Botany Molecular Basis of Inheritance QI Given below are two statements: one Is labelled as Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R: Assertion A: Deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates serve dual purposes. Reason R: Not only do the polymerases have to be fast, but they also have to catalyse the reaction with high degree of accuracy. Ih the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below: (A) Ais true but R is false, (8) Ais false but Ris true, (©) Both A and R are true and Ris the correct explanation of A. (0) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A, 2 Select the incorrect statement (A) There is a convention in defining the two strands of the DNA in the:structural gene of a transcription unit. : (8) The strand which does not code for anything is referred to as coding strand. < (© Allthe reference point while defining a transcription unit is made with coding strand, (0) The strand in DNA that has the polarity 51-39! acts as a template, and also referred to as. template strand, '3 Given below are two statements: Statement I: Even though the discovery of nuclein by Meischer and the proposition for Principles of inheritance by Mendel were almost at the same time, but that the DNA acts as a Genetic material took long to be discovered and proven, Statement i: By 1926, the quest to determine the mechanism for genetic inheritance had D andcitsoe | 105 App | a4 _have ne effection transformation _ Mil. ONase treatment inhibited tr ~_Iv€onclusion was drawn, that DNA isthe ~ hereditary material, though n Q5 reached the cellular leve| Inthe light of the above statemay ; ‘most appropriate answer from, they below: oD (A) Statement is correct but gy incorrect. (B) Statement lis incorrect byt Stat correct. ent (©) Both Statement | and Statement (0) Both Statement | and Statement ; oy incorrect. eG *atementy, Read the fllowing events arse a option regarding the biochemical og BEET ol the trarstomiy Avery, Macleod, and McCarty, "ety [ Puication of biochemicals (prteng ” RNA, ete) from heat-killed S cals wa an IL BroFeases and RNases were used a fon, ansformatin Indicating DNA Is the genetic mater ® ot universaly accepted at first, Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below: (A) Ill and IV only (B) All except Iv (©), il and IV onty (0) il, Mandiv Read the following statements careful and choose the correct option: A. DNAis the genetic material in most organi) While RNA primarily functions as amessenget | B.RNA can act as an adapter, structural moe and in some cases, a catalytic molecule. PW WebsiteOnly statements A, B, and D ate ) Only statements A and C are cotrect ) Allstatements A BC, ant D are comect ) Only statements B and D ate correct correct hoose the correct option regaratin, Ecoli. ) DNA polymerase initiates replication randomly across the DNA and both directions to increase speed, energy for polymerisation, enabling high. speed synthesis, in E colfallows faster duplication ofits genome. (D) DNA polymerases synthesise both leading delays at the replication fork, Match List-l with List 19 replication synthesizes in (2) Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates provide (C) The presence of multiple origins of replication and lagging strands continuously to prevent List-l_ (Terms) List-ll, (Descriptions) [Segment of DNA lcoding for a lpolypeptide IExon Ko) lExpressed sequence found in mature RNA an) mature RNA INon-coding sequence IMonocistronic |(IH) {that does not appear in |multiple structural lgenes (common in [prokaryotes) , ~ (D) |Polycistronic (IV) [Transcription unit with Choose the correct answer from the options given below: (A) Aclll, Bell, C-1, D-IV (8) AV, Bull, Cll, D-1 rr) ao @10 (© At, 8.4, ca, pay ©) A, 84, 0-1 Given betow are two st Statement I: the RNA Capable of catal Statement it transiently wit tatements: Polymerase is only lysing the process of elongation, RNA polymerase associates th initiation-factor (a) and ‘ermination-factor(p) to initiate the transcription, respectively. these factors doesn’ ‘affect the RNA polymerase to either initiate or terminate Inthe light ofthe above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below: and terminate Association with 'e specificity of the (A) Statement is correct but Statement I is incorrect. (8) Statement lis incorrect but Statement lis correct. (©) Both Statement | and Statement Il are correct (©) Both Statement | and Statement Il are incorrect, Read the following statements: A.RNAis genetic material in QB bacteriophage. ‘8. Watson and Crick Proposed the double helix model of DNA\jin 1953 based on data from Wilkins and Frant C. Chargaff's rule states that in double-stranded DNA, the ratio of adenine to guanine is always equal to one. D. The base pairing in DNA makes the two strands complementary, allowing the sequence of one strand to predict the other. Choose the correct answer from the options given below: (A) Only statements A, B and D are correct (8) Only statements A, C, and D are correct (©) Only statements A, B and Care correct (0) All statements A, B, C and D are correct If Meselson and Stah!'s experiment is continued for four generations in bacteria, the ratio of N'9/N'S; NIS/N: N¥/N/4 containing DNA in the, fourth generation would be: = © android App | iOS App | PW Website =I Nirenbera's work ir ly Marshall Sed, inthesis, i Independent RNASvathess, IE (r0 ba pis a (oxs (ox7 5 civenbelow are WO statMEN on of ae tify the ot assertion Aand the other is abe 5. a hy, we Gt Reade folowing statement an er aa pa A the artic age correct statement/s during the proce’ Asi erin e e becat! hnRNA into functional mRNA in eukaryotes degenerate b 2 than one codon. A. Addition of poly-A tail at the 5! end ice B Splicing to remove introns peason R:A total of 64 codons est acids are to be coded Addition of 3° methyl guanosine cap re esr D. Export of mature mRNA from cytoplasm Inthe light of the above statements cg Oars Cees correct answet from the options giverga! my (QABandDonly (0) Aand Donly (ays true but is fase : false but Ris true of 1 amino aci he soluble RNA at @)Ais an 2 smino acid attaches to the solut Gogh kard Rae AMER Unc, explanation of A. (D)Both A and R are true but R is NOT the ‘correct explanation of A. (A) 5'= end and 3'~ end, (8)3'~end only (©) Anti codon site and 5’ ~ ends Ot a 16 Which of the following statements regarding @13_ Select the incorrect statement wirt. DNA initiation of translation and peptide bong fingerprinting. formation is correct? (4) DNA froma single cell is enough to perform (A) Peptide bond formation s spontaneous DNA fingerprinting analysis. does not require energy. (8) DNA fingerprinting has much wider (8) Amino acids are directly linked to mRNA applications in determining population codons without the help of tRNA. and genetic diversities, (©) Aminoacylation (charging) of tRNA requis (©) The VNTR belongs to a class of non-repetitive ATP and is essential for peptide bond DNA. formation. (0) DNA fingerprint differs from individual to (0)The peptide bond is formed before the ant individual in a population except in thé’case. pense tenet et of monozygotic twins. Q17_ Which of the following is the correct functiond the gene products in the lac operon? (A) The z gene codes for permease, the y gene codes for B-galactosidase, and the a gene [4 Which of the following statements correctly describes the contribution of Severo Ochoa and Marshall Nirenberg in deciphering the genetic code? (A) Severo Ochoa discovered the cell-free system S eae transacetylase, eeahuns we ZGene codes for f-galactosidase, they (8) Marshall Nirenberg discovered polynucleotide gene codes for permease, and the agene Pesan encodes transacetylase, (©) Severo Ochoa’s enzyme helped synthesize (© The.z gene codes for transacetylase, the y RNA sequences without using a DNA gene codes for B-galactosidase, and thea template, gene encodes permease © (0) The zgene codes for f-galactosidase, the) gene encodes transacetylase, and the a9 Android App | i0SApp | PW Websit ©jes for permease, fs oNA considered a better genetic mater ia RNA? Pais mote reactive and easly degradable Which of the following st tO DNA in nucle Evite t lee) 'Y charged proteins that Bais ess reactive and structurally more rn able compared to RNA. NA has @ 2-OH group which makes it stable and less reactive. J ANA is more stable because it than DNA. less reactive Oa asa urd Nucleosomes, ae (0) ( ) Nucleosomes are visible as condens at was the key finding of the experiment Under light microscope, ca: ducted by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase 1952? Q22 Ifthe ler . ngth of E. coli ) proteins from viruses entered the bacterial aie in. calculate the number of base pairs cell and were responsible for replication, (Distance between two feed di, : )) DNA from viruses entered'the bacterial cell (A)136 x10% bp oe” and was responsible for replication, 4x10" bp ) Both protein and DNA from viruses entered 2x10" bp the bacterial cell and were responsible for ©)3.4 10" bp replication. (D) Neither protein nor DNA from viruses entered the bacterial cell. ee a ‘ 23. Identify the incorrect statement regarding lac ‘operon in E. col (A) Lactose binds to the repressor and activates it. Given below are two stateme ‘Statement I: The repressor of t synthesised (all-the-time — constitutively) from. ict the igene. Mige (0) Therepressor protein is synthesized from the Statement Il: The repressor of the operdlils, wgene synthesized only when needed and is not (0) Lactose enters the bacterial cell via permeas produced constitutively from the gene. In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below: (A) Statement | is correct but Statement Il is, incorrect. (8) RNA polymerase binds to the promoter and Initiates transcription, Q24 Why is only one strand of DNA transcribed during the process of transcription? (A) Transcribing both strands would produce identical RNAs, causing confusion in translation, (8) Transcribing both strands would produce RNAS that are complementary and may fo! double-stranded RNA, blocking translatiot (C) The DNA polymerase can bind to only one strand. (0) Both strands have stop codons at the beginning, so transcription ‘cannot procet (B) Statement | is incorrect but Statement II is correct. (©) Both Statement | and Statement Il are correct, (D) Both Statement I and Statement Il are incorrect, © android App | iOS App | PWWebsite—e— 225 Given betow are two statements one is labelled 35 Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R: Assertion A: SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) are useful in tracing human, evolutionary history. Reason R: SNPs are single-base differences in DNA that occur at about 1.4 milion locations in the human genome. in the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below: (A) Ais true but Ris false. (8) Ais false but Ris true. (©) Both A and R are true and R is the correct ‘explanation of A. (0) Both A and R are true but Ris NOT the correct explanation of A 826 What forms the molecular basis of DNA fingerprinting? (A) Protein-coding sequences of DNA (8) Mitochondrial DNA variations (© Polymorphism in repetitive DNA sequences (©) Ribosomal RNA gene patterns 27 Toinitiate translation, the mRNA first binds to: (A) the smaller ribosomal sub-unit. (B) the larger ribosomal sub-unit. (© the whole ribosome. (D) no such specificity exists. Q28 Which of the following statements correctly explains why DNA fingerprinting is useful in forensic science? (A) Satellite DNA forms the bulk of the human genome and codes for enzymes. (8) Repetitive DNA shows high polymorphism and is inherited, making it ideal for identification. (©)DNA from different tissues of the same person shows different polymorphism patterns. (0) Micro-satellites and mini-satellites are protein-coding segments of DNA. Q EE a2 @30 Q3t 32 = AndroidApp | iOS App | PW Website Arrange the following events of transiation in rect sequence: {A Ribosome binds to MRNA st the start conan (aus) 8, AminoacyHtRNA complexes bind to coy, anticodon pairing C Release factor binds to stop codon Polypeptide chain elongates 2: bose moves codon by codon (A2D2B2C (@AzBr03C (BsAzD3C ()A2C>D38 Given below are two statements: statement ERNA‘S th First to eves an was derived from RNA. | ‘Statement Il: The hallmark of the stranded helical structure of DNA the hydrogen bonding between the bases fo. ‘opposite strands. Inthe light ofthe above statements cag imactappropgiate answer from the orteng below: (A) Statement lis correct but Statement: incorrect. (@) Statemnefit lis incorrect but Statement) correct. (©) Both Statement | and Statement ze (©) Both Statement | and Statement ila incorrect. * Which of the following is a correct sumer about the structure of B-DNA? (A) Ithas 10 base pairs per turn (®)itistefthanded (©) It contains ribose sugar (0) The helical pitch is 20 nm Given below are two statements: one ska as Assertion A and the other is labelled Reason R: Assertion A: DNA replication is semi- conservative.Rz In semi-conservative replication, strands of parental DNA act as tem, om rand synthesis, Fi light ofthe above statements, choose the in rect answer from the options given below: Ay ig true but R is false, ‘ ) Ais false but Ris true, (C)Both Aand R are true and Ris the correct explanation of A. (0) Both Aand R are true but Ris NOT the correct explanation of A, only iDlates for Match List+I with List-I ae list w rT [Biochemicat [a [oritfith Characterisation of [ransfortring Principle |, veo! Macleod, | fransformation IB Mecarty * [principle [ fershev and | IDNA replication [Chase emi-conservative Mesclsonand |. Bacteriophage P-staht -xperiment Choose the correct answer from the options given below: (A) Ad, Bell, CIV, D-IL (8) Acll, BS, CIV, D-II (C)AAV, Bel, Cell, D-IL (0) A+), B-IV, Cell, Doltt Arrange the following events of transcription in correct sequence: A. Binding of RNA polymerase to Promoter B. Elongation of RNA. transcript C. Initiation of ‘transcription D. Termination of transcription ()ACB,D (8)CAB,D ©A8¢D ()0,.CB,4 Which of the following statements are true about Genetic code? A ltis triplet a6 937 a38 039 a, | iy Bltis Overlapping Gitis Universal (mostly) Diltis {unambiguous Choose the mos a Options given Shing z A.B only (®)A.C,Donly 8, Cony Ac. ‘only Wer fom the ‘Modifications in a e ti A Removal of introns 8. Addition of methyi ‘Suanosine triphosphate at the 5'-end of hneia ©. Addition of poly. tai .Direct translation of aN Choose the most propriate answer from the options given below: A)A,B, Conly (8) A, Bony ©BDony OAC Donly Which ofthe following statements about ONA Packaging in eukaryotes is incorrect? (A)ONA wraps around histone octamer to form nucleosome, (8) Nucleosome contains 200 bp of DNA, (©) Euchromatn is transcriptionally inactive (0) Chromatin further coits to form ‘chromosomes, ‘Which of the following is nat a goal of Human Genome Project? (A) Identify all human genes (8) Determine the sequences of the 3 billion ‘chemical base pairs that make up human DNA. (©) Generate genetically modified organisms (0) Develop tools for data analysis Which of the following codons are Stop codons? A.UAA B.UAG C.AUG ©) AndroidApn | 10SAnp | PW Website‘A.DNA polymerase synthesizes ioe > 8 direction n continuous manny,’ nga Choose the most appropriate answer from the B. Leading strand! Is synthesize ase options given below: C-Lagging strane symthess requ hy (A) A, Band E only RINA primers. Peay | (8) A, Band D only D. DNA ligase Jolns Okazak! frag (CAB, Cand E only Choose the most appropriate Wer § (D)A, ¢, only ‘options given below: om, (A) A, Band C only 40 Which of the following statements about DNA (B) A, and D only structure Is correct? (©)8,¢ and only ‘A Two nucleatides are linked through 31-5! (©) A.B andD only phosphodiester linkage, B, Adenine pairs with guanine, @45_ Read the following statements recare C, Distance between base pairs is 0.34 nm, prokaryotic transcription and select the cope D, It has antiparallel strands, options; Te Choose the most appropriate answer from the. A. RNA polymerase requires sigma Factor foy | options given below; initiation. A,B,C only @)A,G,Dony B. MRNA processing occurs before trastetg | (C)A,B,D only ©)B, ¢, Donly G, Transcription and translation oceyp simultaneously, D, Promoter tegions control transcription Initiation, ‘ ‘Choose the most appropriate answer ftom the. options given below: ()A, Band C only 41 Which of the following Is NOT true for /ac operon? (A) induced by lactose (8) Inhibited by glucose (C) Consists of z y, a structutal genes (0) Repressor Is coded by zigene ()A,CandB only 942 What is a major application of understanding (C)B,Cand D only DNA sequences? % (D) A, Band D only (A) Only to determine species classification. ak Ree ect: (8) To solve challenges in health care, agriculture, r = energy production, and environmental (soe e ist it remediation JA. |Nucleosome ||. _|Stabilizes solenoid (C)To Increase mutation rates artificially yeaa , [Histone octamer (D) To convert DNA into proteins directly }+ DNA. @43_ The feature NOT associated with RNA world is; pene i IC. fEuchromatin |i. |transcriptionaly (A) RNA can catalyse reactions ea (B) RNA can act as genetic material | (C)RNA\s chernically stable ale opie | (0) RNA preceded DNA ID. |HeterachromatinllV, {transcriptional ad 4 244 Identify correct statements about DNA (Choose the correct answer from the opts | replication: given below: (A) Ac, Bell, C-IV, D-tl © Android App | iOS App | PW WebsiteI, C-V, Deli 1, C-I1, Dit IV, Cll, D-l with List-tt: ist I (Carries genetic message from IDNA. [Transfers amino acids Adapter |molecule [Structural and catalytic lu. lcomponent of ribosomes IAIIV. Primary transcript before lprocessing ria and yeast were ust HI, Gil, D-IV 1, CAV, D-lll lll, Cll, D-IV Bl, Cl, D-Il 50 ed ahosts for ONA ‘the most appropriate answer from the s given below: Donly ast B, Donly 3,C, Donly , B, C only, List-l with Listell: ist lList-II ransforming rinciple Il xperiment Vicia faba i Radioactive IH. wymidine used to P lEscherichia coli ASsertlom A: Lac operon structural ‘genes are SXPreSSEd Only when lactose is present ana Slucose is absent, Reason R: Lactose acts as. the operator, Inthe light ofthe above statements, choose the Correct answet from the options given below: (A) Ais true but Ris false, (8) Ais false but Ris true. (C)Both A and R are true and Ris the ‘correct explanation of A. (©) Both A and are true but Ris NOT the correct explanation of A. Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R: Assertion A: Satellite DNA shows a high degree of polymorphism and is used for DNA fingerprinting, Reason R; Satellite DNA sequences code for essential proteins requited by the cell. In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below: (A) Ais true but R is false. (8) Ais false but Ris true. Android App | iOS App | PwWebsitene correct scypoth Aare Rare toe andl Da 27 explanation of A i re but R Is NOT the 4 R are tru (0) Both A and correct explanation of A avo statements: one Is labelled are t Given below = and the ather Is labelled as as Assertion A Reason R: “Assertion A: VNTRs are used In DNA fingerprinting because they show variability In copy number between individuals, Reason R: VNTRs belong to mini-satellite class of repetitive DNA sequences. In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below: (A) A\s true but R is false. (8) Ais false but Rls true. (©)Both Aand R are true and Ris the correct explanation of A. (0) Both A and R are true but R Is NOT the correct explanation of A, Q53_ Which is the correct order of molecular events in lac operon activation? A, Lactose Is transported Into the cells through the action of permease B, Lactose binds to repressor Repressor detaches from operator D, RNA Polymerase transcribes structural genes (A)A%B9CoD (8)B>A>C>D (QA>C>B9D (D)C>A»B2D Q54_ The correct sequence of events during translation in eukaryotic cells: A Initiator tRNA binds start codon B. Ribosomal subunits assemble C.Aminoacyl+tRNA binds A site D. Peptide bond formation occurs A)B>A%C>D ()A»B>CoD ()B>C2AsdD ()C>B>A5D 9 Androld App 55 Corract sequence of DNA ropa, @56 Select the correct ofcer of molecu, ® @57 Which of the following statements are co 58 Given iselow are two statements: | 108App | PW Website {A Separation of parental strange °° B, Primer synthesis C. Elongation of daughter strang D. Ligation of Okazak! fragments (A)A>B9C9D (B)B2A9C9D (A2C7B90 (D)A%B9D9C semi-conservative DNA replication (y | Stahl): Sth ‘A. They grew E. collin a medium 'SNHACl “entahing B, Transferred the cells into a m normal “NH,Cl “a €.One replication cycle in “™N Medium 0..Gradient centrifugation ()A2B> C20 @)A>%C>B>0 ()B>2A2CD (D)A2B2D>C A. DNApolymerase requires a primer ton DNA synthests. 8, Marshall Nirenberg’s cell-free system for protein synthesis finally helped the code tote deciphered, C. Abacteriophage known as o x174 has 83 nucleotides, D. Replication Is bidirectional in eukaryotes Choose the most appropriate answer from te options given below: (A) A,B, and D only (8) Aand C only (C)Band D only (0) Allare correct Statement I: The genetic code Is universal in mitochondria and some protozoa. Statement Il: The codon is read in mRNAIn® Contiguous fashion, There are rio punctuatitsI _ Oe Wrapped around the Negatively charged Phosphate groups of DNA, In the light of the above statements, choose the farrect answer from the options given below: (A) Ais true but Ris false, (B) Ais false but Ris true, of the above statements, choose the BESS answer from the options given -tement lis correct but Statement Il is. ment lis incorrect but Statement Ilis ter (©) Both A and R are true and Ris the correct Statement | and Statement I! are correct, explanation of A, th Statement | and Statement Il are (0) Both A and R are true but Ris NOT the Correct explanation of A, pelow are two statements: one is labelled el ‘ertion A and the other is labelled as 260 Identify the incorrect statement wrt the tRNA. (A) Francis Crick postulated the presence of an adapter molecule. (8) RNAS are specific for each amino acid. ~2(C) RNA has an anticodon loop which binds to = Binino acids, - (0)TherB.are no tRNAs for stop codons. ion A: The presence of histone proteins ryotic chromatin facilitates the packagi into nucleosomes.a2 a3 as as Q7 as as a1 an a as a4 a5 ate a7 ais. ag @20 21 22 23 24 25 Q26 Q277 28 29 930 (a) @) (0) (8) (8) © © © © (B) (8) (8) © (8) (A) (8) © © a) (a) () od 31 (A) 932 (A) 33 (B) 34 (A) 35 (8) 36 (A) a37 (C) ass (C) 39 (8) 40° (B) 41 (D) 42 (8) 43 (C) 44 (C) 45 (B) (a) 52 (C) @53 (A) @54 (A) Q55 (A) @s56 (A) 57 (0) 58 (C) @59 (A) 60 (C) Android App | i0S App | PW Websitejon: sor ecu triphosphates serve dual yt [Seament of DNA leoding for a Feo these polymerases have to be fast, S ae have to catalyse the reaction with, pe rere of ACUTE . ution: ad that has the polarty 2°98! acts as a and is also referred to as template a prokaryotes) QB Text Solution: RNA polymerase associates transiently with Initlation-factor (c) and termination-factor(o) to initiate and terminate the transcription, espectively, Association with these factors alter the specificity of the RNA polymerase to either Initiate or terminate purification of biochemicals (proteins, DNA, Q9 Text Solution: is, etc) from heat-killed S cells was performed. | Proteases and RNases were used and found to ave no effect on transformation. . | DNase treatment inhibited transformation, \dicating DNA is the genetic material. xt Solution: 1926, the quest to determine the mechanism eas inheritance had reached the’ lecular level. Chargaff's rule states A=T and G=C, not Q10 Text Solution; Meselson and Stah's experiment demonstrated ‘semiconservative replication of DNA. Here's how 5G, ‘the generations progress: Conclusion was drawn that DNA is the Generation 0 (before replication): 100% N"/N® ereditary material, though not universally (heavy-heavy) laccepted at first. % Generation 0: N'S/N'S Genefation 1: =NISN'4 NISN'4 Generation NEN Generation 3: NEN NMNI4 NIN Nyt4yis YN NMNM NIN Mats Generation 4: =N'SN14 NiSN4 NI4NT4 NMANIS NENY NIN NINH NNT NN NN NEN NNT MNT NAN NUN NBN (SNM NINH yrs Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates provide both he substrate and energy for polymerisation, Ontnd: Cua Expressed sequence : a eek =i in mature RNA So, by the fourth generation, the ratio,Sf NS/N: A NE/NY:NI/NY = 0:2: 14 which simplifies to 0: INon-coding sequence| ilIntron that does not appear 7, lin mature RNA Q11_ Text Solution: © Android App | iOS App | PWWebsite aemethyl guanosine cap is added first. 5 capes rons arremaved, and 08 3e ra! Jee potas added at the end cee: povemed mRNAs Wansported tothe cytoplasm for translation @12_ Text Solution: The amino acid binds to the 3' - OH group of the adenine nucleotide present at the 3'-end of the tRNA @13_ Text Solution: VNTR (variable number of tandem repeats) belong to a class of repetitive DNA dispersed in the genome, Q14_ Text Solution: Severo Ochoa's enzyme helped synthesize RNA sequences without using a DNA template. @15_ Text Solution: The genetic code is called degenerate because some amino acids are coded by more than one codon. A total of 64 codons exist, but only 20 amino acids are to be coded. Q16_ Text Solution: ‘Amincacylation (charging) of RNA requires ATP and is essential for peptide borid formation. Q17 Text Solution: The z gene codes for B-galactosidase, the'V-gene codes for permease, and the a gene encodes transacetylase. Q18 Text Solution: DNA is less reactive and structurally more stable compared to RNA Q19 Text Solutic DNA from viruses entered the bacterial cell and was responsible for replication, @20 Text Solution: The repressor of the operon is synthesised (al- the-time-constitutively) from the i gene. ‘21 Text Solution: Negatively charged DNA is wrapng, positively charged histones to fom @22 Text Solution: Formula: Number of base pairs otal length of DNA = “Distance between base pair = 136x109 * gaxi0-” A Lactose binds to the repressor ang ng it 24 Text Solution: Transcribing both strands Would produce that are complementary and may form stranded RNA, blocking translation, 25. Text Solution: ‘SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms), Useful in tracing human evolutionary SNPs are single-base differences in DNA ty occur at about 1.4 million locations in the genome. Q26 Text Solution: Polymorphism in repetitive DNA sequences Q27 Text Solution: Translation initiation begins when mRNA to the small ribosomal subunit, along with initiator tRNA. Only after tis assembly des large subunit join to form the complete ribosome, allowing elongation to proceed 28 Text Solution: Repetitive DNA shows high polymorphism and] inherited, making it ideal for identification Q29 Text Solution: A. Ribosome binds to mRNA at the start coda) (AUG) B. Aminoacyl-tRNA complexes bind to coders! anticodon pairing C. Release factor binds to stop codonie chain elongates as ribosome Bon by codon first to evolve and DNA was derived of the doubie stranded helical jaf DNA is the hydrogen bonding bthe bases from opposite strands helical pitch of 3.4 nm. It contains pd and Maclyn McCarty (1933-44), the material was thought to be a protein, d to determine the biochemical of ‘transforming principle’ in experiment. The unequivocal proof that fs the genetic material came from riments of Alfred Hershey and Martha Jn 1928, Frederick Griffith, in a series of ents with Streptococcus pneumoniae prium responsible for pneumonia), ;ed a miraculous transformation in the Bria. Meselson and Stahl proven that DNA fates semiconservatively. ess. RNA polymerase binds to promoter and s transcription (Initiation). It uses ow also facilitates opening of the helix continues elongation. Only a short stretch of A remains bound to the enzyme. Once the o35 2% 39 40 41 a ‘wee rege ‘Off, £0 alse the Rrva Polymerases reaches the ter Natcent BHA fas Polymerase. This 1 transcription, Text Solution: Genetic code is triplet, a the results in termination ot Imost universal and defined order: hnRNA undergoes additions: Processing called as capping and talling in ‘@pping an unusual nuclectide (methy ‘guanosine triphosphate) is added to the §'-end Of HORNA. In tailing, adenylate residues (200- 300) are added at B-end in a template independent manner. Text Solution: 4m. typical nucleus, some region of chromatin are loosely packed (and ‘stains light) and are referred to as euchromatin, The chromatin that is ‘more densely packed and stains dark are called as heterochromatin, Euchromatin is said to be transcriptionally active chromatin, whereas heterochromatin is inactive. Text Solution: Generate genetically modified organisms. Text Solution: AUG has dual functions. It codes for Methionine (met) , and it also act as initiator codon. UAA, UAG, UGA are stop terminator codons. Text Solution: DNAis a right-handed double helix (A), with base pairs separated by 0.34 nm (C). It has antiparallel strands (D). Adenine pairs with thymine, not guanine. Guanine is bonded with Cytosine with ‘three H-bonds. Text Solution: © android app | ios App | PW Website42 43 44 ass a6 47 The igene codes for repressor: z codes for beta: galactosidase. Text Solution: , DNA sequences can lead to an understanding of their natural capabilities that can be applied toward solving chatlenges in health care, agriculture, energy production, environmental remediation. Text Solution: RNAs reactive and less stable than DNA. Text Solution: The DNA-dependent DNA polymerases catalyse polymerisation only in one direction, that Is 543 . This creates some additional complications at the replicating fork. on one strand (the template with polarity 35"), the replication is continuous, while on the other (the template with polarity 513°), itis discontinuous. The discontinuously synthesised fragments are later joined by the enzyme DNA ligase. Text Solution: In bacteria, since the mRNA does not require any processing to become active, and also since transcription and translation take place in the same compartment (there is no separation of cytosol and nucteus in bacteria), many times the translation can begin much before the mRNA is fully transcribed. Text Solution: > Nucleosome = DNA wrapped around histone octamer ~ Hy histone stabilizes solenoid structure (next higher order) + Euchromatin is transcriptionally active, lightly stained ~ Heterochromatin Is transcriptionally Inactive, densely packed Text Solution: Acl->mRINA (messenger RNA) carries the message from DNA to ribosome B-ll > tRNA (transfer RNA) brings specific amino acids during translation 9 ie a48 49 50 Android Apr | IOSApp | PW Website Culll 9 FRNA (ribosomal RNA) form, thy structure + catalyses peptile bond jy. DalV »» hnRNA (heterogeneous nicjog, primary transcript before post-transe,y ANA), modification i Text Solution: +The methods Invlved two major ay One approach focused on identifying Hin genes that are exPressed a8 RNA (rotor Expressed! Sequence Tags (ESTs), Tho chap the blind approach of simply sequeng uihole set of genome that contained al yg coalng and non-coding sequence, nang assighing different regions in the sequeney yp funetions (aterm referred to a8 Sequengg Annotation). + The cloning resulted into amplification of: piece of DNA fragment so that t subsequa could be sequenced with ease, The common used hosts were bacterla and yeast, an! ine vectors were called as BAC (bacterial arti chromosomes), and YAC (yeast artifical chromosomes). Automated DNA sequen worked on the principle of a method deve by Frederick Sanger. Text Solution: Meselson-Stahl » proven that DNA replicates semiconservatively. It was shown fitst in Escherichia coliand subsequently In hi ‘organisms, such as plants and human cells, similar experiments involving use of radloac ‘thymidine to detect distribution of newly synthesised DN the chromosomes was performed on Vici fb (faba beans) by Taylor and colleagues In 19 The experiments proved that the DNAIn chromosomes also replicate semiconservatively. Crick -> propos central dogma (D-IV) Text Solution: Lactose inactivates the repressor proteln to transcription. hjon: roteins, but 5 a 1a does net code for pr ite lymorphism for identification h poly’ ows na solution: dem repeats and vaty greatly, es clear eve identification, sm ices maxing thet jon: + at soluti as inducer + binds repressor > actose acts ves operator - transcription starts, lea SOF yepre’ ext oie binds > initiator tRNA recognizes {| subut smal ite tRNA comes > peptide bond forms a Asi UG? ‘ion: : te an DNAS ie primers ea eae extends > ligase joing DNA pol fragments. lution: Text Sol NA of E colflabelled in SN i a to 4N medium Q60 ed * Single S¥cle reptication * Density gradient Centrifugation showed intermediate band Text Solution: Statement 3 isi NEOFECE: DIVA pot synthesizes DN, ymerase Ain the 833° ine, ction, Codes for trypto, phan. The codon is read in MRNA in a contiguous fashion. There are NO punctuations, Text Solution: Text Solution: ERNA has an anticodon loop which binds to mRNA. | PW Website