DEMOGRAPHY &
DEMOGRAPHY CYCLE
Prof. Dr. Sheikh Javed Ahmad
HOD ,
Department of Community health Nursing,
Faculty of Nursing.
INTRODUCTION :
The word demography is derived from the two
words.
Demos – peopls Grapho – to write
This word was used by achilles in 1855 but
actual founder of the demography was john graunt.
JOHN GRAUNT : Demography is scientific study of
human population , primarily with respect to their
size, structure and development.
WRONG: - Demography is the statistical description
and analysis of human population involving studied
in terms of size, composition and distribution.
CONT…
The population size, its composition & distribution
are determined by the numbers of birth , death &
migration. Which are occurring all the time in any
place.
So demography is the study of all population
that can be applied to any kind of population that
changes over time or space. It studies the birth,
death, age pattern disease in a community by which
statistical information can be obtain. It is the study
of population in terms of density and distribution
such as age, gender, race, occupation etc.
DEFINITION :
“Demography is defined as the scientific
study of human population which includes the
study of changes in population size , its
composition and distribution.”
It focuses its attention on three readying
observable human phenomena.
• Changes in population size [ growth or
decline]
• The composition of the population and
• The distribution of population in space.
It deals with five “demographics process”
namely fertility, mortality, marriage , migration and
social mobility . These five processes are
continuously at work within a population
determining size, composition and distribution
Demographic analysis can cover whole societies or
groups defined by criteria such as education ,
nationality, religion, and ethnicity Educational
institutions.
DEMOGRAPHIC CYCLE :
The world wide history of population growth
depicts changing trends in the population size and
composition due to increase / decrease in number
of births and deaths. It suggests definite stages at its
growth which are as under :-
High stationary stage :- (First stage)
Early Expansion stage :- (Second stage)
Late Expansion stage :- (Third stage)
Low stationary Stage :- (Fourth Stage)
Declining stage :- (Fifth stage )
High Stationary Stage :- [ B.R. ↑ D.R.↑ ]
In this stage these no change in the size
of population due to high birth rate and a high
death rate which cancel each other and the
population remains stationary. Middle of 17th
century the world population was in this stage.
India was in this stage till 1920.
Early Expansion Stage :- [ B.R. ↑ D.R.]
In this stage there is some increase in
population because death rate begins to decline
while the birth rate remains unchanged. The
world population was in this stage from middle
of 17th to midline of 19th century. Whereas
India’s population was in this stage from 1921-
1950. It is due to improving of heath condition &
facilities. Many countries in south Asia and
Africa are in this phase.
Late Expansion stage :- (Third stage) :
In this stage the birth rate begin to decline
and death rate further decrease. The population
continues to grow because births exceed
deaths. India has entered this phase. In a
number of developing countries (eg: China,
Singapore) birth rates have declined rapidly.
.
Low stationary Stage :- (Fourth Stage) :
This stage is characterized by a low
birth rate and low death rate with the
result that population becomes stationary.
Zero population growth has already been
recorded in Australia during 1980-85.
Growth rates as little as O. It were
recorded in UK , Denmark , Sweden and
Belgium during 1980-85.
Declining Stage : (Fifth stage ) D>B
The population begins to decline because
birth rate is lower than the death rate .there is
negative growth in the population. Some East
European countries like Germany and Hungary
are includes in this stage.
FACTORS INFLUENCING
POPULATION INCREASE :
There are two major factors which influence
population increase. These are decrease in deaths
resulting in sustained high birth rate. It takes
about 70 years for a nation to double its
population when death rate is 10 and birth rate is
20 per annum. It takes much more time (75 to 100
yrs) to double its population when death rate is 8
and birth rate is less than 20.
The contributing factors for increased survival at
birth and longevity are
• Improved environmental sanitation.
• Regular and complete Immunization
• Health and Medical care facilities
• Effective pharmaceutics
• Better Nutrition
• Occupation health
• Better living standard etc.
ASPECTS OF DEMOGRAPHY
Demography is the study of human population in
relation to size, composition and distribution .
Population keeps on changing in these aspect year to
year. Country to country. India’s population has been
continuously increasing since 1921. And it projected
to cross 1.53 billion by the year 2050. The population
of India is studied in various aspects.
• Composition of population
• Density of population
• Urbanization
• Literacy & education
• Expectation of life
1. Composition of Population:-
It means the male and female & age
composition. As the population is increasing,
than can be seen in age distribution of men and
women in India. The male ratio to female is
more and the people above 65 years of age and
children below 15 year of age in totally
dependant group. So the dependant population
is more as compared to independent.
2. Density of Population: -
The concentration of population is the density of
population. The density or concentration of population is
increasing with increasing in population. It means the
living area per square k.m. will decrease. Density of
population also depends up on the family size. If the
family size is more than the density, living area will
decrease & with a decrease in family size, living area will
increase per person. The family size depends up on the
education of couple, number of living babies, duration of
marriage etc.
3. Urbanization: -
The population is migrating from rural to
urban area. An increase in urban
population has been noticed which were
285 million in 2001 as compared to
217.17 million in 1991.
4. Literacy and Education: -
Demography provides data regarding the literacy &
educational status. The data indicates an improvement
in the literacy status of India from 18.33% in 1951 to
65.38% in 2001. The census has shown that 76% of
male and 54% of females were literate which indicates
that females still lag behind in education level. So to
reduce the difference, govt. has made education
compulsory up to 14 year of age and also planned
strategies to provide free education to girls.
5. Expectation of life:-
Life expectancy is the average number of year, it
is one of the indicator which shows the overall
health status of people as well as country
development. This life expectancy has increased to
64 years in females & 63 years in males in 2002.
Which in Japan it is 77.7 in males & 84.7 years in
female. Health policy maker based on this changing
demographic pattern can plan the prevention &
control of disease.
Bibliography :
1. "The Science of Population". demographicpartitions.org. Archived
from the original on 14 August 2015. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
2. Text book of community heath nursing(Principles and Practices) , K.K.Gulani
2014,ISBN-978-93-82428-30-5, second edition, page no. 261-262 .
3. www. Wikipidea.com
