WATER RESOURCES
Droughts
Floods
Hydrological cycle
WATER SCARCITY AND WATER
CONSERVATION
Main pollutants: 1.
Water scarcity occurs Chemical fertilizers,
due to pesticides 2. Domestic
Over exploitation, wastes 3. Industrial
excessive use and effluents 4. Nuclear
unequal access to wastes 5.
different social groups
Reasons: 1. Increasing Need for conservation of
population 2. Intense water: 1. To safeguard
agriculture 3. ourselves from health hazards
Industrialization 4. 2. To ensure food security 3.
continuation of our livelihoods
Urbanization 5. Hydro
and production activities 4. To
Electricity 6. Individual prevent the degradation of
motors and generators
JAL JEEVAN MISSION
Goal : To enable every
Aim: To accord household get assured
highest priority to supply of potable piped
improve the quality water at a service level
of life and enhance of 55 liters per capita
ease of living of per day regularly on
rural people long term basis by
ensuring functionality
of the tap water
connections
MULTI PURPOSE DAMS
Dam : It is a barrier across flowing water
that obstructs, directs or retords the flow
often creating a reservoir, lake or
impoundment.
Structures in ancient India:1.Channels on
river Ganga near Sringavarapukota of
Allahabad 2. Dams, Lakes and Irrigation
system during Chandragupta period. 3.
Irrigation works at Nagarjunakonda,
Bennur, Kalinga, Kolhapur 4. Bhopal Lake
in 11th century 5. Hauz Khas tank in Delhi
by Iltutmish
Multipurpose projects
Recent arguments against Large
dams: 1.Obstructs the natural
Purpose: 1. Irrigation 2. flow resulting in sedimentation at
Water for domestic and the bed of the reservoirs 2. Poorer
Industrial purposes 3. habitat for the aqua especially
Tourism 4. Aqua culture stops movement during spawning
5. Hydro Electricity 6. time. 3. Submerges the existing
Control floods 7. Inland vegetation and soil causing
navigation 8. Recreation decomposition 3. Environmental
movements
Environmental Irrigation associated
movements: problems: 1. Change in
Narmada Bachao cropping pattern 2.
Andolan, Tehri Salinisation of soil 3.
dam, Koyna Increased the gap between
project rich and poor 4. Created
disputes among people who
wanted different benefits
Success of multipurpose projects
1. Could not control Floods during rainy
season
2. Resulted in sedimentation of reservoir
beds
3. Flood plains were deprived of silt the
natural fertilizer
4. Land degradation, earthquakes, water
borne diseases, pests and pollution
Rainwater Harvesting
1. In ancient India, along with hydraulic structures, water harvesting system
prevailed.
2. It is based on rainfall regime and soil types.
3. In mountainous regions people dug channels like Kuls, Guls for
agriculture.
4. Rooftop rainwater harvesting is practiced in arid and semi arid regions
5. Inundation channels were dug to irrigate fields in West Bengal.
6. In arid and semi arid regions the fields are converted into rainfed
structures to allow rain water to store and moisten the land. Eg. Khadins
in Jaisalmer and Johads in other parts of Rajasthan.
7. In Bikaner, Phalodi and Barmer, Tankas or underground tanks were
constructed to capture rainwater.
8. Bamboo Drip irrigation system is practiced in North eastern states to stop
wastage of water.
9. Tamil Nadu was the first state to make the rooftop water harvesting
Rainwater Harvesting
