I PU Biology Morphology of flowering plants

Chapter-5
MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS
 The branch of biology which deals with the study of external structure
and relative position of different organs of organisms is called
morphology.
 The flowering plants have two distinct systems i.e. Root system and
Shoot system.
 The root system is the underground part of the plant and contains only
roots and their branches.
 The shoot system is the aerial part of the plant and contains stem and
its branches, leaves, flowers and fruits. All distinct plant structures are
called organs.
 These are of two types i.e Vegetative and Reproductive. The vegetative
organs include root, stem and leaves. The reproductive organs include
flowers, fruits and seeds.
THE ROOT: The root is the underground descending organ of the plant
body. The roots are generally developed from the radicle of embryo are
called primary roots. The root and its branches together called Root
system.
Root is not differentiated into nodes and internodes. Leaves and
buds are absent. The branches of the root arise from inner region and are
thus endogenous. Root is positively geotrophic in nature.
Functions of root:
1. Absorption of water and minerals from the soil.
2. Provide a proper anchorage to the plant parts.
3. Storage of reserve food material.
4. Synthesis of plant growth regulators like auxin.
Types of Root system:
The root system are of three types
1. Tap root system. 2. Fibrous root system 3. Adventitious root system.
1. Tap root system: The primary root and its branches together called
tap root system, In tap root system primary root persists and produces
number of secondary and tertiary lateral roots. It is found in all dicot
plants.
2. Fibrous root system: A bunch of roots developed from the base of
the stem in place of short lived primary root is called fibrous root system.
It is found in all monocot plants.
3. Adventitious root system: The root system that develops from any
parts of the plant body other than radicle or base of stem is called
Adventitious root system. It is found in Banyan, Maize, Grass etc.,

REGIONS OF THE ROOT:

Generally root is differentiated into 4 parts as follows

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1. Root cap: It is a thimble like protective covering of tender apex of the

root. It is mucilaginous and lubricates the path of the root while growing
through the soil.
2. Region of meristematic
activity: It is present just above
the root cap. In this region cells
are small, thin walled with dense
protoplasm and activily dividing.
3. Region of Elongation: In
this region cells undergo rapid
elongation and enlargement. It
bring about the growth of root in
length.
4. Region of Maturation: In
this region, the elongated cells undergo differentiation and maturation.
This region bears fine, delicate unicellular thread like structures called,
root hairs. The root hairs take part in absorption of water and minerals
from the soil.
MODIFICATIONS OF ROOT:
Any structural changes that occur in the root to perform a special
functions other than absorption and conduction of water and minerals is
called root modifications. The roots are modified for storage of food,
mechanical support and respiratory functions. The following are the some
of the types of the root modifications.
1. Swollen roots for food storage: E.g. Tap roots of carrot (conical),
radish (fusiform), beetroot and turnips (napiform) and adventitious
roots of sweet potato.
2. Prop roots: The adventitious roots of Banyan tree developed from
branches and give support to the plant.
3. Stilt roots: The adventitious root developed obliquely from lower
nodes of the stem gives support to the stem. E.g. maize & sugarcane.
4. Pneumatophores: The roots that come out of the ground and grow
vertically upwards to get oxygen for respiration. E.g.Rhizophora growing
in swampy areas.
THE STEM
1. The stem is the aerial ascending organ of the plant body.
2. It is developed from plumule of embryo.
3. It is soft green when young and later become woody and dark
brown.
4. It is differentiated into nodes and internodes.
5. The region of the stem where leaves are born is called node. The
portion between the two nodes is called internodes.
6. The stem bears buds which may be terminal or auxiliary. The
auxiliary buds grow into branches.

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7. It bears flowers and fruits.

8. It is positively phototrophic in nature.
Functions of the Stem:
1. The stem spreading out branches, leaves, flowers and fruits to
performing their functions.
2. It involves in conduction of water and minerals.
3. It involves in storage of food materials
4. It provides the support to the branches.
5. It involves in vegetative propagation.
MODIFICATIONS OF STEM:
Any structural changes that occur in the stem to perform a special
functions other than normal functions is called stem modifications. The
stem is modified for storage of food, protection, climbing, photosynthesis
etc., The following are some of stem modifications.
1. For food storage: E.g. underground stems of potato (tuber), ginger &
turmeric (rhizome), onion (bulb), corm (amorphophalus) etc. They also
act as organs of perenation to tide over conditions unfavourable for
growth.
2. Stem tendrils: Slender and spirally coiled structures developed from
auxiliary buds. They help plants to climb.E.g. Gourds (cucumber,
pumpkins, watermelon) and grape vines.
3. Thorns: Woody, straight and pointed structures developed from
axillary buds. They protect plants from browsing animals. E.g. Citrus,
Bougainvillea.
4. Phylloclade: It is a green, flattened or fleshy cylindrical stem
containing chlorophyll for photosynthesis. Found in some plants of arid
regions. E.g. Opuntia (flattened stem), Euphorbia (cylindrical stem).
5. Stolon: It is a slender lateral branch that arises from the base of the
main axis and after growing aerially for some time arch downwards to
touch the ground. E.g. plants likemint & jasmine.
6. Offset: It is a lateral branch with short internodes and each node
bearing a rosette of leaves and a tuft of roots. E.g. aquatic plants like
Pistia and Eichhornia.
7. Sucker: It is the lateral branches that originate from the basal
underground portion of the main stem. It grows horizontally beneath
the soil and come out obliquely upward giving rise to leafy shoots. E.g.
Banana, Pineapple and Chrysanthemum.
8. Underground stems of some plants (e.g. grass and strawberry) spread
to new niches and when older parts die new plants are formed.
THE LEAF
Leaf is a dorsiventrally flat green lateral appendage developed on
the nodal region of the stem. It bears a bud in its axil, later which
developes into a branch. Leaves originate from shoot apical meristems

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and are arranged in an acropetal order. They are important vegetative

organs for photosynthesis.
Parts of leaf: A typical leaf consists of three main parts i.e., leaf base,
petiole and lamina.
1. Leaf base: It is a part of the leaf by which
leaf is attached to the stem. The leaf base
bears two lateral small leaf like structures
called stipules. The leaf with stipules called
Stipulate and without stipulate called
Exstipulate. In monocots the leaf base
expands into sheath called sheathing leaf
base which covering the internode partially. In
leguminous plants the leaf base may become
swollen, it is called pulvinous.
2. Petiole: It is a green, cylindrical, flexible
stalk, that holds the leaf lamina to light and
allow leaf lamina to flutter in wind, which bring
about cooling of leaf. The leaf with petiole is
called petiolate and the leaf without the
petiole is called Sessile.
3. Leaf lamina or leaf blade: It is a green expanded part of the leaf
with veins and veinlets. The middle vein is prominant called midrib. Veins
and veinlets provides mechanical support to the leaf lamina and form the
vasculature for transport of water, minerals and food materials.

VENATION: The arrangement of viens and veinlets in the leaf lamina is

called venation. In dicot leaf veins and veinlets forms a network called
Reticulate. ln monocot leaf veins are arranged in parallel is called
parallel venation.
TYPES OF LEAVES: Leaves are broadly classified into two major types
i.e. Simple leaf and compound leaf.
1. Simple leaf: The leaf in which the leaf lamina is either entire or
incised, the incisions do not reach the midrib or to the petiole. Ex :
Hibiscus.
2. Compound leaf: The leaf in which incisions reached the midrib and
breaking the leaf lamina into small units called leaflets or Pinnae, which
are separately attached to the tip of petiole or midrib by their bases. The
compound leaves are of two types i.e. Pinnately compound and palmately
compound.
a. Pinnately compound leaf: The leaf in
which leaflets are present on a common axis
called rachis is called pinnately compound leaf.
Ex : Neem.

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b. Palmately compound leaf: The leaf in which leaflets are present at

the tip of the petiole is called palmately compound leaf. Ex : Bombax (Silk
Cotton)

PHYLLOTAXY: The mode of arrangement of leaves at the nodal regions

of the stem or branch is called Phyllotaxy.
TYPES OF PHYLLOTAXY
1. Alternate phyllotaxy : The arrangement of single leaf in alternate
sides at each successive nodes is called Alternate phyllotaxy. Ex: China
rose.
2. Opposite phyllotaxy : The arrangement of a pair of leaves in
opposite sides at each successive nodes is called Opposite phyllotaxy.
Ex : Calotropis.
3. Whorled phyllotaxy : The arrangement of more than two leaves in
whorls at each successive nodes is called Whorled phyllotaxy. Ex :
Nerium, Alstonia.

MODIFICATIONS OF LEAVES:
Any structural changes that occur in leaves to perform a special
functions other than photosynthesis is called leaf modifications. The
leaves are modified for climbing, protection, storage of food, trapping
insects etc.,
1. Tendrils: For climbing. E.g. peas.
2. Spines: For defense. E.g. cacti.
3. Fleshy leaves: To store food. E.g. onion and garlic.
4. In some plants such as Australian acacia, the leaves are small and
short-lived. The petioles in these plants expand, become green and
synthesize food (photosynthesis).
5. The insectivorous plants like Pitcher plant and Venousfly trap,
leaves are modified for trapping the insects.

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INFLORESCENCE: The arrangement of flowers on the floral axis or

reproductive shoot (Peduncle) is called inflorescence. The inflorescence is
broadly classified into two types i.e. Racemose and Cymose.
1. Racemose inflorescence: The type of inflorescence in which the
main axis continues to grow and bears flowers laterally in an acropetal
manner, where older flowers at the base and younger flowers at the apex
is called racemose inflorescence.
2. Cymose inflorescence: The type of inflorescence in which the main
axis does not continues to grow and it is terminated by a flower and bears
flowers in basipetal manner, where older flowers at the apex and
younger flowers at the base is called cymose inflorescence.

STRUCTURE OF TYPICAL ANGIOSPERM FLOWER

Flower is a modified shoot meant for
sexual reproduction in angiosperms. The
typical angiosperm flower consists of
following parts.
1. Pedicel: The stalk of the flower is called
pedicel.
2. Thalamus: The swollen end of the
pedicel on which floral parts are
arranged is called thalamus.
3. Calyx: It is the outermost whorl of the
flower. The Individual units are called
sepals. Sepals are small green
coloured leaf like structures, which protect the flower in bud condition.
4. Corolla: It is the second whorl of the flower. The individual, units are
called petals. Petals are large variously coloured structures, which attracts
the insects for pollination.
5. Androecium: It is the third whorl of the flower. It is male reproductive
organ. The individual units are called Stamens. Each stamen is
differentiated into filament, anther and connective. The anther contains
male gametes called pollen grains.
6. Gynoecium: It is the innermost whorl of the flower. It is a female
reproductive organ. The individual units are called carpels or pistils. Each
carpel is differentiated into ovary, style and stigma. The ovary contains
the female gametes called ovules or eggs.
TYPES OF FLOWERS:
I. Based on the presence or absence of pedicel, the flowers
divided into
following types:
1. Pedicellate: The flower with pedicel is called pedicellate flower. Ex :
Hibiscus.

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2. Sessile: The flower without pedicel is called sessile flower. Ex :

Achyranthus.
II. Based on the type of sex organs, the flowers divided into
following types:
1. Unisexual: The flower with only one sex organ i.e, either androecium
or gynoecium is called unisexual flower or Monoecious flower.
The flower with only androecium is called Staminate flower (male
flower). Ex : Ricinus (caster).
The flower with only gynoecium is called pistillate flower (female
flower). Ex : Maize.
2. Bisexual: The flower with both sex organs i.e, androecium and
gynoecium is called bisexual flower or Diecious flower. Ex : Pea.

III. Based on the symmetry, the flowers divided into following

types:
1. Actinomorphic: When the flower is cut into two symmetrical parts in
any plane passing through the central axis is called actinomorphic
flower.
Ex : Mustard, Hibiscus.
2. Zygomorphic: When the flower is cut into two symmetrical parts in
only one plane passing through the central axis is called zygomorphic
flower. Ex : Beans, Pea.
IV. Based on the presence or absence of bracts, the flowers
divided into following types:
1. Bractate: The leafy or scaly structure present at the base of the
pedicel is called bract. The flower with bract is called bracteate. Ex :
Maize.
2. Ebracteate: The flower without bract is called ebracteate. Ex :
Mimosa.
V. Based on the arrangement of tepals, the flowers divided into
following types:
The condition where calyx and corolla are not differentiated is called
perianth. The individual units are called Tepals.
1. Polyphillous: The perianth in which tepals are free from each other is
called Polyphillous. Ex :Cocus nucifera.
2. Gamophillous: The perianth in which tepals are fused by their
margins is called Gamophillous. Ex : Polyanthes.
VI. Based on the arrangement of sepals, the flowers divided into
following types:
1. Polysepalous: The flower in which sepals are free from each other is
called polysepalous. Ex : Vinca rosea.
2. Gamosepalous: The flower in which sepals are fused by their margins
is called gamosepalous. Ex : Solanum.

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VII. Based on the arrangement of petals, the flowers divided into

following types
1. Polypetalous: The flower in which petals are free from each other is
called polypetalous. Ex : Hibiscus.
2. Gamopetalous: The flower in which petals are fused by their margins
is called gamopetalous Ex : Solanum.
VIII.Based on the number of floral parts, the flowers divided into
following types:
1. Trimerous flower: The flower with floral parts are in multiple of three
is called trimerous flower. Ex : Monocots
2. Tetramerous flower: The flowers with floral parts are in multiple of
four is called tetramerous flower. Ex : Dicots
3. Pentamerous flower: The flowers with floral parts are in multiple of
five is called pentamerous flower. Ex : Dicots
IX. Based on the position of ovary, the flowers divided into
following types:
1. Hypogynous flower: The flower in which stamens, petals and sepals
are arranged below the level of gynoecium on the slightly concave
thalamus is called hypogynous flower. The position of the ovary is
superior.
Ex: Brinjal, Mustard.
2. Perigynous flower: The flower in which stamens, petals and sepals
are arranged on the rim of cup shaped thalamus, enclosing the ovary
partially is called Perigynous flower. The position of the ovary is half
superior. Ex: Rose, Peach.
3. Epigynous flower: The flower in which stamens, petals and sepals are
arranged on the margin of the flask shaped thalamus enclosing the
ovary completely and fused with it is called epigynous flower. The
position of the ovary is inferior. Ex : Cucumber, Guava.

AESTIVATION: The mode of arrangement of sepals or petals in a flower

bud is called aestivation. The aestivation includes following types.

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1. Valvate: When the sepals or petals in a whorl are touch with one
another by their margins without over lapping is called valvate
aestivation. Ex : Calotropis, Annona
2. Twisted : When the one margin of a sepal or petal overlaps the margin
of adjacent sepal or petal in one direction in a whorl is called twisted
aestivation. Ex Lady's finger, Cotton
3. Imbricate: When the one sepal or petal is com pletely inside, one
sepal or petal is completely outside, remaining are overlap in and out by
their margins in a whorl is called imbricate aestivation. Ex : Cassia,
Gulmohar,
4. Vexillary: When the posterior large petal (stan dard) completely
outside and overlaps the two lateral petals (wings) which intern overlaps
the two small anterior petals(keel) in a whorl is called Vexillary or
Papilionaceious aestivaton. Ex : Pea, Bean

ANDROECIUM
 The male reproductive part composed of stamens.
 Each stamen represents the male reproductive organ. It consists of a
stalk (filament) and an anther.
 Each anther is usually bilobed. Each lobe has 2 chambers, the pollen-
sacs.
 The pollen grains are produced in pollen-sacs.
Based on the arrangement of stamens in a flower, the androecium is
divided into following types.
1. Polyandrous: The androecium in which stamens are free is called
polyandrous.
2. Adelphous : The androecium in which filaments are united but anthers
are free is called adelphous. It includes following types.

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a. Monoadelphous: The androecium in which filaments of all the

stamens are united to form a single bundle is called monoadelphous.
Ex: Hibiscus.
b. Diadelphous: The androceium in which filaments of all the stamens
are united to form two bundles is called diadelphous. Ex : Pea.
c. Polyadelphous: The androecium in which filaments of all the
stamens are united to form many bundles is called polyadelphous. Ex :
Lemon.
3. Syngenesious: The androecium in which filaments are free and
anthers are fused. Ex: Tridax, sunflower.
4. Synandrous: The androecium in which both filaments and anthers are
fused. Ex: cucumber
5. Epipetalous: The androecium in which filaments of all the stamens
are attached to the petals is called epipetalous. Ex Brinjal
6. Epiphyllous : The androecium in which filaments of all the stamens
are attached to the perianth is called epiphyllous. Ex : Lily.
Note :
 Staminode : Sterile stamen is called staminode.
 There may be a variation in the length of filaments within a flower i.e.,
didynamous and tetradynamous E.g. Salvia and mustard.

GYNOECIUM
 The female reproductive part made up of one or more carpels.
 A carpel has 3 parts:

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 Stigma: It is the receptive surface for pollen grains. It is usually at the

tip of the style.
 Style: An elongated tube that connects ovary to stigma.
 Ovary: It is the enlarged basal part on which the style lies. Each ovary
bears one or more ovules attached to a flattened, cushion-like
placenta.
Based on the nature, the gynoecium includes following two types
1. Apocarpous: The gynoecium with two or more free carpels is called
apocarpous gynoecium. Ex : Michelia.
2. Syncarpous: The gynoecium with two or more fused carpels is called
syncarpous gynoecium. Ex : Lady's finger.

PLACENTATION:
Placenta is a cusion like tissue in a ovary to which ovules are
attached. The mode of arrangement of ovules on the placenta in a ovary
is called Placentation. Placentation includes following types.
1. Marginal Placentation: The arrangement of ovules on the placenta
developed along the ventral suiture of a monocarpellary, unilocular
ovary is called marginal placentation. Ex : Pea, Bean.
2. Axile Placentation: The arrangement of ovule on the placenta
developed along the central axis of the polycarpellary syncarpous
multilocular ovary is called axile placentation. Ex : Lemon, Hibiscus.
3. Free central Placentation: The arrangement of ovules on the
placenta developed along the central axis of polycarpellary syncarpous
unilocular ovary is called free central placentation. Ex : Primrose.
4. Parietal Placentation: The arrangement of ovules on the placenta
developed along the inner wall of the bi or tri carpellary syncarpous
unilocular ovary is called parietal placentation. Ex : Cucurbita, Mustard.
5. Basal Placentation: The arrangement of ovules on the placenta
developed at the base of the bicarpellary syncarpous unilocular ovary
is called basal placentation. Ex : Sunflower, Maize.

THE FRUIT:
The fertilized ripened ovary is called fruit. The fruit which is
developed from the ovary is called true fruit.
The fruit which is developed from any part of the flower other than
the ovary is called false fruit or pseudocarp or spurious fruit. Ex
Apple.

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The fruit which is developed from the ovary without the fertilization
is called parthenocarpic fruit (seedless). Ex : Grapes
The fruit consists of an
outer fruit wall called
pericarp enclosing seeds.
Pericarp may be dry or fleshy.
When pericarp is thick and
fleshy, it is differentiated into
outer epicarp, middle
mesocarp and inner
endocarp.
In mango & coconut, the
fruit is known as a drupe. They are one seeded and develop from
monocarpellary superior ovaries.
In mango, the pericarp is well differentiated into thin epicarp, fleshy
edible mesocarp and stony hard endocarp.
In coconut, the mesocarp is fibrous.
THE SEED:
The fertilized ovule is called seed. A seed consists of seed coat and
an embryo. The embryo is made up of a radicle, plumule and one or two
cotyledons.
Structure of dicotyledonous seed: Ex : Pisum sativum (Pea) ) seed,
bean.
1. The pea seed is large and more or less oval in shape and it is attached
to the fruit by a stalk called funicle.
2. When the mature seed detached from the funicle, it leaves a scar on
the seed called Hilum.
3. A small pore is present above hilum called micropyle.
4. The funicle is extended into a ridge on the seed coat called Raphae.
5. The seed is covered by two distinct seed coats i.e, outer testa and inner
tegmen.
6. The seed coat encloses an
embryo. The embryo consists
of a short axis to which two
fleshy cotyledons are
attached.
7. The lower part of embryonic
axis is called Radicle and the
upper part is called Plumule.
8. The radicle develops into root
and plumule develops into
shoot.

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9. The cotyledons are prominent and contain the reserve food material to
nourish the developing embryo.
10.The dicotyledonous seeds are generally non endospermous or
exalbuminous.
Structure of monocotyledonous seed : Ex : Zea mays (maize) seed
1. The seeds of monocotyledonous are generally endospermous or
albuminous. Aleurone layer
2. The seeds of cereals like maize, the seed is fused with fruit wall which
encloses a large endosperm and a small embryo.
3. The endosperm is seperated by a proteinaceous layer called aleurone
layer.
4. The embryo is small
and situated in a
groove at one end
of endosperm.
5. The embryo
consists of a short
embryonic axis and
a large shield
shaped cotyledon
called scutellum.
6. The upper part of
embryonic axis is
called plumule,
which is covered by a sheath called coleoptile. The lower part of this
axis is called Radicle, which is covered by a sheath called coleorhiza.
SEMI - TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF A TYPICAL FLOWERING
PLANT:
The morphological features of a flowering plant are described in brief,
simple and scientific language and presented in proper sequence.
Generally the flowering plant is described by its habit, vegetative and
floral characters. After description of a plant, its floral formula and floral
diagram are presented.
Floral formula: The symbolic representation of floral parts is called floral
formula. ln floral formula the following symbols are used to represent the
floral characters.
Br - Bracteate, Ebr - Ebracteate, K - Calyx,
C - Corolla, P - Perianth, A - Androecium,
C - A - Epipetalous, G - Gynoecium, G - Superior ovary,
G -Inferior ovary, ♂ - Male flower, ♀- Female flower,
- Bisexual, G - Actinomorphic, % - Zygomorphic.
The fusion of floral parts is indicated by bracket enclosing respective
symbols.

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Floral diagram: The diagramatic representation of floral parts is called

floral diagram. The floral diagram provides information about numbers
and relative arrangement of floral parts in a flower. The floral diagram is
drawn in following manner.
1. The floral axis is represented by a circle showing actinomorphic or
zygomorphic flower on the top of floral diagram.
2. The calyx, coralla, androecium and gynoecium are drawn in successive
levels.
3. The calyx being drawn in outermost and gynoecium being in centre of
the diagram.
4. The floral diagram also represents cohesion and adhesion within the
parts of whorls or between the whorls.
The floral formula and floral diagram of Mustard plant belongs to
family Brassicaceae is represented as follows.

ANGIOSPERM FAMILIES:
1. FABACEAE (PAPILLIONACEAE) : The family Fabaceae was earlier
called papillionaceae, the sub family Leguminosae. It is widely
distributed family.
Vegetative characters :
1. Habit: Herbs, shrubs, trees, twiners or climbers.
2.Root: Tap root system with root nodules having nitrogen fixing
Rhizobium bacteria
3. Stem: Erect, Climber or twiner.
4.Leaves: Pinnately compound or simple, alternate, stipulate with
pulvinate leaf base, venation - reticulate.
Floral characters:
1. Inflorescence: Racemose - Raceme or spike.
2.Flowers: Pedicellate, Bracteate, Zygomorphic, complete, bisexual,
pentamerous and hypogynous.
3. Calyx: Sepals-5, gamosepalous, aestivation-imbricate
4.Corolla: Petals-5, Polypetalous, aestivation-Vexillary
5.Androecium: Stamens-10, diadelphous (9+1), anthers dithecous.
6.Gynoecium: Monocarpellary, unilocular, superior ovary, ovules many
with marginal placentation.
7. Fruit: Legume, seeds - dicotyledonous and non endospermous.

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8. Floral formula: Br. %, O K(5) C1+2+(2)A G1.

(9)+1

9.Floral Diagram:

10.Economic importance: Many plants are sources of

1. Pulses - Gram, Moong, Soyabeen.
2. Edible oil - Soyabeen, Ground nut,
3. Dye - Indigofera.
4. Fibres - Sunhemp.
5. Fodder - Sesbania trifolium.
6. Medicine - Muliathi.
2. SOLANACEAE: It is a large family, commonly called 'Potato family'. It
is widely distributed in tropics, subtropics and even in temperate areas.
Vegetative characters:
1. Habit: Mostly herbs, a few shrubs and rarely small trees.
2. Root: Tap root system.
3. Stem: Herbaceous, erect, branched, hairy or glabrous underground
stem tubers in potato.
4. Leaves: Simple, alternate, exstipulate, venation -reticulate.
Floral characters:
1. Inflorescence: solitary, axillary or cymose.
2. Flowers: Pedicellate, Ebracteate, Actinomorphic, complete, bisexual,
pentamerous, hypogynous.
3. Calyx : Sepals-5, gamosepalous, Persistant, aestivation - valvate.
4. Corolla: Petals-5, gamopetalous, aestivation-valvate.
5. Androecium: Stamens-5, Epipetalous, alternate to petals, anthers -
dithecous.
6. Gynoecium : Bicarpellary, syncarpous, bilocular or tetralocular,
superior ovary, ovules many with axile placentation.
7. Fruit : Berry or capsule, seeds dicotyledonous and endospermous.
8. Floral formula : Ebr O O K(5) C(5) A5 G(2)
9. Floral Diagram :

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I PU Biology Morphology of flowering plants

Economic importance : Many plants are sources of

1. Food - Tomato, Potato, Brinjal.
2. Spice - Chilli.
3. Medicine - Belladonna, Ashwagandha.
4. Fumigatory - Tobacco.
5. Ornamentals- Petunia
3. LILIACEAE : It is commonly called 'Lily family'. It is distributed world
wide.
Vegetative characters:
1. Habit: Perennial herbs with underground bulbs, corm or rhizomes,
Rarely shrubs or climbers.
2. Roots: Fibrous root system
3. Stem: Aerial or underground, Aerial stems are erect or climbers.
Underground stem forms bulbs, corm or rhizome.
4. Leaves: Simple, alternate, exstipulate, radicle or cauline, fleshy with
parallel venation
Floral characters:
1. Inflorescence: Solitary or racemose
2. Flowers: Pedicellate, Bracteate, actinomorphic, complete, bisexual,
trimerous and hypogynous.
3. Perianth: Tepals -6, arranged in two whorls of 3+3, gamophyllous and
tubular, aestivation -valvate.
4. Androecium: Stamens-6, arranged in two whorls of 3+3 in opposite to
the tepals, Anthers dithecous.
5. Gynoecium: Tricarpellary, syncarpous, trilocular, superior ovary,
ovules many with axile placentation.
6. Fruit : Capsule, seeds -mono cotyledonous and endospermous.
7. Floral formula : Br O O P3+3 A3+3G(3)
8. Floral Diagram :

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I PU Biology Morphology of flowering plants

Economic importance: Many plants are sources of

Ornamental - Tulip, Gloriosa.
Food - Onion, Garlic.
Medicine -Aloe vera.
Colchicine - Colchicum autumnale.

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