

7- What did Clemenceau want out of the peace?

a. _______________________________________________________

b. _______________________________________________________

c. ________________________________________________________

d. _______________________________________________________

8- What did Woodrow Wilson want?

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

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 9- What were his ideas in the 14 points?
a. ________________________________________________________

b. ________________________________________________________

c. ________________________________________________________

d. ______________________________________________________

10- What were Americans feeling about the peace?

________________________________________________________________

11- How did the British feel?

_______________________________________________________________

12- But what did Lloyd George think?

_______________________________________________________________

13- What kind of Germany did he fear?

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
14- What is the disease that Lloyd George was afraid to spread in Germany
from the east?

________________________________________________________________

15- How were his fears realized?

________________________________________________________________

16- During that time the Allied leaders did what?

________________________________________________________________

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17- What were the terms of the treaty that was presented to Germany?
Germany lost land in the East, West and the North.
In The east:
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
While on the West:
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

18- What added insult to injury of Germany?

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

19- What did the Germans do at Scapa Flow (the British Naval Base) as a sign
of protest?

________________________________________________________________

20- In the high summer of 1919, where did the German delegate sign the
treaty?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

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 21- When was the Peace treaty signed?
________________________________________________________________

22- Which leader was satisfied by the Peace Treaty?

________________________________________________________________

23- Why did the extreme nationalist blame the government of Germany?
________________________________________________________________

24- How much did the Allies fix the sum of reparations that would be paid by
Germany?
________________________________________________________________

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Peace treaty( key words) :

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 League of Nations
Background
The League of Nations came into being on 1 January
1920 with the Treaty of Versailles, as a result of
World War One. The League of Nation's principal
mission was to maintain world peace. Its primary
goals, as stated in its Covenant, included preventing
wars and settling international disputes through
negotiation and arbitration. Other goals included
labor conditions, just treatment of native inhabitants,
human and drug trafficking, arms trade, global health, prisoners of war, and
protection of minorities in Europe. It consisted of 28 states and 14 neutral states.

Although it was first proposed by President Woodrow Wilson as part of his

Fourteen Points plan, the United States was never a member. The membership
of the League of Nations was later increased to some 60 states. The League
lasted for 27 years.

The League of Nations was to be based in Geneva, Switzerland. This choice

was natural as Switzerland was a neutral country and had not fought in World
War One. No one could dispute this choice especially as an international
organization such as the Red Cross was already based in Switzerland.

If a dispute did occur, the League, under its Covenant, could do three things -
these were known as its sanctions:
It could call on the states in dispute to sit down and discuss the problem in an
orderly and peaceful manner. This would be done in the League’s Assembly -
which would listen to disputes and come to a decision on how to proceed.

If one nation was seen to be the offender, the League could introduce
verbal sanctions - warning an aggressor nation that she would need to leave
another nation's territory or face the consequences.

If the states in dispute failed to listen to the Assembly’s decision, the League
could introduce economic sanctions. The League could order League members
not to do any trade with an aggressor nation in an effort to bring that aggressor
nation to heel. The purpose of this sanction was to financially hit the aggressor
nation so that she would have to do as the League required. The logic behind it
was to push an aggressor nation towards bankruptcy, so that the people in that

119
state would take out their anger on their government forcing them to accept the
League’s decision.

If this failed, the League could introduce physical sanctions. This meant
that military force would be used to put into place the League’s decision.
However, the League did not have a military force at its disposal and no
member of the League had to provide one under the terms of joining. Therefore,
it could not carry out any threats and any country defying its authority would
have been very aware of this weakness. The only two countries in the League
that could have provided any military might were Britain and France and both
had been severely depleted strength-wise in World War One and could not
provide the League with the backing it needed. Also both Britain and France
were not in a position to use their finances to pay for an expanded army as both
were financially hit very hard by World War One.

The League also had other weaknesses:

America’s president, Woodrow Wilson, had presented the idea of the League to
the senate consent, but the senate refused to join it. As America was the world’s
most powerful nation, this was a serious blow to the prestige of the League.
However, America’s refusal to join the League, fitted in with her desire to have
an isolationist policy throughout the world.
Germany was not allowed to join the League in 1919. As Germany had started
the war, according to the Treaty of Versailles, one of her punishments was that
she was not considered to be a member of the international community and,
therefore, she was not invited to join. This was a great blow to Germany but it
also meant that the League could not use whatever strength Germany had to
support its campaign against aggressor nations.
Russia was also not allowed to join as in 1917, she had a communist
government that generated fear in Western Europe, and in 1918, the Russian
royal family - the Romanovs - was murdered. Such a country could not be
allowed to take its place in the League.
Therefore, three of the world’s most powerful nations played no part in
supporting the League. The two most powerful members were Britain and
France - both had suffered financially and militarily during the war - and neither
was enthusiastic to get involved in disputes that
did not affect Western Europe.
Therefore, the League had a fine ideal - to end war
for good. However, if an aggressor nation was
determined enough to ignore the League’s verbal
warnings, all the League could do was enforce

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 economic sanctions and hope that these worked as it had no chance or enforcing
its decisions using military might.
 Its main weaknesses were the fact that it was set up by the Treaty of Versailles
(which every nation hated); that its aims were too ambitious; that Germany,
Russia and the USA were not members; that it had no army; and that decisions
had to be unanimous.

Autonomous bodies
The League also had a number of Agencies and Commissions, through which
it tried to do its work to stop wars and improve people’s lives and jobs:

The Court of International Justice consisted of 15 judges meeting at

the Hague in the Netherlands, and it gave decisions on things like
fishing and shipping disputes. It only made decisions when asked, and
had no power to enforce decisions.

The Health Committee worked to improve public health world-wide

(for instance, killing mosquitoes to try to prevent malaria).

The International Labor Organization met once a year. It wanted

to improve working conditions, and it achieved a lot in many countries,
but it failed to persuade the League members to accept the 48-hour
week.

The Refugees Committee worked to help refugees and disaster

victims (e.g. Turkey, 1922).

The Mandates Commission made sure that League countries were

ruling the mandates properly, and administered League-controlled areas
such as the Saar and Danzig.

The Slavery Commission worked to try to abolish slavery (for

instance, it organized the attacks on Burma and Sierra Leone which set
free 200,000 slaves).

Behind all this, worked the Secretariat – although it did not have enough workers
to do all the work, and was always in a terrible muddle.

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 Answer the following questions:
1. What is the League of Nations?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

2. What date was the League of Nations formed in?

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

3. What is the mission of the League of Nations?

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

4. Where is the headquarters of the League of Nations?

___________________________________________________________

5. How many were the original Members of the League of Nations?

___________________________________________________________
6. League of Nations lasted _____________________ years
7. If there was a dispute, How the League of Nations is going to act?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

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8. What were the weaknesses in the League of Nations?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
9. What are some of the agencies of the UN and their goals?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

123
Look to the previous cartoon and answer the following questions:

1. What is the message of this cartoon? Make sure that you explain what
details in the cartoon help to get this message across
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

2. Is your cartoon optimistic or pessimistic about the League of Nations?

Give reasons.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

3. Compare your ideas with your partner’s, and then write a paragraph
comparing the two cartoons.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

124
 United Nations
The United Nations was formed was on 24 October 1945 to
replace the League of Nations which had failed to prevent World
War 2.

The United Nations is a global organization of sovereign States

(not dependent upon, or subject to, another power) which voluntarily join the UN to
work for world peace and security. The United Nations is a forum for nearly all the
nations of the world. There are 193 countries that are member states of the United
Nations, the most recent to join the UN was South Sudan in July 2011, and 2
countries that are non-member observer states: the Holy See/Vatican State and
the State of Palestine. (Total of 195)

It was formed to maintain international peace and security by adopting a

peacekeeping role and working to prevent conflict and helping parties in conflict
make peace. The UN also addresses environmental, social, economic, and
humanitarian issues. The UN has played a major role in helping and protecting
refugees, promoting human rights, responding to natural disasters, expanding
literacy and has helped to wipe out many diseases.

It is based on international territory in Manhattan, New York City, United States. It

has three regional headquarters located in Geneva (Switzerland), Vienna (Austria),
and Nairobi (Kenya).

51 countries founded the UN. The idea for the United Nations came at the
Dumbarton Oaks Conference in Washington, D.C. (in 1944) by the representatives
of China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States (Allies). The
United Nations Charter was signed on 26 June 1945 in San Francisco, United
States. Delegates from 50 Allied nations created the United Nations Charter. Poland,
which was not represented at the Conference, signed the charter later and became
one of the original 51 Member States.

Organs of the United Nations

The UN originally consisted of six main sections, known as organs: The General
Assembly, The Security Council, The Economic and Social Council, the Secretariat,
the United Nations Trustee Council and the International Court of Justice.

1. General Assembly: Each of the Member States of the UN is a member of the

General Assembly. Each member States has a representative. It is the
policymaking section of the UN. It makes decisions on important peace and
security issues and makes recommendations in the form of General Assembly
Resolutions. General Assembly Resolutions also include recommendations
regarding the admission of new members and budgetary matters.

125
2. The Security Council: The Council is composed of 15 Members: five
permanent members: China, France, Russian Federation, the United
Kingdom, and the United States, and ten non-permanent members elected for
two-year terms by the General Assembly. "veto power" refers to the power of
any of the 5 permanent members of the United Nations Security
Council to veto (object) any decision. The role of the Security Council is to
determine the existence of an act of aggression and a threat to peace and
then recommends terms of settlement. Under the UN Charter, the Security
Council can take enforcement measures such as economic sanctions and
international military action or to establish Special Political Missions in order to
maintain or restore international peace and security. When war breaks out in
a country, the UN sends Peacekeepers to help resolve the conflict and to
monitor and observe peace processes. UN peacekeepers consist of soldiers
and military officers, civilian police officers and civilian personnel from many
countries. Because of their light blue berets or helmets they are often called
"Blue Berets" or "Blue Helmets".

3. Economic and Social Council: The Economic and Social Council 54

members are elected by the General Assembly. It leads the UN's social,
economic, environmental, humanitarian and cultural activities overseeing the
work of commissions which deal with human rights and matter relating to
issues such as population growth and new technology.

4. Secretariat: The UN Secretariat, headed by the Secretary-General (António

Guterres the former Prime Minister of Portugal), administers the programs
and policies of the organization. The Secretary-General is appointed for a 5-
year term. The Secretariat consists of administrative staff who undertake the
day-to-day work of the UN including research, translation and media relations.

5. International Court of Justice (ICJ): The International Court of Justice

(World Court) is the 'seat of international law' and located in The Hague,
Netherlands. The offices of the Court occupy the "Peace Palace", which was
constructed by the Carnegie Foundation. The World Court consists of 15
judges, elected by the General Assembly and the Security Council for 9-year
terms, each from a different nation. The World Court settles legal disputes
between nations and not between individuals, in accordance with international
law.

6. United Nations Trustee Council: The Trusteeship Council was established

to administer the UN's trust territories (the successors of the
remaining League of Nations mandates ). Since the creation of the Trusteeship
Council, more than 70 colonial Territories, including all 11 Trust Territories,
have attained independence with the help of the United Nations. It suspended
its activities in 1994 when the last of the trust territories, Palau in the south
Pacific, became independent.

126
Special Agencies of the United Nations

The goals of the UN also aim to improve living conditions for people all over the
world. To meet this important aim "special agencies of the United Nations" have
been established that are often referred to as the UN System.

The most well-known agencies include

 The United Nations Children's Fund (U.N.I.C.E.F.) - Goal: To promote child

health, education, protection,
 The International Monetary Fund (I.M.F.), - Goal: To raise living standards in
their member countries
 The World Health Organization (W.H.O.) - Goal: To promote health, monitor
diseases and reduce risks
 The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
(U.N.E.S.C.O.) Goal: To promote peace and development through education,
science, culture and communication
 UN Environment Program (UNEP) - Goal: To promote environmental
protection
 United Nations Development Program (UNDP) - Goal: To reduce poverty
and develop infrastructures
 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) - Goal: To act as the UN's
nuclear watchdog

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Answer the questions:-
1. What is the United Nations?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

2. What date was the United Nations formed in?

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

3. What is the mission of the United Nations?

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

4. Where is the headquarters of the United Nations?

___________________________________________________________

5. How many were the original Members of the United Nations?

___________________________________________________________

6. How many members are there in the UN? What are the criteria to join the
UN?
___________________________________________________________

7. What is the meaning of an observer?

___________________________________________________________

128
8. How many organs are there in the UN? Which one is the most important
and why?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
9. What is the Veto power? Why do you think it is important?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
10.Who are the blue berets?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

11. Who is the current Secretary General of the UN? How long is his term?
Who was the former Secretary General?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

12. What are some of the agencies of the UN and their goals?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

129
 Geography of Russia

Russia, the largest country in the world, occupies ____________of all the land
on Earth. A country extending over much of northern __________. Its land
mass is split between________ and _________ , with the __________and
Mountains roughly dividing the territories. It has coasts on three oceans
____________, ___________, and _________________

It also has many lakes, including Europe's two largest:

__________and__________. Lake __________in Siberia contains more water
than any other lake on Earth.

___________ is the most important river in Russia and the longest river in
Europe.

130
131
 Russian Revolution
What makes people revolt against their governments?

Work in pairs,

- Divide your answers to political causes, economic causes and social

causes.
- Think of the Egyptian Revolution. What reasons caused the people to
revolt against the government?

132
 The Russian Revolution

1. "I shall never agree to representative form of government, because I

consider it harmful to the people whom God has entrusted to my
care" ….. Who said this statement? When? What does it mean? What
is the meaning of a representative government? Which type of ruler
was he?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2. When did Nicolas II come to throne?
_________________________________________________________
3. The Russian empire that stretched from …………………….
To……………………, is inhabited by ………………… people, from
………………….ethnic groups.
4. Describe how different were the social classes in Russia?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
5. What happened in 1905that made the Tsar change his mind about the
representative form of government? Was it a powerful one?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
6. What plunged the empire into a fresh crisis?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
7. What was the Russian situation in WW1?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

133
8. What did the czar decided to do? Who did leave in charge in his place?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
9. Why didn't the people like the Czarina Alexandra?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
10.What was the end of Rasputin? When?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
11."Situation serious. There is anarchy in the capital. Government
paralyzed.. Chaotic shooting in the streets".. What does this
statement mean to you?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
12.Who started the protest? When? Why?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
13.What happened the next day in the protest?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
14.What was the consequence of the protests?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

134
15.What was the name of the Russian imperial family? How long did they
rule?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
16.Who controlled the government after the Czar's abdication?
_________________________________________________________
17.Who were the soviets?
_________________________________________________________
18.Who dominated the soviets?
_________________________________________________________
19.Although the soviets and the provisional government shared the
power they had different perspectives… Explain these opposing
perspectives concerning WW1.
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
20.Who took the fateful decision of leaving the war? Who was their
leader?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
21.What were the demands of Lenin?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

135
22.What was the Bolshevik slogan?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
23.What happened after July's 1917 mutiny?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
24.Who became Russian's prime minister?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
25.After releasing Leon Trotsky from prison what did he do to prevent
Kornilov from doing a military coup?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
26.What did Lenin plan to do upon his return to Russia?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
27."It would be naïve to wait for formal majority for the Bolsheviks. No
revolution ever waits for that…. History will not forgive us if we do not
assume power now" …. Who said this statement? What does it mean?
What did they do to assume power then?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

136
28.What happened after the Bolsheviks took control?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
29.What happened to the Tsar after his abdication?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
30.Why do you think the Tsar and his family were executed?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
31.What is the most devastating event in the 20 th century? Why?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
32.When was the Soviet Union established?
_________________________________________________________
33.Create a timeline that would summarize the Russian Revolution.

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