FINAL TEST (PhD Program, Pubic Administration/ National Security)
PART I
Task 1.1
Complete the following rules choosing the right options.
1. Adverbs of frequency (always, seldom, usually, often, frequently, rarely,
occasionally, etc.), and of relative time (just, still, already, yet in negative, lately,
recently, soon, etc.) are usually put in the (1) _middle _position in a sentence.
2. The relative pronoun that refers to (2) both persons and things.
3. (3) Do not separate with a comma (commas) non-identifying clauses.
4. (4) Do not put a comma after a person's family (last) name if it is written
before the first name.
5. (5) Abstract is a short account of a research paper placed before it.
6. A writer uses (6) boosting generalizations because she or he finds an idea
extremely important or believes it strongly.
7. Genre may be defined as a type of a written or oral text with a recognizable set
of relatively stable (7) Forms.
8. The research field is mapped out in the (8) Introduction section of a research
paper.
9. The (9) Methods section of a research paper explains the general type of
procedure used in the research.
10. The use of verbs and verbals has the effect of making the writing seem (10)
more abstract and formal.
PART II
Task 2.1
For questions 1 – 5, read the sentences below and think of the word(s) that
best fits each gap.
1. Digital service delivery needs to be combined with fair and universal delivery of
services where specific needs are taken into account.
2. It is surprising how many articles are submitted to journals that are completely
inappropriate.
3. Hutton is known to have freed science from religious orthodoxy and laid the
foundation for Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.
4. The event was aimed at shedding light on the current state of public
institutions and highlighting their role in achieving the 2030 Agenda for an
inclusive sustainable development.
5. This subject, however, lies outside the scope of our investigation.
Task 2.2
Choose the more suitable logical connector/ conjunction out of the two
given in the sentences below.
(1) Although investment alone is not enough to adapt to a rapidly changing world,
reforms are a precondition for sustainable and inclusive growth.
In many countries, citizens are disdainful of the law because they see their
government and its officials disregard it. (2) Therefore, many individuals have
chosen to exit the state system.
(3) Unless the pollsters are mistaken, we can expect a major change in
government in 2025.
Public administrators are the ones who put policies into action. (4) By contrast / ,
political scientists analyze and critique the systems that produce those policies.
(5) Despite its weaknesses, national planning served a useful purpose in
promoting surveys of national resources, infrastructure and financial needs.
Task 2.3
Read the sentences below and decide which answer (A, B, C, or D) best fits
each gap.
1. As Levine (1) _______ (1990) have pointed out, public executives seek to
achieve a diverse set of values in personnel administration, including instrumental
achievement, social equity, merit, and employee rights.
A i.e. B e.g. C et al. D loc. cit.
2. Fueled by predatory capitalism, administrators were cleverly employed by our
kings and queens to make sure that workers, (2) _______ those who produce,
raise, create, and make everything in this world run, are just peons and
generators of profit for a few at the top.
A viz. B e.g. C ibid. D i.e.
3. Meanwhile, that same risk doubled for white men and women
born (3) _______ the 1960s.
A ab initio B in situ C via D circa
4. The purpose of this chapter is to provide researchers with practical insights
regarding the process of collecting survey research data (4) ____ telephone.
A via B vs. C viz. D vice versa
5. The declaratory ruling request is a first step in legal action, but is not a
lawsuit (5) ____.
A ab initio B per se C via D sui generis
PART III
Task 3.1
Complete the following sentences choosing the right options.
1. A number of competency frameworks (1) have been developed by
the Commission for specific domains of public administration.
2. Building technical capacity, preparing the administrative structures, and
developing green budgeting pilots (2) raises awareness of green budgeting.
3. (3) The impact of the financial crisis that started in 2008 is still being felt.
4. The effort to dismantle patronage systems (4) requires strategies that go
beyond mere technical solutions.
5. At times, not only (5) do administrators fail to listen to workers' needs, but they
occupy their idle time by telling workers how to do their work.
6. Patron-client relations can be seen as a (6) means of leveling the playing field
and giving an underdog a chance.
7. Public service media (7) are generally seen as being relatively independent of
government.
8. Those who use public service news tend to have a different perspective on (8)
it than those who do not.
9. Employees (9) whose work is positively evaluated should be rewarded.
10. (10) Both administrators and policy leaders are being asked to change their
current practices of policy-making.
Task 3.2
Use the correct forms of some of the following nouns to complete the gaps:
analysis, hypothesis, phenomenon, crisis, stratum, genus, criterion.
The research process typically places data (1)analysis after a statement of the
research questions, a review of the literature, presentation of the (2) hypothesis ,
and description of the data and the methods to be used.
The Standards are a set of (3)criteria that define the highest level of quality and
performance in education and training programs.
Social (4) strata refer to the structured layers within societies that are created by
human interactions.
Social and economic (5)crises are usually related to unemployment, poverty, and
inequality.
Task 3.3
Insert commas where necessary.
1. A civil servant is one of a group of individuals, who are directly employed in the
administration of the internal affairs of a state.
2. The patronage system of government, which forms a breeding ground for
corruption, poverty and stunted economic growth, is still a challenge for many
societies.
3. While recession and unemployment advance, and pension funds are depleted,
the Government puts pressure on wages in order to expand the economy.
4. The NSA’s “Echelon” computer program, which is maintained with the
assistance of the intelligence agencies of Britain, Canada, Australia, and New
Zealand is built on a global network of computers and automatically searches
through intercepted e-mail, fax, and telephone messages for preselected
keywords.
PART IV
Task 4.1
Underline an informal element and suggest a more formal alternative for it.
1. Some countries do not require any specific technical or academic training
among candidates for senior posts.
2. In its history, public administration has had quiet moments when very little
seemed to be happening.
3. One might consider projects that may be profitable for CIC yet strategic for the
host countries?
4. Many administrators do not have adequate understanding of global trade
organizations’ operation.
5. Few politicians doubt that military power is still a critical restraint on the freedom
of nations to act internationally.
Task 4.2
Find examples of a cautious style of writing in the sentences below.
1. An ordinary citizen of an ordinary modem democracy fortunate enough to
undertake a journey backwards in time is likely to find some meaningful
similarities between public administration of our era and administrative systems of
old cultures.
2. Belief in the importance of public service media seems to go hand in hand
with newspaper readership.
3. The NSA is the largest, most expensive, and perhaps least known of all U.S.
intelligence organizations.
4. Some parts of the world are potential critical zones where environmental
degradation is so severe or widespread that it can endanger the lives and
livelihoods of people. These zones may also include ‘hot spots’ where conflicts
over land and natural resources can flare up.
5. Realists argue that security is a prerequisite for almost anything else that
nations want to achieve in world politics. Non-realists may disagree with the
vehement emphasis on security.
6 Although definitions differ, the outcome may be the same most of the time.
Task 4.3
Which structural part of a research paper does each of the excerpts refer
to?
Semi-structured expert interviews included standardized questions to evaluate the
UDGRMs design principles and open questions to enable the experts to express
their thoughts freely and generate exploratory new ideas to improve the artifact
further. The overall evaluation process is illustrated in Fig. 6. (1) __Methods______
The concept of digital inclusion emerged from discussions on the digital divide,
which extends beyond mere access to technology to encompass disparities in
skills, knowledge, attitudes, and the benefits derived from digital technologies (van
Deursen & van Dijk, 2019; van Dijk, 2020). Nonetheless, the term ‘digital divide’
has been criticized for its reliance on a binary logic (Pethig & Kroenung, 2019). (2)
__Literature Review____
We are grateful to A. Crone and E. Paulissen for fruitful discussions in the field.
(3) ____Acknowledgments__
Our data collection consists of documentary sources and semi-structured
interviews. The formulation phase of the DAC reform took place from June to
August 2016. Accordingly, the documentary sources include all the legislative and
administrative acts enabling the DAC until 2016. (4) __Methods____
We propose a goal-action framework to address the limitations of previous
technology-centric approaches dominating digital inclusion practices. However,
several areas and dimensions within existing research require further deepening
or expansion. (5) __Conclusion____
This finding challenges prior research indicating technology's capacity to
streamline the policymaking process (Höchtl et al., 2016). Consequently, our
findings illustrate that the interplay between technology and regulatory frameworks
can introduce organizational complexities that obstruct the rationalization of
policies such as the DAC. (6) _Discussion_____
The first round of coding enabled us to systematically identify the defining
characteristics of the CTO techno-legal assemblage. Table 4 offers a summary of
the results of the deductive analysis. (7) ___Results___
Chambers, F. et al. Glycine betaine and glycine betaine analogues in common
foods. Food Chem. 83, 197–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0308-8146(03)00063-
3 (2003). (8) __References____
