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 jiresented to Che Hibrary of the University of Coronto by
From the library of the late A.M. Stewart, Esq., K.C. (University
College, 1891)
 ed by the Internet / in 2007 with funding from _ Microsoft
Corporation Dy a ha i +
THE WORKS OF NIKOLAY GOGOL I DEAD SOULS VOL. I
 Translated by Constance Garnett THE TALES OF ANTON
TCHEHOV I. THE DARLING, &c. Il. THE DUEL, &c. Ill. THE LADY
WITH THE DOG, &c. IV. THE PARTY, &c. -V. THE WIFE, &c. VI. THE
WITCH, &c. VII. THE BISHOP, &c. ‘VIII. THE CHORUS GIRL, &c. IX.
THE SCHOOLMISTRESS, &c. X. THE HORSE-STEALERS, &c. XI. THE
SCHOOLMASTER, &c. XII. THE COOK’S WEDDING, &c. XIII, LOVE,
&c. St. Martin’s Library Edition. Pott 8vo. In Cloth and Leather. THE
PLAYS OF ANTON TCHEHOV > TWO VOLUMES. St. Martin’s Library
Edition, Pott 8vo. In Cloth and Leather. LETTERS OF ANTON
TCHEHOV ONE VOLUME, Containing a short Biography of the Author
and 7 Portraits, Demy 8vo.
 , Ve 0&0 Col Ou o Pay > (- A war a“ =e ot ‘DEAD SOULS A
POEM BY NIKOLAY GOGOL FROM THE RUSSIAN BY CONSTANCE
GARNETT VOLUME ONE LONDON i he CHATTO & WINDUS *° 1922.
The text on this page is estimated to be only 36.77%
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Soya ARE
 TRANSLATOR’S NOTE Nixotay VassiLyEvitcH Gocot was born
in 1809 near Mirgorod in the Ukraine. He was the delicate fragile
child of a typical Russian landowning family, pious, affectionate and
passionately fond of music and theatricals. In 1829 he obtained a
post in a government office in Petersburg, found his way into literary
circles and met Pushkin, who was the first to welcome with
enthusiasm his Evenings on a Farm in the Ukraine, a series of stories
of Little Russian life, published in 1831. In the years immediately
following he wrote his two famous comedies, and several short
stories, and in 1842 published the first part of his masterpiece, the
prose novel Dead Souls. It was to have consisted of three parts, but
the second part he was constantly revising and three times threw
into the fire. It was almost certainly finished, but only an incomplete
MS. has survived. ‘The third part was probably sketched in outline
only. His literary career was practically brought to an end by his
unhappy publication of Correspondence with Friends, a selection of
devout reflections and pious homilies in the form of letters. This he
regarded as the supreme work of his life, and he was broken-
hearted at the indignation and censure it provoked. From this time
to his death in 1852 he became
 vi DEAD SOULS more and more absorbed in religious
observances and morbid anxiety about his spiritual state. The
influence of Gogol may be traced in all the great writers that came
after him. His realism, his humanity and irony, his ‘laughter through
tears’ have given to all that is best in Russian literature its distinctive
character.
 CONTENTS BOOK ONE Chapter I page 3 II 22 IT] 54 IV 88
V 131 VI 165 VII 202 VIII 237 IX 277
Lom i VOL. I. BOOK ONE CHAPTERS I TO IX
yar eich ate yo
 CHAPTER I A RATHER pretty little chaise on springs, such
as bachelors, half-pay officers, staff-captains, landowners with about
a hundred serfs—in short, all such as are spoken of as ‘ gentlemen
of the middling sort’—drive about in, rolled in at the gates of the
hotel of the provincial town of N. In the chaise sat a gentleman, not
handsome but not bad-looking, not too stout and not too thin; it
could not be said that he was old, neither could he be described as
extremely young. His arrival in the town created no sensation
whatever and was not accompanied by anything remarkable. Only
two Russian peasants standing at the door of the tavern facing the
hotel made some observations, with reference, however, rather to
the carriage than to its occupant. ‘My eye,’ said one to the other,
‘isn’t that a wheel! What do you think? Would that wheel, if so it
chanced, get to Moscow or would it never get there?’ ‘It would,’
answered the other. ‘ But to Kazan now, I don’t think it would get
there?’ ‘It wouldn’t get to Kazan,’ answered the other. With that the
conversation ended. Moreover, just as the chaise drove up to the
hotel it was met by a young man in extremely short and narrow
white canvas trousers, in a coat with 8
 ww 4 DEAD SOULS fashionable cut-away tails and a shirt-
front fastened with a Tula breastpin adorned with a bronze pistol.
‘The young man turned round, stared at the chaise, holding his cap
which was almost flying off in the wind, and went on his way. When
the chaise drove into the yard the gentleman was met by a hotel
servant—waiter as they are called in the restaurants—a fellow so
brisk and rapid in his movements that it was impossible to
distinguish his countenance. He ran out nimbly with a dinner napkin
in his hand, a long figure wearing a long frock-coat made of some
cotton mixture with the waist almost up to the nape of his neck,
tossed his locks and nimbly led the gentleman upstairs along the
whole length of a wooden gallery to show the guest to the room
Providence had sent him. ‘The room was of the familiar type, but the
hotel, too, was of the familiar type—that is, it was precisely like the
hotels in provincial towns where for two roubles a da travellers get a
quiet room with black beetles peeping out of every corner like
prunes, and a door, always barricaded with a chest of drawers, into
the next apartment, of which the occupant, a quiet and taciturn but
excessively inquisitive person, is interested in finding out every detail
relating to the new-comer. ‘The outer facade of the hotel
corresponded with its internal peculiarities : it was a very long
building of two storeys ; the lower storey had not been stuccoed but
left dark-red brick, which had become darker still from the violent
changes of the weather, and also
 BOOK ONE 5 somewhat dirty ; the upper storey had been
painted the invariable yellow tint ; in the basement there were shops
with horse-collars, ropes, and bread-rings. In the corner one of
these shops, or rather in the - window of it, there was a man who
sold hot spiced drinks, with a samovar of red copper and a face as
red as his samovar, so that from a distance one might have imagined
that there were two samovars in the window, if one of them had not
had a beard as black as pitch. While the new-comer was inspecting
his room, his luggage was carried up: first of all, a portmanteau of
white leather, somewhat worn and evidently not on its first journey.
The portmanteau was brought in by his coachman Gelifan,-a little
man in a sheepskin, and his footman Petrushka, a fellow of thirty,
somewhat sullen looking, with very thick lips and nose, wearing a
rather shabby loose frockcoat that had evidently been his master’s.
After the portmanteau they carried up a small mahogany chest inlaid
with hard birch, a pair of boot-trees, and a roast fowl wrapped up in
blue paper. When all this had been brought in, the coachman Selifan
went to the stables to look after the horses, while the footman
Petrushka proceeded to instal himself in a little lobby, a very dark
little cupboard, into which he had already conveyed his overcoat and
with it his own peculiar odour, which was communicated also to the
sack containing various articles for his flunkey toilet, which he
brought up next. In this cupboard he put up against the wall a
narrow three-legged bedstead, covering it with a
 6 | DEAD SOULS small travesty of a mattress, crushed as
flat as a pancake, and perhaps as greasy, too, which he had
succeeded in begging from the hotel-keeper. While the servants
were busy arranging things, their master went to the common room.
Every traveller knows very well what these common rooms are like.
There were the usual painted walls, blackened above by smoke from
the chimney, and glossy below from the backs of travellers of all
sorts and more particularly of merchants of the district, for on
market days merchants used to come here, in parties of six or
seven, to drink their regular two cups of tea; there was the usual
grimy ceiling, the usual smutty chandelier with a multitude of little
hanging glass lustres which danced and tinkled every time the waiter
ran over the shabby oilcloth, briskly flourishing a tray with as many
teacups perched onit as birds on the seashore; there were the usual
pictures, painted in oil, all over the walls ; in short, everything was
the same as it is everywhere, the only difference was that in one of
the pictures a nymph was portrayed with a bosom more immense
than the reader has probably ever seen. Such freaks of nature,
however, occur in all sorts of historical pictures which have been
imported into Russia, there is no knowing at what date, from what
place or by whom, though sometimes they are brought us by our
grand gentlemen, lovers of the arts, who have purchased them in
Italy on the advice of their couriers. The gentleman removed his cap
and unwound from his neck a woollen shawl of rainbow hues
 BOOK ONE 7 such as married men are provided with by
their wives, who add to those gifts suitable exhortations about
wrapping themselves up. Who does the same for bachelors I cannot
say for certain, God only knows: I have never worn such a shawl
myself. When he had removed the shawl the gentleman ordered
dinner. While they were serving him with various dishes usual in
restaurants, such as cabbage soup with little pies of puff paste
purposely kept for weeks in readiness for visitors, brains with peas,
sausages with cabbage, roast pullet, salt cucumbers, and the eternal
sweet puffs which are always at one’s service; while all these things
were being set before him, some warmed up and some cold, he
made the servant, or waiter, tell him all sorts of foolish things, such
as who used to keep the hotel and who kept it now, and whether it
was profitable and whether his master were a great rascal, to which
the waiter made the usual answer: ‘ Oh, he is a great swindler, sir!’
Both in enlightened Europe and in enlightened Russia there are
nowadays many worthy persons who cannot eat in a restaurant
without talking to waiters and sometimes even making amusing
jokes at their expense. The questions put by the traveller were
however not altogether foolish. He inquired with marked particularity
who was the governor, who was the president of the court of justice,
who was the public prosecutor, in short he did not omit to inquire
about a single one of the more important local officials, and with
even greater particularity, even with marked interest he inquired
 8 DEAD SOULS ' about all the country gentlemen of
consequence : how many souls of peasants each owned, how far
from the town he lived, what were his characteristics and how often
he visited the town. He made careful inquiries concerning the health
of the countryside, whether there were any complaints in the
province—such as epidemics, fevers, small-pox, and such like, and
all this with a preciseness which betrayed more than simple curiosity.
' The gentleman had something solid and respectable \in his
manners and he blew his nose extremely loud. I cannot say how he
did it but his nose resounded like a trumpet. This apparently
innocent merit gained him much respect from the waiter, for every
time he heard the sound he shook his locks, drew himself up more
respectfully, and bending his head inquired whether he wanted
anything. After dinner the gentleman drank a cup of coffee and sat
on the sofa, propping his back against one of those cushions which
in Russian hotels are stuffed not with supple wool but with
something extraordinarily like bricks and pebbles. At this point he
began to yawn and bade the waiter take him to his room, where he
lay down and slept for a couple of hours. When he had rested he
wrote, at the request of the waiter, on a slip of paper his rank in the
service, his Christian name, and his surname to be presented in due
course to the police. As he went downstairs the waiter spelled out as
follows: ‘ Pavel Ivanovitch Tchitchikov, collegiate councillor and
landowner, travelling on his private business.’
 BOOK ONE 9 While the waiter was still engaged in spelling
this out, Pavel Ivanovitch Tchitchikov went off to look at the town,
with which he was, it appears, satisfied, for he considered that it
was in no way inferior to other provincial towns: the yellow paint on
the brick houses was extremely glaring, while the wood houses were
a modest dark grey. The houses were of one storey, of two storeys,
and of one and a half storeys with the everlasting mezzanine which
provincial architects think so beautiful. In some parts these houses
looked lost in the midst of a street as wide as a field and unending
wooden fences; in other places they were all crowded together, and
here more life and movement were noticeable. ‘There were shop
signboards with bread-rings or boots on them, almost effaced by the
rain, with here and there a picture of blue trousers and the name of
some tailor; in one place was a shop with caps, and the inscription: ‘
Vassily Fyodorov, foreigner’ ; in another place there was depicted a
billiard table with two players in dress coats such as are worn in our
theatres by the visitors who come on to the stage in the last act.
‘The players were represented taking aim with the cue, their arms a
little drawn back and their legs crooked as though they had just
made an entrechat in the air. Under all this was inscribed: ‘ And here
is the establishment.’ Here and there, tables covered with nuts,
soap, and cakes that looked like soap, stood simply in the street;
and here and there was an eatinghouse with a fat fish and a fork
stuck in it on the
 10 DEAD SOULS signboard. More often than anything he
observed, somewhat darkened by age, the two-headed imperial
eagle which is nowadays replaced by the laconic inscription: ‘Beer
and spirits.’ The pavement was everywhere in a bad state. He
glanced too into the town park which consisted of skimpy and
drooping trees, supported by props put in triangles and very
handsomely painted green. ‘Though these trees were no higher than
a reed, yet in describing some illuminations the newspapers had said
of them that: ‘Our town has, thanks to the care of the municipal
authorities, been adorned with a park of spreading shady trees that
provide welcome coolness on a sultry day,’ and that ‘it was extremely
touching to observe how the hearts of the townspeople were
quivering with excess of gratitude and their eyes were brimming
with tears in recognition of what they owed to his worship the
Mayor.’ After minutely questioning a policeman as to the nearest way
to the cathedral, to the government offices and to the governor’s, he
went to have a look at the river which flowed through the middle of
the town ; on the way he tore off a poster affixed to a pole in order
to read it carefully on returning home, stared at a lady of
prepossessing exterior who was walking along the wooden side-
walk, followed by a boy in military livery with a parcel in his hand,
and after once more scrutinising it all as though to remember
precisely the position of everything, he went home and straight up
to his hotel room, slightly assisted up the staircase by the waiter.
 BOOK ONE | II After drinking tea he sat down before his
table, ordered a candle, took the poster out of his pocket, held it to
the light and began to read it, slightly screwing up his right eye.
There was little of interest in the poster however: a play of
Kotzebue’s was being performed with Poplyovin in the part of Rolla
and Mademoiselle Zyablov in that of Cora, and the other performers
were even less noteworthy ; he read through all their names,
however, and even went on to the price of the orchestra stalls, and
learned that the poster had been printed at the printing press of the
government department of the province. Then he turned it over to
find out if there was anything of interest on the other side, but,
finding nothing, rubbed his eyes, folded it up neatly and put it in his
chest, in which he had the habit of stowing away everything that
turned up. The day was, I believe, concluded by a plateful of cold
veal, a pint of sour cabbage soup, and a sound sleep, with every tap
turned on, as the expression is in some parts of the spacious
Russian empire. The whole of the following day was devoted to
visits. ‘The new-comer set off to make calls upon all the dignitaries
of the town. He paid his respects to the governor who, as it turned
out, was like Tchitchikov himself, neither stout nor thin; he had the
Anna on his neck, and was even said to have been recommended for
a star. He was, however, a very simple and good-natured fellow, and
sometimes actually embroidered on net. Then he went to the
deputy-governor’s, then visited the public prosecutor, the president
of the court of
 12 DEAD SOULS justice, the police-master, the spirit tax
contractor, the superintendent of the government factories... . I am
sorry to say it is rather difficult to recall all the great ones of this
world; but it is sufficient to say that the new-comer displayed an
extraordinary activity in paying visits, he even called to show his
regard for the inspector of the medical board and the town architect.
And he sat for a good while afterwards in his chaise, wondering
whether there was any one else he could visit, but it seemed there
were no more officials in the town. In conversation with these
potentates he very skilfully managed to flatter every one of them.
‘To the governor he hinted, as it were casually, that one travelled in
his province as in Paradise, that the roads were everywhere like
velvet, and that governments which appointed wise rulers were
worthy of the greatest praise. To the police-master he said
something very flattering about the town police; while in
conversation with the deputy-governor and the president of the
court, who were still only civil councillors, he twice said by mistake, ‘
your Excellency,’ which greatly gratified them. The consequence of
this was that the governor gave him an invitation to an evening-
party in his house that very day, and the other officials, too, invited
him, one to dinner, another to a game of boston, another to a cup of
tea. The new-comer, as it seemed, avoided saying much about
himself; if he did speak of himself it was in generalities, with
conspicuous modesty, and his speech on such occasions took
somewhat a
 BOOK ONE 13 bookish turn, such as: that he was only an
insignificant worm and did not deserve to be the object of attention,
that he had passed through many experiences in his time, had
suffered for the cause of justice, had many enemies who had even
attempted his life, and that now, desirous of living in peace, he was
looking out to find a place for his permanent residence, and that
being in the town he thought it his bounden duty to show his
respect for its leading dignitaries. ‘That was all that was learned in
the town about this new personage who very shortly afterwards did
not fail to put in an appearance at the governor’s evening-party. ‘The
preparation for this eveningparty occupied him over two hours, and
on this occasion he exhibited a greater attention to his toilet than is
commonly seen. After a brief afterdinner nap he asked for soap and
water and spent an extremely long time scrubbing his cheeks with
soap, putting his tongue into them to make them stand out; then,
taking a towel off the shoulder of the waiter, wiped his face in all
directions, beginning from behind his ears, first giving two snorts
right in the face of the waiter; then he put on his shirt-front before
the looking-glass, tweaked out two hairs that were protruding from
his nose, and immediately after that attired himself in a shot
cranberry-coloured dress coat. Having thus arrayed himself he drove
in his own carriage through the immensely wide streets, illuminated
by the faint light that came from the windows glimmering here and
there. ‘The governor’s house,