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THE NARAYANA GROUP

 NARAYANA OCSC BATCH

BIOLOGY

TOPIC : PLANT MORPHOLOGY

Nspira Management Services Pvt.Ltd.

Address: Door No. 8-84/14/6/3, Devaryamzal Village, Shamirpet Mandal,
Medchal District, Telangana State-500 078
www.nspira.in
 Serial CONTENTS Page
No. No.

Contents
1. Root 1

2. Stem 3

3. Leaf 5
MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS

4. Inflorescence 10

5. Flower 13

6. Placentation 19

7. Fruit 20

8. Families of angiosperms 30

9. Exercise-I (Conceptual Questions) 47

10. Exercise-II (Previous Years Questions) 52

11. Exercise-III (Analytical Questions) 58

12. Exercise-IV (Assertion & Reason) 61

PROF ESSOR VI SHAMBAR PURI

obtained DSc (1940) from Agra University.

He was Principal of Meerut College, Meerut

(1965-69). He worked in the areas of floral

morphology. He offered a new interpretation

of crucifer gynoecium and classified

placentation in cucurbitaceae and other

families. He discussed the morphology of PROFESSOR V. PURI

inferior ovary. He also authored the book (1909-2002)

'History of botany' (Floral anatomy). Puri was

member of INSA council and also editor of

the journal of the Indian Botanical Society.

Puri won the Birbal Sahni Medal (1964) and

Professor Panchanan Maheshwari Memorial

Lecture Award by INSA (1990). The Indian

Botanical Society has Instituted the Medal in

his honour, awarded annually since 1981.

 Plant Morphology

MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS

ROOT
Roots are (+) vely geotropic, (+) vely hydrotropic, (–) vely phototropic.
TYPES OF ROOTS
l Tap roots :– In most of the dicot plants, the direct elongation of the radicle leads to the formation of
primary root. It bears lateral roots of several orders that are referred to as secondary, tertiary roots, etc.
The primary roots and its branches constitute the tap root system. Eg. :- mustard plant
l Adventitious roots :– In some plants, like grass, monstera and the banyan tree, roots develop from
parts of the plant other than the radicle and are known as adventitious roots.
l Fibrous roots :- In monocot plants, the primary root is short lived and is replaced by a large number of
roots. These roots originate from the base of the stem and constitute the fibrous root system. Eg. :- wheat plant

Region of
maturation

Tertiary Root hair

Lateral roots

roots

Second-
Region of
ary roots
elongation

Region of
meristematic activity
Primary root Fibrous root system Root cap

Tap root system The regions of the root

Functions of the root system :- Absorption of water and minerals, provide a proper anchorage to the plant parts,
storage of reserve food material (Carrot, Radish) and synthesis of PGR (plant growth regulators).
MODIFIED ROOTS
1. Modified tap root for storage :
(i) Fusiform roots/Spindle roots - These root are thicker in the middle and tapering on both ends.
eg. :- Radish (Raphanus sativus)
(ii) Conical roots - These roots are thicker at their upper side and tapering at lower side eg. Carrot
(Daucus)
(iii) Napiform roots - These roots become swollen and spherical at upper end and tapering (like a thread)
at their lower end. Eg. Turnip (Brassica rapa), Sugarbeet = Beet root (Beta vulgaris)
(iv) Tuberous roots - These roots do not have regular shape and any portion of roots become swollen &
fleshy. Eg. Mirabilis.
(v) Nodulated roots - Nodules are formed on branches of roots by nitrogen fixing bacteria (Rhizobium).
Eg. Plants of Papilionatae sub family of leguminosae family - Pea, Gram, Bean
Nodules

Fusiform root Conical root Napiform root Tuberous root Nodulated root
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OCSC-BIOLOGY
2. Tap root modified for respiration Pneumathodes
(Breathing pores)
In marshy/swampy areas, scarcity of
oxygen is found. Some branches of tap
root of the plants which grow in this Pneumatophore
region, grow vertically upward and comes Mangrove plant
on the surface. These roots are called
pneumatophores which have minute Pneumatophore

por es called pneumathodes o r

lenticels by which air enters in the plant
Normal root
and plant gets oxygen for respiration
Pne umat opho res are nega tively
Respiratory roots (Pneumatophores) of Rhizophora
geotropic
Eg. Rhizophora, Heritiera, (Mangrove
plants)

Modification of adventitious roots :

(i) Fasciculated roots - These are adventitious roots occuring in clusters and all of them are swollen.
Eg. Asparagus, Dahlia
(ii) Beaded or moniliform roots - Root swells up like a bead at different places after a regular interval.
Eg. Vitis(Grapes), Momordica (Bitter gourd), Portulaca.
(iii) Tuberous adventitious roots : The food is stored in these roots, therefore they become swollen and irregular.
These roots have no definite shape Eg. Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatus)
(iv) Stilt roots or brace roots - These roots arise from lower node and enter in the soil. These roots are
supporting roots. Eg. Maize, Sugarcane, Pandanus (screwpine).

Leaves
Stilt roots

Fasciculated Beaded or Tuberous Stilt roots

roots Moniliform roots roots

(v) Prop roots or pillar roots - These roots arise from branches of plant and grow downward towards the soil.
These roots support the tree. Eg. Banyan (Ficus bengalensis)

(vi) Climbing roots - These roots arise from nodes and help in climbing Eg. Money plant (Pothos), Monstera,
Betel (Piper betel), Black pepper.

(vii) Foliar roots or Epiphyllous roots :– When roots arise from leaf then they are called foliar roots.

Eg. Bryophyllum, Begonia.

(viii) Sucking roots or Haustorial roots or Parasitic roots :– In parasitic plants, roots enter in the host plant
to absorb nutrition from the host. Eg. Dendrophthoe, Cuscuta, Viscum.

(ix) Annulated roots : In these roots swelling occurs in a series of rings on the roots. Eg. Ipecac.

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 Plant Morphology

Support

Stem
Branches
Prop roots Petiole
(growing Adventitious
downward) leaf buds

Climbing roots
Foliar roots
Prop roots Climbing roots Annulated roots

STEM
Stem develops from the plumule of the embryo of a germinating seed. The stem bears nodes and internodes.
The region of the stem where leaves are borne are called nodes while the portions between two nodes are
called internodes. Stem shows negatively geotropic growth.
The main function of the stem is spreading out branches bearing leaves, flowers and fruits. It conducts water,
minerals and photosynthates (food). Some stems perform the function of storage of food, support, protection
and of vegetative propagation.
Forms of stem :–
(i) Caudex/Columnar :– It is unbranched, erect, cylindrical stem and marked with scars of fallen leaves.
eg :– Palm.
(ii) Culm :– Jointed stem with solid nodes & hollow internodes. eg :– Bamboo (Gramineae).
Modification of stem :–
A - sub-aerial modification - These are creeping stems.
(1) Runner - In these stems roots develop at lower side and leaves at upper side from the nodes eg. Cynodon
dactylon (Doob grass), Oxalis.
(2) Stolon - In it branches develop from the lower part of the main stem and grow for some distance like arch and
finally touch the ground to give rise to new shoot. Eg. Fragaria (Wild strawberry) , Jasmine, Peppermint
(3) Sucker - In it the main stem grows in the soil but branches develop from nodes and comesout from the soil.
Eg. Mint, Pineapple, Chrysanthemum, Banana.
(4) Offset - Generally these occur in aquatic plants which have fragile stem. Internodes of offset are small & thicker and
each node bears a rosette of leaves and a tuft of roots. It is also known as aquatic runner. Eg. Pistia,
Eichhornia

Offset
Runner
Stoton
Sucker

Runner Offset
Stolon Sucker
B – Underground modification
This type of modification occurs generally for food storage and vegetative propagation.
(1) Tuber - The tips of branches become swollen in the soil. Eyes are found on tuber which are axillary
buds and axillary buds are covered with scaly leaves. Eg. Potato.
(2) Rhizome - It is fleshy stem which grows horizontally in the soil. Nodes and small internodes are found which
are covered by scaly leaves. Eg. Ginger, Turmeric, Canna, Water lily, Banana.
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OCSC-BIOLOGY
(3) Corm - It is condensed structure which grows vertically under the soil surface. Eg. Colocasia, Alocasia,
Zaminkand, Saffron, Colchicum.

l Organ of perennation - Underground stems of Potato, Ginger, Turmeric, Colocasia, Zaminkand

are modified to store food in them. They also act as organ of perennation to tide over conditions unfavourable
for growth.

(4) Bulb - Stem is highly reduced and disc like and surrounded by numerous fleshy leaves. Many roots arise from
its base. Eg. Onion, Garlic. The fleshy leaves of onion and garlic store food.

Note : Type of stem in Banana is rhizome and modification is sucker. Banana propagates through rhizome. Aerial
part of banana plant which looks like stem is pseudostem (leaf bases).

Scar of scale leaf Germinating eye bud

Inter node
Node Bud Scar of stem

Scale leaf

Adventitious
Roots
Eye
Tuber
Rhizome

Node
Scale leaves
Internode

Scale leaf

Corm

Daughter
corm Reduced disc
Adventitious root
Adventitious like stem
roots
Bulb
Corm

C - Aerial modification

(1) Stem tendril - In this type of modification axillary bud forms tendril in place of branches and helps in climbing
of those plants which have weak stem. Eg. Grapes/Grapevines, Passiflora, Gourds (Cucumber, Pumpkins,
Watermelon)

(2) Stem thorn - Thorn develops mainly from axillary bud of the stem. It may bear leaves, flowers.

Eg. Carissa (Karonda), Bougainvillea, Pomegranate, Citrus

l Thorn protects plant from browsing animals. It is a woody structure.

(3) Phylloclade - Stem is modified into a fleshy flat (Opuntia) or fleshy cylindrical (Euphorbia) and green leaf
like structure and carries out photosynthesis like leaf. The leaves are modified into spines Eg. Opuntia,
Euphorbia, Cactus.

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 Plant Morphology

Floral bud Flower

Thorn

Spines

Node

Internode Stem modified

Stem thorn into leaf-like
Stem tendril structure
(Phylloclade)
Phylloclade

LEAF
The leaves develop from the nodes. Their main function is to carry out photosynthesis or food formation,
axillary buds are found in the axil of leaves. The axillary bud may develop into a branch. Leaves originate from
shoot apical meristems and are arranged in an acropetal order.

Leaf is divided into 3 main parts :–

(1) Leaf base (Hypopodium) - The part of leaf which is attached to stem is known as leaf base. Sheathing leaf
base is found in monocots. In monocots, the leaf base expands into a sheath covering the stem partially or
wholly. Pulvinus leaf base found in some legume plants.

(2) Petiole (Mesopodium) - The part of leaf connecting the lamina with the branch or stem is known as petiole.
Petiolated or stalked leaves are known as petiolate leaves and when petiole or stalk is absent then leaves are
called sessile. In Eichhornia petiole swells up and in Citrus it is winged. The petiole help hold the blade to light.
Long thin flexible petioles allow leaf blades to flutter in wind, thereby cooling the leaf and bringing fresh air to
leaf surface.

(3) Lamina (Leaf blade=Epipodium) - It is a broad and flattened part of leaf. Its main functions are photosynthesis
and transpiration.
Stipules :–
Leaves of some plants have lateral appendages on either side of leaf base, known as stipules.
Leaf with stipule is known as stipulate leaf, eg. Fabaceae Leaf without stipule is called ex-stipulate leaf
eg. Solanaceae, Liliaceae.
Stipules are of various types -
1. Free lateral- They are independently present on both sides of leaf base. Eg. Hibiscus rosasinensis (China
rose).

Stipule

Stipule

Free lateral Foliaceous

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OCSC-BIOLOGY
2. Foliaceous - These type of stipules are leaf like. Eg. :– Pea

3. Spiny - Stipules modified into spine like structures. Eg. Zizyphus (Ber)

4. Ochreate - When both stipules of a leaf combine together and form a tube like structure, then it is called
ochreate. Eg. Polygonum

5. Tendrillar - Stipules are modified into tendrils like structure. Eg. Smilax

Stipule Stipule

Stipule
Spiny Ochreate Tendrillar

Types of Leaves -

Bracts - These are leaf like structure which may present at base of pedicel of flower.

Bracteoles - These are leaf like structures found on pedicel.

VENATION OF LAMINA

The arrangement of veins and veinlets in leaf lamina is known as venation. It is of 2 - types

(1) Reticulate. It is found in dicots. Exception – Calophyllum (It has parallel venation)

(2) Parallel. It is found in monocots. Exception – Smilax (It has reticulate venation)

1. Reticulate venation - In this type of venation lateral veins are divided into various branches (veinlets) and
vein lets form a net like structure.

Reticulate venation is of 2 types -

(a) Unicostate or pinnate - This type of venation is having only one principal vein or midrib that gives
off many lateral veins which proceed towards margin and apex of lamina of the leaf and form a network.

Eg. :– Mango, Guava, Peepal.

(b) Multicostate or palmate - In this type of venation many principal veins arising from the tip of
petiole and proceed upward, this is again of two types -

(i) Multicostate convergent - Many principal veins arising from the tip of petiole, converge towards
the apex of leaf. Eg. :– Camphor, Zizyphus (plum), Tejpat, Chinarose.

(ii) Multicostate divergent - Many principal veins arising from the tip of petiole diverge from one
another towards the margin of leaf blade eg. Cotton, Castor, Cucurbita.

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 Plant Morphology

Unicostate (Pinnate) Multicostate (Palmate) Multicostate (Palmate)

Convergent Divergent
RETICULATE VENATION

2. Parallel venation - In this type of venation, all veins run parallel to each other and they donot form
network.
They are of 2 types -
(a) Unicostate or pinnate : This type of pattern is having only one principal vein, that gives off many
lateral veins, which proceed toward the margin of leaf blade in a parallel manner but they donot have
veinlets.
Eg. Banana, Ginger, Canna
(b) Multicostate or palmate : This type of pattern is having many principal veins arising from the tip
of the petiole and proceeding upwards.
(i) Multicostate convergent : Many principal veins arising from the tip of petiole converge towards the
apex of leaf blade.
Eg. :– Wheat, Grass, Sugarcane, Bamboo
(ii) Multicostate divergent : Many principal veins arising from the tip of petiole diverge towards the
margin of leaf. They do not divide into veinlets and do not form network.
Eg. :– Coconut, Fan palm.

Unicostate Multicostate convergent Multicostate divergent

PARALLEL VENATION

MODIFICATION OF LEAVES When leaves are modified into different structures then it is called modification of
leaves.

(1) Leaf tendril - In some plants whole leaf is modified into a wire like structure which is called leaf tendril Eg.
Lathyrus aphaca (wild pea) ® Peas.
(2) Leaf spine - Leaves are modified into pointed spines. Eg. Opuntia, Cacti, Argemone.

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OCSC-BIOLOGY
(3) Leaf pitcher - Leaves of some plants are modified into pitcher shaped structure. Eg. Nepenthes (Pitcher
plant) (Only lamina is modified into pitcher) , Dischidia. Water is stored in the pitcher (complete leaf is
modified into pitcher) of Dischidia.
(4) Leaf bladder - In some plants, leaves are modified into bladder like structure
Eg. Utricularia (Bladder wort)
(5) Phyllode - In some plants petiole becomes flat leaf like and functions as normal leaf.
Eg. : Australian Acacia, Parkinsonia.
(6) Leaflet tendril - When leaflet is modified into tendril like structure then it is called leaflet tendril.
Eg. : Pisum sativum (Garden Pea), Lathyrus odoratus (sweet pea).
Note : Dionaea (Venus flytrap) is insectivorous plant and it also has modified leaves.

(7) Leaflet hook - eg. Cat's nail (Bignonia unguis cati)

Bladder

Leaf base

Leaf tendril
Lid (Leaf apex )
Hairs

Stipule Petiole

Pitcher (lamina)
Valve

Leaflet tendril
Leaf tendril
Leaf bladder
Leaflets
Leaf pitcher

Phyllode

Phyllode Leaflet tendril

SIMPLE AND COMPOUND LEAF

(1) Simple Leaf : A leaf is said to be simple, when its lamina is entire or may be incised to any depth,
but not up to the midrib or petiole. Eg. :- Peepal, Mango, Radish.
(2) Compound leaf : A leaf in which the leaf blade (lamina) is incised up to the midrib or petiole, thus
dividing it into several small parts, i.e. leaflets.

It has two types :–

(A) Pinnately compound leaf : In this type of leaf, leaf blade (lamina) is incised upto the mid rib and
mid rib is known as rachis. A number of leaflets are present on a common axis, the rachis.
Eg. Neem

8
 Plant Morphology

Pinnately Palmately
compound leaf compound leaf

(B) Palmately compound leaf : In this type incisions of leaf are directed from leaf margins to apex of the petiole
and all leaflets are attached at a common point i.e. at the tip of the petiole. Rachis is absent in
palmately compound leaf. Eg. Silkcotton (Bombax).

l A bud is present in the axil of petiole in both simple and compound leaves, but not in the axil
of leaflets of the compound leaf.

PHYLLOTAXY
Phyllotaxy is the pattern of arrangement of leaves on the stem or branch.
This is usually of three types.
(i) Alternate : In this type a single leaf arises at each node at alternate manner. Eg. Mustard, Chinarose,
Sunflower.
(ii) Opposite : In this type of phyllotaxy a pair of leaves arise at each node and lie opposite to
each other. eg, Guava, Calotropis, Ocimum
(iii) Whorled : If more than two leaves arise at each node, then It is called whorled phyllotaxy.
Eg. Alstonia (Deviltree), Nerium

(A) (B) (C)

(A) Alternate (B) Opposite (C) Whorled

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OCSC-BIOLOGY

INFLORESCENCE
The arrangement of flowers on the floral axis is termed as inflorescence.
RACEMOSE/INDEFINITE In this type of inflorescence the main axis continues to grow and does not
terminate in a flower and flowers are borne laterally in an acropetal order/acropetal succession (Where
old flowers are arranged at lower side and young flowers are at upper side).
This is of following types :
5
Floral axis = Peduncle
1. Raceme - In this type of inflorescence, peduncle (main 4
3
axis or floral axis) is elongated and flowers are
2

pedicellate. 1

Eg. Radish, Mustard

Pedicel

l When peduncle is branched and each branch bear Raceme Compound Raceme
(Panicle)
pedicellated flowers like raceme and are arranged in acropetal

manner then it is known as compound raceme or 5

4
Raceme of racemes or panicle Eg. Gulmohar, Neem. 3

2
2. Spike - In this type of inflorescence peduncle is elongated
1

but flowers are sessile (without pedicel). Eg. Achyranthes.

l When peduncle is branched and each branch bears spike Spike

like infloresence then the small branch having flowers is called

1
spikelet and this arrangement is called spike of spikelets. 2
3
Eg. Grass family (Gramineae = Poaceae). 4
5
6

3. Catkin/Amentum - In this type of inflorescence peduncle 8

7

is thin, long and weak, and flowers are sessile and Catkin

unisexual unisexual flowers develop on separate catkin.

Eg. Mulberry (Shahtoot), Bhojpatra (Betula), Oak (Quercus).

4. Spadix - In this type of inflorescence peduncle is

Peduncle

thick, long and fleshy and it has small sessile and

unisexual flowers covered with one or more large green Spathe (bract)
Sterile hairs
or colourful bracts (spathe). Naked male flowers

Eg. Colocasia, Maize, Aroids. (Palms - compound spadix)

Female flowers
l Grain of maize is a fruit (caryopsis).
l Long filamentous threads (Silky hairs) protruding Spathe
at the end of a young cob of maize are styles. Spadix
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 Plant Morphology

5. Corymb - In this type of inflorescence peduncle is short

and all flowers are present at same level because the lower
flower has much longer pedicel than the upper once.
eg. Candytuft (Iberis amara) = Chandani, Capsella.

l If peduncle is branched and each branch has flower

cluster, then this type of inflorescence is called com-
pound corymb or corymb of corymbs. eg Pyrus
terminalis, Pyrus malus, Cauliflower
Corymb
6. Umbel - An inflorescence in which the flower stalks
(Pedicels) are of more or less equal in length, arise from
the same point. At the base of flowers stalk, there is
whorl of bracts forming the involucre. eg. Centella (Brahmi)

l If peduncle is branched and each branch has flower Involucre

cluster then this type of inflorescence is called compound
umbel or umbel of umbels eg. Coriandrum
(Coriander or Dhania), Foeniculum (Fennel or
Umbel Compound
Saunph), Cuminum (Cumin or Jeera) (Umbelliferae Umbel
or Apiaceae family).

7. Capitulum/Racemose head (Anthodium) - In this

type of inflorescence tip of peduncle becomes broad,
flattened concave or convex (receptacle). On it small Capitulum
sessile flowers are found. These flowers are called florets.

If all the flower of capitulum are same, then it is called homogamous head eg. Vernonia. The flowers
which are present in centre are small & called disc florets and flowers which are present at periphery
are large & called ray florets, it is known as centripetal order and this type of head is called heterogamous
head. In this type of inflorescence florets may be unisexual, bisexual and sterile. This inflorescence is
surrounded by one or more involucre. It is most advanced type of inflorescence, because all flowers
are pollinated at the same time and due to surity of pollination. Eg. Compositae/Asteraceae family
[Sunflower, Zinnia, Marigold (Tagetes)].

CYMOSE/DEFINITE
In this type of inflorescence, the main axis/peduncle terminates in a flower. In it the older flowers are
present at upper side and young flowers are arranged towards the base. This type of arrangement is
called basipetal succession/basipetal order. It is of following types -
1. Uniparous cyme/Monochasial cyme - The peduncle ending in a flower producing one lateral branch
at a time which also ending in a flower. It is of two types -

(a) Helicoid cyme - When all lateral branches develop

on the same side on peduncle forming a sort of
helix, then it is called helicoid cyme. Eg.
Heliotropium, Drosera.
(b) Scorpioid cyme - In this type one lateral branch
develops on one side and the other branch develops
opposite to first one, i.e. they lie alternate to each
other. Eg. Begonia Scorpioid Helicoid
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OCSC-BIOLOGY
2. Biparous cyme / Dichasial cyme - In this
type of inflorescence peduncle ends in a flower
and from the basal part of peduncle two lateral
branches arise which also end in a flower, now
this same arrangement occurs on these lateral
branches.
Eg. Bougainvillea, Jasmine, Teak.
3. Multiparous cyme/Polychasial cyme - In
this type of inflorescence peduncle ends in a
Biparous cyme Multiparous cyme
flower and from the base of it many lateral
branches arise, which also terminate in flower, this arrangement now also occurs on these lateral branches
eg. Calotropis (madar), Asclepias.
SPECIAL TYPE OF INFLORESCENCE
1. Cyathium - The bracts or the involucres become fused to form a cup shaped structure, on the margin
of it secretory gland is found. In the central part of cup shaped structure a female flower is found, which
matures earlier. Due to the growth of pedicel this flower comes out from the cup shaped structure. Achlamydous
female flower is surrounded by small achlamydous male flowers. The male flowers, which lie towards the
centre mature earlier than the flowers which lie towards the periphery. Male flowers are represented by
stamens
This type of inflorescence is found in Euphorbiaceae family - Euphorbia, Poinsettia, Pedilanthus.
Ratio of female & male flowers ® One : many
2. Verticillaster - This type of inflorescence is found in Labiatae/Lamiaceae family. In this type of inflorescence
leaves are arranged in opposite manner on stem. From the axil of each leaf inflorescence develops. From
the main axis, lateral axis arises, on which flowers are found. Now from these branches lateral branches
develop also which bear flowers. In this type of inflorescence each dichasial cyme changes into monochasial
(scorpioid) cyme. Eg. Labiatae/Lamiaceae family-Salvia, Ocimum (Tulsi), Coleus .
3. Hypanthodium - In this type of inflorescence upper part of peduncle is modified into a narrow cup
like structure having a pore (ostiole). At the base of cup female flowers develop while towards the mouth
male flowers develop. All three types of flowers (male, female, sterile female) are present in
this inflorescence. Eg. Ficus species - Banyan, Fig, Peepal
Note : Cyathium & hypanthodium inflorescence are similar in having unisexual flowers.

Pore (Ostiole)
Female flower
Male Male
flowers flowers

Female
flowers

Fleshy
Pedicel
Receptacle
Cup of involucre

Cyathium Verticillaster Hypanthodium

l Mixed inflorescence – Some times flowers are arranged in both racemose and cymose manner on same
peduncle called mixed inflorescence.
(i) Mixed spadix – Banana
(ii) Cymose raceme or thyrsus – Grapes (Vitis).
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 Plant Morphology

BEGINNER'S BOX-1
ROOTS TO INFLORESCENCE
1. In which of the following type of underground modification of stem, storage of food does not occur in
stem ?
(1) Bulb (2) Rhizome (3) Corm (4) Tuber

2. Fasciculated roots are found in :-

(1) Asparagus (2) Colocasia (3) Ginger (4) Turmeric

3. Lamina is also known as :-

(1) Phyllopodium (2) Epipodium (3) Mesopodium (4) Hypopodium

4. Phyllode & clalode are :-

(1) Homologous (2) Analogous (3) Vestigial organs (4) Homoanalogous organs

5. Name the inflorescence in which only unisexual flowers are present.

(1) Cyathium (2) Capitulum (3) Raceme (4) Umbel

GOLDEN KEY POINTS

l Tap roots arise from radicle whereas adventitious roots arise from any other part of plant other than
radicle.
l Root cap is thimble like structure.
l Gladiolus is an example of corm.
l Opuntia and Euphorbia are examples of phylloclade.
l In Nepenthes, only lamina is modified into pitcher like structure.
l In Achlamydous flower, accessory whorls are absent.

FLOWER
A flower is a modified shoot where in the shoot apical meristem changes to floral meristem.
Internodes do not elongate and the axis gets condensed.
Generally flower has a short or long stalk which is called pedicel. The upper part of pedicel is swollen,
which is called thalamus. Floral leaves are present on it.
There are 4 types of floral leaves.
(1) Sepal (2) Petal (3) Stamen (4) Carpel
l A typical flower has four different kinds of whorls arranged successively on thalamus. These are calyx,
corolla, androecium and gynoecium.
l Calyx and corolla are accessory organs or accessory whorls while androecium and gynoecium
are reproductive organs or reproductive whorls or essential whorls.
l Complete flower : All four whorls are present.
l Incomplete flower : Any whorl is absent e.g. Unisexual flower
l Bisexual flower : Perfect flower
l Unisexual flower : Imperfect flower
l A flower may be trimerous, tetramerous or pentamerous when the floral appendages are in multiple of
3,4 or 5 respectively. In dicots flowers are usually pentamerous while in monocots flowers are
trimerous.
13
OCSC-BIOLOGY
Androecium
(collection of stamens)

Filament Anther
long stalk

Stigma

Gynoecium [Collection of carpel(s)]

Corolla
(Collection of petals)
Style

Ovary
Calyx
(Collection of sepals)

Thalamus
(Swollen end of the stalk or pedicel)

Pedicel
(stalk of flower)

Parts of a flower

SYMMETRY OF FLOWER
1. Actinomorphic/Radial/Regular - When a flower can be divided into two equal halves by any vertical
plane or radial plane passing through the centre, then it is said to be actinomorphic flower eg. Mustard,
Datura, Chilli.
2. Zygomorphic/Bilateral - When a flower can be divided into two equal (similar) halves only by one particular
vertical plane, then it is said to be zygomorphic flower. eg. Pea, Bean, Gulmohur, Cassia.
3. Asymmetrical/Irregular - When a flower cannot be divided into two equal (similar) halves from any
vertical plane passing through the centre, then it is said to be asymmetrical flower. eg. Canna.
l The part of flower which lies near to the mother axis is posterior part while the part which
is far from the mother axis is anterior part of flower. Floral organ arises from thalamus.

TYPES OF FLOWERS ON THE BASIS OF INSERTION OF FLORAL LEAVES

The relative position of gynoecium changes with respect to floral parts and on this basis it is divided
into three types.
(1) Hypogynous flower - When petals, sepals and stamens are situated below the ovary, then the flower
is called hypogynous and in this condition ovary will be superior. eg. Mustard, China rose, Brinjal,
Mango.
(2) Perigynous flower - In it thalamus grows upwardly and form a cup shaped structure. On the margin
of thalamus floral parts are attached except gynoecium, which lies at the basal part. So in this condition
gynoecium is situated below the other floral parts. But ovary in this condition is said to be half inferior.
Eg. Rose, Plum, Peach.
(3) Epigynous flower - When petals, sepals & stamens are situated above the ovary, then the ovary is
said to be inferior and rest of the floral parts superior. Eg. Guava, Apple, Cucumber and the rayflorets
of Sunflower.
14
 Plant Morphology

Hypogynous Perigynous Epigynous

BRACT -
Bracteate flower - The flower with bract is called bracteate flower.
Ebracteate flower - Flower without bract is known as ebracteate flower.
Involucre - The whorl of bracts is called involucre.
Spathe - When large bract completely encloses whole inflorescence, then it is called spathe.
Eg. Banana, Maize
Petaloid bract - When the size of bract is greater than the size of flower and it is of various
coloured like petals, then it is called petaloid bract. Eg. Bougainvillea.
Glumes - Small, dry, scaly bracts are called glumes. Eg. Wheat, Grass (Gramineae family).

CALYX -
The outermost whorl of flower is called calyx. Each member of this whorl is called sepal, when all the
sepals are free from each other, then it is called polysepalous condition eg. Mustard, Radish. When
the sepals are fused with each other then this condition is called gamosepalous condition. Eg. Cotton,
Datura, Brinjal.
l Sepals are green leaf like and protect the flower in the bud stage.
l In calyx of Mussaenda, one of the sepal enlarges and forms a leaf like structure. It may be brightly
coloured. It attracts the insects and thus acts as advertisement flag/advertising flag.
l In Trapa, Calyx is modified into spines and helps in protection of fruits.

l In the family of sunflower (compositae) sepals are modified into hairy structure which is known as
pappus. The pappus is modified calyx and helps in dispersal of fruit.
l If sepals do not fall and remain attached to fruit, then they are called persistent sepals.
Eg. Tomato, Chilli, Brinjal, Cotton, Datura

COROLLA -
The second whorl of flower is called corolla and each member of corolla is called petal. When all the
petals are free, then it is called polypetalous condition and when petals are fused, then it is called
gamopetalous condition.
l Petals are usually of brightly coloured to attract insects for pollination.

FORMS OF COROLLA -

(A) Actinomorphic Polypetalous Corolla

(1) Cruciform - In cruciform corolla 4 petals are found. These petals are arranged crosswise. The
lower narrow part of petal is called claw while the upper broad part is called limb. Eg. Radish, Mustard
(Cruciferae)
15
OCSC-BIOLOGY

Cruciform corolla

(B) Actinomorphic Gamopetalous Corolla

(i) Campanulate/Bell shaped - In this type of corolla 5 fused petals are present. It's shape is similar
to bell. Eg. Tobacco, Raspberry, Campanula.

(ii) Tubular - In this type 5 fused petals form tubular (tube like) or cylindrical structure.

Eg. Disc florets of sunflower.

(iii) Funnel shaped or infundibuliform or coheel shaped - In this type 5 fused petals are found.
It's shape is similar to funnel. Eg. Datura, Railway creeper, Petunia

(iv) Wheel shaped/Rotate - In this type 5 gamopetalous petals are found and the fused parts form
small tube and the petals are arranged in a whorl above the tube. Eg. Brinjal.

Campanulate Tubular Infundibuliform Rotate

(Bell shaped) (Tube like) (Funnel shaped) (Wheel shaped)

ZYGOMORPHIC POLYPETALOUS COROLLA -

Vexillum or Standard
Papilionaceous (Butter fly shaped corolla) - In
this type of corolla five petals are found. Posterior
Wings
petal is largest and is known as standard or vexillum. or
Alae
Vexillum covers two lateral petals which are called wings
Keel
or alae and the innermost anterior petals are united or
to form a keel or carina. Both lateral petals cover Carina

the keel. Eg. Pea, Bean, Gram, Arhar (Papilionatae).

FIG : (COROLLA)
ZYGOMORPHIC GAMOPETALOUS COROLLA
(i) Bilabiate - The petals of gamopetalous corolla are divided into two lips. The place between two
lips is called corolla mouth Eg. Ocimum (Holy basil = Tulsi), Salvia (Labiatae family)
(ii) Ligulate - The upper part of corolla is long, flattened tongue like which is attached with short
narrow tube. Eg. Ray florets of sunflower.
16
 Plant Morphology

Bilabiate Ligulate

AESTIVATION
The mode of arrangement of sepals or petals in floral bud with respect to the other members
of the same whorl is known as aestivation. It is of following types :-

(1) Valvate - When the petal of a whorl lie adjacent to other petal and just touch one another at the margin
without overlapping then it is known as valvate aestivation. Eg. Calotropis plant, Cruciferae, Solanaceae
& Liliaceae family.

(2) Twisted - In this type one margin of a petal covers adjacent petal and the other margin is covered
by another petal. One margin of the petal overlaps that of the next one, and the other margin is overlapped
by the another one. Eg. Cotton, Ladyfinger, China rose (Malvaceae family).

(3) Imbricate - When both margins of the one petal are covered by the other two petals and both margin
of another one, covers other. Rest are arranged in twisted manner. OR If the margins of sepals or petals
overlap one another but not in any particular direction, then it is known as imbricate aestivation.

Eg.: Cassia, Gulmohur.

l Ascending imbricate :- The posterior petal is innermost i.e., its both margins are overlapped. e.g.
Caesalpinoidae sub-family of leguminosae.

(4) Vexillary or Descending imbricate or Papilionaceous - The posterior petal is outermost &
largest and is known as standard or vexillum which overlaps the two lateral petals wings or alae.
These two laterals petals overlaps two smallest anterior petals i.e. keel or carina. Vexillary arrangement
is found in pea family. Eg. Pea, Bean (Papilionatae sub-family of leguminosae family).

(5) Quincuncial :- Out of the five petals, two are completely internal, two are completely external and
CBSE-2020\Question bank\Biology\OCSC sheets\7. Morphology\02-Theory-2.p65

in the remaining petal, one margin is internal and the other margin is external. e.g. Murraya.

Ascending Quincuncial
Imbricate

Valvate Twisted Imbricate Vexillary

17
OCSC-BIOLOGY

ANDROECIUM
COHESION OF STAMENS :-
When the floral parts of similar whorl are fused, then it is called cohesion.
When the stamens of an androecium are free from one another, then it is called polyandrous condition,

(1) When stamens are united by their filaments only, then it is called adelphy. It is of following types-

(a) Monoadelphous - In this type of cohesion all the filaments are united into a single bundle or one
bunch but anthers remain free. In this type of cohesion a tube is formed arround the gynoecium which
is called staminal tube Eg. China rose (Malvaceae family).

(b) Diadelphous - In this type of cohesion filaments are united into two bundles but the anthers remain
free Eg. Pea (Papilionatae).

In these plants out of 10 stamens, 9 stamens are united into a bundle while 1 stamen remains free.

(c) Polyadelphous - Filaments are united into more than two bundles. Eg. Citrus.

(2) Syngenesious - Only anthers are united in bundle, but filaments remain free eg. Compositae family.

(3) Synandrous - Anthers as well as filaments of stamens are united through their whole length.
Eg. Colocasia, Alocasia, Cucurbitaceae family.

Anthers

Staminal Filaments
tube

Monoadelphous Diadelphous Polyadelphous Syngenesious Synandrous

ADHESION OF STAMENS -
When the stamens are attached to other parts of flower, then it is called adhesion of stamens.
(1) Epipetalous - Stamens are attached to the petals. Eg. Brinjal. (Solanaceae)

(2) Epiphyllous or Epitepalous - Stamens are attached to the tepals. Eg. Onion, Lily. (Liliaceae)
(3) Gynandrous - Complete stamens or only anthers are attached to the gynoecium. Eg. Calotropis, Aristolochia

LENGTH OF STAMENS -

(1) Didynamous - If four stamens are present and out of them

two are long and two are short, then it is called didynamous
condition. Eg. Lamiaceae/Labiatae family (Salvia)

(2) Tetradynamous - When there are six stamens and

they are arranged in two whorls. In outer whorl, there
are two short stamens while in inner whorl, there are
four long stamens, this condition is called tetradynamous.
Didynamous Tetradynamous
Eg. Cruciferae family (Mustard, Capsella).

18
 Plant Morphology

GYNOECIUM
l If only one carpel is present in gynoecium then this condition is called monocarpellary condition.
l If more than one carpel is present in gynoecium then this condition is called polycarpellary.
l When all the carpels in polycarpellary/multicarpellary condition are free, then this condition is called
apocarpous. eg. Lotus, Rose, Michelia.
l When all the carpels are fused, then this condition is called syncarpous. eg. Papaver, Hibiscus, Mustard, Tomato.

PLACENTATION
The ovules are attached on ovary walls on one or more cushion like structure called placenta. The manner in which
placenta or ovules are arranged on ovary wall is known as placentation or The arrangement of ovules within
the ovary is known as placentation. It is of following types:

(1) Marginal : This type of placentation is found in monocarpellary gynoecium. In this type of placentation.
placenta forms a ridge along the ventral suture of the ovary and the ovules are borne on
this ridge forming two rows as in Pea. There is no true placenta. Eg. Pea (Leguminosae family).

Tamarind, Cassia, Gulmohur, Acacia

(2) Axile : This type of placentation is found in multicarpellary, syncarpous gynoecium. Ovary is multilocular
and the ovules are borne on the central axis. Number of chambers are equal to the number of
carpels fused. Eg. China rose, Lemon, Tomato.

(3) Parietal : This type of placentation is found in unilocular syncarpous ovary. The ovules develop on
the inner wall of the ovary or on peripheral part. Eg. Mustard and Argemone.

l In some plants, ovary is one chambered but it becomes two chambered due to formation
of false septum or replum. Cruciferae family (Eg. Mustard, Capsella) and Argemone.

(4) Free central/Central : This type of placentation is found in syncarpous gynoecium. In it, the ovary
is unilocular (septa are absent) and the ovules are borne on the central axis.

eg. Primrose, Dianthus

(5) Basal : The ovary is unilocular and a single ovule is attached at the base of ovary. Eg. Marigold, Sunflower
(Asteraceae / Compositae family), Gramineae / Poaceae family.

(6) Superficial - This type of placentation is found in multicarpellary, syncarpous, multilocular gynoecium.
The ovules are attached on the entire inner surface or walls of loculii Eg. Nymphaea (Water lily)

Central axis Central axis

Marginal Axile Parietal Free central Basal Superficial

(L.S.) (L.S.)

19
OCSC-BIOLOGY FRUIT

The seeds are protected inside the fruit. But in some fruits like grapes, banana seeds are not found and
such type of fruits are called parthenocarpic or seedless fruits.
PERICARP (Fruit wall) : After ripening, the ovary wall changes into pericarp. This pericarp may be
thick and fleshy or thick and hard or thin and soft.
Pericarp is made up of 3 layers :-
(a) Outermost layer = Epicarp
(b) Middle layer = Mesocarp
(c) Innermost layer = Endocarp
(a) Epicarp - It is the outermost layer, it may be thick or thin and hard or soft. It forms outermost layer
of fruit which is also called rind
(b) Mesocarp : It is the middle layer which is thick and fleshy in mango, peach and date palm. In coconut,
this layer is made up of fibres which is also called coir
(c) Endocarp : It forms the innermost layer, it may be thin membranous (eg. Orange, Datepalm) or thick
and hard (eg. Mango, Coconut)
TRUE FRUIT OR EUCARP OR EUCARPIC FRUIT : When the fruit is developed only from the
ovary then the fruit is called true fruit. Eg. Mango, Coconut, Zizyphus
FALSE FRUIT OR PSEUDOCARP OR PSEUDOCARPIC FRUIT : In some fruits, in place of ovary,
some other parts of flower like thalamus, calyx and inflorescence are modified into fruit or a part of
fruit. Eg. Apple, Strawberry, Pear, Mulberry, Fig, Cashew nut

CLASSIFICATION OF FRUITS :

FRUIT

SIMPLE FRUIT AGGREGATE FRUIT COMPOSITE FRUIT

• Produced from one flower • Produced from one flower (Multiple Fruits)
• Produced from monocarpellary • Produced from bicarpellary
or multicarpellary and to multicarpellary but always • Produced from one entire
syncarpous ovary Apocarpous ovary inflorescence
• G1 or G(2 – µ ) • G2 – µ , Apocarpous
• They are also called
Etaerio fruits e.g. Syconus (Syconium) Sorosis
Fleshy fruits / Pulpy (From hypanthodium) (From spike,
– Etaerio of follicles
spadix and
– Drupe – Etaerio of achenes
catkin)
– Berry – Etaerio of berries
Dry fruits – Etaerio of drupes
– Pepo
– Pome
– Hespiridium
– Balausta Indehiscent Dehiscent Schizocarpic
– Amphisarca – Cypsela – Legume/Pod – Lomentum
– Caryopsis – Follicle – Cremocarp
– Achene – Siliqua – Regma
– Nut – Silicula – Carcerulus
– Samara – Capsule – Utricle

Fruits are divided into 3 types :

1. SIMPLE FRUITS These fruits develop from monocarpellary ovary or multicarpellary,

syncarpous ovary and only one fruit is formed by the gynoecium.
20
 Plant Morphology
Simple fruits are of two types :
(a) Fleshy fruits (b) Dry fruits

(a) FLESHY FRUITS In fleshy fruits, fruit wall (pericarp) is differentiated into epicarp,
mesocarp and endocarp. These fruit develop from superior or inferior syncarpous gynoecium. These
may be unilocular or multilocular, these fruits are indehiscent.

Fleshy fruits are of following types :

(1) DRUPE FRUITS : These fruits develop from monocarpellary, superior ovaries. In these fruits
endocarp is hard and stony, so these fruits are also called stony fruits. Eg. Mango, coconut, almond,
peach, walnut, plum. In mango the outermost cover or rind is called epicarp. Middle edible fleshy part
is mesocarp and the inner stony hard endocarp. In plum (Ber), epicarp and mesocarp both are edible while
endocarp is stony.

The hard covering of almond and walnut is endocarp and their edible part is seed. In coconut epicarp
is hard and thin while mesocarp is thick and fibrous. The endocarp is hard and seed is proteced in it.
The sweet water and edible part of coconut are liquid and solid endosperm respectively.

(2) BERRY : These fruits develop from mono or multicarpellary, syncarpous ovary. Ovary may be superior
or inferior. Placentation is axile. Generally epicarp is thin membrane like and seeds are embedded
in fleshy part. Initially seeds are attached with placenta of fruit but after maturation these
seeds are detached from placenta and are spread randomly in fleshy part.
(i) Plants with superior ovary (True berry) = Tomato, Grapes, Brinjal.
(ii) Plants with inferior ovary (False berry) = Guava, Banana
Date palm and Betelnut are single seeded berry.

(3) PEPO : These fruits develop from tricarpellary, syncarpous and inferior ovaries. These fruit are
unilocular and have parietal placentation but looks like axile due to swelling of placenta. These
fruits are fleshy and spongy. Eg. fruits of cucurbitaceae family like cucumber (Khira), water melon (Tarbooz),
Cucurbita maxima (Pumpkin), bitter gourd (Karela), muskmelon (Kharbuja).

(4) POME : This fruit develops from bi or multicarpellary, syncarpous, inferior ovary. The rind and
sponge are made up of thalamus. The main part of the ovary is like to cartilage. It remains inside
the fruit and seeds are present in it. Eg. Apple, Pear. These are false fruits. Fleshy swollen thalamus
of these fruits is edible part.

Fleshy thalamus Placenta

Seeds Mesocarp
+
endocarp Mesocarp
Epicarp + endocarp

True part Seeds Seeds

Placenta
T.S. of Cucumber
L.S. of Apple L.S. of Tomato

(5) HESPERIDIUM : This fruit develops from multicarpellary, syncarpous, superior ovary and axile placentation.
This fruit is specially found in the plants of Rutaceae family. Eg. Orange, Lemon.

Epicarp of these fruits is made up of thick rind which is having many oil glands. Mesocarp
is the white fibrous structure which is attached with epicarp. Membranous endocarp projects
inward and forms many chambers. Many glandular hairs are present on the inner side of endocarp.
These glandular juicy hairs are edible.
21
OCSC-BIOLOGY
(6) BALAUSTA : This is a multilocular, multiseeded fruit, which develops from inferior ovary. It's pericarp
is hard. Calyx is persistent which is arranged in the form of crown. Seeds are irregularly arranged
on placenta. Epicarp is hard. Testa of seed is fleshy and juicy. Testa is the edible part. Eg.
Pomegranate (Punica granatum) = Anar.

(7) AMPHISARCA : This fruit is multichambered which develops from multicarpellary superior ovary. Outer
part of pericarp is woody and placenta is fleshy. The inner part of pericarp and placenta is edible.
Eg. wood apple/beel (Aegle marmelos), elephant apple/kaith (Feronia).

Epicarp
Endocarp Mesocarp Inner layer of
pericarp Seeds

Placenta
Pericarp
Crown of
Succulent testa
Glandular Calyx
of seeds
hairs Woody
Hesperidium of orange Balausta of pomegranate pericarp

Amphisarca of wood apple

DRY-FRUITS
Pericarp (fruit wall) of simple dry fruits is not diffrentiated into epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp.
In some dry fruits, pericarp dehisces/ruptures after ripening and seeds are dispersed, such fruits are called
dehiscent fruits. In some fruits, pericarp breaks/splits into one or more seeded segments, such fruits
are called schizocarpic fruits. In some fruits, pericarp does not dehisce even after maturing/ripening,
such fruits are called indehiscent fruits.

Simple dry fruits can be divided into following three groups :

(i) Indehiscent (ii) Dehiscent (iii) Schizocarpic

i. INDEHISCENT FRUITS These fruits do not dehisce/rupture. These simple dry fruits are
generally of small sized and single seeded.

(1) CYPSELA : This is a small, one seeded dry fruit which develops from bicarpellary, syncarpous, inferior
ovary. In cypsela fruit pericarp and seed coat are free from each other and a bunch of hair
is attached with the fruit which is known as pappus. Pappus helps in fruit dispersal. Pappus
is modification of calyx. Eg. Compositae family (Sunflower, marigold).

(2) CARYOPSIS : These are small, one seeded dry fruits, which develop from monocarpellary, superior ovary.
In these fruits Pericarp is fused with the seed coat and form a joint surface. These fruits are
present in family Gramineae. Eg. wheat, rice, maize etc.

(3) ACHENE : These are single seeded fruits which develop from monocarpellary, superior ovary. In these
fruits pericarp is free from the seed coat & pappus are absent. Eg. Clematis, Mirabilis, Boerhaavia.
22
 Plant Morphology
(4) NUT : This is a single seeded fruit which develops from bi or multicarpellary, syncarpous, superior
ovary. In it pericarp is hard. Eg. Quercus (oak), Anacardium occidentale (Cashewnut), Trapa (Water
chest-nut), Litchi.

In Litchi epicarp and mesocarp is fused and give leathery appearence. Endocarp is membrane like thin.
An additional coat arround the seed is formed which is called aril. Actually it is a sort of third integument.
In mature fruit, this aril is fleshy and is only edible part.

(5) SAMARA : These are dry indehiscent one seeded winged/feathery fruit. It develops from bi or tri
carpellary, syncarpous and superior ovary. The main character of these fruits is that wing like structure
develops from pericarp which helps in dispersal of fruits. Eg. Holoptelia (Chil-bil), Dioscorea.

Pappus
Seed

Seed Winged
Caryopsis of wheat Aril pericarp
Cypsela of sunflower Nut of Litchi Samara of Holoptelia

In Shorea robusta wing develops from calyx instead of pericarp and these fruits are called samaroid.

ii. DEHISCENT FRUITS Pericarp of these fruits gets ruptured after ripening and seeds
are dispersed outside. These fruits are mainly of 5 types:

(1) LEGUME OR POD : These fruits develop from monocarpellary, unilocular, superior ovary with marginal
placentation. They are generally long and multiseeded fruits. Dehiscense of fruit occurs at both sutures i.e. dorsal
and ventral suture. Dehiscence starts from apex/tip and reaches to basal part. Eg. Pea, Beans, Gram.

(2) FOLLICLE : It is also multiseeded fruit which develops from superior unilocular, monocarpellary ovary
but the dehiscence occurs only from ventral suture. Eg. Asclepias, Rauwolfia, Periwinkle or Vinca,
Delphinium.
(3) SILIQUA : This fruit develops from bicarpellary, syncarpous, superior ovary and ovary has parietal
placentation. Dehiscence occurs from both dorsal and ventral suture, Dehiscence starts from lower
part and proceeds upward (from base to the apex). Initially ovary is unilocular but due to formation
of false septum/replum ovary becomes bilocular later on. On false septum seeds are attached. This
type of fruit is found in Cruciferae family. Eg. Brassica (Mustard).

(4) SILICULA : Small, broad siliqua is known as silicula. It is reduced form of siliqua. It's dehiscense
is similar to siliqua. It is found in some members of Cruciferae family. Eg. Candytuft (Iberis amara),
Capsella

(5) CAPSULE - This is dry, multichambered and multiseeded fruit and it develops from multicarpellary, syncarpous,
superior ovary. In it, axile placentation is found and dehiscence occurs by various methods. Poricidal
(Porous), loculicidal, septifragal, septicidal.

Eg. Papaver (Poppy=opium plant), Gossypium(Cotton), Datura, Abelmoschus (Lady finger), Onion
23
OCSC-BIOLOGY

Persistent calyx

Seeds Seeds

Seeds

Seeds Fibres
Replum Replum

Legume of pea Follicle Capsule of cotton

Siliqua of mustard Silicula of capsella

iii. SCHIZOCARPIC FRUITS = SPLITTING FRUITS : These are generally multiseeded fruits. After
ripening, they break/split and divide into mericarps and after destruction of pericarp seed comes
out. These fruits develop from mono or bi or multicarpllary superior or inferior ovary. Each mericarp
contains one or two seeds (Usually one seed).
Schizocarpic fruits are of five types:-
(1) LOMENTUM : These are bisutural multiseeded fruits which are constricted or divided in one seeded
many mericarps, after maturity mericarps get separated with each other. Eg. Tamarind, Cassia fistula,
Mimosa pudica, Arachis hypogea (ground nut/pea nut), Desmodium, Acacia (babool).
(2) CREMOCARP : This is a double seeded fruit it develops from bicarpellary, syncarpous, inferior ovary.
It is generally found in umbelliferae family. On maturation, it splits from apex to the base in such a way
that two mericarps are formed and each mericarp contains one seed. These mericarp are attached
with carpophore. Carpophore is the extended part of thalamus. Eg. Coriander (dhania), Daucus (carrot),
Cuminum (jeera = cumin), Foeniculum (saunph=fennel).
(3) REGMA : This fruit develops from tri to pentacarpellary, syncarpous, superior ovary. In it 3 to 5 locules
are present and it breaks/splits into 3 to 5 one seeded parts. Each part is known as coccus. At
the outer side of pericarp, spines are found. Eg. Euphorbiaceae family (Arand=castor/Ricinus) has
three cocii and Geranium has 5 coccus.
(4) CARCERULUS : This fruit develops from multicarpellary or bicarpellary, syncarpous, superior ovary. It
divides into four one seeded mericarps / locules & spines are absent. Eg. Ocimum (tulsi),
Salvia.

Carpophore

Mericarp

Lomentum Cremocarp of Regma of castor Carcerulus

of Acacia coriander of Ocimum

24
 Plant Morphology

AGGREGATE FRUITS
These fruits develop from multicarpellary, apocarpous gynoecium. In apocarpous condition
each carpel is free from each other and it forms a fruitlet. Aggregate fruits are made up
of a bunch of fruitlets which is known as etaerio.
(1) Etaerio of follicles : Each fruitlet of etaerio is follicle. Eg. Calotropis, Catharanthus, Magnolia, Michelia.
Only two follicles are present in etaerio of Calotropis. In Catharanthus and Magnolia etaerio develops from
many follicles.
(2) Etaerio of achenes : In this type of aggregate fruit, each fruitlet is an achene. Eg. Rananculus, Strawberry,
Rose, Lotus.
In lotus, thalamus becomes spongy and some achenes are embedded in it. In strawberry, thalamus
is fleshy and small achenes are found on its surface. In rose, many achenes are present on a
saucer (cup) like inner surface of fleshy thalamus.
(3) Etaerio of berries : It is an aggregation of small berries. Eg. Polyalthia, Annona squamosa (Custard-
apple=sitaphal). In etaerio of Anona all the berries are arranged densly on thalamus.
(4) Etaerio of drupes : In this type of fruit, many small drupes develop from different carpels. Eg. Raspberry,
Blackberry.
Thalamus
Berries
Drupes

Follicles

Achenes Thalamus
Etaerio of Follicles Etaerio of Achenes Etaerio of Berries Etaerio of Drupes

COMPOSITE FRUITS = Multiple fruits

All composite fruits are false fruits.
This type of fruit differ from aggregate fruit that in place of single ovary, many ovaries of many flowers
and other floral parts combine together to form a fruit. In composite fruits, generally whole inflorescence
is modify into fruit. These are of two types :
(1) SOROSIS : This fruit develops from spike, spadix or catkin inflorescence.
Eg. : Pineapple (Annanas) Jack fruit (Kathal), Mulberry (Shahtoot).
(2) SYCONUS OR SYCONIUM : This fruit develops from hypanthodium inflorescence. Many achenes
develop from the pistillate flowers. Eg. Ficus species like Fig [Anjeer (Ficus carica)], Peepal (Ficus religiosa)

Peduncle

Perianth and bracts

Axis

Fleshy receptacle

Seeds
Peduncle
Sorosis of jack fruit
Syconus of fig (Anjeer)

l Geocarpic fruits : Underground fruits are called geocarpic fruits. eg. Arachis (groundnut)
25
OCSC-BIOLOGY
Dispersal of fruits and seeds
We know that most of the plants do not move from one place to another. They grow, produce flower and fruits
while remaining fixed at one and the same place. The seeds falling directly under the mother plant have to
germinate and develop under limited food supply and space. To overcome this problem, the fruits and seeds
have developed several special devices for wide dispersal. The natural agents like wind, water and animals and
even mechanism of dehiscence in some fruits, help the seeds and fruits to disperse from one place to another,
and to long distances from the parent plant.
Wind –
In the species where the seeds are light in weight or have some accessory part to help dissemination, are
dispersed by the air current. The seeds of Drum–stick and Cinchona, and fruits of yam, maple and sal tree, are
provided with one or more appendages in the form of thin, flat and membranous wings, which help them to
float in the air and be carried away to long distances. In the members of Asteraceae, the calyx is modified into
hair–like structures called pappus. They persist in fruit and open out like umbrella, helping the seeds to float in
the air. In poppy and prickly poppy (Argemone), the fruit dehisces and seeds are thrown out to a distances
away from the parent plant. The seeds of Calotropis, Alstonia and cotton are provided with hair and cover
sufficient distances alongwith the wind. The seeds of orchids and some grasses are very small and light in
weight and may be easily carried away by wind to far off places.
Water –
The fruits and seeds with specialised devices which may be in the form of spongy and fibrous outer walls as in
coconut and spongy thalamus as in lotus, and small seeds with airy aril as in water lily, float very easily in water
and are carried away to long distances with the water current.
Animals –
The fruits and seeds with hooks, spines, bristles, stiff hair, etc., get attached to the body of hairy and woolly
animals and are carried away by them to distant places. For instance fruits of Xanthium and Urena bear curved
hooks, spear grass has a bunch of stiff hair, Tribulus has sharp and rigid spines Boerhaavia has sticky hair,
which help their dispersal by animals. The edible fruits like guava, grape, fig and plum are dispersed by birds
and even human beings, either by feeding on them and passing out undigested seeds with faeces or by carrying
them to other places for later feeding.

Defense mechanism in plants

Plants have developed special organs or devices to repulse or avoid the attack of their enemies. Some plants
like lemon, pomegranate and Duranta have thorns ; pineapple, datepalm, Agave and Yucca have sharp-
pointed spines at the leaf ends ; silk cotton tree and rose have prickles ; Opuntia and other cacti have spines
for their protection from animals. The stinging hair with sharp and siliceous apex occur on all parts of the
body in nettles (Laportea spp) and Urtica dioica. Glandular hair with sticky substances are present in Jatropha,
Boerhaavia and tobacco. The dense coating of hair or stiff hair which are always repulsive to animals are
found in cud-weed (Gnaphalium) and in many cucurbits.
There are other defense devices like the presence of poisonous and irritating substances in the plants. These
are in the form of latex in Ficus, Nerium and Euphorbia ; alkaloids in poppy, Datura and tobacco, and irritating
substances in Colocasia and other aroids. The plants of neem and karela have a bitter taste. Production of
tannin, resin, essential oils, etc., in some plants and the geophilous habit in others (e.g. zinger , turmeric,
colocasia and onion) are protective measures. Some plants like guava, mango and litchi have a habit of harbouring
ants (myrmicophily), which save the plant from damage by other animals. Mimicry is a habit of imitating the
general appearance, colour, shape of other plants or animals, generally disliked by attackers. The aroids (Caladium)
and Sansevieria resemble spotted snakes and are thus able to scare away plant-eating animals.

26
 Plant Morphology

EDIBLE PARTS OF SOME IMPORTANT FRUITS

PLANT TYPE OF FRUIT EDIBLE PARTS

1. Abelmoschus esculentus/Lady's Capsule Whole fruit (vegetable)

Finger/Okra/Bhindi

2. Achrus sapota/Sapodilla/Cheeku Berry Mesocarp and endocarp

3. Aegle marmelos/Wood Apple/Bel Amphisarca Pulpy endocarp (inner

pericarp) and placenta.

4. Anacardium occidentale/Cashewnut/ Nut Cotyledons and

Kaju Peduncle

5. Ananas comosus = A. sativus/Pineapple Sorosis Fleshy axis, bracts

fused perianth & Pericarp

6. Annona squamosa/Custard Apple/ Etaerio of Berries Mesocarp & Thalamus

Sitaphal

7. Arachis hypogea/Ground nut/Peanut Lomentum Seeds/Cotyledons

8. Areca catechu/Betel nut or Areca nut Berry Endosperm/Seed

9. Artocarpus integrifolia/Jack Fruit/Kathal Sorosis Bracts, perianth

and seeds (as vegetable and fruit)

10. Carica papaya/Papaya/Papita Berry Mesocarp and Endocarp

11. Cereals, Avena sativa (Oat), Oryza Caryopsis Whole fruit

sativa (Rice), Hordeum vulgare (Barley), (Endosperm and embryo)

Triticum durum (Durum Wheat),

Triticum aestivum (Bread Wheat),

CBSE-2020\Question bank\Biology\OCSC sheets\7. Morphology\02-Theory-2.p65

Zea mays (Maize)

12. Citrus reticulata/Orange, Citrus Hesperidium Glandular hair

sinensis/Sweet Orange, Citrus

aurantifolia/Lime

13. Cocos nucifera/Coconut Drupe Endosperm

14. Cucumis melo/Musk Melon/Kharbuja Pepo Mesocarp, Endocarp

& seeds

15. Cucumis vulgaris/Water melon/Tarbooj Pepo Mesocarp, Endocarp & seeds

16. Cucumis sativus/Cucumber/Kheera Pepo Mesocarp, Endocarp and

Young seed

27
OCSC-BIOLOGY

17. Ficus carica/Fig/Anjeer Syconus Fleshy receptacle

18. Fragaria vesca/Strawberry Etaerio of achenes Fleshy thalamus

19. Grewia asiatica/Dhamin/Phalsa Drupe Mesocarp

20. Juglans regia/Walnut Drupe Lobed cotyledons of seed

21. Litchi chinensis/Litchi Nut Aril

22. Lycopersicon esculentum/Tomato Berry Whole fruit (Pericarp and placenta)

23. Pyrus malus (M. sylvestris)/Apple Pome Fleshy thalamus

24. Mangifera indica/Mango Drupe Mesocarp

25. Morus alba, M. nigra/Mulberry Sorosis Whole fruit (Fleshy perianth,Fleshyaxis)

26. Phoenix dactylifera/Date/Khajoor Berry Pericarp

27. Prunus amygdalus/Almond Drupe Seed (Cotyledons and embryo)

28. Musa paradisiaca/Banana Berry Less developed Mesocarp

and well developed endocarp

29. Psidium guajava/Guava Berry Whole fruit (Thalamus, pericarp and

placenta)

30. Pulses Pod/Legume Seed

31. Punica granatum, Pomegranate/Anar Balausta Fleshy testa of seeds

32. Pyrus communis/Pear Pome Fleshy thalamus

33. Solanum melongena/Brinjal Berry Whole fruit (Pericarp & Placenta)

34. Tamarindus indica/Tamarind Lomentum Pericarp (Mesocarp)

35. Trapa bispinosa/Water Chestnut Nut Seed

/Singhara

36. Vitis vinifera/Grapes Berry Pericarp and placenta (whole fruit)

37. Zizyphus mauritiana/Z.jujuba/Jujube Drupe Epicarp and mesocarp

/Chinese Dates/Ber

28
 Plant Morphology

EXTRA POINTS

1. Cladode : In this modification branches of limited growth become green and flat like a leaf and perform
photosynthesis. Eg. Asparagus (one internode long) Ruscus (2 internode long).

2. Bulbil : It is modified vegetative bud with stored food, meant for vegetative reproduction. Eg. Agave, Oxalis,
Dioscorea (Yam).

3. Cabbage represents the largest bud.

4. Pistillode : Sterile pistil is known as pistillode eg. Some ray florets of compositae.

5. Staminode : Sterile stamen is called staminode. eg. Salvia, Caesalpinoidae (Cassia, Gulmohur, Tamarind)

6. Ptyxis : Folding of lamina in bud condition.

7. Vernation : Arrangement of leaves in bud condition.

8. Isomerous flower : When each whorl has an equal number of parts or its multiple.

Just oppsite to isomerous is heteromerous.

9. Polygamous : A plant bearing bisexual, unisexual and even neutral flower is said to be
polygamous. Eg. Polygonum, Mango

10. Position of style :

(a) Terminal : Arising from the tip of the ovary.

(b) Lateral : Arising from the side of ovary. Eg. Mango,

(c) Gynobasic style : Arising from the depressed centre of the four-lobed ovary or directly from the
thalamus. Eg. Tulsi (Ocimum), Salvia.

11. Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) = Unopened floral bud

12. Saffron (Crocus sativus) = Stigmas + Styles.

29
OCSC-BIOLOGY
FAMILIES OF ANGIOSPERMS
Following symbols are used for floral formula:-
Bracteate = Br
Ebracteate = Ebr
Actinomorphic =

Zygomorphic = % or or or ÷

Bisexual =
+

Unisexual male (staminate) =

Unisexual female (Pistillate) = +

Epicalyx = Epi or EpiK

Kn - Polysepalous condition
Calyx = K
K(n) - Gamosepalous condition

Cn - Polypetalous condition
Corolla = C
C(n) - Gamopetalous condition

Pn - Polyphyllous or polytepalous condition

Perianth = P
P(n) - Gamophyllous or gamotepalous condition

An - Polyandrous condition
Androecium = A
A(n) - Cohesion condition

Gn - Apocarpous condition
Gynoecium = G
G(n) - Syncarpous condition

Superior ovary = Hypogynous flower = G

Inferior ovary = Epigynous flower = G

Ovary half inferior or half superior = Perigynous flower = G–

Adhesion

Epiphyllous condition = PA

Epipetalous condition = CA

Gynandrous condition = AG

30
 Plant Morphology
1. CRUCIFERAE [= BRASSICACEAE] = Mustard family
1. Systematic Position:-
Class = Dicotyledonae
Sub-Class = Polypetalae
Series = Thalamiflorae Flower - Hypogynous
Order = Parietales Placentation - Parietal

2. Distinguishing Features of Cruciferae:-

(i) The plant organs have pungent odour. This odour is due to presence of sulphur containing
glucosides compound.

Myrosin enzyme (present in secretory cells) hydrolyse them into glucose & different isothiocyanates
(Various oils)

(ii) Inflorescence- Typical raceme.

Exceptions:-

(i) Iberis amara = Candytuft (chandani) has corymb type of inflorescence in which lower flower have much
longer pedicels than the upper ones.

(ii) The edible compound corymb inflorescence is present in cauliflower in which main axis (floral axis) is
branched. Each branch is a corymb. It is a corymb of corymbs (compound inflorescence)

3. The common Characteristics of flower:-

(i) Flower- Ebracteate

Bisexual or hermaphrodite

Actinomorphic but sometimes zygomorphic e.g. Iberis amara (Candytuft = Chandani)

Flower- Hypogynous and tetramerous.

(ii) Calyx- Sepals 4, polysepalous, calyx arranged in two whorls 2 outer and 2 inner, imbricate aestivation.

(iii) Corolla- Petals 4, polypetalous, valvate aestivation and cruciform/cross form.

- The each petal in cruciferae is divided into two parts -long claw and broader (spreading) lamina-limb. i.e
clawed petals.

- The corolla is absent in Lepidium and Coronopus.

- Some petals are transformed into stamens in Capsella.

(iv) Androecium:- Stamens 6, arranged in two whorls - in which two outer stamens are small
(antisepalous) and inner four stamens are long (antipetalous). This condition is known as
tetradynamous. Nectaries are present at the base of the anthers

- Polyandrous condition is found.

- Anthers are dithecous.

- Stamens introrse i.e. stamens bending towards the gynoecium.

* Exception :- 2 Stamens in Coronopus, 4 stamens in Lepidium and Cardamine and 16 stamens in

Megacarpea.

31
OCSC-BIOLOGY
(v) Gynoecium:- Bicarpellary, syncarpous.
* The ovary is unilocular in the begining but it becomes bilocular later on due to the formation
of a false septum (replum). Replum is developed from the thalamus inplace of wall of the ovary.
* Placentation is parietal.
(vi) Fruit:- Usually siliqua (eg. Mustard)
Silicula fruit is found in Capsella, Iberis (Chandani), Lepidium and Alyssum. The small, broad
siliqua is known as silicula.
(vii) Seed :- Non endospermic Mother axis

(viii) Floral Formula:-

Ebr K2+2 C4x A2 + 4 G (2) OR K2+2 C4 A2 + 4 G (2)

+ +
FLORAL DIAGRAM
(4) Economic Importance:- The family includes a large number of plant species which are of immense
importance to mankind as follows:-
[A] Food Stuff
(i ) Radish (Muli) = Raphanus sativus - Fusiform root.
(ii) Turnip (Shaljam) = Brassica rapa - Napiform root
(iii) Cauliflower (Phool gobhi) = Brassica oleracea var. botrytis, immature inflorescence is edible.
(iv) Cabbage (Patta gobhi) = Brassica oleracea var. capitata, fleshy leaves of bud are edible.
(v) Knol-Khol (Ganth gobhi) = Brassica oleracea var. caulorapa, thickened stem is edible.
(vi) Mustard (Sarson) = Brassica campestris (yellow); B.napus (black)
(vii) Rai = Brassica nigra (Black Rai), Brassica-alba (white Rai);
Brassica juncea (Local Rai)
(viii) Taramira = Eruca sativa - oil is obtained.

[B] Medicinal uses:-

(i) Halima = Lepidium sativum - garden cress- Its seeds are used in liver diseases,
asthama, cough and bleeding piles.

(ii) Wall flower = Cheiranthus cheiri - Its seeds are used in fever cough, paralysis, bronchitis.

(iii) Chandani (Candy tuft) = Iberis amara - It is used in rheumatism disease.

[C] Ornamental plants:-

(i) Chandani (Candy tuft) = Iberis amara
(ii) Wall Flower = Cheiranthus cheiri
(iii) Shepherd's purse = Capsella bursa -pestoris

32
 Plant Morphology
2. MALVACEAE = Cotton family, Mallow family
[1] Systematic position:-

Class - Dicotyledonae

Sub class - Polypetalae

Series - Thalamiflorae

Order - Malvales

Family - Malvaceae

[2] Diagnostic features of malvaceae:-

The mucilage is present in various plant organs like flower, fruit. Stellate (star shaped) hairs are present
on the shoot.

Inflorescence:- Cymose or solitary – solitary axillary or solitary terminal (Abutilon).

Exception:- The racemose inflorescence is present in Althaea (holly hock)

l Most of the economically important fibre yielding plants belong to family malvaceae.

[3] General characteristics of flower:-

(i) Flower:- Bracteate- Bracts are big and green in colour because simple leaves function as bracts.

Flowers are bisexual, actinomorphic, hypogynous and pentamerous.

(ii) Epicalyx:- Epicalyx (Bracteoles) are 3- 7; free and green in colour. They are the transformed bracteoles.
The structure of the bracteoles are like as bracts which is present on pedicel.

Valvate aestivation.

Epicalyx is absent in some genera of the malvaceae such as Abutilon, Sida, and Bombax.

(iii) Calyx:- sepals 5, gamosepalous, valvate aestivation. In some of the plants persistant calyx are present,
it means they are present on fruit eg. Abelmoschus (Bhindi) and Gossypium (Cotton).

- The odd sepal is posterior in malvaceae.

(iv) Corolla:- Petals 5, polypetalous, twisted aestivation, mucilagenous and attractive.

(v) Androecium:- Stamens infinite, monoadelphous means filaments united together in one bundle
and anthers remain free.

- Anthers kidney shaped, Monothecous

- The filaments are united together to form a long staminal canal or staminal tube around style.

- Staminal tube is united with the petals at the base of the flower, so stamens are epipetalous.

- The stamens are extrorse.

Exception : Julostylis contains 10 stamens in which 5 stamens are sterile and remaining
5 are fertile.

(vi) Gynoecium:- Pentacarpellary or polycarpellary, syncarpous but stigma's are free, so gynoecium is
incompletely syncarpous.

33
OCSC-BIOLOGY
The number of locules are equal to the number of carpels, so ovary is pentalocular or multilocular.

The ovary and style are enclosed in staminal tube but stigma remains outside.

Axile placentation

Exception:- Three carpels are present in the flower of Kydia.

(vii) Fruit:- Loculicidal capsule e.g. Lady finger, Cotton.

Exception:- The carcerulus fruit is found in holly hock = Althaea, Abutilon, Sida.This is a type of
schizocarpic fruit.

(viii) Seed:- Non endospermic, a dense hairy seed coat is present on cotton seed [ Gossypium]

(ix) Floral formula:-

Br Epi3-7 K(5) C5 A(¥) G (5- )

+ ¥

[4] Economic importance:- The family includes many

plants of great economic importance e.g. food, fibres, Mother axis
Epi
oils, medicine and ornamentals:-
K
(a) Food:- (i) Okra/bhindi(Lad y's fing er) =
Abelmoschus esculentus or Hibiscus
esculentus used as vegetable. C
(b) Oils:- From Cotton seeds (Gossypium seeds).
A
The seeds of Gossypium are used for obtaining
oil which is hydrogenated to prepare vegetable
ghee.Volatile oil known as Musk seed oil used in Bract
perfumary is obtained from Hibiscus abelmoschus
FLORAL DIAGRAM
seeds.

(c) Fibres:- Most of the economically important

fibre yielding plants belong to the family
malvaceae

[i] Surface fibres:- These fibres are obtained from the surface of the seeds.

(a) Cotton = Gossypium.

(b) Red Silk cotton = Salmalia malabaricum (Semal)

(c) White Silk cotton = Eriodendron or Ceiba [Kapok]

[ii] Soft fibre or Bast fibres :-

(a) Patua = Hibiscus sabdariffa (Rosella hemp)

(b) China Jute = Abutilon asiaticum = Indian mallow.

(c) Patsan [Deccan hemp] = Hibiscus cannabinus

34
 Plant Morphology
[D] Timber:-

(i) Ochroma lagopus = Balsa wood, lightest wood

(ii) Malva sylvestris = Mallow wood

[E] Medicine:-

[i] Urena repanda - These roots are useful in hydrophobia.

[F] Ornamental:-

[i] China rose [Shoeflower] = Hibiscus rosasinensis - Red shoes polish is obtained from the
petals of this flower.

[ii] Holly hock [Gul- e - khera] = Althaea rosea (Blue colour is obtained from its leaves)

[iii] Cotton rose = Hibiscus mutabilis (Changeable rose)

[iv] Mallow [Khatmi] = Malva sylvestris

[v] Umbrella tree = Thespesia populnea

[vi] Pavonia odorata - from roots hina perfume is manufactured.

[G] Vitamins:- Gossypium seeds are rich in vitamin A, D, E, and B- complex.

3. SOLANACEAE = Potato family

[1] Systematic position:-

Class - Dicotyledonae

Subclass - Gamopetalae

Series - Bicarpellatae

Order - Polymoniales

Family - Solanaceae

It is distributed in tropics, subtropics and even temperate zones.

Many ovules are present in the ovary so many seeds are formed as in tomato, brinjal etc.

- Most of plants of this family are herbs, some of them are shrubs , rarely trees.

- Stem herbaceous rarely woody, aerial, erect, cylindrical, branched, solid or hollow, hairy or glabrous (Smooth).

- The tap root system is present in these plants.

- Leaves are simple rarely pinnately compound and exstipulate, alternate, venation reticulate. Bicollateral
vascular bundles are present in stem

35
OCSC-BIOLOGY
[2] Inflorescence:- Solitary axillary, or cymose inflorescence as in Solanum.

Monochasical cyme is of two types:-

[A] Helicoid cyme:- sp. of Solanum.

[B] Scorpioid cyme :- species of Atropa plants.

Exception :- Solitary terminal inflorescence is found in Datura.

[3] Flower:- Flowers are bracteate or ebracteate, bisexual, complete, hypogynous, pentamerous and
actinomorphic.

[4] Calyx:- Sepals 5, gamosepalous (united), valvate aestivation and persistent. (eg. Tomato, Brinjal)

When sepals grow with the growth of the fruit and become thickened and elongated then they are known as
accrescent sepals. eg. Brinjal

[5] Corolla:- Petals -5, gamopetalous (united), aestivation valvate

[6] Androecium:- Stamens -5, polyandrous, epipetalous stamens, introrse, filaments basifixed and anthers dithecous.

[7] Gynoecium:- Bicarpellary, syncarpous, bilocular and axile placentation, ovary superior.

Special features:- Swollen placenta and oblique septum. Ovaries arranged obliquely on thalamus,

carpels move at Ð 450 in clock wise direction. posterior carpel turns on right side and anterior
carpel turns on left side.

- Multilocular ovary is formed in tomatoes and Datura due to formation of false septum.

[8] Fruit:- Fleshy fruit - berry (Tomato, Brinjal) sometimes capsule (Datura).

The fruit of the Datura is septifragal capsule.

[9] Seeds :- Many and Endospermic.

[10] Floral formula :

Br or Ebr K(5) C(5) A5 G (2)

+

[11] Economic Importance:-

FLORAL DIAGRAM

[A] Food : (a) Vegetable :-

(i) Potato = Solanum tuberosum - edible part under ground stem- tuber

(ii) Tomato = Lycopersicum esculentum

(iii) Brinjal (Egg plant) = Solanum melongena

36
 Plant Morphology

(iv) Makoi = Solanum nigrum

(v) Chilli = Capsicum annuum (used as spice)

(vi) Shimala Mirch = Capsicum frutescence

(vii) Rasbhary (Goose berry) = Physalis- peruviana (fruits are eaten)

[B] Medicines:-

(i) Atropa belladonna (Deadly night shade) The roots are used in the manufacture of drug belladonna.
Atropine alkaloids is obtained from the roots Atropine is used to dialate the pupil of the eye.

(ii) Stramonium is obtained from the seeds of Datura (Thorn apple) in which Scopolamine alkaloid is
present. It is pain reliever and sedative.

(iii) Henbane medicine (containing hyoscyamine alkalloid) obtained from the leaves of Hyoscyamus niger. It
is used in the treatmet of asthama and whooping cough.

(iv) Nicotine & anabasin alkaloid obtained from the leaves of Nicotiana tabacum (Tobacco) &
N. rustica. It is nerve stimulent and are also used as insecticide.

(v) Solanum xanthocarpum = (Nelee Kanteli) the juice of its used in rheumatism and cough.

(vi) Withania somnifera = Asvagandh/Ashwagandha - Its root used as nerve tonic, leaves used in
fever.

(vii) Solanum nigrum = (Makoi) - The fruit are laxative.

[C] Ornamental Plants :- Many plants of the family are cultivated for their beautiful flower and fragrance
as follows:-

(i) Petunia alba and Petunia hybrida.

(ii) Cestrum nocturnum = Rat - Ki - Rani (Night Jasmine)

(iii) Cestrum diurnum = Din - Ka - Raja (Day Jasmine)

(iv) Schizanthus = Poor man's orchids

(v) Brunfelsia hopeana = Kal - Aaj - Kal

[D] Fumigatory :- Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)

37
OCSC-BIOLOGY 4.
LEGUMINOSAE
[1] SYSTEMATIC POSITION
Class - Dicotyledonae
Sub class - Polypetalae
Series - Calyciflorae
Order - Rosales
Family - Leguminosae
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS
Flower - Hypogynous G
Gynoecium - Monocarpellary
Ovary - Unilocular
Placentation - Marginal
Leguminosae family is devided into 3 - subfamilies
1. Papilionatae/Papilionoideae/Lotoideae 2. Caesalpinoideae 3. Mimosoideae

SUB - FAMILY ® PAPILIONATAE

= Pea family = Pulse family

= FABACEAE FAMILY

IMPORTANT FEATURES
It is distributed all over the world.
Trees, shrubs, herbs are found in this family.
Sleeping movements commonly occurs in this family.
[1] Roots :- Roots are branched and tap root system is present. Root nodules are present. In root nodules
N–fixing bacterium Rhizobium leguminosarum is present.
[2] Stem – Erect or climber
[3] Leaves :- Stipulate, simple or pinnately compound-unipinnate, imparipinnate, leaf base pulvinate/
pulvinus, venation reticulate, Alternate
[4] Inflorescence :- Typical raceme (racemose).
[5] Flower :- Bracteate, bisexual, hypogynous, penta merous and Zygomorphic symmetry. The zygomorphic
symmetry is due to presence of different (odd) petals (dissimilar petals & androecium).
[6] Calyx :- Sepals 5, gamosepalous, aestivation imbricate or valvate (mainly valvate), anterior sepals is odd.
[7] Corolla :- This is the first main diagnostic character
for the subfamilies of leguminosae. Petals 5,
Vexillum or Standard
papilionaceous (Butterfly shaped), polypetalous, one
petal is odd out of 5–petals, towards the mother axis -
Wings
means posterior in position. It is the largest and outer or
most petal which is called standard or vexillum. Alae

® Below the vexillum, two small free lateral petals present Keel
or
which are known as wing or alae. (lateral in position) Carina

® Anterior two petals fused together to form a boat

like structure called keel or carina which encloses FIG : (COROLLA)
the essential organs. i.e. stamens and pistil/carpel.
Such type of aestivation is called vexillary or descending imbricate.
38
 Plant Morphology
[8] ANDROECIUM
This is the second main diagnostic character for the subfamilies of Leguminosae.
Stamens - 10; diadelphous (9) + 1
9 stamens fused together to form a sheath around the pistil while the tenth posterior one is free
* Anther dithecous
[9] GYNOECIUM :- Gynoecium is monocarpellary, unilocular with many ovules, superior ovary, style
single and marginal placentation.
[10] FRUIT :- Legume or pod (dry, dehiscent, one chambered fruit).
Sometimes lomentum is also found eg. Arachis (mungphali)
[11] SEED :- Non-endospermic, one to many
[12] FLORAL FORMULA :-

Br K(5) C1 + 2 + (2) A1 + (9) G1 or Br % K(5) C1 + 2 + (2) A(9) + 1 G1

+ +

[13] ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE

[A] FOOD PLANT FIG : FLORAL DIAGRAM
[i] Arhar (Pigeon pea) - Pulse = Cajanus cajan (indicus)
[ii] Chana (Gram) - Pulse = Cicer arietinum
[iii] Mattar (Pea) = Pisum sativum
[iv] Urad (Blak gram) - Pulse = Phaseolus mungo or vigna mungo
[v] Mung (green gram) - Pulse = Phaseolus radiatus (esculentus) or vigna radiatus
[vi] Masoor - Pulse = Lens esculenta or L. culinaris or Ervum lens
[vii] French bean = Vigna/Phaseolus vulgaris
or Kidney bean (Rajma)
[viii] Soyabean - Pulse = Glycine max (G. soja) – Soyabean contains more protein
than meat
[ix] Gwar (cluster bean) = Cymopsis tetragonoloba
[x] Methi = Trigonella foenum graecum
[xi] Mungphali(Ground nut) = Arachis hypogea.
[xii] Sem- Pulse = Dolichos lablab
[xiii] Agast tree = Sesbania grandiflora
Its flowers are edible
[xiv] Cowpea (chowla) = Vigna sinensis
[xv] Khaseri dal = Lathyrus sativus
The lathyrism disease is produced by the use of this dal.
[B] FODDER
[i] Alfalfa (Rijka) = Medicago sativa
[ii] Berseem = Trifolium alexandrium. Used as green mannure
[iii] Bankla = Vicia faba
[iv] Dhaincha = Sesbania
[C] FIBRES
[i] Sunhemp = Crotalaria juncea (ternatea)
[D] TIMBER
[i] Shisham = Dalbergia sissoo (Indian Red Wood)
[ii] Kala shisham = Indian rose wood = Dalbergia latifolia

39
OCSC-BIOLOGY
[E] DYES
[i] Neel (Blue dye) = Indigofera tinctoria (dye is obtained from leaves)
[ii] Fire of the forest = Butea monosperma orange, yellow dye is obtained
from the flower
[F] MEDICINAL PLANTS
(i) Mulaithi (Liquorice) = Glycyrrhiza glabra
Its roots are used in cough & cold.
[G] ORNAMENTAL
(i) Butterfly pea = Clitoria ternatea
(ii) Indian coral tree = Erythrina indica
(iii) Indian telegraph plant = Desmodium gyrans
(iv) Sweet pea (Phool matar)= Lathyrus odoratus
(v) Lupin = Lupinus albus
[H] INSECTICIDES :-
(i) Deris elliptica ® Rotenone insecticide - rotenone is obtained.
[I] GUM
(i) Bengal kino gum = It is obtained from the butea (dhak).
(ii) Astragalus gummifer
[J] EDIBLE OIL ® Soyabean, Groundnut
[K] OTHER USES :-
(i) Abrus precatorius = Crab's eye = Ratti = Jweller's weight - jwellers use it's
seeds as weight
(ii) Silk worm lives on the stem of Butea.
(iii) Alhagi pseudoalhagi = Camel's fodder. From twigs screens (chiks) are manufactured

5. LILIACEAE = Lily family

[1] SYSTEMIC POSITION
Class - Monocotyledonae
Series - Coronarieae
Family - Liliaceae
It is distributed world wide.
Liliaceae is a monocot family.
Perianth is present in this family, It means there is no difference in between calyx and corolla. If perianth
is green in colour then it is called sepaloid as in onion.
If perianth is coloured other than green then it is known as petaloid as in Lily.
[2] DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES
(1) HABIT :-
Perennial herbs with underground bulbs/corms/rhizomes.
sometimes abnormal secondary growth is found in trees such as - Dracaena, Yucca.
(2) ROOT
Usually adventitious/fibrous. Fasciculated roots are found in Asparagus (satawar).
(3) STEM
The aerial stem is present in few plants. (Dracaena, Yucca, Smilax etc.)

40
 Plant Morphology
Majority of the plants have underground stem. It is of following types -
[i] BULBS eg. - Onion, Garlic.
[ii] CORM - eg. - Colchicum.
[iii] RHIZOME - eg. Aloe.
* MODIFICATION OF AERIAL STEM
Cladode - eg. Asparagus, Ruscus
(4) LEAVES
® Mostly basal, linear, alternate, exstipulate with parallel venation.

® Radical leaves are present in few plants such as in Asphodelus.

® Exceptionally reticulate venation is found in Smilax, Paris

® The stipule of Smilax and leaf tip of Gloriosa are modified into tendrils.
(5) INFLORESCENCE :- Solitary / Cymose; Often umbellate clusters.
(i) Scapigerous umbel or Cymose umbel or Umbellate clusters - e.g. Onion and Garlic
In this type of inflorescence, a axis called scape arises from the underground stem and
on its top cluster of flowers develop, this bunch of (cluster) flowers looks like an umbel.
But, truely speaking it is not umbel. The flowers are arranged in compact scorpioid cyme order.
(ii) Panicle = Compound raceme e.g. Yucca and Dracaena
(6) GENERAL CHARACTERS OF FLOWER
Bracteate, bisexual, complete, actinomorphic, hypogynous and trimerous.
* The flowers in Ruscus and Smilax are unisexual and incomplete.
(7) PERIANTH
Tepals 6, arranged in two whorls 3 + 3, Often united into tube, Valvate aestivation
(8) ANDROECIUM
6 stamens, epiphyllous, arranged in two whorls 3 + 3, polyandrous.
(9) GYNOECIUM
Tricarpellary, syncarpous, trilocular with many ovules,
axile placentation, superior ovary.
(10) FRUIT
Capsule (Onion), rarely berry (Lily).
(11) SEED :- Endospermic/Endospermous
(12) FLORAL FORMULA

Br P(3+3) A3+3 G ( 3)
+

(13) ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE

[A] FOOD FLORAL DIAGRAM
(i) Onion = Allium cepa - Foul odour is due to an oil like organic compound of sulphur - allyl sulphide formed
in Fleshy leaves of bulb.
(ii) Garlic = Allium sativum - Antidiabetic property is due to sulphur containing AA- S - Allyl - Cystine Sulphoxide
(SACS) in Fleshy leaves of bulb.
(iii) Satawar = Asparagus - used as vegatable.

41
OCSC-BIOLOGY
[B] ORNAMENTAL PLANTS :-
(i) Lily = Lilium bulbiferum
(ii) Tulip = Tulipa - The flowers are attractive due to infection of Virus.
(iii) Sensiviera trifasiata - "Mother in Law's tongue".
(iv) Ruscus aculeatus - 'Butcher's boom"
(v) Gloriosa
(C) MEDICINAL USES :-
(i) Sarasaprilla = Smilax zeylamicum - Its seed used in urinary troubles.
(ii) Gvar patha (Ghee quar) = Aloe vera - Aloin, a purgative is obtained. The juice of the leaves is used as
skin tonic and it increases the eye sight.
(iii) Urginea (wild onion) and Scilla A rat killer medicine is prepared from their bulb.
(iv) Garlic (Lahasun) = Allium sativum = It is very useful in heart disease, rheumatism & diabetes.
(v) Gloriosa superba - It is used in leprosy and piles, it is also very useful as used in biting of snake or scorpion.
(D) OTHER USES :-
(i) Dragon plant = Dracaena draca - Red coloured resin is obtained from the stem, that's why it is known as
"Dragon's blood."
(ii) Dragger plant = Yucca alolifolia, Y. filamentosa - Fibres are obtained from the stem.
(iii) Colchicum autumnale - Colchicine (mitotic poison) is obtained from corms of this plant, which is
used to induce polyploidy plants. C. luteum = corm is laxative
(iv) Phormium tenax - It is used for preparing oil paints and varnishes.
(v) Sansevieria roxburghiana = "Indian Bowstring hemp" and Sansevieria trifasciana = "African Bowstring hemp"
- fibres are obtained which are used for making ropes and nets.

6. ASTERACEAE OR COMPOSITAE = Sunflower family

= Daisy family

SYSTEMATIC POSITION :
Class – Dicotyledonae
Sub class – Gamopetalae
Series – Inferae
Order – Asterales
Family – Compositae or Asteraceae
It is largest family of angiosperms, having largest geographical distribution. The name of this family
is based on its inflorescence.
Special characters : Inflorescence mostly racemose head or capitulum. Calyx is usually represented
by hairy structure called pappus or represented by minute scales. It is persistant & attached on fruit
& helps in dispersal of fruits. Petals 5, gamopetalous, valvate aestivation. Stamens–5, epipetalous,
syngenesious, ovary bicarpellary, syncarpous, inferior ovary, unilocular, basal placentation.
Fruit is cypsela with hairy pappus i.e. important character of this family. In Dahlia fasciculated
roots are present.

42
 Plant Morphology
10. FLORAL FORMULA
Pappus
(Calyx)

(A) Ray florets ® Br % + KP C(5) A0 G ( 2) Pappus

(Calyx)

(B) Disc florets ® Br KP C(5) A(5) G ( 2)

+

(C) Sterile florets ® Br KP C(5) A0 G0

(It is a type of ray florets)

FIG. FLORAL DIAGRAM FIG. FLORAL DIAGRAM
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE :– RAY FLORET DISC FLORET

[A] Food :–

(1) Lactuca sativa = Salad (Garden lettuce) – Leaves edible

(2) Intybus (kasani) = Cichorium – chicory powder is prepared which mixed with coffee powder.

(3) Helianthus tuberosus - Their tubers are eaten which contain inulin crystals.

(4) Helianthus annuus = Sunflower (Suraj mukhi) – The seeds of this yiedls valuable oil which
is used for cooking purposes.

(5) Carthamus tinctorius = Kusum (Safflower) – Oil obtaining from these seeds which reduced the level
of cholesterol. Orange red colour obtains from the petals of the flowers.

[B] Medicinal plants :–

(1) Artemisia obsinthium - Santonin medicine obtains from Artemisia which is useful for removal of worms.

(2) Arnica montana - Arnica medicine is obtained which is used in healing of wound and as hair oil.

(3) Eclipta alba (Bhring Raj) - Juice is used as hair tonic.

(4) Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium = Guldaudi – Pyrethrum named insecticide is obtained.

(5) Species of Blumea produce "Kapoor" which is a useful medicine.

(6) Taraxacum officinale - 'Taraxacum' medicine is obtained which is purgative and diuretic.

[C] Ornamental :–

(1) Helianthus annuus = Surajmukhi

(2) Chrysanthemum = Gul–Daudi

(3) Tagetes = Genda (Marigold)

(4) Zinnia

(5) Dahlia

(6) Aster

[D] Other Values :–

(1) Ambrosia artemissifolia = Rug weed - Hay fever is due to its pollen grains.

(2) Parthenium hysterophorus/P.argentatum = Carrot grass or Congress grass – skin allergy

develops from its pollen grains.

43
OCSC-BIOLOGY 7.
POACEAE OR GRAMINEAE = Grass family
SYSTEMATIC POSITION :–
Class = Monocotyledonae
Series = Glumaceae
Family = Gramineae or Poaceae
Special character : This is the largest family of the Indian flora. Poaceae is a monocot family.
Inflorescence spike of spikelets. Flowers zygomorphic, bisexual, but in Zea and Coix flowers are unisexual.
Flowers are hypogynous and trimerous. Tepals 2, polyphyllous, membranous and situated in anterio lateral
position. They are called lodicules. Stamens 3, polyandrous, versatile. Monocarpellary or tricarpellary,
syncarpous, superior, unilocular ovary, placentation is basal, stigma is feathery. Fruit is caryopsis.
Culm stem is present.

FLORAL FORMULA :–

Br P2 A3 G1 or G(3)
+ or 6

Lodicule
(membranous tepal)
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE :–
FLORAL DIAGRAM
[A] Ornamental Plants :–
(1) Cynodon dactylon = Doob
[B] Cereals :–
(1) Avena sativa = Jai/oat
(2) Eleusine coracena = Ragi
(3) Hordeum vulgare = Barley/jau - It is the oldest ancient crop.
(4) Oryza sativa = Rice
(5) Pennisetum typhoides = Bajra
(6) Secale cereale = Rye
(7) Sorghum vulgare = Jawar
(8) Triticum aestivum = Wheat
(9) Zea mays = Maize
[C] Sugar :–
(1) Saccharum officinarum = Sugarcane
[D] Oil Yielding Plants :–
(1) Cymbopogon caesius = ginger grass. The oil is obtained from their leaves & is used in soap industry.
(2) Cymbopogon flexnosus = Lemon grass. Oil is obtained from their leaves & is used for making
scented materials.
[E] Fibre Yielding Plants :–
S. munja = Moonj - Fibres obtained from stem is used for making ropes, mats and baskets etc.
[F] Timber Yielding Plants :–
(1) Bambusa balcooa = Bamboo
(2) Dendrocalamus giganteus.
44
 Plant Morphology
[G] Other Uses :–
(1) Hordeum vulgare (Barley = Jau) is used for making beer.
(2) Zea mays is used in alcohol industry.
(3) Vetiveria zizanoides - (Khus) - It is used for preparation of non alcoholic drinks.
Its roots (oil) are also used in perfumery.

8. CUCURBITACEAE = Gourds family

1. SYSTEMATIC POSITION
Class – Dicotyledonae
Subclass – Polypetalae
Series – Calyciflorae
Order – Passiflorales
Family – Cucurbitaceae
Special characters : Stem pentangular, branched, with bicollateral vascular bundles. They are arranged
in two circles. Inflorescence-Solitary axillary. Most of the plants of this family are monoecious, it means
male and female flowers are present on the same plant. Flowers are ebracteate, pedicellate, flowers are
incomplete, unisexual, actinomorphic symmetry, flowers are pentamerous and epigynous. 5 Sepals,
gamosepalous, valvate aestivation. Petals 5, gamopetalous, valvate or imbricate aestivation. Tricarpellary,
syncarpous, inferior ovary, unilocular, parietal placentation but it looks like axile placentation due
to swelling of placenta.
5 Stamens, usually cohesion in three groups 1 + (2) + (2). It means four stamens are present in two pairs
and fifth one is free, synandrous condition, Fruit is pepo. The bitter taste of the fruit is due to presence
of tetracyclic triterpenes.

FLORAL FORMULA

Male flower - Ebr K(5) C(5) A1+(2)+(2) G0

Female flower - Ebr K(5) C(5) A0 G

+ ( 3)

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE :
FIG. MALE FLOWER FEMALE FLOWER
VEGETABLES AND FRUITS
(i) Kadoo (Pumpkin) = Cucurbita pepo or Cucurbita maxima
(ii) Lauki (Bottle gourd) = Lagenaria vulgaris
(iii) Kharbooza (Muskmelon) = Cucumis melo
(iv) Ghia tore = Luffa cylindrica
(v) Kakari = Cucumis melo var. utilissimus
(vi) Tarbooj (Water melon) = Citrullus vulgaris
(vii) Kheera (Cucumber) = Cucumis sativus
(viii) Karela (Bitter gourd) = Momordica charantia
(ix) Tinda = Citrullus vulgaris var. fistulosus
(x) Ash Gourd or White Gourd = Benincasa - hispida
45
OCSC-BIOLOGY

Most advanced dicot family – Asteraceae (compositae)

Most advanced monocot family – Poaceae (Gramineae)
Most primitive dicot family – Either Magnoliaceae
or
Ranunculaceae (mainly Magnoliaceae)

BEGINNER'S BOX-2
FLOWER TO FAMILIES
1. A flower can be regarded as perfect flower when :-
(1) Only one essential whorl is present (2) Both essential whorls are present
(3) Both accessory whorls are present (4) Both essential whorls are absent
2. Beauty of Bougainvillea is due to :-
(1) Sepal (2) Petal (3) Bract (4) Stipule
3. Pappus is characteristic feature of :-
(1) Cotton (2) Lady finger (3) Sunflower (4) Mustard
4. Select the correct statement?
(1) In syncarpous condition one carpel is present
(2) The number of locules are always equal to number of carpels in gynoecium
(3) Free central placentation is found in primrose
(4) Arrangement of ovaries is called placentation
5. Select incorrect statement ?
(1) Berry fruits are generally single seeded
(2) Tetradynamous stamens are found in mustard
(3) Tricarpellary gynoecium is found in the members of family Liliaceae
(4) In family Cucurbitaceae, plants are generally monoecious

GOLDEN KEY POINTS

l Half inferior ovary is found in plum, peach, rose.
l In apocarpous condition carpels are free. CBSE-2020\Question bank\Biology\OCSC sheets\7. Morphology\04-Theory-4.p65

l Generally the fruit consists of pericarp and seeds.

l In fabaceae, flowers are zygomorphic.
l Solanaceae is commonly called 'potato family'

ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5
BEGINNER'S BOX-1
Ans. 1 1 2 2 1

Que. 1 2 3 4 5
BEGINNER'S BOX-2
Ans. 2 3 3 3 1

46
 Plant Morphology
EXERCISE-I (Conceptual Questions) Build Up Your Understanding

ROOTS TO INFLORESCENCE 12. A plant with parallel venation is -

(1) Castor (2) Grass
1. Radish is an example of - (3) Gram (4) Mustard
(1) Fusiform root (2) Napiform root
(3) Conical root (4) Tuberous root 13. Stem modified into leaf like structure and leaves
are changed into spines in -
2. Roots associated with nitrogen fixing bacteria (1) Phyllode (2) Tuber
are - (3) Phylloclade (4) All the above
(1) Fusiform roots (2) Napiform roots
(3) Nodulated roots (4) Conical roots 14. A dicot plant showing parallel venation is -
(1) Smilax
3. The edible part of turnip is - (2) Calophyllum
(1) Modified Adventitious roots (3) Cotton
(2) Modified tap root (4) Mango
(3) Stem
(4) Underground stem 15. Verticillaster inflorescence occurs in -
(1) Solanaceae (2) Cruciferae
4. Which is a modification of root that does not store (3) Fabaceae (4) Labiatae
food?
(1) Napiform root (2) Fusiform root 16. In cyathium the ratio between female to male
(3) Tuberous root (4) Stilt root flower is -
(1) One : One (2) One : Many
5. Shoot/Stem develops from - (3) Many : One (4) Many : Many
(1) Plumule (2) Radicle
(3) Both 1 & 2 (4) Endosperm 17. The most advanced type of Inflorescence is -
(1) Corymb (2) Capitulum
6. Which is an example of offset? (3) Spadix (4) Catkin
(1) Cynodon dactylon (2) Eichhornia
(3) Fragaria (4) Mentha 18. Inflorescence in which many pedicellate flowers
arising to form a umbrella like structure is :-
7. Rhizome of ginger is a modification of stem (1) Umbel (2) Cymose head
because - (3) Capitulum (4) Verticillaster
(1) It bears Adventitious roots
19. Prop roots of Banyan tree are meant for
(2) It bears nodes and internodes
(1) Respiration
(3) It is underground
(2) Storage
(4) It stores food material
(3) Providing support to big tree
8. Phylloclade is found in - (4) All
(1) Opuntia (2) Cactus
20. Which is not a stem modification -
(3) Acacia (4) Both (1) & (2)
(1) Rhizome of ginger
9. Nodulated roots occurs in (2) Corm of Colocasia
(1) Liliaceae (2) Solanaceae (3) Pitcher of Nepenthes
(3) Malvaceae (4) Fabaceae (4) Tuber of potato

10. Thorns and spines are - 21. A modification of petiole is -

(1) Defensive organs (2) Respiratory organs (1) Phyllode (2) Phylloclade
(3) Both 1 & 2 (4) Storage organs (3) Cladode (4) Corm

11. In onion the swollen underground structure is - 22. Cyathium inflorescence is found in -
(1) Root (2) Rhizome (1) Croton (2) Ficus
(3) Bulb (4) Tuber (3) Euphorbia (4) Ricinus
47
OCSC-BIOLOGY
23. Zig–Zag development of flower on inflores- 36. Cross form corolla is found in
cence axis is (1) Leguminosae (2) Malvaceae
(1) Cyathium (2) Capitulum (3) Cruciferae (4) Compositae
(3) Helicoid cyme (4) Scorpioid cyme
37. The fourth whorl of flower is of
24. The floral organs arise from (1) Petals (2) Stamens
(1) Mother axis (2) Thalamus (3) Carpel (s) (4) Sepals
(3) Root (4) Pedicel
38. Siliqua is the fruit of:-
25. What is the eye of potato ? (1) Cruciferae (2) Malvaceae
(1) Axillary bud (2) Accessory bud
(3) Liliaceae (4) Solanaceae
(3) Adventitious bud (4) Apical bud
39. Fruit of brinjal is :-
26. In Ruscus, the modification is :-
(1) Berry (2) Hesperidium
(1) Phyllode (2) Cladode
(3) Drupe (4) Pome
(3) Offset (4) Sucker
40. Which of the following is false fruit ?
27. In turmeric, stem is a :-
(1) Pome (2) Pepo
(1) Tuber (2) Bulb
(3) Rhizome (4) Corm (3) Hesperidium (4) Drupe

28. Catkin inflorescence is found in :- 41. A true fruit develops from :-

(1) Wheat (2) Oat (3) Mulberry (4) Fig (1) Ovary (2) Thalamus
(3) Petals (4) Receptacle
29. Spathe is present in the flowers of :-
(1) Banana (2) Rice 42. Fruit of 'Ground nut" is :-
(3) Marigold (4) Sunflower (1) Nut (2) Legume
(3) Lomentum (4) Capsule
FLOWER TO FAMILIES
43. The first whorl of flower is of
30. Caryopsis fruit is found in - (1) Petals (2) Stamens
(1) Wheat (2) Pea (3) Carpel (s) (4) Sepals
(3) Gram (4) Lentil
44. Water melon is :-
31. If the filaments are fused in a single group the (1) Pome fruit (2) Sorosis fruit
condition is
(3) Pepo fruit (4) Drupe fruit
(1) Monoadelphous (2) Polyadelphous
(3) Both 1 & 2 (4) Diadelphous 45. Geocarpic fruit is -
(1) Carrot (2) Radish
32. Pappus is madification of -
(3) Ground nut (4) Turnip
(1) Bracts (2) Corolla
(3) Calyx (4) All 46. Tetradyanamous conditions occur in :–
(1) Cruciferae (2) Malvaceae
33. A characteristic of angiosperm is
(1) Flowers (2) Roots (3) Solanaceae (4) Lilliaceae
(3) Seed (4) Stem 47. Edible part in pomegranate is :-
34. Adhesion in a flower is - (1) Testa (2) Epicarp
(1) Union of dissimilar parts (3) Endocarp (4) Epidermis
(2) Union of similar parts
48. Juicy hair-like structures observed in the lemon fruit
(3) Both 1 & 2
develop from :-
(4) Fusion of carpels
(1) Exocarp
35. Butterfly shaped corolla is called (2) Mesocarp
(1) Campanulate (2) Rotate (3) Endocarp
(3) Papilionaceous (4) All (4) Mesocarp and endocarp
48
 Plant Morphology
49. Which of the following represents the edible part 63. Bicarpellary ovary with parietal placentation and
of the fruit of Litchi – false septum is found in:-
(1) Endocarp (2) Pericarp (1) Cruciferae (2) Leguminosae
(3) Juicy aril (4) Mesocarp (3) Malvaceae (4) Compositae

50. Epigynous flowers are present in :- 64. The Aloe vera is commonly called :-
(1) Mustard (2) Brinjal (1) Pansy (2) Gvar-patha (Ghee guar)
(3) China rose (4) Cucumber (3) Poppy (4) Snapdragon

51. In Dianthus, placentation is :- 65. Inflorescence in Liliaceae is generally:-

(1) Basal (2) Free central (1) Racemose (2) Solitary/Cymose
(3) Axile (4) Marginal (3) Cyathium (4) Hypanthodium

52. Ovary is half-inferior in the flower of :- 66. Fibres are usually obtained from the members of:-
(1) Apple (2) Guava (1) Solanaceae (2) Malvaceae
(3) Peach (4) Garlic (3) Leguminosae (4) Cruciferae

53. The term "Keel" is used for special type of :- 67. In Malvaceae the placentation is:-
(1) Sepals (2) Petals (1) Marginal (2) Axile
(3) Stamens (4) Carpels (3) Basal (4) Parietal

54. Polyadelphous stamens are found in :- 68. Aestivation of petals in family Malvaceae is:-
(1) Cotton (2) China rose (1) Valvate (2) Imbricate
(3) Pea (4) Lemon (3) Twisted (4) Vexillary

55. Aloe and Garlic are obtained from the plants of:– 69. Lady finger and cotton belong to family:-
(1) Leguminosae (2) Asteraceae (1) Malvaceae (2) Cruciferae
(3) Liliaceae (4) Poaceae (3) Compositae (4) Liliaceae

56. Zygomorphic flowers are found in:- 70. Monoadelphous androecium is found in:-
(1) Solanaceae (2) Malvaceae (1) Compositae (2) Liliaceae
(3) Malvaceae (4) Cruciferae
(3) Fabaceae (4) Liliaceae
71. Characteristic feature of Malvaceae family is :-
57. Replum is:-
(1) Monothecous anthers
(1) False placenta (2) False septum
(2) Didynamous stamens
(3) False ovule (4) False thalamus
(3) Presence of staminodes
58. Point out the correct example of cruciferae :- (4) Basal placentation
(1) Mustard (2) Pea
72. China rose (Shoe flower) belongs to :-
(3) Onion (4) Brinjal
(1) Solanaceae (2) Malvaceae
59. Placentation of mustard plant is:- (3) Papilionatae (4) Liliaceae
(1) Parietal (2) Axial
73. Spike of spikelets inflorescences commonly occurs
(3) Basal (4) Marginal
in:-
60. Shepherd's purse plant belongs to family:- (1) Cruciferae (2) Papilionatae/Fabaceae
(1) Cruciferae (2) Malvaceae (3) Poaceae/Gramineae (4) Solanaceae
(3) Solanaceae (4) Leguminosae
74. Inflorescence in Solanaceae is:-
61. Edible part of potato is:- (1) Racemose (2) Cymose
(1) Inflorescence (2) Leaves (3) Hypanthodium (4) Verticillaster
(3) Roots (4) Stem
75. Lycopersicum esculentum (Tomato) belongs
62. Ground nut belongs to family:- to family:-
(1) Fabaceae (2) Malvaceae (1) Solanaceae (2) Malvaceae
(3) Liliaceae (4) Cucurbitaceae (3) Cruciferae (4) Cucurbitaceae
49
OCSC-BIOLOGY
76. Atropa belladona, an important medicinal plant 88. Which of the following statements is correct :-
is of the family:- (1) Flower is a modified root
(1) Liliaceae (2) Cucurbitaceae (2) Flower is a modified shoot
(3) Cruciferae (4) Solanaceae (3) Flower is a modified leaf
(4) Flower is a modified inflorescence
77. 'Simla mirch', chillies and potato belong to family:-
(1) Solanaceae (2) Compositae 89. Androecium of pea is :-
(3) Gramineae (4) Cruciferae (1) Monoadelphous (2) Diadelphous

78. Nicotiana, petunia belong to :- (3) Polyadelphous (4) Epiphyllous

(1) Malvaceae (2) Liliaceae
90. Twisted aestivation is found in :-
(3) Solanaceae (4) Cruciferae
(1) Malvaceae (2) Asteraceae
79. The drug 'Belladona' is obtained from :- (3) Fabaceae (4) Mimosoideae
(1) Atropa (2) Rauwolfia
91. Staminal tube is found in :-
(3) Solanum (4) Capsicum
(1) Solanaceae (2) Cruciferae
80. What is the major edible part of brinjal (3) Malvaceae (4) Poaceae
(1) Calyx (2) Thalamus
92. Bean and gram belong to the family :-
(3) Placenta (4) Style
(1) Liliaceae (2) Fabaceae
81. Which of the following is valid name for Gramineae (3) Solanaceae (4) Cruciferae
family :-
93. Fruit legume is characteristic feature of :-
(1) Poaceae (2) Malvaceae
(1) Solanaceae (2) Liliaceae
(3) Fabaceae (4) Papilionaceae
(3) Fabaceae (4) Malvaceae
82. Basal placentation occurs in:-
(1) Poaceae (2) Solanaceae 94. Floral formula Å K(5) C(5) A5 G(2) is shown by :-
(3) Malvaceae (4) Liliaceae
(1) Onion, Garlic (2) Pea, Bean
83. Standard (Vexillum) in Papilionatae (Fabaceae) is :- (3) Tomato, Brinjal (4) All of the above
(1) Posterior outer most (2) Posterior inner most
(3) Anterior outer most (4) Anterior inner most 95. Parallel venation occurs in :-
(1) Liliaceae (2) Solanaceae
84. Diadelphous condition is common in :- (3) Malvaceae (4) Fabaceae
(1) Malvaceae (2) Cruciferae
(3) Liliaceae (4) Fabaceae 96. In which of the families the stamens are in two
whorls and epiphyllous :-
85. Root nodules occur in plants of family :- (1) Malvaceae (2) Solanaceae
(1) Fabaceae (2) Liliaceae (3) Liliaceae (4) Caesalpinoideae
(3) Malvaceae (4) Compositae
97. A distinct monocot character shown by the flowers
86. Pulses yielding main family of plants is :- of Liliaceae is :-
(1) Poaceae (Graminae) (1) Hypogynous flowers
(2) Cucurbitaceae (2) Actinomorphic flowers
(3) Liliaceae (3) Trimerous flowers
(4) Papilionaceae (Fabaceae) (4) Bisexual flowers
87. The floral formula of pea is represented by :- 98. Allium cepa (onion) belongs to the family :-
(1) Br% K(5) C1+2+(2) A(9)+1 G1 (1) Solanaceae (2) Liliaceae
(3) Cruciferae (4) Compositae
(2) Br Å K(5) C5 A1+(9) G1
99. Which of the family possess perianth of six tepals:-
(3) Br% K(5) C1+2+(2) A9+1 G1
(1) Mimosoideae (2) Solanaceae
(4) Ebr or Br% K(5) C1+2+(2) A10 G1 (3) Liliaceae (4) Malvaceae
50
 Plant Morphology
100. Placentation in pea, bean is :- 107. The inflorescence in Gramineae is :-
(1) Axile (2) Parietal (1) Raceme (2) Catkin
(3) Marginal (4) Basal (3) Spike of spikelets (4) Thyrsus

101. Colchicum autumnale belongs to :- 108. Tepals of Gramineae is termed:-

(1) Leguminosae (2) Cruciferae (1) Glume (2) Ligule
(3) Liliaceae (4) Malvaceae (3) Lodicules (4) Spur

102. Smilax and Gloriosa belong to :- 109. Tetradynamous stamens and cruciform corolla are
(1) Liliaceae (2) Solanaceae characteristic features of –
(3) Leguminosae (4) Cruciferae (1) Solanum tuberosum (Potato)
(2) Abelmoscus esculentus (Lady finger)
103. The flower of Compositae is :-
(3) Ochroma lagopus (Balsa)
(1) Epigynous (2) Perigynous
(4) Brassica campestris (Mustard)
(3) Hypogynous (4) Half perigynous
110. In which of the following family, perianth and
104. Inferior ovary and cypsela fruit are found in :-
trimerous flowers are found –
(1) Liliaceae (2) Cruciferae
(1) Malvaceae (2) Crucifereae
(3) Solanaceae (4) Compositae
(3) Liliaceae (4) Papilionaceae
105. Presence of racemose head (Capitulum) and
111. Grain of Maize is –
bicarpellary syncarpus ovary with basal placentation
(1) Seed (2) Fruit
belongs to
(3) Neither seed nor fruit (4) Bud of flower
(1) Malvaceae (2) Compositae
(3) Liliaceae (4) Solanaceae
112. Br Å P(3+3) A3+3 G(3) floral formula belongs to
106. Which of the following families have the largest which family :-
geographical distribution :- (1) Leguminosae (2) Liliaceae
(1) Malvaceae (2) Leguminosae
(3) Labiatae (4) Graminae
(3) Solanaceae (4) Compositae

EXERCISE-I (Conceptual Questions) ANSWER KEY

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. 1 3 2 4 1 2 2 4 4 1 3 2 3 2 4
CBSE-2020\Question bank\Biology\OCSC sheets\7. Morphology\05-Exercise.p65

Que. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. 2 2 1 3 3 1 3 4 2 1 2 3 3 1 1
Que. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
Ans. 1 3 1 1 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 3 4 3 3
Que. 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans. 1 1 3 3 4 2 3 2 4 3 3 2 1 1 1
Que. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75
Ans. 4 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 1 3 1 2 3 2 1
Que. 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
Ans. 4 1 3 1 3 1 1 1 4 1 4 1 2 2 1
Que. 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105
Ans. 3 2 3 3 1 3 3 2 3 3 3 1 1 4 2
Que. 106 107 108 109 110 111 112
Ans. 4 3 3 4 3 2 2
51
OCSC-BIOLOGY
EXERCISE-II (Previous Year Questions) AIPMT & AIIMS (2006-2015)

AIPMT 2006 9. Dry indehiscent single-seeded fruit formed from

bicarpellary syncarpous inferior ovary is :-
1. Pineapple (ananas) fruit develops from
(1) Berry (2) Cremocarp
(1) A unilocular polycarpellary flower
(3) Caryopsis (4) Cypsela
(2) A multipistillate syncarpous flower
(3) A cluster of compactly borne flowers on a AIPMT 2009
common axis
10. Cotyledons and testa respectively are edible parts
(4) A multilocular monocarpellary flower
in :-
(1) Cashew nut and litchi
2. In which of the following fruits the edible part is
the aril ? (2) Groundnut and pomegranate
(1) Custard apple (3) Walnut and tamarind
(2) Pomegranate (4) French bean and coconut

(3) Orange 11. A fruit developed from hypanthodium inflorescence

(4) Litchi is called :-
(1) Caryopsis (2) Hesperidium
3. Long filamentous threads protruding at the end of
(3) Sorosis (4) Syconus
a young cob of maize are
(1) Anthers (2) Styles 12. An example of axile placentation is :-
(3) Ovaries (4) Hairs (1) Marigold (2) Argemone
(3) Dianthus (4) Lemon
4. What type of placentation is seen in sweet pea?
13. Vegetative propagation in mint occurs by :-
(1) Basal (2) Axile (1) Sucker (2) Runner
(3) Free central (4) Marginal (3) Offset (4) Rhizome

5. Pentamerous, actinomorphic flowers, bicarpellary

ovary with oblique septa, and fruit a capsule or 14. The floral formula +
+
K(5) C(5) A5 G(2) is that of :-
berry, are characteristic features of (1) Tobacco (2) Tulip
(1) Asteraceae (2) Brassicaceae (3) Soyabean (4) Sunnhemp

(3) Solanaceae (4) Liliaceae AIPMT-Pre 2010

6. Replum is present in the ovary of flower of :- 15. In unilocular ovary with a single ovule the placentation
is :
(1) Sun flower (2) Pea
(1) Axile (2) Marginal
(3) Lemon (4) Mustard (3) Basal (4) Free Central

AIPMT 2008 16. The technical term used for the androecium in a
flower of China rose (Hibiscus rosasinensis) is :
7. The fruit is chambered, developed from inferior (1) Polyadelphous (2) Monoadelphous
ovary and has seeds with succulent testa in :- (3) Diadelphous (4) Polyandrous
(1) Guava (2) Cucumber
17. Ovary is half-inferior in the flowers of :
(3) Pomegranate (4) Orange (1) Cucumber (2) Guava
(3) Plum (4) Brinjal
8. The fleshy receptacle of syconus of fig encloses a
number of :- 18. Keel is characteristic of the flowers of :
(1) Berries (2) Mericarps (1) Bean (2) Gulmohur
(3) Achenes (4) Samaras (3) Cassia (4) Calotropis
52
 Plant Morphology
23. Aestivation of petals in the flower of cotton is
AIPMT-Mains 2010
correctly shown in :
19. Vegetative propagation in Pistia occurs by :
(1) Offset
(1) (2)
(2) Runner
(3) Sucker
(4) Stolon
(3) (4)

20. Which one of the following is a xerophytic plant

in which the stem is modified into a flat, green and
AIPMT-Pre 2011
succulent structure ?
(1) Casuarina 24. The "Eyes" of the potato tuber are :-
(2) Hydrilla (1) Root buds

(3) Acacia (2) Flower buds

(3) Shoot buds
(4) Opuntia
(4) Axillary buds

21. Consider the following four statements A, B, C and 25. Flowers are Zygomorphic in :-
D and select the right option for two correct (1) Mustard (2) Gulmohur
statements : (3) Tomato (4) Datura
Statements :
(A) In vexillary aestivation, the large posterior petal 26. The ovary is half inferior in flowers of :-

is called - standard, two lateral ones are wings (1) Peach (2) Cucumber

and two small anterior petals are termed keel. (3) Cotton (4) Guava
(B) The floral formula for Liliaceae is
27. A drupe develops in :-
Å P(3+3) A3+3G3 (1) Mango (2) Wheat
+
(3) Pea (4) Tomato
(C) In pea flower the stamens are monoadelphous
(D) The floral formula for Solanaceae is 28. Which one of the following statements is correct?
(1) In tomato, fruit is a capsule
Å K(3)C(3)A(4)A(2)
+
(2) Seeds of orchids have oil-rich endosperm
The correct statements are :-
(3) Placentation in Primrose is basal
(1) (A) and (B)
(4) Flower of tulip is a modified shoot
(2) (B) and (C)
(3) (C) and (D)
29. The correct floral formula of chilli is :-
(4) (A) and (C)
(1) Å K(5)C5A5G(2)
22. The correct floral formula of soyabean is :- +

(1) % + K5C1+(2)+2 A(9)+1 G1 (2) Å K(5) C(5) A5 G(2)

+

(2) % + K(5)C1+2+(2) A(9)+1 G1

(3) Å K(5) C(5) A(5) G2
+
(3) % + K(5)C1+2+(2) A1+(9) G1
(4) Å K5 C5 A(5) G2
+
(4) % + K(5)C1+(2)+2 A(9)+1 G1
53
OCSC-BIOLOGY
AIPMT-Mains 2011

30. Which one of the following diagrams represents the

placentation in Dianthus ?

(1) (2) (E)

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
(1) Marginal Axile Free Parietal Basal
central
(2) Marginal Parietal Free Axile Basal
central
(3) (4)
(3) Marginal Axile Parietal Free Basal
central
(4) Marginal Axile Parietal Basal Free
31. Sweet potato is homologous to :- central
(1) Turnip (2) Potato AIPMT-Pre 2012
(3) Colocasia (4) Ginger
35. Placentation in tomato and lemon is :-
32. Whorled, simple leaves with reticulate venation are (1) Marginal (2) Axile
present in : (3) Parietal (4) Free central
(1) Alstonia (2) Calotropis
36. Vexillary aestivation is characteristic of the family:-
(3) Mustard (4) China Rose
(1) Solanaceae (2) Brassicaceae
33. Which one of the following pairs is wrongly matched (3) Fabaceae (4) Asteraceae
while the remaining three are correct ?
(1) Agave - Bulbils 37. Phyllode is present in :-

(2) Grass - Runner (1) Australian Acacia (2) Opuntia

(3) Asparagus (4) Euphorbia
(3) Water hyacinth - Runner
(4) Bryophyllum - Leaf buds 38. How many plants in the list given below have
composi te f ruit s th at d evelop from an
AIIMS 2011 inflorescence? Walnut, poppy, radish, fig,
pineapple, apple, tomato, mulberry
34. In given diagram identify the A, B, C, D, E
(1) Two (2) Three
(3) Four (4) Five

39. Cymose inflorescence is present in :-

(1) Trifolium (2) Brassica
(3) Solanum (4) Sesbania

40. The coconut water and the edible part of coconut

(A) (B)
are equivalent to :-
(1) Mesocarp (2) Embryo
(3) Endosperm (4) Endocarp

41. The gynoecium consists of many free pistils in

flowers of :-
(1) Papaver (2) Michelia
(3) Aloe (4) Tomato
(C) (D)
54
 Plant Morphology

AIPMT-Mains 2012 AIIMS 2013

42. How many plants in the list given below have 46.

marginal placentation ?
Mustard, Gram, Tulip, Asparagus, Arhar, Sun
hemp, Chilli, Colchicine, Onion, Moong, Pea,
Tobacco, Lupin
(1) Six (2) Three Which of the following floral formula is correct for
(3) Four (4) Five given floral diagram ?

AIIMS 2012 (1) % + K(5) C1 + 2 + (2) A(9) + 1 G1

43. Identify the family with its character from the below (2) Å + K(5) C1 + 2 + (2) A(9) + 1 G1
given floral diagram :-
(3) Å + K5 C1 + 2 + 2 A10 G1

(4) Å + K5 C1 + 2 + 2 A9 + 1 G1

AIPMT 2014

47. Placenta and pericarp are both edible portions in:

(1) Apple
(2) Banana
(1) Liliaceae, non-endospermic seed (3) Tomato
(2) Liliaceae, bulb and corm (4) Potato
(3) Solanaceae, bulb and corm 48. When the margins of sepals or petals overlap one
(4) Fabaceae, Zygomorphic flower another without any particular direction, the
condition is termed as :
NEET-UG 2013 (1) Vexillary

44. In china rose the flowers are : (2) Imbricate

(1) Zygomorphic, epigynous with twisted aestivation (3) Twisted
(2) Actinomorphic, hypogynous with twisted (4) Valvate
aestivation
49. An example of edible underground stem is :
(3) Actinomorphic, epigynous with valvate
(1) Carrot
aestivation
(4) Zygomorphic, hypogynous with imbricate (2) Groundnut
aestivation (3) Sweet potato

45. Among bitter gourd, mustard, brinjal, pumpkin (4) Potato

chinarose, lupin, cucumber, sunnhemp, gram,
50. An aggregate fruit is one which develops from :
guava, bean, chilli, plum, petunia, tomato, rose,
(1) Multicarpellary syncarpous gynoecium
withania, potato, onion, aloe and tulip how many
(2) Multicarpellary apocarpus gynoecium
plants have hypogynous flower ?
(3) Complete inflorescence
(1) Eighteen (2) Six
(4) Multicarpellary superior ovary
(3) Ten (4) Fifteen
55
OCSC-BIOLOGY
AIIMS 2014 Re-AIPMT 2015

51. Match the following. 57. Axile placentation is present in :

(1) Argemone
Placentation Diagram Plant (2) Dianthus
(3) Lemon
1. Marginal a. i. Lemon (4) Pea

58. Among china rose, mustard, brinjal, potato, guava,

cucumber, onion and tulip, how many plants have
2. Axile b. ii. Sunflower superior ovary?
(1) Four
(2) Five
(3) Six
3. Parietal c. iii. Mustard
(4) Three

59. Which one of the following fruits is parthenocarpic?

(1) Banana
4. Basal d. iv. Pea (2) Brinjal
(3) Apple
(4) Jackfruit

Option:- 60. Roots play insignificant role in absorption of water

in :
(1) 2-a-iii, 1-c-iv, 3-b-i, 4-d-ii (1) Wheat
(2) 1-c-iv, 2-d-iii, 3-b-i, 4-a-ii (2) Sunflower
(3) 1-d-iv, 2-a-i, 3-b-iii, 4-c-ii (3) Pistia
(4) Pea
(4) 2-a-i, 1-d-iv, 3-c-ii, 4-b-iii
AIIMS 2015
AIPMT 2015

52. Leaves become modified into spines in :- 61. Choose the correct floral formula with the help of
(1) Pea given floral diagram :-
(2) Onion
(3) Silk Cotton
(4) Opuntia

53. Perigynous flowers are found in :-

(1) Cucumber (2) China rose
(3) Rose (4) Guava

54. In ginger vegetative propagation occurs through:

(1) Offsets (2) Bulbils
(3) Runners (4) Rhizome
(1) Å K 2+2 C 4 A 2+4 G(2)
+
55. Å K(5) C(5) A5 G(2) is the floral formula of :-
(2) % K (5) C1+2+(2) A(9)+1 G1
(1) Sesbania (2) Petunia +
(3) Brassica (4) Allium
(3) Å K(5) C(5) A5 G(2)
+
56. Keel is the characteristic feature of flower of :-
(1) Indigofera (2) Aloe
(4) Br Å P(3+3) A3+3 G(3)
(3) Tomato (4) Tulip +
56
 Plant Morphology
62. Match the column-I to column-II :- 63. Choose the correct floral formula with the help of
given floral diagram ?
Column-I Column-II

(A) Mango (i) Cotyledons

& peduncle

(B) Strawberry (ii) Mesocarp

(C) Cashew nut (iii) Endosperm

(D) Coconut (iv) Thalamus

(1) A - ii, B - iv, C - i, D - iii (1) Å K2+2 C4 A2+4 G(2)

(2) A - ii, B - i, C - iii, D - iv
(3) A - i, B - ii, C - iii, D - iv (2) % K(5) C1+2+(2) A(9)+1 G1
(4) A - iv, B - iii, C - ii, D - i
(3) Å K(5) C(5) A5 G(2)

(4) Br Å P(3+3) A3+3 G(3)

EXERCISE-II (Previous Year Questions) ANSWER KEY

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. 3 4 2 4 3 4 3 3 4 2 4 4 1 1 3
Que. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. 2 3 1 1 4 1 2 3 4 2 1 1 4 2 3
Que. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
Ans. 1 1 3 3 2 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 2 2 4
Que. 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans. 1 3 2 4 2 3 4 3 4 2 1 3 3 1 3
Que. 61 62 63
Ans. 1 1 2
57
OCSC-BIOLOGY
EXERCISE-III (Analytical Questions) Check Your Understanding
EXERCISE-III(A) [NCERT BASED QUESTIONS] 12. Androecium is the whorl of :-
(1) Anthers (2) Stamens
1. Roots developing from plant parts other than radicle (3) Filaments (4) Tepals
are :-
(1) Tap roots (2) Adventitious roots 13. Syncarpous gynoecium has two or more :-
(3) Both (1) & (2) (4) Conical roots (1) Free carpels (2) Fused carpels
(3) Free Ovaries (4) All
2. Prop roots are :-
(1) Tap roots (2) Adventitious roots 14. A typical flower with superior ovary and other floral
parts inferior is called :-
(3) Secondary roots (4) All
(1) Polygamous (2) Hypogynous
3. A monocot can be distinguished from a dicot by:- (3) Perigynous (4) Epigynous
(1) Aestivation (2) Venation
15. Arrangement of ovules within the ovary is known
(3) Both (1) & (2) (4) Placentation
as :-
4. In Racemose, flowers are arranged in :- (1) Aestivation (2) Placentation
(1) Acropetal order (2) Centrifugal order (3) Both (1) & (2) (4) Cohesion
(3) Both (1) & (2) (4) Basipetal order
16. When gynoecium is present in the topmost position
5. Axis of inflorescence is :- of thalamus, the ovary is known as :-
(1) Pedicel (2) Peduncle (1) Inferior (2) Half inferior
(3) Petiole (4) All (3) Half superior (4) Superior

17. Drupe contains :-

6. Stilt roots occur in :-
(1) Stony endocarp (2) Stony mesocarp
(1) Groundnut (2) Rice
(3) Edible epicarp (4) Edible endocarp
(3) Sugarcane (4) Wheat
18. Monoadelphous character is found in :-
7. Function of stem is to :-
(1) Brassicaceae (Mustard)
(1) Bear leaves and branches
(2) Malvaceae (Chinarose)
(2) Conduction of water and minerals
(3) Poaceae (Grass)
(3) Conduction and storage of food
(4) Solanaceae (Potato)
(4) All
19. Plants which yield pulses belong to family :-
8. Arrangement of leaves on a stem or branch is :- (1) Fabaceae (2) Liliaceae
(1) Venation (2) Vernation (3) Malvaceae (4) Solanaceae
(3) Inflorescence (4) Phyllotaxy
20. Edible portion of Mango is :-
9. Arrangement of sepals and petals in floral bud with (1) Epicarp (2) Endocarp
respect of other members of same whorl is known (3) Mesocarp (4) Placenta
as :-
21. Fibrous coir is obtained from which part of the
(1) Venation (2) Aestivation
Coconut ?
(3) Cohesion (4) Adhesion
(1) Epicarp (2) Mesocarp
10. Didynamous condition is related to :- (3) Endocarp (4) Seed coat
(1) Androecium (2) Inflorescence
22. A characteristic feature of Ovary of Mustard is :
(3) Gynoecium (4) All
(1) Presence of false septum
11. Stamens attached to petals are :- (2) Axile placentation
(1) Epipetalous (2) Epiphyllous (3) Epigynous
(3) Episepalous (4) All (4) All of the above

58
 Plant Morphology
23. In Cacti the spines are modification of :- 34. The side of a flower facing the mother axis is
(1) Leaf (2) Branch called -
(1) Anterior side (2) Posterior side
(3) Epidermis (4) Axillary bud
(3) Dorsal side (4) Ventral side
24. Placentaion in Solanaceae is :-
35. Which of the following are schizocarpic fruits:-
(1) Parietal (2) Marginal (1) Siliqua & Legume
(3) Axile (4) Basal (2) Capsule & Berry
(3) Lomentum & Capsule
25. Coconut is which type of fruit ?
(4) Cremocarp & Lomentum
(1) Drupe (2) Cypsela
(3) Berry (4) Cremocarp 36. Inflorescence and fruit of sunflower is :-
(1) Capitulum and achene
(2) Corymb and cypsela
26. The floral formula, Br P(3+3) A3+3 G ( 3) (3) Capitulum and cypsela
+
(4) Corymb and achene
belongs to plant :-
(1) Allium cepa (onion) (2) Sunflower 37. Which is correct pair for edible part :–
(1) Tomato – Thalamus (2) Mango – Cotyledons
(3) Cucurbita (4) Brassica (Mustard)
(3) Guava – Endosperm (4) Date palm – Pericarp
27. Diadelphous stamens are found in :-
38. Edible part of Banana :–
(1) Liliaceae (Onion) (2) Fabaceae (Pea) (1) Epicarp
(3) Poaceae (Wheat) (4) Malvaceae (Chinarose) (2) Mesocarp and less developed endocarp
(3) Endocarp and less developed mesocarp
28. Pneumatophores take part in :-
(4) Epicarp & mesocarp
(1) Excretion (2) Feeding
(3) Respiration (4) Reproduction 39. A small, dry, one-seeded fruit with its pericarp (fruit
wall) fused with the seed-coat, developing from a
29. Gram belongs to the family :- monocarpellary gynoecium is called :-
(1) Gramineae (2) Fabaceae (1) Cypsela (2) Siliqua
(3) Liliaceae (4) Solanaceae (3) Caryopsis (4) Samara

40. Flowers are zygomorphic in :-

30. Ginger is :-
(1) Mustard & Chilli
(1) Stem (2) Root (2) Radish & Datura
(3) Leaf (4) Fruit (3) Lily & Canna
(4) Candytuft & Pea
EXERCISE-III(B) [ANALYTICAL QUESTIONS]
41. Dye 'Neel' is obtained from:-
31. A biparous cyme ending in uniparous cyme (1) Indigofera tinctoria
constitutes - (2) Brassica oleracea
(1) Verticillaster (2) Panicle (3) Brassica rapa
(3) Hypanthodium (4) Cyathium (4) Capsella bursa pestoris
32. Flowers are sessile in -
42. A floral formula represents :-
(1) Raceme (2) Spike
(1) Plant symmetry (2) Floral position
(3) Corymb (4) Umbel
(3) Floral characters (4) Floral functions
33. Which one of the following is related with racemose
43. Bicarpellary, syncarpous gynoecium with bilocular
inflorescence.
(1) Catkin and Hypanthodium ovary, axile swollen placenta and oblique septum
(2) Raceme and Cyathium occurs in:-
(3) Corymb and umbel (1) Cruciferae (2) Solanaceae
(4) Verticillaster and spike (3) Cucurbitaceae (4) Liliaceae

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OCSC-BIOLOGY
44. Colchicine is obtained from :- 50. Character common between Liliaceae, Malvaceae,
(1) Atropa belladona Solanaceae is
(2) Colchicum autumnale (1) Axile plancentation
(3) Withania somnifera (2) Cohesion of stamens
(4) Nicotiana tabacum (3) Both of these
(4) Monoadelphous
45. 'Rat-ki-Rani', brinjal and tomato belong to family :-
(1) Mimosoideae (2) Liliaceae 51. Syngenesious anthers, pappus and epipetalous sta-
(3) Solanaceae (4) Malvaceae mens are found in :-
(1) Liliaceae (2) Solanaceae
46. Plants with inferior ovary belongs to :-
(3) Compositae (4) Malvaceae
(1) Malvaceae (2) Poaceae
(3) Solanaceae (4) Compositae 52. Which of the following stands for Congress grass :-
(1) Cynodon (Gramineae)
47. In scapigerous umbel, flowers are arranged in
(2) Parthenium (Compositae)
which manner :-
(3) Aspidiastra (Liliaceae)
(1) Corymb (2) Catkin
(4) Candytuft (Cruciferae)
(3) Panicle (4) Monochasial cyme
53. Parachute mechanism of fruit and seed dispersal is
48. The leguminous plants are important in agriculture
common in compositae is due to the structure
because :-
called :-
(1) They are disease resistant
(1) Bracts (2) Thorns
(2) They require very little irrigation
(3) Corolla (4) Pappus
(3) They help in nitrogen fixation
(4) Crops of legumes can be produced in a year 54. In which family pentamerous flowers having
monoadelphous stamens and dry dehiscent fruit are
49. In family papilionaceae(fabaceae), 5 petals form a
present :-
unique association, In which 3 different elements
(1) Leguminosae (2) Malvaceae
participate, these are standard (vexillum),
(3) Cruciferae (4) Solanaceae
Wings (alae) & Keel (carina). What is the number
of these elements:- 55. Brinjal, tobacco, potato and tomato are same due
(1) 1, 2, 2 respectively to :-
(2) 2, 1, 2 respectively (1) All these plants belong to Solanaceae
(3) 1,1,3 respectively (2) All these plants belong to Malvaceae
(4) 2,2,1 respectively (3) All are vegetables
(4) Fruit of all has economic importance

EXERCISE-III (Analytical Questions) ANSWER KEY

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. 2 2 2 1 2 3 4 4 2 1 1 2 2 2 2
Que. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. 4 1 2 1 3 2 1 1 3 1 1 2 3 2 1
Que. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
Ans. 1 2 3 2 4 3 4 3 3 4 1 3 2 2 3
Que. 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55
Ans. 4 4 3 1 1 3 2 4 2 1
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 Plant Morphology
EXERCISE-IV (Assertion & Reason) Target AIIMS
Directions for Assertion & Reason questions
These questions consist of two statements each, printed as Assertion and Reason. While answering
these Questions you are required to choose any one of the following four responses.
(A) If both Assertion & Reason are True & the Reason is a correct explanation of the Assertion.
(B) If both Assertion & Reason are True but Reason is not a correct explanation of the Assertion.
(C) If Assertion is True but the Reason is False.
(D) If both Assertion & Reason are false.

1. Assertion :- Plants show various kind of root 7. Assertion :- Bud is present in axil of petiole in
modification. both simple and compound leaf, but not in axil of
Reason :- Root modification helps in support, food leaflets of compound leaf.
storage and respiration. Reason :- Buds do not arise in the axil of leaflets.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
2. Assertion :- Main function of stem is spreading
8. Assertion :- In palmately compound leaves rachis
out branches bearing leaves, flowers and fruits.
is absent.
Reason :- Usually monocot stem is differentiated
Reason :- In palmately compound leaf all the
into nodes and internodes.
leaflets are attached on common point i.e. at the
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
tip of petiole.
3. Assertion :- In some xerophytic plants stem (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
becomes green, flat, leaf like and leaves are modified
into spines. 9. Assertion :- In Calotropis and guava opposite

Reason :- In xerophytic areas rate of transpiration phyllotaxy is found.

is high, so plants develop various adaptations to Reason :- In Calotropis and guava a pair of leaves
minimize transpiration. arise on each node.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D

4. Assertion :- Underground stem helps in 10. Assertion :- Alstonia show whorled phyllotaxy,
perennation. Reason :- In Alstonia one leaf arises on each node.
Reason :- Underground stem can overcome (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
adverse environmental conditions.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D 11. Assertion :- In Australian Acacia the leaflets are
short lived.
5. Assertion :- Leaves show acropetal arrangement
Reason :- To minimize transpiration leaflets shade
on plant.
off and petiole expands and becomes leaf like.
Reason :- Leaves arise from shoot apical
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
meristem.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D 12. Assertion :- Flower is a modified shoot.
Reason :- In flower vegetative shoot apical
6. Assertion :- In monocots parallel venation found
meristem changes to reproductive shoot apex/floral
in leaves.
Reason :- In monocot leaves veins and veinlets meristem in which internodes do not elongate and

do not form any kind of reticulation. the axis gets condensed.

(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
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OCSC-BIOLOGY
13. Assertion :- Calyx and corolla are accessory 20. Assertion :- Reticulate venation is found in dicots.
whorls of the flower. Reason :- Veinlets are absent in reticulate venation.
Reason :- They do not have direct role in sexual (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
reproduction.
21. Assertion :- Ovary of Brassicaceae is unilocular
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
in the begining but becomes bilocular at a later
14. Assertion :- Pea flowers are zygomorphic. stage.
Reason :- Pea flowers can be cut in two equal Reason :- Ovary of Brassicaceae becomes
halves by any radial plane passing through the bilocular due to formation of a false septum
centre. (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
22. Assertion :- Inflorescence in Compositae is
15. Assertion :- Canna flowers are asymmetric. capitulum.
Reason :- Canna flowers cannot be cut into two Reason :- Compositae is a dicot family.
equal halves by any vertical plane passing through the (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
centre.
23. Assertion :- Stilt root is a example of supporting
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
root.
16. Assertion :- In mustard flowers are hypogynous. Reason :- Stilt root is modified tap root.
Reason :- In mustard flower, other floral whorls (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
are present above the level of ovary.
24. Assertion :- In basal placentation ovary is
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
unilocular.
17. Assertion :- In Lily flowers epiphyllous stamens Reason :- Basal placentation is found in sunflower.
are present. (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
Reason :- In Lily flowers stamens are attached to
25. Assertion :- Petiole modifies into leaf like structure
petals.
in phyllode.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
Reason :- Phyllod e do es n ot perfo rm
18. Assertion :- Flowers are arranged in acropetal photosynthesis.
manner in cymose inflorescence. (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
Reason :- All flowers are at same level is cymose
26. Assertion :- Mangroove trees growing in marshy
inflorescence.
place have pneumatophores.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
Reason :- Pneumatophores help in anchorage.
19. Assertion :- Fruit is caryopsis in Poaceae. (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
Reason :- Placentation is parietal in Poaceae.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D

EXERCISE-IV (Assertion & Reason) ANSWER KEY

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 1
Que. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Ans. 3 3 4 3 3 1 2 3 2 3 3

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