From 2021-2024 PDF:

1. A 45-year-old male with chronic peptic ulcer presents with neurological symptoms and macrocytic
anemia.

· (a) Probable diagnosis and deficient substrate.

· (b) Pathophysiology.

· (c) Description of the deficient substrate: Sources, Daily requirement, Metabolism, Biochemical
functions, Deficiency manifestations, Management.

2. Define Gluconeogenesis.

· (b) Sites and substrates.

· (c) Reactions involved.

· (d) Regulation.

· (e) Importance.

· (f) Why muscle cannot perform gluconeogenesis.

3. A 45-year-old lady wearing purdah presents with bone pain and depression.

· (a) Vitamin deficiency.

· (b) Sources.

· (c) RDA.

· (d) Formation.

· (e) Activation.

· (f) Biochemical functions.

· (g) Deficiency manifestations.

4. A 5-year-old boy with pigeon chest and bow legs.

· (i) Vitamin deficiency.

· (ii) RDA.

· (iii) Other sources.

· (iv) Metabolism and biochemical functions.

· (v) Regulation and clinical importance.

· (vi) Detailed discussion of the disorder (Rickets).

5. (i) Name the storage form of carbohydrate.

· (ii) Discuss its synthesis (Glycogenesis).

· (iii) Discuss its degradation (Glycogenolysis).

 · (iv) Describe Glycogen storage disorders.

6. A 12-year-old girl with carpopedal spasm and hypocalcemia.

· (i) Diagnosis.

· (ii) Reference range and dietary sources of Calcium/Vitamin D.

· (iii) Role of hormones in regulation (PTH, Calcitonin, Vit D).

· (iv) Metabolism of the nutrient.

· (v) Six biochemical functions.

7. (i) Define Lipoproteins.

· (ii) Different lipoproteins.

· Explain metabolism of dietary lipids:

· (iii) Assembly.

· (iv) Transport.

· (v) Utilization.

· (vi) Metabolic fate.

8. A 4-year-old child with night blindness and Bitot's spots.

· (i) Probable diagnosis.

· (ii) Vitamin deficient.

· (iii) Sources.

· (iv) Absorption.

· (v) Metabolism.

· (vi) Biological functions.

· (vii) Deficiency manifestations.

9. (i) Describe steps of HMP shunt.

· (ii) Significance.

· (iii) Importance of NADPH.

· (iv) Regulation.

· (v) Note on G6PD deficiency.

10. A 40-year-old lady with lab results indicating diabetes and dyslipidemia.

· (i) Diagnosis.

· (ii) Normal Fasting & PP blood glucose levels.

· (iii) Conditions causing hyperglycemia.

 · (iv) Types of diabetes.

· (v) Factors maintaining normal blood glucose.

· (vi) Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT).

11. (i) Define an Enzyme.

· (ii) Classify enzymes with examples.

· (iii) Major classes of enzymes.

· (iv) Factors affecting enzyme activity.

· (v) Enzyme inhibition with examples.

· (vi) Two therapeutically useful enzymes.

From 2011-2020 PDF:

1. Normal Fasting & PP plasma glucose. Maintenance in fasting and post-prandial states.

2. Steps of Ketogenesis, their regulation, and normal blood ketone body level.

3. Active form of Vitamin D, its activation, biochemical functions, and deficiency manifestations.

4. Steps of Heme synthesis, associated defects, and how to confirm the defect.

5. Define Enzyme. Factors affecting enzyme activity. Note on Isoenzymes.

6. β-oxidation of fatty acids: Definition & site, Steps, Energetics for Palmitic acid.

7. Normal Fasting & PP blood glucose. Regulation in fasting and post-prandial states. Note on HbA1c.

8. Thiamine: Sources, RDA, Co-enzyme form, Biochemical functions, Deficiency manifestations,

Antivitamin.

9. Different types of fatty acid oxidation. Steps and ATP yield in β-oxidation of Palmitic acid.

10. A 40yr woman with abdominal pain and PBG+ urine: Diagnosis, cause, and mechanism.

11. A 46yr male with methanol poisoning: Diagnosis and mechanism of treatment (Ethanol,
Bicarbonate).

12. Cholesterol synthesis, substances derived from cholesterol, normal range, and consequences of
hypercholesterolemia.

13. Define Enzyme. Factors influencing enzyme action. Isoenzymes in MI.

14. Pathway of Gluconeogenesis from Lactate. Normal blood sugar range. Regulation.

15. Vitamin D: Sources, metabolism, RDA, functions, deficiency. Justify it as a hormone.

16. Vitamin A: Chemistry, sources, daily requirement, functions, deficiency, toxic effects.

17. Formation and fate of bilirubin. Note on congenital jaundice.

18. Importance of enzyme studies in MI, liver disease, and bone diseases.

19. Pathway of Gluconeogenesis from Alanine. Key enzymes.

20. Heme degradation. Normal bilirubin level. Types of Jaundice and differentiation via blood/urine
findings.

21. Classify enzymes. Various types of enzyme inhibitors with examples. Clinically important
enzymes.

22. Normal blood cholesterol level. Detail metabolism of cholesterol. Note on cholesterol disorders.

23. Define “Gluconeogenesis”. Four substrates. Key enzymes. Regulation.

24. Metabolism of HDL. Role of CETP. One congenital dyslipoproteinemia related to HDL.

25. Site of beta oxidation. Steps. Energy from Palmitic acid oxidation. Note on Fatty acid Oxidation
Disorders.

26. A 50yr male with symptoms of diabetes: Diagnosis, normal glucose levels, regulatory factors,
diagnostic criteria & importance of HbA1c.

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Short Notes (5/6/10 x 2/5/6 = 10/20/50/60 Marks)

Topics from 2021-2024 PDF:

· Glucose Transporters: Type, function, tissue specificity.

· Enzyme inhibitions (types). Competitive inhibition with examples.

· Effect of substrate on enzyme activity. Km value.

· Dietary fibres and their benefits.

· Classification of phospholipids with examples. Three phospholipids and their functions.

· General features of GAGs. Three GAGs and functions.

· Role of Medical professionals in Disaster Management.

· Coenzyme form of Pyridoxine, its functions and deficiency.

· BMR: Definition, normal value, factors affecting.

· Chemiosmotic theory. Inhibitors of ETC.

· Lipid peroxidation. Antioxidants with examples.

· Classification of Jaundice (Pre-hepatic, Hepatic, Post-hepatic).

· Structure and functions of Peroxisomes and Lysosomes.

· Importance of Correct Investigations & Interpretations (AETCOM).

· Essential fatty acids and functions.

· Different types of Porphyrias.

· Biochemical functions and deficiency of NIACIN.

· Fluid Mosaic model of Plasma membrane.

· Mucopolysaccharides (GAGs).

· Classification and functions of Prostaglandins.

· Factors affecting enzyme activity.

· Type of inhibition by heavy metals (Non-competitive). Detail.

· Vitamin deficient in bleeding gums/delayed healing (Vit C) and its metabolic role.

· Oxidative phosphorylation and its Uncouplers.

· Dietary fibre and clinical significance.

· Condition with growth retardation, no edema, normal albumin (Marasmus). Reason.

· Polyunsaturated fatty acids and clinical significance.

· Structure/function of mitochondria. Role in heat production.

· Synthesis and regulation of Porphyrins.

· Compounds derived from Cholesterol and their functions.

· Prostaglandins and importance.

· Formation and fate of Pyruvate.

· Gluconeogenesis and its steps.

· Fatty livers & lipotropic factors.

· Vitamin C: Sources, RDA & biological function.

· Biochemical features in blood/urine in hemolytic anemia.

· Two therapeutically useful enzymes. Regulation of enzyme activity.

· Biological oxidation and mechanism of ATP synthesis.

· Role of Niacin as coenzyme and clinical importance.

· Abnormal Hemoglobin (describe one, e.g., Sickle cell).

· Regulation of Enzyme activity.

· Inhibitors of ETC.

· Acute intermittent porphyria.

· Glycogen storage disease.

· Metabolism and functions of HDL.

Topics from 2011-2020 PDF:

· Isomerism in carbohydrates

· Acetyl CoA

· Substrate level phosphorylation

· Glucose tolerance test (GTT)

· Reverse cholesterol transport

· Fatty liver

· Brown adipose tissue

· Biotin

· Creatine Kinase

· Bile salts

· Metabolism of alcohol

· Glycogen storage diseases

· Lactose intolerance

· Role of HMG CoA

· Thiamine

· Competitive inhibition

· Uncouplers of ETC

· Mitochondria

· Ketosis

· Acute intermittent porphyria

· Sickle cell anemia

· Dietary fibre

· Inhibitors of ETC

· Isoenzymes

· Pyridoxine

· Essential fatty acids

· Significance of HMP pathway

· Von Gierke’s disease

· Metabolism of VLDL

· Anaplerotic reactions

· Digestion and absorption of lipids

· Alpha oxidation and associated disorder

· ATP synthase complex

· Congenital hyperbilirubinemia

· Oxygen dissociation curve

· Markers of cardiac disease

· Homocystinuria

· HDL and Atherosclerosis

· Vitamin K cycle

· Haemoglobinopathies

· Homopolysaccharides

· Protein-energy Malnutrition

· Role of insulin in regulation of Blood Glucose

· Vitamins synthesized by the body

· Anaplerotic role of TCA cycle

· Ketogenesis and ketolysis

· Carnitine

· HMG CoA Reductase

· Mutarotation

· Functions of TPP

· Active transport

· Vitamin D deficiency

· Specific dynamic action (SDA)

· Vanden Bergh test

· Wald’s visual cycle

· Absorption of monosaccharides

· Biochemical functions of Vit B12

· Steatorrhoea

· High energy compounds

· Active site of an enzyme

· Multicaryme complexes (e.g., Pyruvate dehydrogenase)

· Co-enzyme forms of Niacin & reactions

· High energy compounds

· Glycolysis & steps of anaerobic glycolysis

· Heme synthesis

· Hormonal regulation of blood glucose

· Folate trap

· Suicidal inhibition

· Oxidative decarboxylation

· Hormone response elements

· Hereditary fructose intolerance

· Fate of Acetyl-CoA

· Glutathione and its importance

· Total parenteral nutrition (TPN)

· Ionophores and types

· Vitamin deficiencies for: Burning foot syndrome, Polyneuritis, Angular Stomatitis, Neural tube
defects, Subacute combined degeneration.