The Pharma Innovation Journal 2023; SP-12(7): 280-284
ISSN (E): 2277-7695
ISSN (P): 2349-8242
NAAS Rating: 5.23 Gene editing: Revolution for genome modification and
TPI 2023; SP-12(7): 280-284
© 2023 TPI its scope in healthcare research
www.thepharmajournal.com
Received: 01-04-2023
Accepted: 07-05-2023 Nishant Ranjan, Pallavit Lata, Shristi Tanaya, Shivam Shekhar, Arpit
Nishant Ranjan Raturi, Rishav Kumar, Dheetan Parthsarthi, Vijeta Jha, Sushant Kumar
College of Basic Sciences and
Humanities, Dr. Rajendra Prasad and Viabhav Kumar Upadhayaya
Central Agricultural University, Pusa,
Bihar, India
Abstract
Pallavit Lata Genome editing is a technique that has opened the door for a new concept in which we can manipulate
College of Basic Sciences and
Humanities, Dr. Rajendra Prasad
the genome sequence for different purposes. Generation of specific pre-planned changes for genome
Central Agricultural University, Pusa, manipulation includes double-stranded breaks. The double-stranded breaks use the intrinsic repair
Bihar, India mechanism of the cell. Four major methods for inducing site-specific double-stranded breaks which are
Shristi Tanaya
CRISPR, TALENs, ZFN, and Mega nuclease. Out of these CRISPR is the most recent and easy-to-use
B. Tech Biotechnology, School of technique for genome editing. It has provided powerful tools for the precise modification of genetic
Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely material. Genome editing has a wide range of purposes in different sectors including healthcare,
Professional University, Jalandhar,
Punjab, India
therapeutics, agriculture, etc.
Shivam Shekhar Keywords: Genome editing, CRISPR Cas9, TALENs, ZFN, Human health
College of Basic Sciences and
Humanities, Dr. Rajendra Prasad
Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Introduction
Bihar, India
The addition of new genes to the cells is known as gene therapy which has been used for ages.
Arpit Raturi Recently, gene editing techniques have opened the door to a new concept in which the exact
College of Basic Sciences and
Humanities, Dr. Rajendra Prasad
manipulation of genome sequences for different purposes is now possible (Maeder &
Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Gersbach, 2016) [18]. The field of biotechnology has witnessed a revolution with the
Bihar, India
development of ‘engineered’ and/or ‘programmable’ enzymes for the modification of DNA
Rishav Kumar sequences, despite the extensive research and interest in gene therapy and genome editing over
College of Basic Sciences and
Humanities, Dr. Rajendra Prasad
the years (Doudna, 2020) [7]. Recently different platforms have been discovered for genetically
Central Agricultural University, Pusa, modifying somatic and pluripotent stem cells. These comprise ‘CRISPR (Clustered Regularly
Bihar, India Interspersed Short Palindromic Repeats)’, ‘TALENs (Transcription Activator-like Effector
Dheetan Parthsarthi Nucleases)’, and ‘ZFN (zinc finger nucleases)’. CRISPR/Cas is a combination of CRISPR and
College of Basic Sciences and the protein CRISPR-associated protein (Broeders et al., 2020 Rodríguez-Rodríguez et al.,
Humanities, Dr. Rajendra Prasad
Central Agricultural University, Pusa, 2019) [5, 23]. Generating specific, pre-planned changes in the genome is a prerequisite for
Bihar, India genome editing which includes double-strand break, single-strand break, or certain base
Vijeta Jha alteration which result in the activation of endogenous repairing process which further allows
College of Basic Sciences and for the modification of the genome (Broeders et al., 2020) [5]. This review presents an insights
Humanities, Dr. Rajendra Prasad
Central Agricultural University, Pusa, on the potential impact of gene-editing technologies in the area of healthcare.
Bihar, India
Sushant Kumar Mechanism of editing genomes
College of Basic Sciences and The understanding that specific DNA double-stranded breaks can trigger the inherent cellular
Humanities, Dr. Rajendra Prasad
Central Agricultural University, Pusa, repair mechanism within the body served as the basis for genome editing. These breaks are
Bihar, India typically repaired by one of the two main pathways that are Homology Directed Repair (HDR)
Viabhav Kumar Upadhayaya
and Non-homologous End Joining (NHEJ) (Takata et al., 1998) [27].
Department of Microbiology, College of Homology Directed Repair relies on strand invasion and template-dependent repair (Szostak et
Basic Sciences and Humanities, Dr.
Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural
al., 1983) [26]. Double-stranded breaks enhance gene targeting efficiency in mammalian cells
University, Pusa, Bihar, India (Maeder & Gersbach, 2016) [18]. In contrast to HDR, Non-Homologous End Joining uses direct
ligation of cleaved ends to repair DSBs without the need of a template (Lieber et al., 2003) [16].
Due to its error-prone nature, this mechanism frequently leads to indels (insertion or deletions)
of genetic material at the site of the break. The ability to modify these indels and altering the
Corresponding Author: reading frame of a gene has been utilized to disrupt target gene in various cell types and
Viabhav Kumar Upadhayaya organisms by stimulating Non-Homologous End Joining through site-specific DNA double
Department of Microbiology, College of
Basic Sciences and Humanities, Dr. stranded breaks.
Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural
University, Pusa, Bihar, India
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