📘 Laws of Library Science

Formulated by Dr. S.R. Ranganathan, the Five Laws of Library Science were first published in
1931. These laws form the philosophical and practical foundation of library services and
management.

📜 The Five Laws of Library Science

1. Books are for use

• Meaning: Books should not be kept locked away or inaccessible. They are meant to be read
and used.
• Implications:
• Libraries should be user-friendly.
• Open access to shelves.
• Convenient location, working hours, and circulation policies.
• Promote usage over preservation alone.

2. Every reader his or her book

• Meaning: Every person has the right to get the information or book they need.
• Implications:
• Build collections for all age groups, interests, and backgrounds.
• Cater to individual and community needs.
• Emphasize inclusiveness and equal access.

3. Every book its reader

• Meaning: Every book has value to someone — no book should be discarded without
evaluating its relevance.
• Implications:
• Promote lesser-used materials.
• Use classification and cataloging systems to help users discover relevant books.
• Ensure books are discoverable and accessible.
4. Save the time of the reader
• Meaning: Library systems and services should be efficient and user-centric.
• Implications:
• Use proper signage, OPACs (Online Public Access Catalogs), and user guides.
• Train staff to help users quickly.
• Organize resources effectively for easy retrieval.

5. The library is a growing organism

• Meaning: Libraries must constantly evolve with changing needs, technologies, and user
expectations.
• Implications:
• Update and expand collections regularly.
• Adopt new technologies (e.g., digital libraries, automation).
• Expand physical and virtual infrastructure as needed.

🌟 Relevance Today
Even though these laws were framed in 1931, they remain highly relevant in the digital age and
apply to:
• Physical and digital resources
• Public, academic, and special libraries
• Library automation and online services
• User experience and access policies

🧠 Summary Table
Law No. Law Title Key Focus
1 Books are for use Access and usability
2 Every reader his or her book User rights and diversity
3 Every book its reader Value of all resources
4 Save the time of the reader Efficiency and convenience
5 The library is a growing organism Adaptability and growth
Types of Libraries
Libraries are categorized based on their purpose, users, and the services they provide. The main
types are:

1. Academic Libraries
• Purpose: Support educational and research needs of students, faculty, and researchers.
• Users: Primarily students, teachers, and academic staff.
• Types:
• School Libraries – For primary and secondary school students.
• College Libraries – Serve undergraduate students and faculty.
• University Libraries – Support higher education and advanced research.

2. Public Libraries
• Purpose: Serve the general public by providing access to information, education, and
entertainment.
• Users: All members of the community (children, adults, seniors).
• Features:
• Free access to books and digital resources.
• Host community programs, reading clubs, etc.
• Promote literacy and lifelong learning.

3. Special Libraries
• Purpose: Serve specific organizations or specialized fields.
• Users: Professionals and researchers in specific areas.
• Examples:
• Law Libraries
• Medical Libraries
• Corporate Libraries
 • Government Libraries
• Museum Libraries

4. National Libraries
• Purpose: Collect and preserve the literary heritage of a country.
• Users: Researchers, historians, and policymakers.
• Functions:
• Legal deposit of all publications.
• Archive of rare and historical documents.
• Bibliographic control of the nation’s publications.
• Example: National Library of India, Library of Congress (USA), British Library.

Summary Table:
Type of Library Main Users Key Features
Academic Students, faculty Supports curriculum and research
Public General public Free access, community services
Special Professionals, researchers Specialized collections, limited public access
National Researchers, govt. Archives, legal deposits, national bibliography

New-Age Libraries
Digital Library
It is very precisely the library that contain ns all knowledge resources stored in digital format.
For example, the most well known digital libraries today are YouTube, iTunes for Apple, Google
Play that provide a large collection of video information that user can download from

E- Library
An e-library maintains a collection of various knowledge resources stored in analog format (such as
tapes or cassettes or gramophone disks) as well as digital format such as CDs, DVDs, or Hard
Disks.

Virtual Library
In such a library, the entire collection is stored at a location and an entry point to the collections is
provided from every computer connected to it.
📚 Library Associations
Library associations are professional organizations that support and promote the interests of
libraries and library professionals. They play a crucial role in the development of library services,
policies, education, and research.

🎯 Objectives of Library Associations

• Promote professional development and training.
• Set standards for library services and ethics.
• Advocate for libraries at the national and international levels.
• Encourage research, innovation, and collaboration.
• Organize conferences, workshops, and seminars.
• Publish journals, newsletters, and guidelines.

🏛️ Major Library Associations (India and International)

🇮🇳 Library Associations in India
Association Full Form Key Contributions
Oldest professional body (est. 1933); promotes
ILA Indian Library Association library development, organizes annual
conferences.
Indian Association of Special
Focuses on special libraries, technical standards,
IASLIC Libraries and Information
and information science.
Centres
Indian Association of Teachers of
IATLIS Supports LIS education and teacher training.
Library and Information Science
SLA India Special Libraries Association Supports information professionals in corporate
Chapter (India) and specialized libraries.
Raja Rammohun Roy Library Government body that supports public libraries
RRRLF
Foundation through grants and programs.

🌐 International Library Associations

Association Full Form Key Contributions
International Federation of
Global voice of the library community; advocates
IFLA Library Associations and
for access to information worldwide.
Institutions
ALA American Library Association Oldest and largest library association in the world
 Association Full Form Key Contributions
(est. 1876); sets library standards, accredits LIS
programs.
CILIP Chartered Institute of Library
Provides training, policy guidance, and advocacy
and Information Professionals
in the UK.
(UK)
International association for information
SLA Special Libraries Association
professionals in specialized settings.
LA Australian Library and Promotes LIS professionals, organizes training,
(Australia) Information Association (ALIA) and supports library innovation.

🔗 Functions of Library Associations

1. Professional Development – Courses, certifications, webinars.
2. Policy Advocacy – Represents libraries in government or legal matters.
3. Publications – Journals, reports, newsletters (e.g., ILA Bulletin).
4. Networking – Connects library professionals and institutions.
5. Standards and Ethics – Establishes codes of conduct and operational standards.

📌 Why Are Library Associations Important?

• Unite library professionals under a common platform.
• Promote collaboration and best practices.
• Encourage continuous learning and innovation.
• Help shape national and global library policies.

📘 Systems and Programmes in Libraries

In library science, systems and programmes refer to organized efforts, software tools, and
institutional frameworks used to manage, automate, and improve library services and access to
information.

🔧 1. Library Systems
Library systems are integrated frameworks or platforms used to manage library operations like
cataloging, circulation, acquisitions, and user services.
🔹 Types of Library Systems
Type of System Description Examples
Integrated Library System (ILS) /
Software that automates all core Koha, Libsys, SOUL,
Library Management System
functions of a library Aleph
(LMS)
Designed to store, manage, and DSpace, Greenstone,
Digital Library System
access digital content EPrints
Collect, preserve, and provide
Institutional Repositories access to scholarly work of DSpace, EPrints
institutions
Online Public Access Catalog Online database of materials held WebOPACs integrated
(OPAC) by a library with Koha or Libsys
Allow users to search multiple EBSCO Discovery
Federated Search Systems
databases simultaneously Service, Primo

💡 2. Library Programmes
Library programmes refer to structured initiatives, projects, or activities undertaken by libraries or
library-related bodies to promote access to knowledge, improve literacy, and support professional
development.

🔹 Major Library Programmes (India & International)

Programme Organizing Body Objective
National Mission on Libraries Ministry of Culture, Upgrade library infrastructure, digitize
(NML) India resources, and promote reading culture
Raja Rammohun Roy Library Financial support for development of
Government of India
Foundation (RRRLF) public libraries
National Digital Library of IIT Kharagpur / Free access to educational resources for
India (NDLI) MHRD students and researchers
DELNET (Developing Library Promotes resource sharing among
New Delhi
Network) libraries in India
INFLIBNET (Information and Supports higher education by networking
UGC, India
Library Network Centre) academic libraries
SOUL (Software for University Library automation software for academic
INFLIBNET
Libraries) institutions
UNESCO Public Library Promotes the role of public libraries as a
UNESCO
Manifesto force for education and information
UNESCO & Library Provides access to significant cultural
World Digital Library (WDL)
of Congress materials from around the world

🧩 Why Are Systems and Programmes Important?

• Improve efficiency and user experience.
• Facilitate knowledge sharing and networking.
• Promote digital inclusion and literacy.
 • Ensure preservation and accessibility of information.
• Support national and international education goals.

Here are detailed and easy-to-understand notes on Library Movement and Library
Legislation in India, suitable for students of Library and Information Science or anyone
interested in library development in India.

📚 Library Movement and Library Legislation in India

🔹 Library Movement in India

✳️Definition:
The Library Movement refers to organized efforts to promote libraries, encourage reading habits,
improve literacy, and provide free access to knowledge through public libraries.

🔸 Objectives of the Library Movement:

• Promote free and open access to knowledge.
• Support literacy, education, and self-learning.
• Develop public libraries in urban and rural areas.
• Encourage reading habits among all sections of society.
• Ensure government support and public funding for libraries.

🔸 Pioneers of the Library Movement in India:

Name Contribution
Dr. S.R. Father of Library Science in India; advocated for public libraries and
Ranganathan legislation.
B.S. Kesavan First National Librarian of India; promoted national bibliographic control.
K.M. Asadullah Promoted library services during British India.
K.A. Isaac Prominent figure in library education and legislation.

🔸 Important Milestones in the Library Movement:

• 1910s–1930s: Initial awareness and advocacy by Ranganathan and others.
• 1951: Formation of the Raja Rammohun Roy Library Foundation (RRRLF) to support
public libraries.
 • 1972: Introduction of National Policy on Library and Information System (NPLIS)
proposal.
• 2009–Present: National Mission on Libraries (NML) to modernize and digitize libraries
in India.

⚖️ Library Legislation in India

✳️Definition:
Library legislation refers to laws passed by state governments to establish and regulate public
library systems in their respective regions.

🔸 Why Is Library Legislation Important?

• Provides legal and financial support to libraries.
• Creates a network of public libraries (village to state level).
• Ensures equitable access to information.
• Standardizes library services and management.

🔸 Library Legislation Model:

Dr. S.R. Ranganathan developed a Model Public Library Act in 1930 to guide Indian states in
enacting library laws.

🗂️ States with Library Legislation in India:

State Year of Enactment Notable Points
Tamil Nadu (formerly Madras) 1948 First state to enact library legislation.
Andhra Pradesh 1960 Based on Ranganathan’s model.
Maharashtra 1967 Strong public library system.
West Bengal 1979 West Bengal Public Libraries Act.
Karnataka 1965 Library Cess (tax) introduced to fund libraries.
Kerala 1989 Kerala Public Libraries Act.
Haryana 1989 Focus on rural libraries.
Mizoram 1993 Among northeastern states with legislation.
✅ As of now, 19+ Indian states have enacted public library legislation.

📌 Common Features of State Library Acts:

• Establishment of State Library Authorities.
 • Creation of library networks (village → district → state level).
• Provision of library cess (local tax) for funding.
• Appointment of state librarians and library committees.
• Promotion of free public access to libraries.

LIBRARY LEGISLATION AND LIBRARY ACTS IN INDIAN STATES The Press and
Registration of Books Act (1867): • Purpose: Ensures the documentation and regulation of printed
materials in India, requiring publishers to submit copies to designated libraries. 11 Fundamentals of
Library and Information Science
The Delivery of Books and Newspapers (Public Libraries) Act (1954): • Purpose: Mandates
publishers to deliver copies of their publications to designated national and public libraries.
State Library Acts: • Purpose: Various Indian states have enacted library legislation to support and
regulate public library services. • Examples: Tamil Nadu Public Libraries Act (1948), Maharashtra
Public Libraries Act (1967).

📚 Organizations & Institutions Involved in Library and

Information Services
These organizations work to improve library services, promote access to information, support
library professionals, and foster international cooperation in the field of Library and Information
Science.

🌐 International Organizations

🏛️ 1. UNESCO
Full Form: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
• Established: 1945
• Headquarters: Paris, France

🔹 Role in Library Development:

• Promotes free access to knowledge and universal literacy.
• Supports the development of public libraries, especially in developing countries.
• Published the UNESCO Public Library Manifesto (latest revision: 2022).
• Provides technical and financial assistance for library infrastructure and training.
• Encourages digitization and the development of knowledge societies.
📖 2. IFLA
Full Form: International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions
• Established: 1927
• Headquarters: The Hague, Netherlands

🔹 Role in Library Development:

• Acts as the global voice of the library profession.
• Promotes international standards (e.g., cataloging rules, metadata).
• Organizes the IFLA World Library and Information Congress annually.
• Provides resources for library advocacy, sustainability, and access to information.
• Supports policies aligned with the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

🗂️ 3. FID
Full Form: International Federation for Information and Documentation
(Note: Dissolved in 2002)
• Established: 1895 (originally as the International Institute of Bibliography)

🔹 Historical Role:
• Played a key role in the development of information science.
• Focused on classification, documentation, and information retrieval.
• Promoted the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) system.
• Organized international congresses on information documentation.
Although FID was dissolved in 2002, its legacy continues through other bodies like
IFLA and ISO.

⚛️ 4. INIS
Full Form: International Nuclear Information System
• Established by: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in 1970

🔹 Role in Information Services:

• Specializes in nuclear science and technology information.
• Provides open-access databases and abstracts in energy-related subjects.
• Collects input from over 130 member countries.
 • Supports scientific research and safety through organized information.

🇮🇳 National Organization (India)

🧾 5. NISSAT
Full Form: National Information System for Science and Technology
• Established by: Department of Science and Technology (DST), Govt. of India in 1977
• Now Defunct – Activities absorbed by other agencies like NIC, CSIR, etc.

🔹 Role in Library & Information Services:

• Promoted scientific information systems and services in India.
• Supported development of information networks and databases.
• Helped libraries adopt automation and modern technologies.
• Created subject-specific information centers (e.g., ENVIS, BTIS).
• Played a major role in capacity building and training of professionals.

✅ Summary Table
Organization Full Form Focus Area
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Global literacy, public libraries,
UNESCO
Cultural Organization digitization
International Federation of Library Library advocacy, global standards,
IFLA
Associations and Institutions networking
International Federation for Information andInformation science, classification
FID
Documentation systems (historical)
Nuclear information, open-access
INIS International Nuclear Information System
scientific data
National Information System for Science and Information networks and library
NISSAT
Technology automation in India

📚 Library Management: Collection Development

✅ 1. Definition of Collection Development
Collection development is the process of systematically building and maintaining a library's
collection of resources (books, journals, digital media, etc.) to meet the needs of its users.
📁 2. Types of Documents in a Library Collection
Libraries house various types of documents based on format and content. These can be categorized
as:

a) Print Documents
• Books – Fiction, Non-fiction, Reference books (encyclopedias, dictionaries)
• Journals/Periodicals – Magazines, scholarly journals, newspapers
• Pamphlets – Brief informational texts
• Reports – Government reports, research reports
• Theses and Dissertations

b) Non-Print (Audio-Visual) Materials

• CDs/DVDs
• Audiobooks
• Microfilms and Microfiche
• Slides, Maps, Globes

c) Digital/Electronic Resources
• eBooks
• eJournals
• Databases (e.g., JSTOR, Scopus)
• Institutional Repositories
• Web Resources (Open Access Materials)

🎯 3. Principles of Document Selection

Selection is a key step in collection development. It involves choosing materials that match the
library’s objectives and user needs. Key principles include:

a) User Needs
• Selection should reflect the information needs of the community (students, researchers,
general readers).

b) Relevance to Library Objectives

• Materials must align with the mission and goals of the library (e.g., academic, public,
special).
c) Quality and Authority
• Preference to documents authored by reputable authors, publishers, and institutions.
• Peer-reviewed content is preferred in academic libraries.

d) Accuracy and Currency

• Content should be factually accurate and up to date, especially in fields like science,
technology, and medicine.

e) Diversity and Inclusivity

• Include materials that represent diverse perspectives, cultures, and voices.

f) Demand and Popularity

• Frequently requested or high-demand materials should be prioritized (e.g., bestsellers,
curriculum-related books).

g) Budget Constraints
• Selection must consider the available budget; cost-effectiveness is important.

h) Availability and Accessibility

• Ease of access (especially for digital resources), availability through vendors or inter-library
loan.

i) Language and Format

• Materials should be in languages understood by users and available in accessible formats
(large print, audio, digital).

🛠️ 4. Tools and Sources for Selection

• Bibliographies
• Book reviews (e.g., in journals like Library Journal)
• Publisher catalogs
• Vendor lists
• Suggestions from users and faculty
• Library consortia recommendations
📚 Library Management: Acquisition Procedure
✅ 1. Definition of Acquisition
Acquisition in library management refers to the process of obtaining materials (books, journals,
digital resources, etc.) for the library collection. It involves selecting, ordering, receiving, and
processing library materials.

🔄 2. Acquisition Procedure – Step-by-Step Process

1. Recommendation/Selection of Materials
• Materials are recommended by:
• Librarians
• Faculty members
• Students
• Subject experts
• Selection is guided by:
• Library policy
• User needs
• Selection tools (catalogs, bibliographies, reviews)

2. Approval
• The recommended titles are reviewed by the acquisition committee or librarian.
• Approval depends on:
• Relevance
• Budget availability
• Duplication check

3. Checking for Duplicates

• Library catalog is searched to avoid ordering materials already in the collection.
• Avoids unnecessary expenditure.

4. Preparation of Order
• Orders are prepared and sent to vendors/publishers.
• Orders include:
• Title, author, edition, publisher
 • Price
• Number of copies
• Sometimes, orders are placed through online systems or consortia.

5. Order Placement
• Orders are placed with:
• Approved book vendors
• Publishers
• Online suppliers (e.g., Amazon, Flipkart, library vendors)

6. Receiving of Materials
• On receiving books/materials, they are checked for:
• Correct titles and quantity
• Physical condition
• Invoice details

7. Accessioning
• Each new item is recorded in the Accession Register.
• Accession number is given, serving as a unique identifier.

8. Invoice Verification and Payment

• Invoice is verified against the order and received items.
• Payment is processed through the library accounts section.

9. Cataloguing and Classification

• The acquired materials are catalogued using AACR2/RDA and classified (e.g., DDC, UDC).
• This makes materials searchable in the library system.

10. Shelving and Circulation

• After processing, materials are labeled and placed on shelves for user access.
• Made available through the circulation section.

📌 3. Types of Acquisition Methods

Method Description
Purchase Buying materials from vendors or publishers
Gift/Donation Receiving books from individuals, authors, or organizations
 Method Description
Exchange Exchanging materials with other libraries or institutions
Subscription For periodicals, journals, and newspapers
Consortia Acquisition Joint purchase with other libraries for cost-saving

🧩 4. Tools Used in Acquisition

• Publisher Catalogs
• Book Reviews (e.g., Library Journal)
• Approval Plans
• Online portals (e.g., Amazon, library vendors)
• Library Management Software (e.g., Koha, SOUL)

📘 Acquisition of Journals and Periodicals

📌 1. Definition
The acquisition of journals and periodicals refers to the systematic process of selecting, ordering,
subscribing to, receiving, and managing serial publications like journals, magazines, and
newspapers in a library.

🗂️ 2. Importance
• Provide current and up-to-date information
• Support academic research and teaching
• Cover recent developments in various disciplines
• Often contain original research not found in books

🔄 3. Acquisition Procedure
📍 a) Selection
• Based on user needs, curriculum, research focus
• Recommendations from:
• Faculty members
• Subject experts
• Library committee
• Tools: Publisher catalogs, journal citation reports, indexing databases
📍 b) Approval & Budgeting
• Reviewed and approved by library or purchase committee
• Budget is allocated based on cost and priority

📍 c) Subscription
• Subscription can be:
• Direct from the publisher
• Through subscription agents/vendors
• For print, online, or hybrid (print + online) access
• Duration: Typically annual

📍 d) Placing Orders
• Send subscription order with:
• Journal name, ISSN
• Publisher details
• Subscription period

📍 e) Receiving Issues
• Journals are received periodically (monthly, quarterly, etc.)
• Details are entered in:
• Periodical Register or
• Library Management System (LMS)
• Checked against expected arrival dates

📍 f) Claiming Missing Issues

• If issues are delayed or missing, the library contacts the vendor/publisher to claim them

📍 g) Renewal
• Subscriptions are reviewed yearly
• Decisions based on:
• Usage statistics
• Relevance
• Cost
📚 4. Types of Periodicals
Type Description
Scholarly Journals Peer-reviewed academic content
Trade Journals Industry-specific, professional info
Popular Magazines General interest topics
Newspapers Daily or weekly news coverage
E-Journals Digital versions, accessible online

⚙️ 5. Challenges in Acquisition
• Rising subscription costs
• Non-receipt or delay of issues
• Managing print vs. electronic formats
• Space and archiving of back issues
• Budget limitations

🛠️ 6. Tools and Resources

• Library Management Software (LMS) – e.g., Koha, SOUL
• Serials control module in LMS
• Consortia – UGC-INFONET, INFLIBNET, DELNET
• Abstracting & Indexing Services – Scopus, Web of Science

📘 Preparation of Documents for Use

📌 1. Definition
Preparation of documents for use refers to the process of making newly acquired library materials
(books, journals, digital resources, etc.) ready for public access. This includes technical processing
and physical preparation so that the items can be properly stored, located, and circulated.

🔄 2. Steps in Preparation of Documents for Use

📍 1. Accessioning
• The first step after receiving a document.
• Entry of the item in the Accession Register with a unique accession number.
• Basic bibliographic information is recorded: title, author, publisher, price, date of receipt.
📍 2. Classification
• Assigning a classification number (e.g., using DDC, UDC) to the document.
• Helps in arranging the document systematically on the shelves by subject.
• Makes subject-wise searching easier.

📍 3. Cataloguing
• Creating a bibliographic record of the document in the catalog (manual or online).
• Includes:
• Author, title, edition, publisher, year, ISBN
• Subject headings
• Call number
• Standards: AACR2, RDA; Formats: MARC21, etc.

📍 4. Physical Processing
• Involves preparing the physical item for use:
• Labeling: Call number label on spine
• Ownership stamp: Library stamp on title page and secret page
• Book pockets and due date slips: For circulation records (in traditional systems)
• Barcoding/RFID tagging: For automated circulation and inventory
• Covering: Plastic/jacket to protect the book

📍 5. Shelving
• Placing the book on the proper shelf based on the call number.
• Ensures systematic arrangement and easy retrieval.

🧾 3. Additional Preparations for Special Materials

Material Type Special Preparation Needed
Periodicals Serial number check-in, binding
Reference Books Shelved separately, marked “Ref Only”
Digital Resources Access info uploaded to LMS or OPAC
Rare Books Special handling and preservation

⚙️ 4. Tools and Equipment Used

• Library stamps, call number labels
 • Barcode/RFID printers and scanners
• Label protectors, book covers
• Library software (Koha, SOUL)

📚 Library Personnel and Library Committee

👩‍💼 1. Library Personnel

📌 Definition:
Library personnel refers to the staff members who work in a library to manage its resources, serve
users, and maintain operations.

🔹 Types of Library Personnel:

Category Role
Qualified librarians with degrees (e.g., B.Lib, M.Lib) who handle core
Professional Staff services like cataloguing, classification, reference services, and
management.
Assistants who support professional staff. They have basic library training
Para-professional Staff
and handle tasks like circulation, shelving, and record maintenance.
Clerical/
Handle routine office work such as typing, filing, billing, and accounts.
Administrative Staff
Manage IT, networking, digital library systems, and maintenance of
Technical Staff
electronic equipment.
Non-technical helpers like peons, cleaners, and security personnel who
Supporting Staff
assist in day-to-day operations.

🔧 Duties of Library Personnel:

• Acquisition of books and materials
• Cataloguing and classification
• Reference and information services
• Circulation (issue/return of books)
• User education and assistance
• Maintenance of library records
• Digital resource management
• Preservation and shelving of materials
🏛️ 2. Library Committee
📌 Definition:
A Library Committee is a governing or advisory body that helps formulate policies, plan services,
and oversee the functioning of the library.

🔹 Functions of the Library Committee:

Function Description
Policy Making Develops library rules, acquisition policies, and user guidelines.
Budgeting Prepares and approves the library budget.
Resource Selection Approves the selection of new books, journals, and databases.
Supervision Monitors library activities and evaluates performance.
User Representation Acts as a bridge between library users and the librarian.
Sometimes involved in recruitment or promotion of staff (in academic
Staff Recruitment
libraries).

👥 Composition of Library Committee:

Typically includes:
• Chairperson (e.g., Principal or Director)
• Librarian (Member Secretary)
• Faculty Members (From different departments)
• Student Representatives (Optional in academic libraries)
• Administrative Officer (For budget and finance matters)

📌 Importance of the Library Committee:

• Ensures democratic decision-making
• Aligns library services with institutional goals
• Supports the librarian in resource and staff management
• Enhances user satisfaction and transparency

📘 Library Rules and Regulations

📌 1. Definition
Library rules and regulations are a set of guidelines designed to govern the behavior of users and
staff within the library, ensuring the efficient, fair, and safe use of library resources and services.
🎯 2. Objectives of Library Rules
• To maintain order and discipline in the library
• To protect library materials and property
• To ensure equal access to resources
• To promote a productive learning environment
• To outline the responsibilities of users and staff

📋 3. Common Library Rules and Regulations

🔹 General Conduct
• Maintain silence in the library at all times
• Switch off or silence mobile phones
• No eating, drinking, or smoking inside the library
• Personal belongings (bags, coats) must be left at the designated area
• Respect library staff and follow their instructions

🔹 Membership and Entry

• Library access is restricted to registered members only
• Students, faculty, and staff must carry a valid ID card
• Visitors may require special permission to use the library

🔹 Borrowing Rules
• Members are issued a limited number of books (e.g., 2–5) at a time
• Books are usually issued for a fixed period (e.g., 7–14 days)
• Renewal is allowed unless the book is reserved by someone else
• Late returns are subject to fines (e.g., ₹1 per day per book)
• Reference books, journals, and newspapers are not for loan

🔹 Reservation and Renewal

• Books can be reserved if currently issued to someone else
• Renewal can be done online or in person, subject to rules

🔹 Loss or Damage
• Lost books must be reported immediately
• Users must replace the lost book or pay its cost + processing fee
 • Damaging or marking library materials is strictly prohibited

🔹 Use of Digital Resources

• Access to e-resources is for academic use only
• Users must not download entire books or journals (violates license agreements)
• Internet use should comply with ethical and legal standards

🔹 Library Timings
• Clearly displayed at the entrance
• Different timings may apply during exams, holidays, or weekends

🔹 Disciplinary Action
• Violation of rules may lead to:
• Suspension of membership
• Disciplinary action by the institution
• Monetary fines

⚖️ 4. Importance of Library Rules

• Ensures smooth functioning of the library
• Prevents misuse of resources
• Enhances user experience
• Encourages responsible and ethical use of information

📘 Library Finance and Budget

📌 1. Definition
Library Finance refers to the management of funds required to operate and develop the library.
Library Budget is a detailed financial plan that outlines expected income and planned expenditures
over a specific period (usually one year).

🎯 2. Objectives of Library Finance and Budgeting

• To ensure the efficient use of financial resources
• To plan for the growth and development of the library
• To prioritize spending based on needs
• To provide transparency and financial accountability
💰 3. Sources of Library Finance
Source Description
Government Grants Major source for public and academic libraries
Institutional Support Budget allocation from parent organization (e.g., university, school)
Endowments and Donations Contributions from individuals, alumni, or NGOs
Library Fees/Fines Collected from overdue charges or membership
Project Grants Received for special library development projects
Revenue from Services Income from photocopying, printing, or consultancy

🧾 4. Types of Library Budgets

Type Description
Lists expenses under fixed categories (e.g.,
Line-Item Budget
books, salaries)
Focuses on activities or programs (e.g., literacy
Program Budget
programs)
Connects financial input to measurable
Performance Budget
outcomes
Starts from zero each year; every expense must
Zero-Based Budgeting (ZBB)
be justified
PPBS (Planning-Programming-Budgeting Integrates planning and budgeting; used in large
System) institutions

📊 5. Components of a Library Budget

Component Example
Recurring Expenditures Salaries, subscriptions, utilities
Non-Recurring Expenditures Equipment purchase, building repairs
Capital Expenditures Furniture, computers, new infrastructure
Contingency Fund Reserved for emergencies or unforeseen costs

🔄 6. Budget Preparation Process

1. Assessment of Needs – Collection, services, staff, technology
2. Estimation of Costs – Based on past spending and future plans
3. Drafting Budget Proposal – Prepared by librarian or library finance officer
4. Approval by Authority – Library Committee, Head of Institution, or Board
5. Implementation – Funds are allocated and used as planned
6. Monitoring and Evaluation – Regular audits and performance checks
⚖️ 7. Importance of Library Finance and Budget
• Ensures sustainability of services and resources
• Supports strategic planning and library growth
• Enables accountability and transparency
• Helps in prioritizing user needs within available resources

📘 Principles of Library Management

📌 1. Definition
Library Management refers to the process of planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and
controlling all library activities and resources to achieve its goals effectively and efficiently.
Principles of Library Management are foundational guidelines that help in running the library
smoothly, ensuring quality service and optimal resource use.

🔑 2. Core Principles of Library Management

✅ 1. Planning
• Planning is the foundation of all management functions.
• Involves setting objectives, policies, and procedures for library services.
• Example: Planning for digitization, new book acquisition, or space utilization.

✅ 2. Organization
• Structuring the library staff and activities into a clear hierarchy.
• Defining roles and responsibilities.
• Promotes efficient workflow and accountability.

✅ 3. Staffing
• Recruiting and assigning qualified personnel.
• Includes training, motivation, and performance evaluation.
• Ensures the right people are in the right roles.
✅ 4. Directing (Leadership)
• Guiding and supervising library staff.
• Encouraging team spirit and professional growth.
• Helps achieve goals with minimal conflict.

✅ 5. Coordinating
• Integrating the efforts of all departments and staff.
• Promotes harmony and reduces duplication of work.
• Example: Coordination between acquisition and cataloging units.

✅ 6. Controlling
• Monitoring and evaluating ongoing activities.
• Comparing actual performance with planned targets.
• Includes audits, user feedback, and usage statistics.

✅ 7. Budgeting
• Preparing and managing financial plans.
• Ensures optimal use of funds for resources, staff, and services.

✅ 8. Evaluation
• Regular assessment of services, collections, and staff.
• Helps in identifying areas for improvement.
• Tools: User surveys, performance metrics.

✅ 9. User-Centered Service
• All activities should focus on user satisfaction.
• Ensures the library meets the informational, educational, and research needs of its users.
✅ 10. Flexibility
• Library management should be adaptable to changes (e.g., technological advancements, user
needs, policies).
• Encourages innovation and continuous improvement.

🎯 3. Importance of Applying Management Principles in

Libraries
• Increases efficiency and reduces waste
• Enhances user satisfaction
• Improves resource management
• Facilitates growth and development
• Ensures goal-oriented operations

📘 Library Organisation and Structure

📌 1. Definition
Library Organisation refers to the systematic arrangement of various departments, resources,
personnel, and services within a library to ensure smooth operations and efficient service delivery.
Library Structure is the hierarchical and functional layout that defines roles, responsibilities, and
relationships among different units and staff within the library.

🏛️ 2. Objectives of Library Organisation

• To provide efficient and coordinated services
• To clearly define responsibilities and workflows
• To facilitate communication and supervision
• To optimize the use of resources (human, financial, and material)

🗂️ 3. Types of Library Organisation Structures

🔹 A. Hierarchical Structure (Line Structure)
• Based on levels of authority
 • Clear chain of command: Top → Middle → Lower level
• Common in academic and government libraries

Level Example
Top Chief Librarian / Library Director
Middle Deputy Librarians / Section Heads
Lower Assistant Librarians / Clerks / Attendants

🔹 B. Functional Structure
• Organised based on functions or services
• Example departments: Acquisition, Cataloguing, Circulation, Reference

🔹 C. Matrix Structure
• Combines both hierarchical and functional structures
• Staff may report to more than one supervisor (e.g., section head and project head)

🧩 4. Major Sections/Units in a Library Organisation

Section Function
Acquisition Section Selection and purchase of books and materials
Technical Section Classification and cataloguing of materials
Circulation Section Issue, return, and renewal of documents
Reference Section Assisting users with reference queries and research
Periodicals Section Management of journals, magazines, and newspapers
Digital Library/IT Section E-resources, databases, and automation management
Administration Section Budgeting, staffing, reporting, and policy planning

👥 5. Library Staff Structure (Typical Example)

Principal / Head of Institution
↓
Chief Librarian / Library Director
↓
Deputy Librarian
↓
Assistant Librarians
↓
Library Assistants / Technicians
↓
Clerical Staff / Attendants / Support Staff

🧾 6. Factors Influencing Library Organisation

• Type of library (academic, public, special, national)
 • Size of the collection
• User base and services offered
• Available staff and budget
• Level of automation/digitization

🔄 7. Importance of Effective Organisation

• Enhances operational efficiency
• Prevents duplication of work
• Facilitates quick decision-making
• Improves user service and satisfaction
• Supports growth and adaptability

📘 Use and Maintenance of the Library

This topic covers the practical aspects of managing a library's physical and digital resources,
ensuring that materials are accessible, in good condition, and regularly evaluated.

🔄 1. Circulation
✅ Definition:
The process of issuing, returning, renewing, and reserving library materials to and from users.

🔹 Key Activities:
• Issue & Return of Books (manual or automated using barcodes/RFID)
• Renewals & Reservations
• Overdue Management – collecting fines, sending reminders
• User Registration & Membership Management
• Use of Circulation Registers or LMS (e.g., Koha, SOUL)

🔹 Importance:
• Promotes efficient use of resources
• Tracks usage data and borrowing trends
• Ensures equitable access to materials
📦 2. Maintenance of Library Materials
✅ Purpose:
To keep all resources in good physical and functional condition.

🔹 Tasks Involved:
• Regular dusting and cleaning
• Repairing torn pages, broken spines
• Monitoring book returns for damage
• Ensuring labels, barcodes, and RFID tags remain intact

🗂️ 3. Shelving
✅ Definition:
Systematic arrangement of books and materials on shelves as per classification systems (e.g.,
DDC, UDC).

🔹 Best Practices:
• Shelve according to call number order
• Use shelf guides for user assistance
• Maintain proper spacing and alignment
• Conduct shelf-reading regularly to correct misplacement

📊 4. Stock Verification
✅ Definition:
The process of checking the physical existence of library materials against the library's records.

🔹 Types:
• Annual stock verification
• Sample/Random checking
• Continuous/Progressive verification

🔹 Objectives:
• Identify missing or lost items
• Detect misplaced or damaged books
 • Update the catalogue and records

🔹 Tools:
• Stock verification register
• Library Management Software (LMS)

📚 5. Binding and Preservation

✅ Binding:
• Re-binding old or damaged books to extend their lifespan
• Used for loose issues of journals and frequently used books

✅ Preservation:
• Preventive care to protect materials from environmental damage (humidity, pests, light)
• Use of acid-free paper, climate control, fumigation

🔹 Preservation of digital materials:

• Regular backups
• Use of secure servers and cloud storage
• Migration to updated formats

🗑️ 6. Weeding Out
✅ Definition:
The process of removing outdated, damaged, irrelevant, or duplicate materials from the
collection.

🔹 Criteria for Weeding:

• Obsolete or superseded editions
• Physically damaged beyond repair
• Low usage or no demand
• Duplicates

🔹 Methods:
• Sale, donation, recycling, or archival storage
• Documented through weeding registers or LMS
🔧 7. Other Maintenance Activities
Activity Purpose
Labeling & Stamping Ownership and classification
Pest Control Prevent damage by insects (e.g., silverfish, termites)
Dusting/Cleaning Ensures hygiene and document care
Environment Control Temperature, humidity, and lighting control for preservation

📘 Library Classification Theory and Practice

Topic: Library Classification Schemes – DDC, CC, UDC

📌 1. Definition of Library Classification

Library Classification is the process of systematically arranging books and other materials in a
logical sequence based on their subject content, using a standard scheme or system.

🎯 2. Objectives of Classification
• To organize books by subject for easy retrieval
• To group related subjects together
• To facilitate systematic shelving and browsing
• To support efficient cataloging and indexing

🗂️ 3. Types of Classification Schemes

Classification schemes are mainly of three types:

Scheme Developed By Type Notation Style

DDC (Dewey
Melvil Dewey (1876,
Decimal Enumerative Purely numeric
USA)
Classification)
Mixed notation
CC (Colon S. R. Ranganathan (1933,
Faceted (e.g., numbers +
Classification) India)
letters)
UDC (Universal Based on DDC, by Paul Enumerative + Analytico- Numeric with
Decimal Otlet & Henri La Fontaine Synthetic symbols (e.g.,
 Scheme Developed By Type Notation Style
Classification) (Belgium) colons, slashes)

📘 4. Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC)

📌 Key Features:
• Most widely used in the world
• Numeric system: uses numbers 000–999 to represent subjects
• Based on hierarchical divisions:
• 10 Main Classes
• 100 Divisions
• 1000 Sections

🔢 Example:
• 500 – Natural Sciences
• 510 – Mathematics
• 519 – Probability & Statistics

📌 Notation: Purely decimal numbers

• Allows infinite subdivision using decimal points
• Example: 513.3 (Arithmetic)

📌 Current Edition: 23rd edition (latest updates available online)

📗 5. Colon Classification (CC)

📌 Developed by: S. R. Ranganathan (India)

📌 Key Features:
• Faceted (Analytico-Synthetic) system
• Uses "colon (:) and other symbols" to separate facets
• Based on PMEST formula:
• P – Personality
• M – Matter
• E – Energy
• S – Space
 • T – Time

📌 Notation: Mixed (letters + numbers + symbols)

• Example: X:5;421:N5

📌 Strength:
• Very flexible and expandable
• Suitable for research libraries and Indian subjects

📙 6. Universal Decimal Classification (UDC)

📌 Based on: DDC but more detailed and flexible

📌 Developed by: Paul Otlet & Henri La Fontaine

(in collaboration with the International Institute of Bibliography)

📌 Features:
• Used widely in special and scientific libraries
• Uses synthetic notation with symbols (like +, :, /)
• Supports multi-disciplinary subjects

🔢 Example:
• 004.421.2 – Programming languages

📌 Notation:
• Decimal-based, but uses:
• Colon (:) for relation
• Slash (/) for consecutive numbers
• Plus (+) for combination of subjects

📊 7. Comparison Table
Feature DDC CC UDC
Enumerative + Analytico-
Type Enumerative Faceted
Synthetic
Notation Numeric Mixed Numeric + Symbols
Flexibility Moderate High Very High
Public/School Research/Academic
Best for Special/Technical Libraries
Libraries Libraries
 Feature DDC CC UDC
Developer Melvil Dewey S. R. Ranganathan Otlet & La Fontaine

✅ Summary
• DDC is widely used and easy to apply.
• CC offers more depth and flexibility through faceted classification.
• UDC is powerful for complex and interdisciplinary subjects.
All three systems aim to organize knowledge systematically, improving accessibility and
efficiency in libraries.

📘 Library Cataloguing – Theory and

Practice
🧭 Topic: Canons and Principles of Cataloguing

📌 1. Definition of Library Cataloguing

Library cataloguing is the process of creating entries (records) for library materials that help users
identify, locate, and access those materials. These entries are organized in a catalogue, which acts
as a search tool for the collection.

🧱 2. Canons of Cataloguing
The term "canon" refers to the basic rules or standards established for the construction of
catalogues.

📘 Developed by: Dr. S. R. Ranganathan (in his work "Classified Catalogue

Code")

🔹 Major Canons (Grouped by Structure)

📖 A. Canons for Idea Plane (Conceptual Stage)

These deal with the theory behind cataloguing.
 • Canon of Differentiation: Entries must be specific enough to distinguish one document
from another.
• Canon of Relevance: Only relevant details should be included in the catalogue entry.
• Canon of Ascertainability: All data used must be verifiable from the document.

📄 B. Canons for Verbal Plane (Wording of Entries)

These govern how the catalogue entries are written.
• Canon of Prepotence of the Main Entry: The main entry is the most important part of the
catalogue record.
• Canon of Sought Heading: The entry should be made under the heading by which the user
is likely to look for the document.
• Canon of Consistency: Same type of information must be presented in the same format
throughout.
• Canon of Co-extensiveness: The description should cover the document as a whole, not
just a part.

🧾 C. Canons for Notational Plane

These apply to the symbols and formats used in catalogue entries.
• Canon of Sufficient Notation: Notation (e.g., call numbers) must be detailed enough to
fully represent the item.
• Canon of Hospitality: The system must be flexible enough to accommodate future entries.

📜 3. Principles of Cataloguing
These are guiding concepts for cataloguing practice that inform how rules are applied in real
libraries.

📘 Major Cataloguing Principles (International & Indian contributions):

🔹 1. Principle of Uniformity
• All similar materials should be catalogued in a uniform manner, enabling consistency.

🔹 2. Principle of User Convenience

• The catalogue should be designed to meet the needs of users, not just staff.
🔹 3. Principle of Bibliographic Control
• Every item in the collection should be accurately described and accessible.

🔹 4. Principle of Standardization
• Cataloguing should follow international standards (e.g., AACR2, RDA, MARC21).

🔹 5. Principle of Authority Control

• Maintain consistency in names and subjects (e.g., Author names, Subject headings).

🛠️ 4. Modern Cataloguing Standards Influenced by These

Canons
Standard Description
AACR2 (Anglo-American Cataloguing
Traditional rules based on uniformity and clarity
Rules)
Current international standard; flexible and digital-
RDA (Resource Description and Access)
friendly
MARC21 (Machine-Readable Data format for catalog records, used in digital
Cataloguing) systems

✅ Summary
• Canons are foundational rules laid down by Ranganathan to ensure logical and consistent
cataloguing.
• Principles are broader guidelines that emphasize usability, consistency, and control.
• Together, they shape modern cataloguing practices in both physical and digital libraries.

📘 Library Cataloguing Codes – CCC and

AACR

🔍 1. What is a Cataloguing Code?

A cataloguing code is a set of rules and guidelines used to prepare bibliographic records in a
systematic, consistent, and standardized manner. These codes ensure that catalog entries are:
• Uniform
• Understandable
• Useful to users for finding, identifying, and selecting documents
🧾 2. Major Cataloguing Codes: CCC and AACR

📗 A. Classified Catalogue Code (CCC)

🔹 Developed by:
Dr. S. R. Ranganathan (India)

🔹 First Edition:
1934
Latest Edition: 5th ed., 1964

🔹 Type:
Designed for use with Classified Catalogues based on Colon Classification

📌 Key Features of CCC:

• Emphasizes the use of Main Entry, Added Entries, and Cross References
• Closely linked with Classified arrangement (i.e., subject classification)
• Uses "Leading Section" for entries before classified part (e.g., author, title)
• Strong focus on uniformity and precision
• Includes "Canons of Cataloguing", developed by Ranganathan
• Good for book libraries with physical collections

✅ Advantages:
• Logical and scientific structure
• Highly detailed and rule-based
• Suited for libraries using Colon Classification

❌ Limitations:
• Complex and difficult to adapt in digital environments
• Not suitable for international or digital resource cataloguing
• Lacks rules for non-book materials (AVs, e-books, etc.)
📘 B. Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules (AACR)
🔹 Developed by:
Jointly by American Library Association (ALA), British Library Association, and others

🔹 First Edition:
1967
Second Edition (AACR2): 1978, revised multiple times
Later succeeded by RDA (Resource Description & Access)

📌 Key Features of AACR/AACR2:

• Designed for international use
• Suitable for both card and online catalogues
• Covers books and non-book materials (AVs, maps, e-resources)
• Divided into Part I (Description) and Part II (Access Points)
• Emphasizes ISBD (International Standard Bibliographic Description)
• Supports title, author, and series entries

✅ Advantages:
• Widely accepted internationally
• Flexible and adaptable for different types of libraries
• Compatible with MARC21, OPACs, and digital catalogues

❌ Limitations:
• AACR2 still based on card catalogues (pre-digital era)
• Superseded by RDA, which is more suited for web-based catalogues

🔄 Comparison Table: CCC vs AACR

Feature CCC AACR2
Developer S. R. Ranganathan (India) ALA, BLA, etc. (International)
Year 1934 1978 (AACR2)
Classified catalogue (with subject Dictionary catalogue (author/title/subject
Focus
codes) entries)
Coverage Mainly book materials Books + non-book materials
Suitability Traditional libraries Modern libraries (including digital)
 Feature CCC AACR2
Notation Uses Colon Classification Uses ISBD and MARC-compatible fields
Use Mostly in India Global acceptance

🧭 3. Evolution to RDA (Resource Description and Access)

• RDA was introduced in 2010 as the successor to AACR2
• Based on FRBR (Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records)
• Fully suited for digital libraries, OPACs, and web resources

✅ Summary
CCC AACR2
Indian origin, suited for classified International standard, widely used for general and
catalogue systems digital cataloguing
Theoretical and rule-heavy Practical, flexible, and user-oriented
Best for traditional libraries Best for modern, digital, and hybrid libraries

📘 Reference and Information Sources

✨ Topic: Bibliography and Reference Sources – Types of
Bibliography

📌 1. What is a Bibliography?
A bibliography is a list of documents or sources (books, articles, reports, etc.) compiled on a
particular subject, author, or time period. It may include published or unpublished works and
often provides full bibliographic details.
📖 Bibliographies help researchers, librarians, and students locate relevant
information sources.

📖 2. Types of Bibliography
Bibliographies are classified based on different criteria, such as purpose, scope, format, and
arrangement.
📂 A. According to Scope or Coverage
Type Description Example
General Bibliography Covers books on all subjects British National Bibliography
Covers documents on a particular A Bibliography on Artificial
Subject Bibliography
subject Intelligence
Lists works by or about a particular A Bibliography of Rabindranath
Author Bibliography
author Tagore
Lists documents published in a Indian National Bibliography
National Bibliography
specific country (INB)
Regional Bibliography Covers a specific region or area Bibliography of North-East India
Special Bibliography Covers a narrow or specialized field Bibliography on Nano-Medicine
Institutional Lists publications by a specific Bibliography of ICSSR
Bibliography institution Publications

📚 B. According to Form
Type Description
Monographic Bibliography Published as a single volume or book
Periodical Bibliography Issued regularly (monthly, annually) as a serial publication

🔍 C. According to Purpose
Type Description
Selective Bibliography Includes only important or selected documents
Comprehensive Bibliography Includes all available material, exhaustive in coverage
Annotated Bibliography Includes a brief description or evaluation of each entry
Enumerative Bibliography Simply lists the documents with basic details, no evaluation

📑 D. According to Arrangement
Type Description
Alphabetical Bibliography Arranged by author, title, or subject alphabetically
Chronological Bibliography Arranged by date/year of publication
Classified Bibliography Arranged according to a classification system (e.g., DDC)

🧾 3. Importance of Bibliographies
• Help in literature review and research
• Assist in collection development for libraries
• Provide reference tools for scholars and students
• Save time by offering ready-made lists of relevant materials
📘 Reference and Information Sources
✨ Topic: Reference Sources – Dictionaries, Encyclopedias,
Ready Reference Sources, etc.

📌 1. What are Reference Sources?

Reference sources are materials designed to be consulted for specific information rather than
read from beginning to end. These are often used to find facts, definitions, statistics, explanations,
or summaries.
They are broadly categorized as:
1. Ready Reference Sources
2. Long-range Reference Sources

📚 2. Ready Reference Sources

These are quick-consult sources that provide brief, factual information instantly.

🔹 Common Types:
Type Description Example
Provide meanings, pronunciation, spelling, Oxford English Dictionary,
Dictionaries
etymology Merriam-Webster
Give summary articles on topics; arranged Encyclopedia Britannica, World
Encyclopedias
alphabetically Book
Provide addresses, contact info, Government Directory,
Directories
affiliations of people/organizations Telephone Directory
Yearbooks / Contain current statistics and facts about India Year Book, The World
Almanacs the year Almanac
Biographical Contain information on famous Who's Who, Dictionary of
Sources individuals’ lives National Biography
Give information on geographical places:
Gazetteers The Imperial Gazetteer of India
location, population, etc.
Contain maps and geographic
Atlases Times Atlas of the World
information
Handbooks/ Contain instructions, procedures, or CRC Handbook of Chemistry and
Manuals condensed facts on a subject Physics
UN Statistical Yearbook, Census
Statistical Sources Provide data and figures on various topics
Reports
📖 3. Long-Range Reference Sources
These are used for detailed study or research rather than quick answers.
Examples include:
• Subject Encyclopedias
• Bibliographies
• Indexing & Abstracting Services
• Research Reports
• Treatises

🔍 4. Detailed Notes on Key Types

✅ A. Dictionaries
• Provide meanings, spellings, usage, synonyms/antonyms.
• Types:
• General (e.g., Oxford Dictionary)
• Subject-specific (e.g., Dictionary of Sociology)
• Bi-lingual/Multilingual (e.g., English-Hindi Dictionary)

✅ B. Encyclopedias
• Provide in-depth summary articles on wide-ranging or specialized subjects.
• Types:
• General (e.g., Encyclopedia Britannica)
• Subject-specific (e.g., McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology)

✅ C. Yearbooks/Almanacs
• Provide annual updates on events, statistics, policies, etc.
• Useful for current facts and figures

✅ D. Directories
• List of people, institutions, or companies with contact info.
• Useful for networking, research, or verification.
🎯 5. Importance of Reference Sources in Libraries
• Help users find accurate and quick information
• Support reference services provided by librarians
• Aid students, teachers, researchers, and general users
• Enhance decision-making by providing reliable data

📘 Sources of Information
✨ Topic: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Documentary Sources

📌 1. Definition of Sources of Information

Sources of information are the various origins or mediums through which information is created,
stored, and communicated.
They are classified based on how close they are to the original event or data.

🧩 2. Types of Sources of Information

🟦 A. Primary Sources
🔹 Definition:
Primary sources are original, first-hand documents or data produced at the time of the event or
discovery.
They are raw, uninterpreted sources of information.

🔹 Examples:
• Research articles presenting new findings
• Theses and dissertations
• Diaries, letters, autobiographies
• Government records, statistics
• Patents
• Manuscripts
• Conference papers
• Survey data
🔹 Characteristics:
• Original, uninterpreted
• Created by direct witnesses or creators
• Used in research and evidence-based studies

🟨 B. Secondary Sources
🔹 Definition:
Secondary sources are based on primary sources.
They interpret, analyze, evaluate, or summarize original information.

🔹 Examples:
• Textbooks
• Review articles
• Biographies
• Criticism or commentaries
• Indexes and abstracts
• Encyclopedias

🔹 Characteristics:
• Provide context and explanation
• Usually published later
• Useful for understanding background and trends

🟩 C. Tertiary Sources
🔹 Definition:
Tertiary sources are compilations, lists, or indexes of primary and secondary sources.
They help users locate information from other sources.

🔹 Examples:
• Bibliographies
• Indexes and abstracting services
• Directories
• Library catalogues
• Databases
 • Almanacs

🔹 Characteristics:
• Point users to where information can be found
• Do not provide new information or analysis
• Used for reference or search purposes

🟧 D. Documentary Sources
🔹 Definition:
Documentary sources include any form of recorded information, either printed or electronic, that
can be stored, retrieved, and used.

🔹 Includes:
• All books, journals, reports, audiovisual materials
• Available in print, microform, or digital formats
📂 Documentary sources can include primary, secondary, or tertiary materials.

📊 3. Comparison Table
Feature Primary Secondary Tertiary Documentary
Content Original Interpretation Compilation Recorded info
Analyze or
Purpose Present new info Help locate sources Preserve info
explain
Research papers, Textbooks, Bibliographies,
Examples Books, reports, databases
diaries reviews catalogues
Anyone recording
Creator First-hand author Later analysts Indexers or editors
information

✅ Summary
• Primary sources = Original data or firsthand accounts
• Secondary sources = Interpretation or analysis of primary data
• Tertiary sources = Tools to find primary/secondary sources
• Documentary sources = Any recorded info, in any form
All these types serve different roles in research, learning, and reference services in libraries and
academic work.
📘 Non-Documentary Sources & E-
Documents
🧭 Topic: E-Books, E-Journals, and Other Electronic Sources

🟦 1. Non-Documentary Sources of Information

🔹 Definition:
Non-documentary sources are informal or human-based sources of information that are not
recorded in physical or digital documents.

✅ Examples:
• Subject experts and specialists
• Interviews and personal communication
• Seminars, conferences, webinars
• Lectures and oral history
• Field visits and observations

🧩 Usefulness:
• Offer first-hand knowledge or experience
• Fill in gaps not covered in written documents
• Provide contextual or tacit knowledge

🟨 2. Electronic Documents (E-Documents)

🔹 Definition:
E-documents are documents created, stored, and accessed in digital format, rather than on paper.
They are accessible through:
• Computers, mobile devices, or digital libraries
• Often found via the internet, databases, or library portals

🟢 3. Types of E-Documents
✅ A. E-Books
📌 Definition:
Digitized version of printed books, or born-digital books, readable on e-readers, computers, or
mobile devices.

🔹 Features:
• Searchable text
• Adjustable fonts
• Portable and accessible 24/7
• Often DRM (Digital Rights Management) protected

🔹 Examples:
• Google Books
• Kindle eBooks
• Project Gutenberg
• NPTEL eBooks (educational)

✅ B. E-Journals
📌 Definition:
Scholarly or professional journals published in electronic format.

🔹 Features:
• Peer-reviewed content
• Can include multimedia (videos, hyperlinks)
• Fast publication compared to print
• Accessible via databases or open access

🔹 Examples:
• JSTOR, ScienceDirect, IEEE Xplore
• DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals)

✅ C. E-Newspapers & E-Magazines

• Digital versions of daily or periodical publications
• Include multimedia content
• Accessible via websites or apps
🔹 Examples:
• The Hindu ePaper, Times of India Digital Edition
• India Today (Digital)

✅ D. Databases
📌 Definition:
Organized digital collections of data, articles, and publications.

🔹 Types:
• Bibliographic (e.g., Scopus, PubMed)
• Full-text (e.g., EBSCOhost, ProQuest)
• Statistical (e.g., World Bank Data)

✅ E. Other E-Resources
Type Description Examples
E-Theses &
Digital academic research papers Shodhganga (India), PQDT
Dissertations
NPTEL, Coursera,
E-Learning Content Online video/audio courses
SWAYAM
Portable digital storage (now less
CD-ROMs/DVDs Encyclopedias on CD
common)

🔁 4. Advantages of E-Documents
• Instant access, no physical storage needed
• Searchable, portable, and shareable
• Updated content available faster than print
• Supports remote learning and research

⚠️5. Challenges
• Digital divide (limited access in rural areas)
• Requires devices and internet
• Copyright/DRM issues
• Risk of information overload
✅ Summary
• Non-documentary sources include expert communication and real-life experiences.
• E-documents are digital formats like e-books, e-journals, databases, and e-learning tools.

📘 Information Services
✨ Topic: Concept and Need for Information

📌 1. Concept of Information Services

🧾 Definition:
Information services are organized library or institutional services that aim to provide users with
timely, accurate, and relevant information to meet their academic, research, or personal needs.
“Information service is the act of providing information to the user in response to a
specific need or request.” – S.R. Ranganathan

🔍 Types of Information Services:

Type Description
Reference Service Assists users in finding answers using reference tools
Current Awareness Service (CAS) Keeps users up to date with the latest developments
Selective Dissemination of Delivers customized information to individual users based
Information (SDI) on interests
Directs users to other institutions or sources for specific
Referral Service
information
Document Delivery Service Provides copies of required documents
Translation Service Translates documents from one language to another
Provides summaries and indexing for quick access to
Indexing and Abstracting Services
content
Offers lists of documents (bibliographies) on a subject or
Bibliographic Services
author

🧭 2. Need for Information

📌 In today’s knowledge society, information is a vital resource for:
🧑‍🎓 A. Academic Purposes
• Students and teachers need information for learning, teaching, and examinations
• Access to books, research papers, e-journals, etc.

🧪 B. Research and Development

• Researchers need updated, accurate, and specific data
• Support for innovation and experimentation

🏢 C. Decision-Making in Organizations
• Businesses and institutions rely on reliable information for planning and strategy
• Use of market data, reports, government policies

📈 D. Career and Employment

• Individuals need information on jobs, training, and career opportunities

🌐 E. General Awareness
• Information helps in informed citizenship, understanding society, and global issues

🎯 3. Importance of Information Services

• Save time and effort for users
• Improve quality of education and research
• Enable access to reliable and organized information
• Support lifelong learning
• Bridge the gap between information sources and users

📘 Types of Documents
(Useful for Library Science and Information Studies)

📌 1. Definition of Document
A document is any recorded information or material object that can be used as evidence or source
of information.
📖 S.R. Ranganathan defined a document as:
“Any source of information, in any form, which is capable of being read or used for
instruction.”
🗂️ 2. Types of Documents
Documents can be classified based on format, content, physical form, or mode of production.

🟦 A. Based on Physical Form

Type Description Examples
Physical documents printed on Books, newspapers,
Printed Documents
paper magazines
Historical letters, ancient
Manuscripts Handwritten documents
scripts
Microforms Miniature images of documents Microfilm, microfiche
Electronic Documents (E-
Digital files stored electronically PDFs, e-books, e-journals
documents)

🟨 B. Based on Bibliographic Form

Type Description Examples
Books Complete works published as one unit Textbooks, novels
Periodicals Publications issued at regular intervals Journals, magazines
Academic research submitted for
Theses/Dissertations PhD theses
degrees
Factual accounts of research or Government reports, technical
Reports
findings reports
Conference Collection of papers presented at Seminar papers, symposium
Proceedings conferences volumes
Standards/ Official norms and technical
ISO standards, BIS specifications
Specifications instructions
Patents Legal documents for inventions Patent databases

🟩 C. Based on Information Content

Type Description Examples
Primary Documents Original material or firsthand accounts Research papers, patents
Secondary
Interpret or analyze primary documents Review articles, textbooks
Documents
Compile or index primary and secondary Bibliographies, indexes,
Tertiary Documents
sources databases

🟧 D. Based on Format or Medium

Type Description
Textual Documents Contain written or printed text
Non-textual Documents Include images, audio, video, maps
Multimedia Documents Combine text, images, sound, and video
🟥 E. Special Types of Documents
Type Description Examples
Unpublished or semi-published
Grey Literature Project reports, policy briefs
materials
Archival Government archives, institutional
Preserved historical records
Documents records
Legal Documents Related to law and regulations Acts, court rulings, contracts

Here are focused and easy-to-understand notes on:

📘 Nature and Organization of Information

Services

📌 1. Nature of Information Services

🧾 Definition:
Information services are organized efforts to provide users with relevant, accurate, and timely
information to meet their specific needs.

🔍 Characteristics:
• User-Centered: Designed to fulfill the unique information needs of individuals or groups.
• Dynamic: Continuously updated with the latest information.
• Multi-Format: Provide information in various forms—print, electronic, audio-visual.
• Specialized: Tailored to particular fields or user groups (e.g., medical, legal, academic).
• Interactive: Often involves direct communication between users and information
professionals.
• Facilitates Decision Making: Helps users make informed decisions in research, business,
education, etc.
• Efficient: Saves time and effort by filtering, selecting, and organizing information.
🗂️ 2. Organization of Information Services
🏢 Key Components:
Component Description
Service Policy Defines the scope, goals, and user groups of the service.
Information Sources Collections of documents and data to be used.
Human Resources Skilled librarians and information specialists.
Technology & Tools Computers, databases, software, internet access.
Service Delivery Methods to provide information (reference desk, online platforms,
Mechanism SDI).
User Training Teaching users how to access and use information effectively.
Feedback and Evaluation Monitoring service quality and user satisfaction.

🔹 Types of Information Services Provided

• Reference Service: Assisting users in finding answers.
• Current Awareness Service (CAS): Alerting users to new publications or information.
• Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI): Sending personalized information based on
user profiles.
• Referral Service: Directing users to other sources or institutions.
• Document Delivery Service: Providing copies or access to requested documents.
• Bibliographic Service: Creating and providing bibliographies on specific subjects.
• Translation Service: Translating documents into different languages.

🔹 Steps to Organize Information Services

1. Identify User Needs: Conduct surveys or interviews.
2. Develop Collection: Gather relevant and current sources.
3. Select Appropriate Services: Based on user requirements.
4. Train Staff: Equip personnel with necessary skills.
5. Use Technology: Implement databases, online catalogs, and digital communication.
6. Promote Services: Inform users about available services.
7. Evaluate & Improve: Gather feedback for continuous improvement.

📘 Abstracting and Indexing Services

📌 1. Definition
✅ Abstracting Services
These services provide summaries (abstracts) of documents, especially journal articles, to help
users quickly understand the essence of a document without reading the full text.
🔹 An abstract is a brief, accurate, and objective representation of a document’s
content.

✅ Indexing Services
These services provide lists of keywords, subjects, authors, or titles of documents, making it
easier for users to locate and retrieve information.
🔹 An index gives access points to the content of documents.

📂 2. Purpose of Abstracting & Indexing Services

• Help users identify relevant documents quickly
• Save time and effort in literature search
• Assist researchers in keeping up-to-date
• Aid in information retrieval and collection development

🧾 3. Types of Abstracts
Type Description
Indicative Abstract Summarizes only the main topics or scope
Informative Abstract Includes key findings, methods, and results
Critical Abstract Evaluates the quality or relevance of the document
Slanted Abstract Tailored for a specific audience or purpose

🗂️ 4. Types of Indexing
Type Description
Author Index Lists documents by authors' names
Subject Index Lists by subject or topic keywords
Title Index Lists by document titles
Keyword Index Lists by significant words from titles or abstracts
🧭 5. Major Abstracting and Indexing Services (Examples)
Field Abstracting/Indexing Services
General Scopus, Web of Science
Science & Technology Chemical Abstracts, INSPEC, BIOSIS
Medicine PubMed/MEDLINE, Index Medicus
Library Science LISA (Library and Information Science Abstracts)
Social Sciences Sociological Abstracts, PsycINFO
Multidisciplinary EBSCO, ProQuest, JSTOR (indexing + full text)

🌐 6. Online vs. Print Services

Feature Online Print
Speed Instant access Slower
Searchability Advanced (Boolean, filters) Manual
Coverage Extensive and updated Limited and periodic
Examples Scopus, PubMed, EBSCO Index Medicus (print), Biological Abstracts

✅ 7. Importance in Library & Research Work

• Help in systematic literature review
• Support academic writing and citations
• Aid librarians in reference and information services
• Enhance research visibility and impact tracking

📝 Summary
• Abstracting services = Summarize documents
• Indexing services = Provide access points for retrieval
• Both are essential tools for researchers, students, librarians, and academic professionals.
• They improve efficiency and effectiveness of information search and discovery.

💻 Computer-Based Information Services

📌 Topic: Current Awareness Service (CAS) & Selective Dissemination of
Information (SDI)
📘 1. Introduction to Computer-Based Information Services
Computer-based information services use digital tools and technologies to collect, organize, and
deliver information to users efficiently.
These services are automated, fast, and scalable, and they form a core part of modern library
and information systems.

🖥️ 2. Key Services: CAS and SDI

🟦 A. Current Awareness Service (CAS)

🔹 Definition:
CAS is a service that keeps users informed about the latest developments in their area of interest.
📖 “CAS is the process of notifying users about newly available documents or
information.”

🔍 Features:
• Non-selective: Same information is sent to all users.
• Focused on new additions (books, articles, journals).
• Often delivered via emails, bulletins, alerts, or library websites.
• Updated regularly (daily, weekly, or monthly).

📌 Examples:
• Weekly email of new journal articles in a subject area
• New book alerts in an online public access catalogue (OPAC)
• Library newsletters or current content alerts

✅ Advantages:
• Keeps users up-to-date
• Easy to automate using library software
• Saves users time in searching
❌ Limitations:
• May deliver irrelevant content to some users
• Information overload possible due to broad scope

🟨 B. Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI)

🔹 Definition:
SDI is a personalized information service that provides relevant documents to individual users
based on their specific profiles or interests.
📖 “SDI involves matching users’ profiles with newly added information and
delivering only what is relevant.”

🔍 Features:
• Highly selective and user-specific
• Based on a user profile (subject area, keywords, preferences)
• Requires a user registration and profile updating
• Delivered through email, dashboards, or portals

📌 Examples:
• A research scholar receives weekly alerts on articles about “artificial intelligence in
education.”
• A medical professional gets only oncology-related journal updates from PubMed.

✅ Advantages:
• Saves time and effort by filtering irrelevant data
• Delivers only useful and targeted content
• Increases research efficiency

❌ Limitations:
• Needs accurate and updated user profiles
• Technically more complex to manage than CAS
• Can miss out on broader developments if profile is too narrow
🔁 3. CAS vs SDI – Comparison Table
Feature CAS SDI
Audience General (group-based) Individual (personalized)
Content All new info in a subject Only relevant info per user profile
User Profile Not required Required and detailed
Frequency Regular intervals As per updates and matching
Relevance May include irrelevant info Highly relevant
Examples Library newsletter Personalized research alerts

✅ 4. Importance in Modern Libraries

• Enhances user satisfaction and research productivity
• Supports time-saving in information retrieval
• Useful for researchers, academicians, professionals
• Helps libraries remain proactive in user engagement

📝 Summary
• CAS = Broad alerts to inform all users about new materials
• SDI = Tailored alerts for individual user needs
Both are essential computer-based information services in digital libraries, helping users
stay updated and focused on their areas of interest.