UNIT-3

Industrial Policy
Industrial Policy Resolution, 1948 (IPR, 1948) was first policy of independent India. Its main
focus was that the state must play an active role in the development of industries with
government stressing on the socialistic pattern of society. This policy remains in force for 8
years.

Industrial Policy is the set of standards and measures set by the Government to evaluate the
progress of the manufacturing sector that ultimately enhances economic growth and development
of the country.
The government takes measures to encourage and improve the competitiveness and capabilities
of various firms.
Objectives of Industrial Policy

1. To maintain steady growth in productivity.

2. To create more employment opportunities.
3. Utilize the available human resources better
4. To accelerate the progress of the country through different means
5. To match the level of international standards and competitiveness

Industrial Policy in India

The various industrial policy introduced by the Indian government are as follows:

Industrial Policy Resolution, 1948

 It declared the Indian economy as Mixed Economy

 Small scale and cottage industries were given the importance
 The government restricted foreign investments
 Industries were divided into 4 categories
 Exclusive monopoly of central government(arms and ammunitions, production of
atomic energy and management of railways)
 New undertaking undertaken only by state(coal, iron and steel, aircraft
manufacturing, ship building, telegraph, telephone etc.)
 Industries to be regulated by the government(Industries of basic importance)
 Open to private enterprise, individuals and cooperatives(remaining)
 Government action to influence the ownership & structure of the industry and its
performance. It takes the form of paying subsidies or providing finance in other ways, or of
regulation.
 It includes procedures, principles (i.e., the philosophy of a given economy), policies, rules
and regulations, incentives and punishments, the tariff policy, the labour policy,
government’s attitude towards foreign capital, etc.
Objectives

The main objectives of the Industrial Policy of the Government in India are:

 to maintain a sustained growth in productivity;

 to enhance gainful employment;
 to achieve optimal utilisation of human resources;
 to attain international competitiveness; and
 to transform India into a major partner and player in the global arena.
Industrial Policies in India since Independence

 Industrial Policy Resolution of 1948- It defined the broad contours of the

policy delineating the role of the State in industrial development both as an
entrepreneur and authority.

o It made clear that India is going to have a Mixed Economic Model.

o It classified industries into four broad areas:

 Strategic Industries (Public Sector): It included three industries in which

Central Government had monopoly. These included Arms and ammunition,
Atomic energy and Rail transport.
 Basic/Key Industries (Public-cum-Private Sector): 6 industries viz. coal, iron
& steel, aircraft manufacturing, ship-building, manufacture of telephone,
telegraph & wireless apparatus, and mineral oil were designated as “Key
Industries” or “Basic Industries”.

 These industries were to be set-up by the Central Government.

 However, the existing private sector enterprises were allowed to continue.
 Important Industries (Controlled Private Sector): It included 18 industries
including heavy chemicals, sugar, cotton textile & woollen industry, cement,
paper, salt, machine tools, fertiliser, rubber, air and sea transport, motor, tractor,
electricity etc.
  These industries continue to remain under private sector however, the
central government, in consultation with the state government, had general
control over them.
 Other Industries (Private and Cooperative Sector): All other industries
which were not included in the above mentioned three categories were left open
for the private sector.
o The Industries (Development and Regulation) Act was passed in 1951 to
implement the Industrial Policy Resolution, 1948.
 Industrial Policy Statement of 1956 : Government revised its first Industrial Policy
(i.e.the policy of 1948) through the Industrial Policy of 1956.

o It was regarded as the “Economic Constitution of India” or “The Bible of State

Capitalism”.
o The 1956 Policy emphasised the need to expand the public sector, to build up a large
and growing cooperative sector and to encourage the separation of ownership and
management in private industries and, above all, prevent the rise of private
monopolies.
o It provided the basic framework for the government’s policy in regard to industries till
June 1991.
o IPR, 1956 classified industries into three categories

 Schedule A consisting of 17 industries was the exclusive responsibility of the

State. Out of these 17 industries, four industries, namely arms and ammunition,
atomic energy, railways and air transport had Central Government monopolies;
new units in the remaining industries were developed by the State Governments.
 Schedule B, consisting of 12 industries, was open to both the private and public
sectors; however, such industries were progressively State-owned.
 Schedule C- All the other industries not included in these two Schedules
constituted the third category which was left open to the private sector.
However, the State reserved the right to undertake any type of industrial
production.
o The IPR 1956, stressed the importance of cottage and small scale industries for
expanding employment opportunities and for wider decentralisation of economic
power and activity
o The Resolution also called for efforts to maintain industrial peace; a fair share of
the proceeds of production was to be given to the toiling mass in keeping with the
avowed objectives of democratic socialism.
 o Criticism: The IPR 1956 came in for sharp criticism from the private sector since this
Resolution reduced the scope for the expansion of the private sector significantly.

 The sector was kept under state control through a system of licenses.
Industrial Licenses

 In order to open new industry or to expand production, obtaining a license from the
government was a prerequisite.
 Opening new industries in economically backward areas was incentivised through easy
licensing and subsidization of critical inputs like electricity and water. This was done to
counter regional disparities that existed in the country.
 Licenses to increase production were issued only if the government was convinced that the
economy required more of the goods.
 Industrial Policy Statement, 1977- In December 1977, the Janata Government announced
its New Industrial Policy through a statement in the Parliament.

o The main thrust of this policy was the effective promotion of cottage and small
industries widely dispersed in rural areas and small towns.
o In this policy the small sector was classified into three groups—cottage and
household sector, tiny sector and small scale industries.
o The 1977 Industrial Policy prescribed different areas for large scale industrial
sector- Basic industries,Capital goods industries, High technology industries and
Other industries outside the list of reserved items for the small scale sector.
o The 1977 Industrial Policy restricted the scope of large business houses so that no unit
of the same business group acquired a dominant and monopolistic position in the
market.
o It put emphasis on reducing the occurrence of labour unrest. The
Government encouraged the worker’s participation in management from shop
floor level to board level.
o Criticism: The industrial Policy 1977, was subjected to serious criticism as there was
an absence of effective measures to curb the dominant position of large scale units
and the policy did not envisage any socioeconomic transformation of the
economy for curbing the role of big business houses and multinationals.
 Industrial Policy of 1980 sought to promote the concept of economic federation, to raise
the efficiency of the public sector and to reverse the trend of industrial production of the
past three years and reaffirmed its faith in the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade
Practices (MRTP) Act and the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA).
New Industrial Policy During Economic Reforms of 1991

The long-awaited liberalised industrial policy was announced by the Government of India in
1991 in the midst of severe economic instability in the country. The objective of the policy was
to raise efficiency and accelerate economic growth.

Features of New Industrial Policy

 De-reservation of Public sector: Sectors that were earlier exclusively reserved for public
sector were reduced. However, pre-eminent place of public sector in 5 core areas like arms
and ammunition, atomic energy, mineral oils, rail transport and mining was continued.

o Presently, only two sectors- Atomic Energy and Railway operations- are reserved
exclusively for the public sector.
 De-licensing: Abolition of Industrial Licensing for all projects except for a short list of
industries.

o There are only 4 industries at present related to security, strategic and environmental
concerns, where an industrial license is currently required-

 Electronic aerospace and defence equipment

 Specified hazardous chemicals
 Industrial explosives
 Cigars and cigarettes of tobacco and manufactured tobacco substitutes
 Disinvestment of Public Sector: Government stakes in Public Sector Enterprises were
reduced to enhance their efficiency and competitiveness.
 Liberalisation of Foreign Investment: This was the first Industrial policy in which
foreign companies were allowed to have majority stake in India. In 47 high priority
industries, upto 51% FDI was allowed. For export trading houses, FDI up to 74% was
allowed.

o Today, there are numerous sectors in the economy where government allows 100%
FDI.
 Foreign Technology Agreement: Automatic approvals for technology related agreements.
 MRTP Act was amended to remove the threshold limits of assets in respect of MRTP
companies and dominant undertakings. MRTP Act was replaced by the Competition Act
2002.
Outcomes of New Industrial Policies

 The 1991 policy made ‘Licence, Permit and Quota Raj’ a thing of the past. It attempted
to liberalise the economy by removing bureaucratic hurdles in industrial growth.
 Limited role of Public sector reduced the burden of the Government.
 The policy provided easier entry of multinational companies, privatisation, removal of
asset limit on MRTP companies, liberal licensing.

o All this resulted in increased competition, that led to lower prices in many goods such
as electronics prices. This brought domestic as well as foreign investment in almost
every sector opened to private sector.
 The policy was followed by special efforts to increase exports. Concepts like Export
Oriented Units, Export Processing Zones, Agri-Export Zones, Special Economic Zones and
lately National Investment and Manufacturing Zones emerged. All these have benefitted
the export sector of the country.
Limitations of Industrial Policies in India

 Stagnation of Manufacturing Sector: Industrial policies in India have failed to push

manufacturing sector whose contribution to GDP is stagnated at about 16% since 1991.
 Distortions in industrial pattern owing to selective inflow of investments: In the current
phase of investment following liberalisation, while substantial investments have been
flowing into a few industries, there is concern over the slow pace of investments in many
basic and strategic industries such as engineering, power, machine tools, etc.
 Displacement of labour: Restructuring and modernisation of industries as a sequel to the
new industrial policy led to displacement of labour.
 Absence of incentives for raising efficiency: Focussing attention on internal liberalisation
without adequate emphasis on trade policy reforms resulted in ‘consumption-led growth’
rather than ‘investment’ or ‘export-led growth’.
 Vaguely defined industrial location policy: The New Industrial Policy, while emphasised
the detrimental effects of damage to the environment, failed to define a proper industrial
location policy, which could ensure a pollution free development of industrial climate.
Industrial Sickness
 Industrial sickness can be defined as a steady imbalance in the debt-equity ratio and
distortion in the financial position of the unit. A sick unit is one which is unable to support
itself through the operation of internal resources.

Industrial Sickness – Special Provisions Act, 1985

The government defined industrial sickness for the first time in the Sick Industrial Companies
(Special Provisions) Act, 1985.
According to this Act, a medium or large (i.e. non-SSI) company was defined as sick if:

(1) it was registered for at least 7 years (later reduced to 5 years)

(2) it incurred cash losses in the current year and the preceding year.

(3) its entire net worth (i.e. paid-up capital and reserves) was eroded.

A company is regarded, as weak or incipiently sick on the erosion of 50% of its peak net worth
during any of the preceding five financial years.

Industrial sickness has been redefined in the Companies (Second Amendment) Act, 2002.

Causes of Industrial Sickness

The reasons for industrial sickness in India can be divided into two categories:

1. Internal causes – which includes

 Faults at the initial levels of planning and construction.
 Financial constraints.
 Labour and management problems.
 Defective, inefficient, and age-old machinery.
 Incompetence on the parts of entrepreneurs.
 Unskilled laborers to work with modern technology.
External causes are those which are beyond the control of its management and include –
 Sudden changes in government policies.
 Erratic supply of inputs.
 Non-availability of energy resources and raw materials.
 Increased competition.
 Power cuts.
 Demand and credit restraints.
 Delay on the part of the Government in sanctioning licenses, permits, etc.
Causes of Industrial Sickness
Internal Causes for Industrial Sickness

Factors which are within the control of management are categorized under internal causes. Some
disorder arising in these internal factors becomes the cause for sickness of an industry. Some of
the internal causes are e given below :

1) Lack of Finance :
Lack of finance is one of the internal disorders which may lead to industrial sickness. It may be
caused due to insufficient funds involving uneconomical and unproductive working capital
management, improper utilization or diversion of funds, weak equity base, exclusion of planning
and budgeting, deficient use of assets and use of inappropriate costing and pricing methods.
For example, some of the jute industries in West Bengal.

2) Bad Production Policies :

The next reason for sickness can be related to the production decisions viz. choosing inefficient
site for conducting production activities, poor maintenance of plants and machineries, absence of
quality control measures, absence of standard research and development techniques, etc.
For example, lamp making industries are suffering from this type of sickness in India.

3) Marketing and Sickness :

The health and vigor of an industry is invariably influenced by its marketing activities. An
inappropriate marketing strategy may cause poor performance of its products and services in
market, and ultimately lead towards industrial sickness. Some of these inefficient marketing
strategies can be incorrect demand forecasting, selection of inappropriate product mix, absence
of product planning, inappropriate market research methods, poor sales promotion techniques,
etc.

4) Inappropriate Personnel Management :

Improper personnel management yet another cause for sickness of an industry. Lack of efficient
personnel management policies can be observed in the form of mismanagement of wages and
salaries of employees, absence of behavioral approach causing discontentment and resentment
among workers and employees, inefficient labour relations, etc.

5) Ineffective Corporate Management :

Another important internal cause for industrial sickness is ineffective corporate management. If
the corporate policies are inappropriate, its top management lacks integrity and the control lacks
among corporate managers and authorities, then such reasons become the major cause for
industrial sickness.

External Causes for Industrial Sickness

These are the external factors which are beyond the control of management of an industry. Some
of these external factors are as follows :

1) Personnel Constraints :
Personnel constraints such as lack of availability of skilled manpower or labour, disparity in
wages of employees and labours as compared to other industries, and the type of labour
employed/available in a region. For example, leather industry is suffering problem of availability
of skilled labours.

2) Marketing Constraints :
Marketing constraints include recession in market, liberal licensing and tax policies imposed by
the government and regulation on making bulk purchases, dynamic international market
environment which may undergo sudden changes, etc. For example, crackers and firework
industries which has been facing huge downfall in its its market demand since last year and lot of
stock has been summed up in the factory. More than 100 units India are up for sale now, which is
alarming.

3) Production Constraints :
Sickness of small scale industries also arises due to the lack of power supply, fuel and high
prices, dearth of raw material, import/export restrictions, etc. These factors are categorized as
product constraints causing industrial sickness. For example, tariff on production material of
steel, Cement, Chemical, plastic, paper, etc. remains high. This is the reason why some of these
industries fail to earn profits and bears these huge expenses leading to industrial sickness.

4) Financial Constraints :
The last most common external cause of sickness in an industry is financial constraints. Such
constraints may arise due to any delay in disbursement of loan by government,
unfavorable investments. credit restraints policy, etc.

Consequences of Industrial Sickness

Industrial sickness is assumed as a problem which has serious consequences. According to the
opinion of the Planning Commission, industrial sickness will result in increasing problem of
unemployment along with wastage of capital resources. An unfavorable climate will be
developed for further industrial growth due to industrial sickness. The major sufferers of
industrial sickness are workers working in sick units. Some of the major consequences associated
with industrial sickness ace enlisted herein :

1) Large-Scale Unemployment :
When a sick unit fails to take forward its operational activities and consequently shuts down,
then the number of workers and labour engaged in such industries become unemployed. Such
consequence is severe if the industrial unit is employing large scale workforce. For example, if a
large-scale cotton textile mill becomes sick, it will greatly affect the substantial amount of
workers.
2) Wastage of Resources :
India being a capital deficient economy can encounter adverse effects, if an industrial unit is shut
down due to sickness as all the resources invested in that unit will be wanted. This issue is
especially critical for large scale sick units where considerable investments are employed in
setting up of plants and machinery.

3) Adverse Effects on Related Units :

Forward and backward connections create a linkage between different industries. Due to this
reason, failure of one industry is expected to affect the other related industries as well. For
example, a textile unit which purchases its raw materials and other inputs from other industrial
unit and sells the manufactured products to other. Therefore, if the textile unit becomes sick, it
will possibly. influence the business operations of these associated industrial units.

4) Industrial Unrest :
The closure of a large-scale industrial unit may lead to the rising unrest among the workforce
engaged in such unit. Such unrest may cause situations of strike which will affect the overall
industrial environment affecting the production of several other associated units.

5) Adverse Effects Investors and Entrepreneurs :

The investors who have invested their capital in an industrial unit may be largely discontented if
such unit becomes sick and closes down. Such discontentment among the existing investors may
also discourage the prospective investors willing to invest in these industrial units. Farther,
failure of a unit acts as a deterrent to other entrepreneurs who may be planning to establish new
industrial units.

6) Losses to Banks and Financial Institutions :

Banks and other financial institutions which have provided credit to sick industrial units suffer
considerable financial losses on account of closure of such units. For example, ICICI, IDBI and
IFCI are some of the prominent institutions that have witnessed such losses due to the non-
recovery of loans provided to the industrial units that are now categorized as sick units. Such
large-scale losses may cause inadequacy of funds among banks and financial institutions arising
due to blocked funds. This will further affect the future lending programmes of these institutions.

7) Decline in the Revenue of Government :

A huge amount of revenue is generated by the central, state and local governments from
industrial units in the form of taxes and duties imposed on these units. Moreover, industrial
sickness causes decrease in the amount of revenue generated by the government from these units.
Remedial Measures for Industrial Sickness

The measures to overcome industrial sickness or remedies of industrial sickness are

enlisted below .

1) Effective Planning :

It is essential for every small and medium sized enterprise to conduct in-depth survey of
prevailing circumstances in small scale sector and productive programmes. Only a small number
of entrepreneurs initiate their operations based on an accurate and diligent plan. Thus, effective
planning is essential as all small entrepreneurs require a detailed project report or an all-inclusive
feasibility study to start their units. Absence of such a planning can affect entrepreneurs with
issues like inappropriate technology, under-estimation of costs, unsuitable location, unqualified
or inexpert consultancy service, etc. Hence, it is indispensable for SMEs to launch effective
action plans for their sustenance.

2) Improvement in Techniques of Production and Proper Technology :

With the advent of technological advancements, firms must attempt. to upgrade their process of
production. They must adopt the latest technology for producing goods/ services. Under the
following circumstances, government consultancy organisations and laboratories play a crucial
role. As small firms are incompetent to spend money on the latest technologies,
government should arrange practical and modern methods of production for them. If financially
possible, firms should also invest in their research and development activities. They should
always strive for constant innovation for leading the market and sustaining in globalized business
environment.

3) Training and Development :

Industries must make coordinated efforts in bestowing formal training and education to workers
involved in this sector as they are the real profitable asset of the industry. Firms should consider
the expenses incurred on training and educational activities as investments for ensuring long-
term of the growth business. Expertise and skills essential in the dynamic business environment
should be provided by the Small Industries Association. Further, in order to compete with
medium and large-scale competitors, small firms should motivate their workers by providing
motivation and offering rewards.

4) Provision of Infrastructural Facilities :

Firms require many important facilities to ensure smooth. functioning of its operations such as
finance,, water supply, power arrangement, etc. These facilities are extended by small industries
corporation. State technical consultancy organisations and State Development Corporation.
However, their support system requires more improvement. Evolution of industrial estates has
resolved this problem partly, yet more efforts are necessary to establish more industrial estates to
accommodate more small units.

5) Regular Supply of Raw Materials :

Small-scale sectors get regular supply of raw materials by Small Industries Development
Corporations and other canalizing agencies. These agencies should undertake requisite actions
for maintaining a steady, but proper supply of raw materials to small and medium sized
enterprises. Government should also take a hand on a regular basis in arranging economical and
affordable imports of raw materials. Firms on the other hand, should maintain regular
procurement of raw materials for avoiding industrial sickness.

6) Adequate Credit Arrangement :

For avoiding industrial sickness, firms and industries should arrange adequate credit for running
their business efficiently. There are many small and medium sized firms which are incompetent
to obtain proper financial support from banks and other funding agencies, they primarily depend
more on owned funds and funds borrowed from non banking sector. However, SEBI has devised
guidelines and directives for venture capital and better finance facility is expected for this sector.
Moreover, lending schemes offered by priority sector should be made more wide-ranging and
general credit with improved limit.

7) Effective Marketing Arrangements :

Every firm must emphasize on their market, brand and product development. They must strive to
persist in the market by paying exceptional significance on quality enhancement programme.
Offering products at cheaper rates and transmitting the benefits to consumers would be
advantageous in the long-run to raise their marketing performance. Marketing the products of
small units by charging a very high price from the customers enables large companies to earn
substantial profits. Thus, firms should adopt effective marketing strategies to overcome industrial
sickness.

Industrial Relation
The term industrial relations comprises two words, i.e. ‘industry’ and ‘relations’. The term
‘industry’ refers to any productive activity in the organisation in which the employees are
engaged. On the other hand, the term ‘relations’ refers to the relationship, which exists within the
industry between the management and the employees. The relationship between management
and employees within the organisation within the organisational settings is defined by industrial
relations. Industrial relations emerge directly or indirectly from management-trade union
relationships.
Characteristics of Industrial Relation
Following are the significant features of industrial relations:Industrial relations are the result of
employment relationships in industrial enterprises.

 Industrial relations introduced the concept and method of balancing and cooperating.
 Industrial relations formulate rules and regulations to maintain harmonious relations.
 The intervention of the Government to shape the industrial relation is made through laws,
agreements, rules, charters, etc.
 Industrial relations incorporate both individual relations and collective relations.
 Several parties play a role in industrial relations. The main parties are employees and
their organisation, employers and their association, and government.

Objectives of Industrial Relation

Following are the different objectives of industrial relation.”

 To establish industrial peace.

 To safeguard the interests of both workers and management.
 To avoid industrial disputes.To raise the production capacity.
 To establish industrial democracy.
 To minimise the labour turnover rate and absenteeism.
 To safeguard the workers economic and social interests.
 To contribute to the economic development of the country through productivity.
 To establish a full employment situation.To minimise strikes, lockout, Heroes, etc., by
providing good working conditions and fair wages to the workers.

Nature of Industrial Relation

 Industrial relations are concerned with the relationship between management and
workers.
 Industrial relations safeguards the interest of employees.
 Industrial relations are concerned with the system, rules, and procedures used by unions
and employees to determine the reward for effort and other conditions of employment,
safeguard the interests of the employees and their employer and regulate how employers
treat their employees.
 Industrial relations maintain a balance with employee expectations, employer
associations, trade unions, and other social and economic institutions of societies.
 Industrial relations help in resolving disputes, conflicts, and controversies between labour
and management.
Scope of Industrial Relation
Industrial Relations is a wide-reaching term. Different scholars have expressed their different
views on the scope of industrial relations. According to Dale Yoder, “Industrial relations
incorporate policies related to recruitment, selection, training of workers, personnel management,
and collective bargaining.”

According to the International Labour Organisation (ILO), industrial relations incorporate the
relations between state and employers and relations between trade unions and employers
associations.According to Richard A Lester, the scope of industrial relations is no longer limited
only to trade unions and industrial management, rather it includes all aspects of labour such as
wages, productivity, social security, management, and employee policies. Trade Union policies
also form part of it.

In a modern organisation, the industrial relations functions are performed by the Industrial
Relations Department. This function is performed under the supervision of the Director of the
Industrial Relations department. In the performance of this function, support is rendered by
different managers and subordinates. Different important functions performed by workers of the
industrial relation department includes:

 Management of policies and programs of industrial relations.

 Public Relation
 Labour Relation
 Recruitment, Selection, and Placement of labourers.
 To provide medical and health-related services.
 To maintain employment records of the employees.
 Provision of recruitment test, ability test, skill test, and intelligence test.
 Provision of training and education program.

Importance of Industrial Relations

Promotes Democracy: Industrial relations means employing collective bargaining to

resolve issues faced by workers. This collective bargaining is generally employed
through cooperation and mutual agreement amongst all the affected parties, i.e.,
democracy, management, and employees unions. This enables an organisation to
establish industrial democracy, which eventually motivates the workers to perform their
best to the growth and prosperity of the organisation.
High Morale: Good industrial relations enhance the morale of the employees and
motivate the workers to work more efficiently.
 Avoid Conflicts Between Management And Union: Industrial relations minimise
issues between unions and management. This is because industrial relations incorporate
setting up machinery to resolve issues faced by management and employees through
mutual agreement to which both these parties are bound. This results in ignoring any
unfair practices that could lead to major conflicts between employers and trade unions.

Minimises Wastage: Satisfactory Industrial relations are maintained on the basis of co-
operation and recognition of each other in the department. It helps to minimise wastage
of material, manpower, and costs.

Economic Growth And Development: Good and harmonious industrial relations result
in increased efficiency and hence prosperity, which in turn minimise turnover and other
tangible benefits to the organisation. This promotes economic growth and development.

Functions of Industrial Relations

The important functions of industrial relations are:

 To establish communication between workers and management to maintain the sound

relationship between the two.
 To establish support between managers and employees.
 To ensure the creative contribution of trade unions to avoid industrial conflicts.
 To safeguard the interests of workers and the management,
 To avoid an unhealthy and unethical atmosphere in an industry.
 To formulate such considerations that may promote understanding, creativity, and
cooperativeness to enhance industrial productivity.
 To ensure better workers’ participation.

Conclusion

To conclude, industrial relation, also known as an employment relationship, is the

versatile academic field that studies the employment relation, i.e. the complex interaction
between employer and employees, labour/trade union, and employer organisation and
state. Also, it is observed that a good industrial relation increases the efficiency of
workers and eventually increases the productivity of an organisation.
Trade Unions
Trade unions are autonomous, membership-based associations of workers who advocate for
and engage in collective bargaining on behalf of the working class. They offer guidance to
their members who have issues at work, speak on their behalf when interacting with
employers, and negotiate better pay and working conditions.

Need for a Trade union

Engaging in collective agreements with the administration ensures that workers and
employees have improved working conditions.

Providing workers with protection and monitoring employee hiring and firing.

Assisting management in the proper level of worker grievance remedies.Referring a

disagreement or issue to arbitration if it is not resolved.

Discuss management issues, including working hours, extra compensation, pay, and access to
healthcare and other social programmes.To foster collaboration with employers.To stir up
support for labour and workers in the general public.

Additionally, unions support members' educational and learning possibilities, advance equal
opportunity at work, combat discrimination, and aid in guaranteeing a safe and healthy
atmosphere at work. Unions also ensure that their employees' legal rights are upheld.
Numerous unions offer their members services, including welfare benefits, private legal
counsel, and financial support.

Characteristics of a Trade Union

Association of Employees: A trade union is simply an organisation of workers who are

members of a specific class of job, profession, trade, or business.

Association made Voluntarily: A worker voluntarily joins a union. No one can be forced to
join a union.

Permanent: Trade unions are typically considered permanent bodies. Members may join and
leave, yet the union is still in place.

Shared Interest: Members of a trade union come together over issues such as job security,
better salary and conditions of employment, and other issues of common interest.

Group Action: When a single employee complains about a particular management decision,
the trade union will step in to help resolve the issue.
Role of Trade Unions

 Employee unions play an important role in an organisation by doing the following

–
 Through aiding in the hiring and choosing of employees.
 Through encouraging workplace discipline, allowing for the amicable resolution
of labour conflicts, and assisting with societal adaptations. The new working
environment and the new norms and procedures must be adopted by the
workforce. Diverse backgrounds in the workforce may cause disarray,
discontentment, and frustration. Unions assist them in making such adjustments.
 Lowering the incidence of labour disputes and instilling in workers a feeling of
corporate social responsibility will promote and maintain national cohesion.
 Establishing industrial harmony.

Management of policies and programs of industrial relations.Public RelationLabour

RelationRecruitment, Selection, and Placement of labourers.To provide medical and
health-related services.To maintain employment records of the employees.Provision of
recruitment test, ability test, skill test, and intelligence test.

Significance of Trade Unions

Trade unions give workers a place to connect and get to know one another, which fosters
a feeling of cooperation. They allow employees to play, relax, and experience the
environment.

Trade unions are crucial in setting up face-to-face talks between employees and
employers to resolve employee complaints. Trade unions are a useful tool for improving
workplace relations.

To ensure that union workers have improved working conditions: By banding together
under trade unions, employees can better demand that their employers provide all basic
support for their employees and, if necessary, use agitation to do so.

To defend employees' desires: Trade unions protect workers' rights from mistreatment at
the hands of employers.To advance the interests of employees:

Trade unions try to better the financial circumstances and difficulties of the workforce.

To ensure the well-being of their members, trade unions work to secure housing
options.They also make arrangements for the union workers' children's schooling. Thus,
the trade union works to advance the workers' socioeconomic well-being while also
attempting to keep them away from bad practices.
UNIT- 3

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ, 1948 (IPR, 1948) औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ यह औऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ
पर औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ-औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ यह औऔऔऔऔऔ 8 औऔऔ तकऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ

औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ

1. औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ

2. औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ अवसर औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ
3. औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ
4. औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ
5. औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ
औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ गई औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ इस
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ:

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ, 1948

 औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ
 औऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ
 औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ कर औऔऔऔ
 औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ 4 औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ
 औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ (औऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔ-औऔऔऔऔ,
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ)
 औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ गए नए औऔऔऔऔऔ (औऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔ और
औऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ,
औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ)
 औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ
(औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ)
 औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ
औऔऔऔ (औऔऔ)
 औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ यह औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ (औऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔ औऔ गई औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ

औऔ औऔऔऔऔ), औऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ,
औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ:

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ;

औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ;

औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ;

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ; और

औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ एकऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ

औऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ

 1948 औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ- औऔऔऔ एक औऔऔऔऔऔ और

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ
औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ
 औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ एक औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ
 औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔ:
 औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ (औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ): औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ और औऔऔऔ-औऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ और औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ/औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ (औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ-सह-औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ): 6

औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔ और औऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ और औऔऔऔऔऔऔ उपकरण, और
औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ "औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ" औऔ "औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ" औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ

• इन औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ

औऔऔ
• औऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ गई औऔऔ

• औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ (औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ): औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ और औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔ, नमक,
औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔ, रबर , औऔऔऔ और औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔ,
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ 18 औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ

• औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ, उन पर औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔ औऔऔ

• औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ (औऔऔऔ और औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ): औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ गए औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ, 1948 औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ 1951 औऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔ (औऔऔऔऔ और औऔऔऔऔऔऔ) औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ

 1956 औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ: औऔऔऔऔ औऔ 1956 औऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ
(औऔऔऔ 1948 औऔ औऔऔऔ) औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ
 औऔऔ "औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ" औऔ "औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ" औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ
 1956 औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ पर औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ एक औऔऔऔ और औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ और औऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ और औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ और औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔ उदय औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ ¬औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ
 औऔऔऔ औऔऔ 1991 तक औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ
 औऔऔऔऔऔ, 1956 औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ

• औऔऔऔऔऔऔ ए औऔऔ 17 औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ और यह औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ इन 17 औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ, औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ,
औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ और औऔऔऔ-औऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔ और औऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ; औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ
नई औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ

• औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔ 12 औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ, औऔऔऔ और

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ; औऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ
• औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ- औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ इन औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ गठन औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ

 औऔऔऔऔऔ 1956 औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ और औऔऔऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔ और औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ
और औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ पर बल औऔऔऔऔ
 औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ; औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ
आय औऔ एक औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ
 औऔऔऔऔऔ: औऔऔऔऔऔ 1956 औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ इस औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ कम कर औऔऔऔऔ
 औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ इस औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ

 नए औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ एक औऔऔऔ औऔऔ
 औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ नए औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ
औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ और औऔऔऔऔ और औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔ यह औऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ
 औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ
जब औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ
 औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ, 1977- औऔऔऔऔऔ 1977 औऔऔ, औऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ एक औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ नई
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ
 इस औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ और औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ और औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ पर औऔऔ
 इस औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ-औऔऔऔऔ और औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ
और औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ
 1977 औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ अलग-अलग औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ-
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔ
 औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ और औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ
 1977 औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ कर औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ एक औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ एक औऔऔऔऔऔ और
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ
 औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ कम औऔऔऔ पर औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ तक औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔ:

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ 1977 औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ गई औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ और औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ-औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ गई औऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ और औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ

 1980 औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ और
औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ और औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ और औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ (MRTP) औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ और औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ (औऔऔऔ)।

1991 औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ नई औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔ समय औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ 1991 औऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔ औऔऔ औऔ गई औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ और औऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ

नई औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ

 औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ: औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ कम कर
औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔ और औऔऔऔ-औऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔ औऔऔ, औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ और खनन औऔऔऔ 5 औऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ
औऔऔऔ
 औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ, औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ- औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ और औऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ- औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ
  औऔ-औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ: औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ एक औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔऔ और औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ 4 औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ, औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ एक
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ-

• औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ और औऔऔऔऔ उपकरण

• औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ

• औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ

• औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ और औऔऔऔऔऔ और औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ: औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ और
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ कम कर औऔ गई औऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ: यह औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ गई औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ 47 औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ 51%
तक FDI औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ गई। औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ,
74% तक FDI औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ

आज, औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ कई औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ 100% FDI
औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ: औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ

औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ: औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ

MRTP औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ और औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ MRTP औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ MRTP औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ 2002
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ

नई औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ

 1991 औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ 'औऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔ और औऔऔऔ औऔऔ' औऔ औऔऔऔ

औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ
  औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ
औऔ कम औऔऔऔऔ
 औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ,
औऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ पर औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ

 इन औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ,

औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ कई औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔ औऔऔ आई। औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ गए लगभग हर
औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ-औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ
 औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ
गए। औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔ-औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ
और औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ और औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ इन औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ

औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ

 औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ: औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔऔ औऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔ सकल औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ 1991 औऔ
लगभग 16% पर औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ
 औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ: औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ चरण
औऔऔ, औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔ औऔऔ औऔ, औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ पर औऔऔऔऔ औऔ

कई औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ और औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔ,

औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ

 औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ: नई औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ

औऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ और औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ
 औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ: औऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ पर औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ बल औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ
पर औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ 'औऔऔऔऔ' औऔ
'औऔऔऔऔऔऔ-औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ' औऔ औऔऔऔ 'औऔऔऔऔ-औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ'
औऔऔऔ
 औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ: नई
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ पर औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ, एक औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ
 औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ, औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ कर औऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔ : औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ,

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ, औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ यह ऋण-औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ (औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ) औऔऔऔऔऔऔ, 1985 औऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ (औऔऔऔऔ) औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ (1) औऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ कम-औऔ-कम औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ, (2) औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ नकदऔऔऔऔ (Cash Loss)
औऔऔ औऔ; औऔऔ / औऔऔऔ (3) औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ (Net Worth) औऔऔऔऔत औऔ
औऔऔऔ औऔऔ (4) इस औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ यह औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔ औऔऔ गत औऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ 50% औऔ कम रह औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔ Causes
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ (Internal Causes of Industrial
Sickness):
i. औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ (Managerial Problems):

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ । औऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ कर औऔऔऔ
औऔ । औऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ, रख-औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔ ओरऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ न औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ ।

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ

औऔऔऔ बन औऔऔऔ औऔ । औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔ-औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ । औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ ।

ii. औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔ (Defective Plant and

Machinery):

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ । औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ-औऔऔऔऔ इन औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ यह औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ ओरऔऔ
औऔऔऔ औऔ ।

iii. औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ (Labour Problem):

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ एक औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ ।

औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ,
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔ तकऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ । औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔ समय पर औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ ।

iv. औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ (Defective Selection of Location):

औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ

गलत औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ ।

v. औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ (Entrepreneurial Incompetence):

औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ एक नई औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ । वह औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ तक औऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ-औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔ ।

vi. औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ न औऔऔऔ (Non-Availability of Raw Material):

औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ

औऔ न औऔऔऔ एक औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ ।
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ,
औऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ । औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ
औऔऔऔ औऔ । औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔ ।

vii. औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ (Weak Industrial Relations):

औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ

औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ अकसरऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔ व औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ
औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔ एक औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ ।

viii. औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ (Paucity of Funds):

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ एक औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔ ।

औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ । औऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ
कर औऔऔऔ औऔ । औऔऔ यह औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औरऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ ।

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ (External Causes of Industrial

Sickness):
i. औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ (Power Cuts):

औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ । औऔऔऔ औऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ ।
औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ कमऔऔऔऔ
औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ ।
औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ ।

ii. औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ (Economic Constraints):

औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ

औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ । औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ पर
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ । औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ और
औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ ।

iii. औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ (Labour Unrest):

औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ कमऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ

औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ । औऔऔऔऔ-औऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔ व औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ । इन औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ
एक औऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ एक औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ ।

iv. औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ (Erratic Supply of Inputs):

औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ
पर औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ । औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ । यह औऔऔऔऔऔ उन औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ पर औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ ।

v. औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ (Problem of Infrastructure):

औऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔ, औऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ

औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ ।

vi. औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ (Economic Recession or Depression):

औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ उस औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ, औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ । इन औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ पर औऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ, औरऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ । औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ ।

vii. औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ (Energy Crisis):

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ एक औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔ ।

औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔ-औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ । औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ दर उस औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ बढ़ औऔऔ औऔ, औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ एक औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ, औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ,
औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ, औरऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔ ।

viii. औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ (Changes in

International Markets):

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ

औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ । औऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ पर औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔ औऔऔ, औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ,
औऔऔऔ-औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ पर औऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ आऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ उस पर औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ ।
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ सकटऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔ औऔ ।

ix. औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ (Revolutionary

Technological Changes):

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ व औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ । औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ-औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ
औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔ बढ़ औऔऔऔ औऔ ।

x. औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ (Government Policy):

औऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ समय-समय पर औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔऔ । औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ समतल औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ । औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ गई
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ पर औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ वह औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔ औऔऔ ।

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ (Symptoms)

(1) औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ रख-औऔऔऔ, औऔऔ-औऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔ,
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ, औऔऔ कम
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ

(2) औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ
(3) औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ और औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ
औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ
(4) औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ,
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ पर औऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ ।
5) औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ असफलऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔ
ऋण औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔ व औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ
(6) औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ
(7) औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ पर औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ ।
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ (Effects/Demerits of Industrial
Sickness)
(1) औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ – कम औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ

(2) औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ- औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ इस
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔऔ
(3) औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ-औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ इस औऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ
(4) औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ पर औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ-औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ-औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ
औऔऔऔ औऔऔ
(5) औऔऔऔऔ पर औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ- औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ उस औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ, पर औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔ यह औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ पर औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ
(6) औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ – औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ (Causes of Industrial Sickness)

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ- औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ ।

औऔऔऔऔ-

1. औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ- औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ और औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ /
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ वहन औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ
2. औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ- औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ रह औऔऔऔ औऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ

3.औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ- समय-समय औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ पर औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ समय पर औऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ
4. औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ – जब औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ समय पर औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔ पर औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔ-
1. औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ – औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ- औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ एक औऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ
3. औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ – औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ ओर औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ वहन औऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ
4. औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ – कई औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔ औऔ औरऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ समय पर औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔऔ, औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ आऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ (Remedial measure for Industrial

Sickness) –
औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ एक औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ समय-समय पर औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔ औऔऔ कई औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ यह औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ

1. औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ कदम- औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ,

औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ समय-समय पर औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ इस औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ 50 औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ, औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ
औऔ औऔऔ कदमऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ
2. औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ- औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ, औऔऔ 1977 औऔऔ आयकर
औऔऔऔऔऔऔ, 1961 औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ उन औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ आयकरऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ 1987 औऔ औऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ 50,000
औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ, 1989 औऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ
ऋण औऔऔऔऔ (Excise Loan) औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ
1990 औऔ उन औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ कर औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ 1,000 औऔ
औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ पर औऔऔ औऔऔऔ

3) औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ :

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ और औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ और औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ गहन औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ एक औऔऔऔ और औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ पर औऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ इस औऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ एक औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔ एक औऔऔऔ-औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔ औऔऔ इस तरह औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔ औऔ कम औऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ,
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ कर औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ, एसएमई औऔ औऔऔ यह औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ भरण-औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔ

4) औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ और औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ :

औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ आगमन औऔ औऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ/औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ,
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ और औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ एक औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ पर
औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ और औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ और औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔ और औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ

5) औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ और औऔऔऔऔ :

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ इस औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ और औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ और औऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ पर औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ और औऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔ और औऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔ औऔऔ, औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ और
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ

6) औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ :

औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ और औऔऔऔ नहर

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔ इन औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ और औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ और औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ ओर, औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ

7) औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ ऋण औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ :

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ

औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ कई औऔऔऔ और औऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ और औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ, औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ और
औऔऔ-औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ गई औऔऔऔऔऔऔ पर औऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ और औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ और इस औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ,
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ और औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ ऋण औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ

8) औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ :

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔ और औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ

पर औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ
पर औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ पर औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ और
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ समय औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ कर औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ इस औऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ
औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ, 'औऔऔऔऔऔ' और'औऔऔऔऔ'।

औऔऔऔ 'औऔऔऔऔऔ' औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ ओर, 'औऔऔऔऔ' औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ
औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ, औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ-औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ उभर कर औऔऔ औऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ:
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔ

• औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ

• औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ और

औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ

• औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔऔ

• औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ

• कईऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ

• औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ

• औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ

• औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ

औऔऔऔ

• औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ

• औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ दर औरऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ कमऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ

• औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ

• औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ

• एकऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ

औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ,
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ कमऔऔऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ

• औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔ

• औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ

• औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ, औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ और
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ,
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ और
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ

• औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ,

औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ

• औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔऔ और

औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ मदद औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ एकऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ पर औऔऔऔ अलग-अलगऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ, "औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔ, चयन, औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ"

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ (ILO) औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ

औरऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ ए औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ अबऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ और
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔधन तकऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ
औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔऔ और
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ

एकऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ यह औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ इस औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ:

• औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ

• जन औऔऔऔऔऔ

• औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ

• औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ, चयन औरऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ

• औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ

• औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ

• औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ

औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ

 औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ: औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ मतलब

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ हल औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ यह औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ आमऔऔऔ पर
औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔ औऔऔ यह एकऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ, औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ और
औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ

औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ: औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ: औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ

औरऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ कमऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ हल
औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ, औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ बन औऔऔऔ औऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ कमऔऔऔऔ औऔ: औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ एकऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ

औऔ औऔऔऔ पर औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ यह
औऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ कमऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ मदद औऔऔऔ
औऔऔ
 औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔ: औऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ और
औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ, औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ कमऔऔऔऔ औऔ और
औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ यह औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ:
• औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ और
औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ
• औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔ
• औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ
• औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ,
• औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔ औऔऔऔ
• औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔ समझ, औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ
• औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ और
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔ/औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ, यह औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ औऔ एकऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ और
औऔऔऔऔ एकऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ-औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ
औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ ओरऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ और
औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ पर औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔ समयऔऔऔऔ ओरऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ, औरऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ
पर औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ, औऔऔ पर औऔऔऔ अवसर औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ,
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ, औरऔऔऔ पर एकऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ यह औऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ कईऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ, औऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔ औऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ पर

औऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ पर औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ हल न औऔऔऔ पर औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔ

औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔ, औरऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ और

औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ तकऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ पर
औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ, औऔऔ पर औऔऔऔ अवसर औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ,
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ, औरऔऔऔ पर एकऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ यह औऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ कईऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ, औऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ: एकऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ एकऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔ औऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ एकऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ: एकऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ एकऔऔऔ औऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔ: औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ पर औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ, औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ
औऔऔ औऔऔ

औऔऔऔ औऔऔ: एकऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ

औरऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ
पर एकऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ: जब औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ

औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ, औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ इस औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ हल औऔऔऔ
औऔऔ मदद औऔ औऔऔ कदमऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ एकऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ -

 औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ पर औऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ

औऔऔ
 औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ, औरऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ नए औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औरनए औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ और
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ
 औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ कमऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ
 औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ

औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ

1. औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ एकऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ
एकजगह औऔऔऔ औऔऔ, औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ
2. औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ हल औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ और
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ-औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ एकऔऔऔऔऔऔ उपकरणऔऔऔऔ
3. यह औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ
औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ: औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ तहत एकऔऔऔ
औऔऔ कर, औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ कर औऔऔऔ औऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ
औरऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ, औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔ
4. औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ: औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔ:
5. औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औरऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ
6. औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ इस औऔऔऔऔऔ, औऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ, औऔऔ औऔ
औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔऔऔऔऔ औऔ औऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔ औऔ औऔऔऔऔऔ औऔऔऔ औऔऔ