DATABASE PROCESSING
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• Understand the purpose and components of a database
• Differentiate between databases and spreadsheets
• Identify the elements of a relational database
• Comprehend the role of a DBMS
• Recognize the functions of a DBMS
• Understand database design and normalization
WHY USE A DATABASE?
o Spreadsheets are suitable for simple lists
o A database system is a collection of data and the software
that manages and interacts with that data. It's essentially a
structured way to store, retrieve, update, and delete
information. This involves both the data itself (like tables or
documents) and the software (like a Database Management
System, or DBMS) that manages i
o Databases handle multiple themes, minimize redundancy,
support concurrent access, and ensure data integrity
WHY USE A DATABASE?
COMPONENTS OF A DATABASE
• Tables (Files): Store data in rows and columns
• Records (Rows): Individual entries
• Fields (Columns): Attributes
• Primary Key: Unique identifier
• Foreign Key: Links to another table's primary key
RELATIONAL DATABASES
• Organize data in related tables
• Ensure data integrity
• Reduce redundancy
• Support complex queries
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DBMS)
• Software for managing databases
• Functions: define data, process data, query, report, ensure integrity
• Examples: Access, Oracle, MySQL, SQL Server
DBMS VS. DATABASE
• DBMS: software tool
• Database: organized data
• DBMS interacts with the database
DATABASE APPLICATIONS
• Applications interact with the database
• Components: Forms, Reports, Queries, Application Programs
MULTI-USER PROCESSING
• Supports simultaneous users
• Challenges: Lost Update Problem
• Solutions: Locking, Concurrency control
DATABASE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
1. Requirements Gathering
2. Data Modeling (E-R Diagram)
3. Database Design
4. Implementation
5. Testing and Evaluation
NORMALIZATION
• Organize to reduce redundancy
• Normal Forms:
- 1NF: Eliminate repeating groups
- 2NF: Eliminate partial dependencies
- 3NF: Eliminate transitive dependencies
NONTRADITIONAL DBMS
• NoSQL for unstructured data
• Types: Document (MongoDB), Key-Value (Redis), Column-Family
(Cassandra), Graph (Neo4j)
CLOUD DATABASES
• Hosted on cloud platforms
• Benefits: Scalability, Cost-effectiveness, Accessibility
• Examples: Amazon RDS, Google Cloud SQL, Azure SQL
SECURITY AND DATA INTEGRITY
• Security: Authentication, Encryption, Backups
• Integrity: Accuracy, Validation rules
SUMMARY
• Databases manage complex data efficiently
• DBMS provides tools and ensures integrity
• Design and normalization are crucial
• Choose the right database type for needs
FURTHER READING
• Using MIS, 11th Edition, Chapter 5
• DBMS documentation
• Articles on database design and normalization
