FM 4-0

(FM 100-10)

COMBAT SERVICE
SUPPORT

AUGUST 2003
DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION:
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

HEADQUARTERS
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
 *FM 4-0 (FM 100-10)

Field Manual Headquarters

No. 4-0 Department of the Army
Washington, DC, 29 August 2003

Combat Service Support

Contents
Page

PREFACE............................................................................................................. IV
Chapter 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF ARMY COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT........................ 1-1
CSS in Support of Army Mission Essential Task List......................................... 1-2
CSS Characteristics ........................................................................................... 1-4
CSS Functions.................................................................................................... 1-6
Engineering Support to CSS Operations............................................................ 1-8
CSS Force Agility ............................................................................................... 1-9
Distribution-Based CSS.................................................................................... 1-10
Velocity Management ....................................................................................... 1-11
Situational Understanding ................................................................................ 1-13
Directions in CSS Development ....................................................................... 1-14
Chapter 2 CSS IN UNIFIED ACTION ................................................................................. 2-1
Joint Logistics and Personnel Operations .......................................................... 2-1
The Army Role in Joint Logistics and Personnel Operations ............................. 2-6
Multinational CSS Operations ............................................................................ 2-9
Chapter 3 CSS IN FULL SPECTRUM OPERATIONS ....................................................... 3-1
CSS to Offensive, Defensive, Stability, and Support Operations....................... 3-1
Operational Reach and Sustainability ................................................................ 3-4
CSS in Force Projection ..................................................................................... 3-6
CSS Reach Operations .................................................................................... 3-17
Intermediate Staging Base ............................................................................... 3-19
CSS in Urban Operations ................................................................................. 3-24
CSS to Special Operations Forces................................................................... 3-26
Chapter 4 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES.................................................................... 4-1
Reference Points ................................................................................................ 4-1
Strategic-Level Roles ......................................................................................... 4-2
Operational-Level Roles ................................................................................... 4-12
Tactical-Level Roles ....................................................................................... 4-167

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

*This publication supersedes FM 100-10, dated 3 October 1995.

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FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________________

Chapter 5 ORCHESTRATING THE CSS EFFORT.............................................................5-1

CSS Command and Control ...............................................................................5-1
CSS Planning......................................................................................................5-5
Logistics Preparation of the Theater ...................................................................5-9
Acquisition of Resources ..................................................................................5-13
Distribution ........................................................................................................5-14
Civilian Personnel .............................................................................................5-21
Chapter 6 SUPPLY AND FIELD SERVICES ......................................................................6-1
The Supply System .............................................................................................6-1
Classes of Supply ...............................................................................................6-3
Field Services......................................................................................................6-9
Chapter 7 TRANSPORTATION SUPPORT ........................................................................7-1
Strategic Transportation......................................................................................7-1
Operational and Tactical Transportation.............................................................7-2
Movement Control...............................................................................................7-3
Terminal Operations............................................................................................7-4
Mode Operations.................................................................................................7-6
Information Systems ...........................................................................................7-8
Chapter 8 ORDNANCE SUPPORT.....................................................................................8-1
Maintenance Support Across the Levels of War.................................................8-1
Maintenance System ..........................................................................................8-3
Repair Parts Support ..........................................................................................8-9
Explosive Ordnance Disposal ...........................................................................8-10
Ammunition .......................................................................................................8-14
Chapter 9 HEALTH SERVICE SUPPORT ..........................................................................9-1
Health Service Support Across the Levels of War..............................................9-1
Principles of Health Service Support ..................................................................9-3
Levels of Medical Care .......................................................................................9-3
Functional Areas .................................................................................................9-4
Chapter 10 HUMAN RESOURCE SUPPORT.....................................................................10-1
Human Resource Support Across the Levels of War .......................................10-1
Manning the Force ............................................................................................10-2
Personnel Services ...........................................................................................10-4
Personnel Support ............................................................................................10-6
Chapter 11 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS ..................................................11-1
Finance Operations...........................................................................................11-1
Tactical Finance Support ..................................................................................11-2
Resource Management Operations ..................................................................11-3
Information System Support .............................................................................11-4
Chapter 12 LEGAL SUPPORT TO OPERATIONS.............................................................12-1
Legal Support and Operational Functional Areas.............................................12-1
Legal Support to Operations .............................................................................12-2
Claims ...............................................................................................................12-7
Legal Assistance ...............................................................................................12-7
Materiel .............................................................................................................12-8

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Chapter 13 RELIGIOUS SUPPORT ................................................................................... 13-1

Religious Support Functions ............................................................................ 13-1
Religious Support Across the Levels of War .................................................... 13-2
Unit Religious Support...................................................................................... 13-3
Transportation and Information Systems ......................................................... 13-3
Chapter 14 BAND SUPPORT............................................................................................. 14-1
Types of Army Band Support ........................................................................... 14-1
Types of Army Bands ....................................................................................... 14-2
Appendix A ENGINEERING SUPPORT TO CSS OPERATIONS ........................................A-1
GLOSSARY ..........................................................................................Glossary-1
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................ Bibliography-1
INDEX.......................................................................................................... Index-1

Figures
Figure 2-1. Relationship between Joint Logistics and Joint Personnel, and CSS
Functions............................................................................................................. 2-2
Figure 3-1. Force Projection Processes (normal entry, not forcible entry into theater).......... 3-9
Figure 3-2. CSS Reach Operations......................................................................................3-18
Figure 5-1. Inter-relationship of the Distribution Plan with the LPT and the Service
Support Plan. ....................................................................................................5-15
Figure 5-2. The Distribution Pipeline. ...................................................................................5-16
Figure 5-3. Distribution Operations. .....................................................................................5-18

Tables
Table 2-1. Representative Army Lead Responsibilities for Support to Other Services
and Agencies. ....................................................................................................... 2-8
Table 6-1. Classes of Supply.................................................................................................. 6-4

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 Preface

The purpose of this manual is to provide the authoritative doctrine by which the Army's combat
service support (CSS), as part of the national-theater CSS system, supports full spectrum opera-
tions. This manual serves as the Army’s keystone CSS doctrine and bridges the gap between
Army doctrine and joint and multinational doctrine. This manual provides the basis for subordi-
nate CSS doctrine, organizations, training, materiel, leader development, personnel and facilities
(DOTMLPF) development to support Army of Excellence (AOE) forces, transitioning Force XXI
organizations, and Army Transformation initiatives for a more agile and responsive force.
The intended audiences for this manual include—
• Commanders at all levels to provide a universal understanding of how CSS is organized
and functions to support Army, joint, and multinational forces.
• CSS commanders, staffs, and doctrinal proponents to institutionalize the integration of
CSS into all Army component, joint force, and multinational missions.
• Military students at all levels and within all branches of the Army to provide a broad
knowledge of the CSS structure and how it works.
The fundamental purpose of the Army is to provide to joint force commanders the sustained and
decisive land forces necessary to fight and win the Nation’s wars. CSS is an enabling operation
that provides the means for the Army to conduct full spectrum operations. To support full spec-
trum operations, CSS must provide support to all possible mixes of offensive, defensive, stability,
and support operations. In some operations, especially support operations, CSS may be the deci-
sive operation. CSS is an integral component of all military operations.
Effective CSS maximizes the capabilities of the Army by being responsive to the commander’s
needs for agility, deployability, lethality, versatility, survivability, and sustainability. This man-
ual discusses how CSS operations can extend the operational reach of combat forces by maximiz-
ing technology and minimizing the CSS footprint. It also discusses how technology continues to
enhance the supportability of any mission. CSS may be provided by active component, Reserve
Component, Department of Defense (DOD)/Department of the Army (DA) civilian, contractor,
joint, and multinational assets. Like the other battlefield operating systems, CSS is the com-
mander’s business. It must be properly planned, prepared for, managed, executed, and assessed
from factory to foxhole to enable commanders to successfully execute and sustain full spectrum
operations over time and, thereby, extend the operational reach of the force.
This manual was written in close collaboration with the writers of FM 1, FM 3-0, and FM 100-7.
This collaboration ensures that CSS doctrine is consistent with the sound principles of other
Army keystone manuals.
ADMINISTRATIVE INSTRUCTIONS
The proponent for this manual is U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC). Send
comments and recommendations on DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and
Blank Forms) to Commander, U.S. Army Combined Arms Support Command, ATTN: ATCL-
CDD, 3901 A Avenue, Suite 220, Fort Lee, Virginia 23801-1899.
Unless stated otherwise, masculine nouns or pronouns do not refer exclusively to men.
The glossary lists most terms used in this manual that have joint or Army definitions. Terms for
which this manual is the proponent manual (the authority), are indicated by boldface type in
text. For other definitions, the term is italicized in the text and the number of the proponent
manual follows the definition.

iv
 Chapter 1
Fundamentals of Army
Combat Service Support

Combat Service Support: The essential capabilities, functions, activities, and tasks
necessary to sustain all elements of operating forces in theater at all levels of war.
Within the national and theater logistics systems, it includes but is not limited to that
support rendered by service forces in ensuring the aspects of supply, maintenance,
transportation, health services, and other services required by aviation and ground
combat troops to permit those units to accomplish their missions in combat. Combat
service support encompasses those activities at all levels of war that produce sus-
tainment to all operating forces on the battlefield.
JP 4-0

Though global developments and changing security relationships have

changed the specific nature of threats, the role of the Army endures. It is
the strategic land combat force that provides
CONTENTS
the nation with the capability to conduct CSS in Support of Army Mission
decisive full spectrum operations on land. Essential Task List........................ 1-2
Combat service support (CSS) capabilities CSS Characteristics ........................... 1-4
enable Army forces to initiate and sustain CSS Functions .................................... 1-6
Engineering Support to CSS
full spectrum operations. The fundamental Operations ..................................... 1-8
purpose of the Army is to provide the land CSS Force Agility................................ 1-9
component of the joint forces that fight and Distribution-Based CSS ................... 1-10
Velocity Management ....................... 1-11
win the Nation’s wars, when and where
Situational Understanding ............... 1-13
required. Army CSS must always be capable Directions in CSS Development ...... 1-14
of supporting this mission. It must also be
able to support all possible mixes of offensive, defensive, stability, and
support operations. In some operations, especially support operations,
CSS may be the decisive force of the operation.

Operations and CSS are inextricably linked. The purpose of CSS is to

generate and sustain combat power and expand the commander’s opera-
tional reach. CSS staff officers, in concert with support operations staffs
and other staffs of support organizations, provide relevant CSS informa-
tion to the commander in terms he can rapidly apply to the situation,
enabling him to visualize, describe, and direct operations. He must be
able to translate information on status and location of resources into the
impact on combat effectiveness in the present and near future. To do this,
CSS commanders and staff officers must understand the commander’s in-

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FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________________

tent so they can visualize, describe, and direct the activities of their CSS
organizations to meet the needs of the supported force. Currently, opera-
tions staffs, support planners, and CSS operators, coordinate to reach this
understanding by applying their expertise to information available
through existing information systems. Future developments in informa-
tion systems, discussed later in this chapter, will enhance this capability.

CSS IN SUPPORT OF ARMY MISSION ESSENTIAL TASK LIST

1-1. FM 3-0 introduces and discusses the Army mission essential task list
(METL). The Army METL lists the essential and enduring capabilities of the
Army. While the tasks are not necessarily unique to the Army, they define its
fundamental contributions to the Nation’s security. CSS plays an important
role in each task of the Army METL.

SHAPE THE SECURITY ENVIRONMENT

1-2. Through peacetime military engagement, Army forces significantly con-
tribute to promoting regional stability, reducing potential conflicts and
threats, and deterring aggression and coercion. In support operations, such
as humanitarian assistance or disaster relief, CSS forces make up a large
part of the effort. CSS in support of such operations helps promote goodwill
toward the Nation and its ideals. CSS may be obtained through such activi-
ties as contracting support for field services, maintenance, and storage facili-
ties that help foster economic prosperity in some nations. Through many day-
to-day interactions, CSS forces bolster and strengthen multinational partner-
ships and foster the development of democratic institutions.

RESPOND PROMPTLY TO CRISIS

1-3. Army forces respond to crises in any environment. They are strategically
responsive and versatile enough to support the nature and circumstances of
any situation. Responsiveness is the ability to increase force presence, to in-
crease the magnitude of the enemy’s dilemma, and to act decisively. CSS is
an integral part of the Army’s rapid response. A distribution-based CSS sys-
tem gives commanders increased management control and visibility of sup-
plies, equipment, and personnel moving to and within the theater. The modu-
lar design of CSS organizations and their capability to conduct split-based
operations give the force commander flexibility in tailoring CSS to meet the
immediate need while minimizing lift requirements and the CSS footprint.
Additionally, other CSS reach operations enhance responsiveness by using in-
theater resources, such as host-nation support (HNS) and theater support
contractors, to provide or augment services for deployed forces.

MOBILIZE THE ARMY

1-4. The Army can mobilize Reserve Component forces necessary to meet the
contingent needs of combatant commanders or the requirements of war or na-
tional emergencies. CSS is a critical part of the mobilization process. As units
transition from peacetime to crisis or war, United States (U.S.) Army forces
must be quickly brought to wartime readiness in equipment, personnel, sup-
ply, maintenance, legal, and medical areas. CSS organizations man and op-
erate mobilization stations and aerial and seaports of embarkation. They also

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________________________________________________ Fundamentals of Army Combat Service Support

track unit movements. CSS organizations accomplish such tasks while simul-
taneously mobilizing their own forces. Currently, 70 percent of the CSS forces
are in the Reserve Component. The Army trains and equips these organiza-
tions to mobilize and deploy forces, as demonstrated during Operation Desert
Shield. During this operation, Reserve Component CSS forces were quickly
mobilized and integrated with the active component forces.

CONDUCT FORCIBLE ENTRY OPERATIONS

1-5. Army forces gain access to contested areas from the air, land, and sea.
Army forces make it possible to seize areas previously denied by the enemy
force. CSS supports forcible entry operations by aerial delivery, logistics over-
the-shore operations, and ground transportation capabilities. The versatility
of CSS organizations make it possible for CSS forces to support forcible entry
operations and quickly convert to sustainment operations, when terrain is se-
cured. The modular aspect of CSS organizations allows them to be tailored as
rapidly deployable and tailorable early entry modules. This capability en-
hances their ability to support forcible entry operations.

DOMINATE LAND OPERATIONS

1-6. Army forces today are the preeminent land forces in the world. That
preeminence translates into the ability to dominate land operations—the de-
cisive complement to air, sea, and space operations. The threat or use of
Army forces to close with and destroy enemy forces through maneuver and
precision, direct and indirect, fires is the ultimate means of imposing will and
achieving a decisive outcome. The commander generates and sustains combat
power to accomplish his mission by effectively and efficiently providing CSS.
The Army CSS system, as a part of the joint personnel and logistics system,
provides personnel, equipment, munitions, fuel, transportation support, and
other services required to bring combat operations to a decisive conclusion.
1-7. Sustained land operations establish the long-term conditions required by
the United States to support National objectives. Army forces are inherently
durable, self-sustaining, and self-replenishing. Robust CSS makes sustained
land operations possible. CSS consists of a network of people, organizations,
and agencies from the continental United States (CONUS) to the area of op-
erations (AO). Sustaining an operation requires close coordination between
joint force and CSS planners; they work closely in planning, preparing, exe-
cuting, and assessing every phase of an operation. Equipped with the latest
technology, CSS commanders deliver personnel and materiel to the joint force
commander (JFC), when required to increase his operational reach and sus-
tain operations. Future enhancements in CSS technology will give command-
ers and CSS planners a more accurate common operational picture (COP) to
better support Army and joint forces.

PROVIDE SUPPORT TO CIVIL AUTHORITIES

1-8. Army forces adapt and tailor their warfighting capabilities to comple-
ment and support civil authorities and agencies at home and abroad. Prompt
Army assistance to civil authorities is often a critical and decisive element in
disaster relief and crisis resolution. For example, following Hurricane An-
drew in 1992, CSS organizations worked closely with the Federal Emergency

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FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________________

Management Agency (FEMA), providing food and water, shelter, clothing,

health services, and morale and legal support.

CSS CHARACTERISTICS
1-9. The fundamental characteristics of effective and efficient CSS discussed
in FM 3-0 apply throughout full spectrum operations. They are consistent
and align with the seven logistics principles in JP 4-0. However, an eighth
characteristic, integration, is critical to the Army. These characteristics are
not a checklist; they are guides to analytical thinking and prudent planning.

RESPONSIVENESS
1-10. Responsiveness is providing the right support in the right place at the
right time. It includes the ability to foresee operational requirements. Re-
sponsiveness involves identifying, accumulating, and maintaining the mini-
mum assets, capabilities, and information necessary to meet support re-
quirements. It is the crucial characteristic of CSS; responsiveness involves
the ability to meet changing requirements on short notice. Anticipating those
requirements is critical to providing responsive CSS.
1-11. Anticipation is being able to foresee future operations and identify, ac-
cumulate, and maintain the right mix, capabilities, and information required
to support to the force. Anticipation also enables CSS planners to provide in-
put on the Army CSS forces the joint/multinational support force requires, so
the commander can properly sequence them in the time-phased force and de-
ployment data (TPFDD) process. Accurate forecasts of potential operations
are necessary to develop a force that is strategically responsive, deployable,
and fully capable of performing missions it is likely to receive. Many current
CSS initiatives focus on improving the force capability to forecast require-
ments then execute or act on those forecasts. However, no planner can fully
predict the course of the future. A dynamic global society places shifting stra-
tegic requirements on the military. Operations often evolve in unexpected di-
rections as commanders constantly seek to exploit fleeting opportunities.
Therefore, responsiveness rests on anticipation as well as flexibility. CSS
units and personnel continually stay abreast of operations plans and remain
flexible and ready to tailor available capabilities rapidly to meet changing re-
quirements.

SIMPLICITY
1-12. Simplicity means avoiding unnecessary complexity in conducting
(planning, preparing, executing and assessing) CSS operations. It fosters effi-
ciency in National and theater CSS operations. Mission orders, drills, re-
hearsals, and standardized procedures contribute to simplicity. Emerging
CSS information systems can be highly efficient tools to help with such tasks
as establishing clear support priorities and allotting supplies and services.

FLEXIBILITY
1-13. Flexibility is the ability to adapt CSS structures and procedures to
changing situations, missions, and concepts of operations. CSS plans, opera-
tions, and organizations must be flexible enough to achieve both responsive-
ness and economy. The CSS force provides support in any environment

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________________________________________________ Fundamentals of Army Combat Service Support

throughout the spectrum of conflict and adapts as operations evolve. Flexibil-

ity may require improvisation (inventing, arranging, or fabricating what is
needed from what is on hand). When established procedures do not provide
the required support, CSS personnel seek innovative solutions, rapidly devise
new procedures, or take extraordinary measures to adapt to the situation.

ATTAINABILITY
1-14. Attainability is generating the minimum essential supplies and ser-
vices necessary to begin operations. Before an operation begins, the focus of
the CSS effort is on generating combat power. The commander sets the
minimum level of combat power he needs before an operation begins. This re-
quires integrating operations and CSS planning. It involves the ability to
identify and accumulate the critical resources required at the start of an op-
eration.

SUSTAINABILITY
1-15. Sustainability is the ability to maintain continuous support during all
phases of campaigns and major operations. One of the characteristics of land
combat is duration. CSS personnel must work with operations planners to
anticipate requirements over the duration of the operation and with CSS op-
erators to synchronize provision of required supplies and services throughout.
CSS personnel must effectively perform their roles to attain the minimum
combat power, then be able to follow on with additional resources to sustain
operations for as long as required.

SURVIVABILITY
1-16. Survivability is the ability to protect support functions from destruction
or degradation. CSS survivability is a function of force protection, which con-
sists of those actions to prevent or mitigate hostile actions against personnel,
resources, facilities, and critical information. Integrating CSS with operation
plans and force protection plans is critical to CSS survivability. Economy,
through such methods as CSS reach operations (discussed in paragraph 3-18)
contributes to protecting capabilities by limiting the CSS resources that re-
quire protection. Dispersion and decentralization of CSS operations may also
enhance survivability. The commander may have to balance survivability
with economy in considering redundant capabilities and alternative support
plans.

ECONOMY
1-17. Economy means providing the most efficient support to accomplish the
mission. Resources are always limited. The commander achieves economy by
prioritizing and allocating resources. Economy reflects the reality of resource
shortfalls, while recognizing the inevitable friction and uncertainty of mili-
tary operations. Many CSS developments focus on the ability of the CSS
commander to provide required support with the minimum expenditure of re-
sources. Modular forces, split-based operations, and joint and multinational
support coordination are some of the methods used to meet these goals.
Emerging information technology with modern software packages continue to
enhance economy of CSS resources.

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FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________________

INTEGRATION
1-18. Integration consists of synchronizing CSS operations with all aspects of
Army, joint, interagency, and multinational operations. First, it involves total
integration of Army CSS with the operations (plan-prepare-execute-assess)
process. Support of the commander’s plan is the goal of all CSS efforts. Effec-
tive support requires a thorough understanding of the commander's intent
and synchronizing CSS plans with the concept of operations. Army forces
conduct operations as part of joint, multinational, and interagency teams in
unified actions. Therefore, Army forces integrate their CSS operations with
other components of the joint force to—
• Take advantage of each service component's competencies.
• Allow efficiencies through economies of scale.
• Ensure the highest priorities of the joint force are met first.
• Avoid duplicating effort and wasteful competition for the same scarce
strategic lift as well as in-theater resources.

CSS FUNCTIONS
1-19. CSS consists of 11 interrelated functions. CSS commanders must care-
fully plan, manage, and synchronize these functions to accomplish responsive
and efficient delivery of CSS. This chapter introduces each of the functions;
see chapters 6 through 14 for a detailed discussion of each function:
• Chapter 6, Supply and Field Services.
• Chapter 7, Transportation Support.
• Chapter 8, Ordnance Support.
• Chapter 9, Health Service Support.
• Chapter 10, Human Resource Support.
• Chapter 11, Financial Management Operations.
• Chapter 12, Legal Support to Operations.
• Chapter 13, Religious Support.
• Chapter 14, Band Support.

SUPPLY AND FIELD SERVICES

Supply
1-20. Supply is the acquiring, managing, receiving, storing, and issuing all
classes of supply, except Class VIII, required to equip and sustain Army
forces (see table 6-1). This wide-ranging function extends from determining
requirements at the national level to issuing items to the user in theater.
(See chapter 6 for Classes I through IV, VI, and VII. See chapter 8 for Classes
V and IX. See chapter 9 for Class VIII. See JP 4-07 for Class X.)
Field services
1-21. Field services are essential services to enhance a soldier's quality of life
during operations. They consist of clothing exchange, laundry and shower
support, textile repair, mortuary affairs, preparation for aerial delivery, food
services, billeting, and sanitation. The ARFOR commander determines the

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________________________________________________ Fundamentals of Army Combat Service Support

priorities for field service support in coordination with the JFC. (See chapter
6.)

TRANSPORTATION
1-22. Transportation is moving and transferring units, personnel, equipment,
and supplies to support the concept of operations. Transportation incorpo-
rates military, commercial, and multinational capabilities. Transportation
assets include motor, rail, air and water modes and units; terminal units, ac-
tivities, and infrastructure; and movement control units and activities. (See
chapter 7.)

MAINTENANCE
1-23. Maintenance entails actions taken to keep materiel in a serviceable,
operational condition, returning it to service, and updating and upgrading its
capability. It includes performing preventive maintenance checks and ser-
vices; recovering and evacuating disabled equipment; diagnosing equipment
faults; substituting parts, components, and assemblies; exchanging service-
able materiel for unserviceable materiel; and repairing equipment
(FM 4-30.3). The ultimate key to effective maintenance is anticipating re-
quirements. (See chapter 8.)

EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE DISPOSAL SUPPORT

1-24. Explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) is the detection, identification, on-
site evaluation, rendering safe, recovery, and final disposal of unexploded ex-
plosive ordnance. It may also include explosive ordnance that has become
hazardous by damage or deterioration (JP 1-02). EOD support neutralizes
domestic or foreign conventional, nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC)
munitions, and improvised devices that present a threat to military opera-
tions and to military and civilian facilities, materiel, and personnel. (See
chapter 8.)

HEALTH SERVICE SUPPORT

1-25. Health service support (HSS) consists of all services performed, pro-
vided, or arranged to promote, improve, conserve, or restore the mental or
physical well-being of personnel in the Army and, as directed, for other ser-
vices, agencies, and organizations. HSS conserves the force by preventing dis-
ease and nonbattle injuries (DNBIs); clearing the battlefield of casualties;
providing far-forward medical treatment and hospitalization; providing en
route care during medical evacuation; providing veterinary, dental, combat
stress control, and laboratory services; and ensuring adequate Class VIII
supplies, medical equipment, and blood are available. (See chapter 9.)

HUMAN RESOURCE SUPPORT

1-26. Human resource support (HRS) provides all activities and functions to
sustain personnel manning of the force and personnel service support to ser-
vice members, their families, Department of the Army civilians, and contrac-
tors. These activities include personnel accounting, casualty management,
next-of-kin notification, essential personnel services, postal operations, and

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FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________________

morale, welfare, and recreation. Joint doctrine refers to human resource sup-
port as personnel service support. (See chapter 10.)

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS

1-27. Financial management operations (FMO) encompasses the two core
processes of resource management and finance operations (JP 1-02). FMO
make resources available when and where they are needed, and assist the
commander in maintaining fiscal responsibilities. FMO are necessary for
contracting and providing real-time information, accounting, and finance-
related services. Resource management operations ensure that operational
policies and procedures adhere to law and regulations, develop command
resource requirements, and leverage appropriate fund sources to meet them.
(See chapter 11.)

LEGAL SUPPORT
1-28. Legal support is the provision of operational law support in all legal
disciplines (including military justice, international law, administrative law,
civil law, claims, and legal assistance) to support the command, control, and
sustainment of operations. (See chapter 12.)

RELIGIOUS SUPPORT
1-29. Religious support is the provision and performance of operations for the
commander to protect the free exercise of religion for soldiers, family mem-
bers, and authorized civilians. It includes providing pastoral care, religious
counseling, spiritual fitness training and assessment, and religious services
of worship. It also includes advising the command on matters of religion,
morals and ethics, and morale. (See chapter 13.)

BAND SUPPORT
1-30. Army band support is the provision of music to instill in soldiers the
will to fight and win, foster the support of citizens, and promote National in-
terests at home and abroad. Bands support information operations, provide
music to the civilian community, promote patriotism and interest in the
Army, and demonstrate the professionalism of Army forces. (See chapter 14.)

ENGINEERING SUPPORT TO CSS OPERATIONS

1-31. Engineering support, though not a CSS function, plays a critical role in
delivering CSS by enhancing its capacities. The ability of CSS elements to
support Army operations depends on the capacities of the existing theater in-
frastructure (such as, force reception/bed down and storage facilities, road
and rail networks, and ports and airfields) and environmental considerations.
Engineer units, normally in a direct support (DS) relationship to CSS head-
quarters, are responsible for constructing, maintaining, and rehabilitating
the theater distribution system. Their responsibilities include support to
other services, agencies, and multinational forces. The numbers and types of
engineer units involved in such operations depend on mission, enemy, terrain
and weather, troops and support available, time available, civil considera-
tions (METT-TC) factors. Of particular importance are the size of the support

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________________________________________________ Fundamentals of Army Combat Service Support

bases required, existing host nation (HN) infrastructure, and the perceived
threat. (See appendix A.)

CSS FORCE AGILITY

1-32. The changing nature of modern warfare requires Army forces to be
strategically responsive to a wide range of threats, while economically maxi-
mizing the Army’s effectiveness. FM 3-0 describes an agile Army force. Agile
forces are mentally and physically able to transition within or between types
of operations with minimal augmentation, no break in contact, and no signifi-
cant additional training. Responsiveness, flexibility, and economy are key
CSS characteristics that enable CSS forces to support an agile combat force
and execute operations more swiftly than their opponents. They help get the
force what it needs to initiate, sustain, and extend operations. Agile CSS
forces allow combat forces to adapt quickly to full spectrum operations and
missions, while expending as few resources as possible and minimizing the
CSS footprint.
1-33. Agile Army CSS requires planning and development within the context
of unified action—operations that involve joint, multinational, and inter-
agency organizations. Department of Defense (DOD) executive agent direc-
tives, combatant commander lead-service designations, interservice support
agreements, contracted support arrangements, and multinational support
agreements help commanders tailor the deployment of Army CSS organiza-
tions and make overall support as effective, yet as economical as possible.
1-34. Another aspect of an agile CSS force is the growing seamless nature of
the Army’s CSS structure. Elements of the strategic base, such as the U.S.
Army Materiel Command (USAMC) logistics support element (LSE) and U.S.
Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (USAMRMC) elements, de-
ploy to AOs. Commanders integrate them into the overall CSS force. They
provide support at the operational level and, in certain scenarios, the tactical
level.
1-35. Other aspects of an agile CSS force are modular designs, the ability to
tailor CSS organization for the supporting mission, and the ability to conduct
split-based operations.

MODULAR DESIGNS
1-36. Selected CSS units are structured as modular organizations. This in-
volves company-level force structure designs in which each major company
subelement has a cross-section of the company's total capabilities. This allows
commanders to employ individual modules to provide a support function,
while the rest of the unit remains operational. This lower-level force tailoring
enhances responsiveness.

CSS FORCE TAILORING

1-37. CSS force tailoring refers to determining and deploying the right mix of
CSS units to support the force or mission. CSS commanders must deploy the
right type of CSS unit to maximize effectiveness and efficiency, and to mini-
mize the CSS footprint.

1-9
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________________

SPLIT-BASED OPERATIONS
1-38. Split-based operations refer to performing certain CSS administrative
and management functions outside the joint operations area (JOA), whether
in a secure location in the communications zone (COMMZ), at an intermedi-
ate staging base (ISB), or at home station. Soldiers and civilians can perform
personnel, materiel, and distribution management functions without deploy-
ing to the JOA if the information systems are adequate. This helps minimize
strategic lift requirements, reduce the CSS footprint in theater, and still meet
support requirements.

DISTRIBUTION-BASED CSS
1-39. The Army has begun the challenging transition from a supply-based to
a distribution-based CSS system. Distribution-based CSS replaces bulk and
redundancy with velocity and control. During this transition, some units may
not be able to execute all operations 100 percent according to distribution
doctrine. However, only an agile distribution-based CSS system will allow
Army forces to be strategically responsive and operationally effective across
the full range of military operations. Distribution includes all the actions per-
formed to deliver required resources (units, materiel, personnel, and services)
to, from, and within a theater. Distribution-based CSS includes visibility,
management, and transportation of resources flowing to supported forces, as
well as the information systems, communications, and physical and resource
networks of the distribution system. Chapter 5 discusses distribution-based
logistics. FM 100-10.1 details the Army’s role in theater distribution.
JP 4-01.4 covers theater distribution. The following are critical aspects of a
distribution-based system.

CENTRALIZED MANAGEMENT
1-40. Distribution management centers /elements (DMC/Es) are being added
to support commands. DMC/Es manage the Army’s role in theater distribu-
tion. Critical to the central management functions of the DMC/E is having in-
tegrated, end-to-end visibility and control of the Army's piece of the distribu-
tion system capacity and distribution pipeline flow to maximize its efficiency.

MAXIMUM USE OF THROUGHPUT

1-41. Throughput is the flow of sustainability assets in support of military
operations, at all levels of war, from point of origin to point of use. It involves
the movement of personnel and materiel over lines of communications using
established pipelines and distribution systems. Throughput distribution by-
passes one or more echelons in the system to minimize handling and speed
delivery forward. Distribution-based CSS emphasizes using containerization,
to include palletization and packaging (within materiel-handling equipment
constraints), to accommodate support and improve velocity. Velocity is
achieved by throughput of resources from the sustaining base directly to tac-
tical-level support organizations as much as possible.

CONFIGURED LOADS
1-42. A configured load is a single or multicommodity load of supplies built to
the anticipated or actual needs of a consuming unit, thereby, facilitating

1-10
________________________________________________ Fundamentals of Army Combat Service Support

throughput to the lowest possible echelon. Configured loads leverage the effi-
ciencies of containerization and capabilities of containerized roll-on/off plat-
forms (CROPs) when possible. The two types of configured loads are mission-
configured loads (MCLs) and unit-configured loads (UCLs).
• MCLs are built inside a theater of operations for a specific mission,
unit, or purpose. Resources (personnel, equipment, and supplies) in a
hub in the COMMZ/ISB or corps area are normally configured as
MCLs.
• UCL is a configured load built to the known requirements of a con-
suming unit. These loads are normally built in the corps AO to be de-
livered directly to the consuming unit.

SCHEDULED DELIVERY
1-43. Scheduled delivery involves moving resources from the supporting or-
ganization to the supported units at agreed-on time intervals. Distribution
managers at each echelon coordinate with the supported unit to establish
scheduled delivery times for routine replenishment. Generally, this includes
items such as bulk fuel, ammunition, and operational rations.

TIME-DEFINITE DELIVERY
1-44. Time-definite delivery (TDD) is a commitment between the CSS man-
ager and the supported commander and specifies order-ship times (OSTs)
within which specified commodities requested by the supported unit must be
delivered. The commander responsible for both the supporting and supported
organizations establishes the TDD as part of the distribution plan. TDD pa-
rameters are normally expressed in terms of hours or days for each major
commodity. Establishing OSTs involves making trade-offs between respon-
siveness and the length of lines of communication (LOC). If the commander
wants to establish shorter TDD schedules, he has to accept larger stockage
levels forward on the battlefield, shorter LOC, or both, with an accompanying
loss of flexibility and agility.

VELOCITY MANAGEMENT
1-45. Effective distribution depends on the movement control principle of
maximum use of carrying capacity. This principle involves more than loading
each transport vehicle to its maximum cubic carrying capacity. It also means
using all available transport capability in the most efficient manner. While
allowing for adequate equipment maintenance and personnel rest, transpor-
tation operators should keep transportation assets loaded and moving as
much as the situation permits. Adhering to the principles of velocity man-
agement may conflict with this principle. Delivering a shipment rapidly may
require transporting it in a less-than-truckload shipment. Individual com-
manders and logisticians must consider the ramifications of maximizing the
carrying capacity or transporting in less-than-truckload shipment when de-
veloping the distribution plan.
1-46. Velocity management (VM) is an Army-wide total quality management,
process-improvement program. VM strives to provide world-class logistics
support while providing a hedge against unforeseen interruptions in the lo-

1-11
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________________

gistics pipeline by leveraging information technologies and optimizing its

processes. The overarching objective is to get supplies into the hands of the
warfighter in days or hours, not weeks. VM optimizes the Army’s entire logis-
tics process by using a simple three-step methodology: define, measure, and
improve. VM’s objective is to find and eliminate non-value processes, thereby
enhancing the responsiveness of the distribution system.
1-47. VM dramatically improves the responsiveness and efficiency of the
Army logistics system. VM works with logistics applications and technology
as process enablers. Examples include radio frequency identification devices
(RFIDs), the automated manifest system (AMS), optical memory cards
(OMCs), the materiel release order control system (MROCS), and stacked
barcode symbologies. These enablers provide commanders, from strategic to
tactical level, the ability to maintain visibility of materiel movement, receipt,
storage, and inventory throughout all logistics operations. Information sys-
tems, such as joint total asset visibility (JTAV) and Global Transportation
Network (GTN), integrate multiple distribution and transportation enablers
into a single data warehouse.
1-48. Several management tools give the logistician the ability to manage as-
sets proactively and provide responsive support. One such tool is the web-
based Integrated Logistics Analysis Program (ILAP). ILAP gives the CSS
community an interactive database to analyze logistics performance and
manage materiel assets. ILAP will become the management module in the
emerging Global Combat Service Support—Army (GCSS-A).
1-49. Another management tool is the equipment downtime analyzer (EDA),
a decision support tool that improves measurement of equipment readiness
and its components. This improves the commander’s ability to identify the
underlying causes of current equipment readiness problems and project those
that might arise during anticipated operations. It works by combining data
from various Army databases to provide a comprehensive picture of overall
operational results. EDA enhances the commander’s capability to focus con-
strained resources where they will have the greatest effect on keeping
equipment ready to fight (whether by improving equipment reliability, per-
forming battlefield damage assessment and repair or maintenance actions, or
reducing repair time).
1-50. For deployment planning and contingency operations, logisticians can
use the deployment stock planner (DSP) to create a deployment authorized
stockage list (ASL) tailored to their specific mission and environmental condi-
tions. The DSP is a software tool that allows a unit to compare a deployment
stock package to its current ASL quickly, allowing the unit to make any nec-
essary changes to the package.
1-51. VM’s performance metric is customer wait time (CWT). CWT measures
the speed and efficiency of the logistics community’s ability to support the
soldier in the field. CWT begins when the requirement is established in the
Unit-Level Logistics System (ULLS)/Standard Army Maintenance System
(SAMS) and ends when receipt is recorded in ULLS/SAMS.
1-52. A key component to VM is establishing and maintaining site improve-
ment teams (SITs) by installation commanders. Commanders organize SITs

1-12
________________________________________________ Fundamentals of Army Combat Service Support

to focus on logistics processes on their installation. The SIT membership

should consist of the organization’s subject matter experts (SMEs) who un-
derstand the complexity of the site’s logistics processes and services. The SIT
uses the methodology of define, measure, and improve for logistics optimiza-
tion at the organization level. The program of the SIT includes a review of
VM-established metrics and those metrics listed in AR 710-2 and AR 750-1,
and a translation of these metrics into logistics process objectives for the or-
ganization. Ultimately, VM enhances total performance as the Army reduces
stockpiles and converts to precision, speed, and tailored logistics. It helps
CSS commanders provide more predictable, versatile, and mobile support to
warfighters.

SITUATIONAL UNDERSTANDING
1-53. A factor that enables an agile CSS force to focus a distribution-based
system to respond to and meet the needs of the operational commander is
situational understanding (SU). Situational understanding is the product of
applying analysis and judgment to the common operational picture to deter-
mine the relationships among the factors of METT-TC (FM 3-0). For the CSS
planner SU is enhanced through the use of advanced, seamless information
technology, as exemplified by the capability of the combat service support
control system (CSSCS) coupled with the future capability of GCSS-A. A dis-
cussion of the key elements of SU follows. These elements are in various
stages of development.

COMMON OPERATIONAL PICTURE

1-54. An operational picture is a single display of relevant information within
a commander’s area of interest (FM 3-0). A common operational picture is an
operational picture tailored to the user’s requirements, based on common
data and information shared by more than one command (FM 3-0). The COP
portrays the same CSS and operational data, the threat, and the environ-
ment at all echelons in near real-time to provide commanders and CSS man-
agers the identical battlefield picture. Commanders and managers require
this picture to ensure unity of command and integrate operations and CSS. A
seamless information network combined with asset visibility and GCSS-A,
the new standard Army management information system (STAMIS) for CSS,
will ultimately provide a COP that is comprehensive and synchronized with
the information from CSSCS.

SEAMLESS INFORMATION NETWORK

1-55. A seamless information network will provide the ability to autono-
mously exchange large volumes of information across data platforms, such as
GCSS-A and CSSCS, and among multiple echelons of command, from the tac-
tical to the strategic level. It will include the capability to determine the ac-
tual status of selected weapon systems via assessing the system maintenance
and supply (ammunition and fuel) postures directly and feeding the informa-
tion into the CSS network. It will fuse operational and CSS data to make dis-
tribution-based CSS and split-based operations possible. It will also enhance
the security of CSS assets by providing a COP.

1-13
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________________

TOTAL ASSET VISIBILITY

1-56. Timely and accurate visibility is necessary to distribute assets on time.
Visibility begins at the point where materiel starts its movement to the thea-
ter—be that a depot, commercial vendor, or a storage facility—and continues
until it reaches the requestor/user. The information is digitized and entered
into CSS information systems. Critical to visibility is the capability to update
that source data dynamically with the near-real-time status of resources from
subsequent CSS systems until they arrive at their ultimate destinations.

INTEGRATED STAMIS
1-57. An integrated STAMIS is one that incorporates multiple types of func-
tionality within a single system and shares database information between
functionalities. GCSS-A is an example of an integrated STAMIS. It will inter-
face with other CSS information systems to provide users access to the
maximum amount of information with the minimum amount of data entry.
Ultimately, full integration of data and CSS systems will eliminate the need
for an application interface.

DIRECTIONS IN CSS DEVELOPMENT

1-58. Today Army forces seek to dominate an expanded AO with a minimal
number of deployed troops, through depth and simultaneous attack. Because
future operations will often entail a nonlinear, noncontiguous AO, CSS per-
sonnel will face vast challenges. They will have to meet various simultaneous
demands across a potentially large AO with a reduced CSS force presence.
The Army can accomplish its mission with an agile system when the distribu-
tion flow suffers no breaks in the seams between levels. Its real success, how-
ever, will depend on fielding a force that consumes fewer resources.
1-59. To meet these challenges, the Army is transforming. As the Army
transforms, it must continue to sustain the legacy force (Force XXI and Army
of Excellence organizations) as it moves toward developing and fielding the
Objective Force. The Stryker brigade combat team (SBCT) now being devel-
oped will consist of lethal and highly mobile Army units that will deploy to
preclude large-scale aggression and shape the situation in the land AO for
much earlier decisive operations. In small-scale contingencies (SSC), combi-
nations of modernized brigades and forcible entry units will provide JFCs
with decisive capabilities. When fielded, the Objective Force will possess the
strategic responsiveness necessary to conduct decisive, shaping, and sustain-
ing operations in a manner similar to that of Operation Just Cause, but
against more robust opponents.
1-60. As the Army transforms, so must CSS. CSS transformation is much
more than just putting new technology on top of old processes. It requires
CSS forces to be able to deploy rapidly to support current and future forces,
effectively sustain full spectrum operations, and synchronize Army with joint
efforts. The CSS transformation charter has a three-fold goal:
• Enhance strategic responsiveness to meet deployment timelines.
• Reduce CSS footprint in the AO.

1-14
________________________________________________ Fundamentals of Army Combat Service Support

• Reduce logistics costs without reducing warfighting capability and

readiness.
1-61. Enhancing strategic responsiveness requires optimizing Army support
organizations and streamlining support procedures. Establishing a national
logistics provider could maximize effectiveness and efficiencies by providing
not only deployment support but also sustainment support. Common unit de-
signs will enhance flexibility by deploying unit modules based on METT-TC,
instead of entire units. Standardizing loads when possible maximizes lift ca-
pabilities.
1-62. The Army is developing and maximizing the use of strategic mobility
enablers. This effort includes—
• Developing and improving its information system capabilities and
CONUS/theater infrastructure.
• Prepositioning required support to minimize lift requirements.
• Leveraging technology to build high-speed/ultra-large sealift and air-
lift capabilities.
• Improving support infrastructures; and leveraging future technolo-
gies to develop precision munitions, fuel-efficient engines, and built-
in prognostic and diagnostic technology.
1-63. In the long term, minimizing the CSS footprint in the AO also requires
a cultural change. The Army must leverage the use of contractors and host-
nation support assets; develop procedures for split-based operations; and use
ISBs when feasible. These are some of the key aspects of reducing the U.S.
CSS footprint in the AO, and the cornerstones of CSS reach operations. (See
chapter 3.)
1-64. The final goal of CSS transformation is to transform the institutional
CSS components of the Army, reducing CSS costs without reducing warfight-
ing capability and readiness. Some components of CSS cost reduction are the
single stock fund, national maintenance program (NMP), and improved de-
pots and arsenals.
1-65. Achieving the Army Transformation requires a cultural change in how
the Army views CSS. It requires new approaches to such areas as database
management and dependence on organizations outside the military for sup-
port. Traditional geographic-based CSS relationships, with wholesale and re-
tail orientations and breaks between providers at various levels of war, must
be transformed into a seamless CSS continuum. In a rapidly changing strate-
gic environment with dramatic advances in technological applications to mili-
tary operations, CSS doctrine must be flexible. CSS personnel must be will-
ing and able to apply evolving principles and techniques to varying dynamic
situations.
1-66. An enhanced COP and full synchronization of effort are critical to suc-
cess. Support personnel must have an increased awareness of what is re-
quired and what is available. Understanding what is required relies on syn-
chronizing CSS operations with operational activities through the Army bat-
tle command system (ABCS). Support will become more efficient and effective
through improved anticipation, as CSS personnel are better able to foresee

1-15
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________________

future operations and identify, accumulate, and maintain the assets, capa-
bilities, and information required to support them.
1-67. Awareness of what is available and the ability to direct it to where it is
needed at the required time requires total integration of all elements of the
CSS system—including active and Reserve Component Army, joint, multina-
tional, civilian, and other agencies. The system must network decision mak-
ers as well as those responsible for executing CSS operations. It must link
combatant commanders, and service staff managers, personnel support man-
agers, materiel managers, distribution managers, services managers, infor-
mation managers, and CSS operators. This network will support continued
CSS capability enhancements through initiatives such as telemedicine, total
asset visibility, VM, and predictive anticipatory maintenance capability.
1-68. A number of future maintenance initiatives will also increase the agil-
ity and economy of the CSS force. The shift towards a low-level maintenance
concept (field maintenance and sustainment maintenance) reduces the re-
quirement for extensive repair facilities, tools, and personnel to push forward
by providing units the capability to replace faulty equipment forward and re-
pair in the rear. In addition, the multicapable maintainer, augmented by
highly portable automated diagnostic aids and on-board weapon system
prognostics/diagnostics will replace modules and line replaceable units more
effectively, rapidly returning weapon systems and vehicles to mission-capable
status. Battlefield computers will have built-in tests, built-in diagnostics, and
eventually prognostics. Finally, combining organizational and direct support
maintenance maximizes economy in forward maintenance elements.
1-69. Information systems are the equipment and facilities that collect, proc-
ess, store, display and disseminate information. These include computers—
hardware and software—and communications, as well as policies and proce-
dures for their use (FM 3-0). Objective Force information systems will greatly
enhance the ability of CSS commanders and staffs to communicate status and
near-term capabilities to force commanders, as well as to anticipate require-
ments. They will include, within weapon system platforms, a full set of sen-
sors that report weapon status in terms of readiness, required maintenance,
fuel, manning, and ammunition. This information will be transmitted to ei-
ther GCSS-A or CSSCS or both, depending on the specific information. For
example, fuel status would go to CSSCS for battalion supply officers and for-
ward support battalion support operations personnel to track status and plan
fueling operations, while maintenance prognostic information would go to
GCSS-A for initiation of work order and parts requests. GCSS-A will update
CSSCS as part of its next scheduled update. GCSS-A will be the main sched-
uled information feed to CSSCS.
1-70. Transition to this future CSS system will occur incrementally; the
Army is currently implementing some initiatives. Other initiatives are
scheduled within the life cycle of this manual. For example, some aspects of
the future system (such as using host-nation support, the USAMC LSE, or
contracting) will involve refining current systems and practices. Implement-
ing other elements of the system, such as the national maintenance program
and VM, has already begun but will continue to evolve. Still other compo-

1-16
________________________________________________ Fundamentals of Army Combat Service Support

nents (such as the information systems and space-based capabilities) will

take a significant long-term effort to bring to maximum effectiveness.

1-17
 Chapter 2
CSS in Unified Action

As emphasized throughout this manual, the Army does not operate alone.
In today’s world, the U.S. military conducts joint operations and often
participates in multinational and interagency operations. Therefore, a
great degree of coordination, cooperation, integration, and unity of effort
in combat service support (CSS) operations is imperative for success. This
chapter addresses Army CSS participation in joint and multinational op-
erations. This information is consistent with joint and multinational doc-
trine.

JOINT LOGISTICS AND PERSONNEL OPERATIONS

2-1. Per JP 4-0, each service is CONTENTS
responsible for the logistics and Joint Logistics and Personnel
personnel support of its own forces, Operations.................................... 2-1
except when support is otherwise The Army Role in Joint Logistics
and Personnel Operations .......... 2-6
provided for by agreements with
Multinational CSS Operations ......... 2-10
national agencies or multinational
partners, or by assignment to common,
joint, or cross-servicing support arrangements. The combatant commander
may determine that common servicing would be beneficial within the theater.
If common servicing is more beneficial, the combatant commander may dele-
gate the responsibility for providing (or coordinating) that support for all ser-
vice components in the theater (or designated area) to the service component
that is the dominant user, or most capable of providing that service.
2-2. Joint logistics and personnel support and Army CSS are inherently
linked, although there are slight differences in their functions. Figure 2-1
shows the differences between joint logistics and personnel support functions,
and Army CSS functions. Joint logistics and Army CSS include supply, ser-
vices (the Army calls them field services), maintenance, transportation, and
health service support (which Army doctrine defines slightly differently than
joint doctrine). Additionally, joint logistics include general engineering, which
is not an Army CSS function. Army CSS includes explosive ordnance disposal
(EOD), which is not a joint logistics function. Under joint doctrine, personnel
support includes legal, religious, and finance support as functions. Army CSS
doctrine uses the term human resource support but lists legal, religious, fi-
nancial management, and band support as separate functions.

2-1
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

Joint Logistic Combat Service Support

Functions Functions

Supply
Services Supply
Maintenance Field Services
Transportation Maintenance
Health Services Support Transportation
General Engineering Health Service Support
Explosive Ordnance Disposal
Joint Personnel Human Resource Support
Functions
Legal Support
Personnel Support Religious Support
Legal Support Financial Management
Religious Ministry Band Support
Financial Management

Figure 2-1. Relationship between Joint Logistics and

Joint Personnel, and CSS Functions

RESPONSIBILITIES
2-3. Planning, preparing for, and executing joint logistics begin at the top
level of U.S. military. This section discusses the responsibilities of the
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, combatant commanders, service com-
ponent commanders, and joint land force component commanders.
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
2-4. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is responsible for preparing
joint logistics and mobility contingency plans, and for recommending the as-
signment of logistics and mobility responsibilities to the armed forces in ac-
cordance with those plans. He is also responsible for advising the Secretary of
Defense (SECDEF) on manpower and personnel issues affecting the readi-
ness of the armed forces and the force structure required for attaining na-
tional security objectives.
Combatant Commander
2-5. For a combatant commander, there are three important facets of CSS:
command, management of CSS operations, and execution of support
operations.
2-6. Command. First, CSS is a function of command. In the logistics area, the
combatant commander's directive authority for logistics meets this principle.
The combatant commander’s directive authority includes issuing subordinate
commanders’ directives, including peacetime measures necessary to ensure—
• Effective execution of approved operation plans (OPLANs).
• Effectiveness and economy of operation.
• Prevention or elimination of unnecessary duplication of facilities.

2-2
_______________________________________________________________ CSS in Unified Action

• Avoidance of the overlapping of functions among the service compo-

nent commands).
The combatant commander’s directive authority for logistics cannot be dele-
gated, except for common item support. When the combatant commander
gives a service component common-user logistics (CUL) responsibilities, he
must specifically define the responsibilities. On the personnel side, the com-
batant command (command authority) (COCOM) of the combatant com-
manders allows them to direct and approve the aspects of personnel support
necessary to carry out assigned missions and to standardize personnel poli-
cies within the command, as necessary, to carry out assigned missions.
2-7. Management. Joint doctrine describes several techniques for manag-
ing/controlling joint logistics and personnel operations. JP 5-00.2 discusses
how a joint task force (JTF) manpower and personnel directorate (J1) handles
manpower and personnel, and also establishes a joint reception center (JRC),
as described in JP 1-0. The logistics directorate (J4) manages logistics opera-
tions, including establishing a logistics readiness center (LRC). JP 4-0 de-
scribes the boards and centers that J4s may use to monitor and coordinate
logistics activities. It also describes how a joint force commander (JFC) may
establish in OPLANs a joint theater logistics management (JTLM) element to
fuse movement control and materiel management to synchronize the capa-
bilities of the joint force. In addition to the JRC and a JTLM element, poten-
tial joint logistics centers, offices, and boards include—
• Joint movement center.
• Subarea petroleum office.
• Joint civil-military engineering board.
• Joint facilities utilization board.
• Combatant commander logistics procurement support board.
• Theater patient-movement requirements center.
• Joint blood program office.
• Joint mortuary affairs office.
• Global patient-movement requirements center.
• Joint materiel priorities and allocation board.
• Joint transportation board.
2-8. Execution. Services and service components execute CSS functions. Title
10, United States Code (10 USC), and JP 0-2 specify that individual services
retain responsibility for logistics support. However, CUL support may be con-
trolled and provided by other means. Authority for such arrangements may
come from four sources:
• DOD executive agent directives and instructions.
• Interservice support agreements (ISSAs).
• Acquisition and cross-servicing agreements (ACSAs).
• Combatant commander’s OPLANs, orders, and directives.

2-3
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

Note: Logistics DOD executive agent directives and instructions are normally
focused on strategic-level activities, but they may be directly related to CUL-
related functions in a particular joint or multinational operation. In all U.S.
military operations, the geographic combatant commander is responsible for
ensuring that the specific CUL responsibilities are clearly delineated within
his area of responsibility (AOR).

2-9. Options for executing logistics support to a joint force include any com-
bination of the following:
• Single service component dedicated support—each service component
supports its own forces.
• Lead service or agency support—a lead service or agency provides
common user/item support to one or more service components, and
governmental or other organizations. In some operational situations,
lead service support may include operational control (OPCON) or tac-
tical control (TACON) of other service logistics organizations.
2-10. JP 4-07 has more information on these authorities and options.
Service Component Commander
2-11. Service component commanders normally provide personnel support to
service forces assigned to joint commands. When service representation
within an area of operations (AO) is limited, the joint force J1 coordinates
appropriate personnel support through other service components.
Joint Force Land Component Commander
2-12. Establishment of a joint force land component may influence the proc-
ess of providing CSS to a joint force. When a JFC decides a joint force land
component is required, he establishes it. The joint force land component
commander (JFLCC) is normally the commander of the ground component
(Army or Marine Corps) that has the preponderance of land forces. The JFC
makes the JFLCC responsible for—
• Recommending the proper employment of land forces.
• Planning and coordinating land operations.
• Accomplishing such operational missions as may be assigned.
2-13. While the JFLCC is responsible for conducting (planning, preparing,
executing, and assessing) land operations, the responsibility for CSS to
joint/multinational land forces remains primarily with the service compo-
nents. The individual service component commands retain overall responsi-
bility for providing logistics and personnel support to their own forces, unless
otherwise directed. The JFLCC J1 and J4 provide critical functional expertise
to the JFLCC in the areas of personnel and logistics. These primary staff offi-
cers focus on key personnel and logistics issues that may have a significant
effect on the land portion of the campaign. Generally, they manage by excep-
tion. Routine administrative/personnel and logistics management are the re-
sponsibility of the JFC and the subordinate service component commands.
The JFLCC only becomes involved in logistics and personnel issues that the

2-4
 _______________________________________________________________ CSS in Unified Action

individual services are unable to resolve on their own and that have a direct
impact on the ground portion of the campaign.
2-14. Normally the JFLCC J1 and J4 do not participate in the JFC boards
and centers; these are predominately service responsibilities. The JFLCC J1
and J4 may participate on JFC boards and centers when there are issues
critical to conducting ground operations. This JFLCC participation is sepa-
rate and distinct from the service component participation. The joint trans-
portation board and joint movement center may have a significant impact on
the ability of the JFLCC to execute ground operations successfully. When
there are logistics issues that only affect ground operations, the JFLCC J4
may elect to convene a board or center to coordinate the ground logistics ef-
fort or prioritize scarce resources. Separate JFLCC boards and centers are es-
tablished by exception only. Existing JFC boards and centers should be the
normal forum to facilitate ground operations.
CUL Responsibilities
2-15. Service component forces, especially the Army service component
command (ASCC), as well as agencies such as the Defense Logistics Agency
(DLA) are often required to provide significant levels of CUL support to other
service components, multinational partners, and other organizations (such as
nongovernmental organizations [NGOs]). Army echelons above corps (EAC)
support units (such as the theater support command [TSC]) normally provide
Army CUL support; however, these actions are carried out under the aus-
pices of the ARFOR commander and are not a JFLCC responsibility.

JOINT LOGISTICS AND PERSONNEL PLANNING

2-16. Joint logistics and personnel activities are complicated operations that
can enhance or hinder a combatant commander’s combat power. An under-
standing of the combatant commander’s concept of operations and early in-
volvement by the joint logistics and personnel staffs ensure that theater de-
ployment and sustainment requirements are balanced with the right type
and amount of joint logistics and personnel capabilities. This balance allows
successful accomplishment the mission. Logistics and personnel planning are
the responsibility of the combatant commander, in close coordination with the
services, defense agencies, and multinational partners.
2-17. Proper joint logistics and personnel planning, adequate resource avail-
ability, and transportation assets reduce the need for emergency measures
and improvisations, which are usually expensive and often have an adverse
effect on subordinate and adjacent commands. Joint logistics and personnel
planners avoid focusing solely on the deployment problem at the expense of
sustaining the employment portion of the campaign. Planners identify critical
issues distinct to a specific OPLAN they must support. These issues include
the increased demand associated with an expanding force, critical supply
items, constrictive distribution bottlenecks, control of all means of transpor-
tation, and the provision of supplies and services.
2-18. The combatant commander’s strategic and operational joint logistics
and personnel planning focuses on the ability to generate and move forces
and materiel into the theater base and on to desired operating locations,
where the operational CSS concepts are employed. The service components

2-5
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

perform tactical logistics planning. JP 1-0, JP 4-0, and JP 5-0 provide guid-
ance on joint CSS planning.

THE ARMY ROLE IN JOINT LOGISTICS AND PERSONNEL OPERATIONS

2-19. The ASCC commander exercises administrative control (ADCON) over
all Army forces within the combatant commander’s AOR. The ASCC com-
mander is responsible for preparing, training, equipping, administering, and
providing CSS to Army forces assigned to combatant commands. The ASCC
commander is responsible for providing ARFOR to subordinate joint forces,
including CSS forces and support resources to support those subordinate joint
forces. The ASCC commander is also responsible for meeting any CUL re-
quirements within a particular joint force and tailors the ARFOR accordingly.
2-20. The ASCC is responsible for all Title 10 functions within the combatant
commander’s AOR.

Subject to the authority, direction, and control of the Secretary of Defense and subject to the
provisions of chapter 6 of this title, the Secretary of the Army is responsible for, and has the
authority necessary to conduct, all affairs of the Department of the Army, including the follow-
ing functions:
(1) Recruiting.
(2) Organizing.
(3) Supplying.
(4) Equipping (including research and development).
(5) Training.
(6) Servicing.
(7) Mobilizing.
(8) Demobilizing.
(9) Administering (including the morale and welfare of personnel).
(10) Maintaining.
(11) Construction, outfitting, and repair of military equipment.
(12) Construction, maintenance, repairs of buildings and structures, utilities, acquisition
of real property and interests in real property necessary to carry out the responsibilities speci-
fied in this section.
10 USC

2-21. The ASCC commander’s principal CSS focus is on operational-level

CSS. Operational-level CSS focuses on theater support involving force gen-
eration and force sustainment. Chapter 4 discusses functions associated with
operational-level CSS.
2-22. Support stems from a variety of sources, including contractors,
DA/DOD civilians, U.S. and allied military organizations, and host-nation
support (HNS) resources.
2-23. The ASCC commander focuses on generating and moving forces and
materiel into theater as well as sustaining these forces during campaigns and
other joint operations. In all joint operations, coordinating and executing CSS
operations is a service responsibility unless otherwise directed by executive
agent directives, combatant commander lead service designations, or ISSAs.
The ASCCs, in concert with their associated geographic combatant com-
manders, are responsible for identifying CSS requirements, coordinating re-

2-6
_______________________________________________________________ CSS in Unified Action

source distribution from the strategic base, allocating necessary CSS capa-
bilities, and establishing requisite Army CSS command and control (C2) rela-
tionships within the theater. Furthermore, the ASCC commander is respon-
sible for properly executing all Army lead service or ISSA-related CUL re-
quirements within the theater.
2-24. An ARFOR is designated whenever Army forces are involved in an op-
eration. Even if separate Army forces are conducting independent operations
within a joint operations area (JOA), there is only one ARFOR headquarters
in that JOA. ASCCs, numbered Army, and corps headquarters (with augmen-
tation) are capable of serving as ARFOR headquarters. In certain small-scale
contingencies, a division headquarters may be designated as ARFOR head-
quarters; however, a division headquarters requires extensive augmentation
for this mission.
2-25. Within the context of the JFC’s plan, the ARFOR headquarters
conducts both the operational and tactical-level sustaining operations to
include—
• Support of reception, staging, onward movement, and integration
(RSO&I) operations.
• Tactical-level CSS.
• Distribution management operations, to include synchronization of
materiel management and movement control.
• Support to reconstitution of Army units.
• Execution of CUL support responsibilities.
• Security of CSS, maintenance of the lines of communication (LOC),
and C2 of tactical combat forces (TCFs).
2-26. Within the JFC’s framework of responsibilities, the ARFOR headquar-
ters carries out planning responsibilities associated with CSS, as well as as-
signed lead service support to other services and organizations. The support
structure starts with a nucleus of minimum essential support functions and
capabilities focused on force generation within the theater. As the deployed
force grows, the support structure gains required capabilities. The theater
support structure must provide support to the engaged forces; to units in (or
passing through) the communications zone (COMMZ); and to other units, ac-
tivities, forces, and individuals as the JFC directs.
2-27. ARFOR include the tactical-level CSS organizations (discussed in chap-
ter 4) that provide support to tactical forces. The ASCC commander tailors an
ARFOR to its mission, providing any EAC-level support organizations it re-
quires. These may be the multifunctional TSC as well as specialized engi-
neer, finance, medical, personnel, and transportation EAC-level commands.
(FM 4-93.4 discusses the early entry and buildup of the TSC.) Each of these
Army EAC support units is structured to deploy tailorable, early-entry, func-
tional modules during the early stages of force projection operations. These
tailored organizations give the ARFOR commander the requisite CSS func-
tional expertise and C2 capabilities to execute operational-level support mis-
sions assigned to the ARFOR. Furthermore, these modular organizations
may expand as necessary to provide the proper level of support for each op-
eration or phase. Additionally, the DLA and the U.S. Army Materiel Com-

2-7
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

mand (USAMC) may provide support teams that expand the functional ex-
pertise and service capabilities of the ARFOR. When tailoring an ARFOR, the
ASCC commander balances the ARFOR’s tactical and operational require-
ments against other support requirements, such as CUL.
2-28. The ASCC commander ensures that the ARFOR not only has adequate
operational-level CSS capability to meet both Army Title 10 and lead service
requirements, but also has adequate C2 and staff capabilities to plan, pre-
pare for, execute, and assess operations to meet them. This is especially sig-
nificant when a tactical-level unit, such as a division or corps, is the founda-
tion of the ARFOR. In these situations, the ASCC/ARFOR commander may
choose to establish a single operational-level support headquarters to assist
in planning and executing Army Title 10 and CUL functions. The TSC, in
many cases, is the preferred building block for such a headquarters. However,
it could be built on other support commands, such as an engineer command
(ENCOM) or area support group (ASG). In any case, staff representatives or
liaison personnel from other attached support units, other services as appro-
priate, and multinational partners, as required, should staff the operational-
level support command. Chapter 4 contains more details on the role of the
ASCC and TSC.
2-29. Although CSS is a service responsibility, the Army has been designated
to provide certain support to other services and organizations in a variety of
Department of Defense directives (DODD). As previously noted, these direc-
tives focus on strategic-level activities, but they may be related to CUL sup-
port in a specific operation. Normally EAC support organizations provide this
support. As stated above, a corps or division as the ARFOR may provide very
limited support depending on the size and scope of the mission, but either
will most likely require augmentation. Support to other services and organi-
zations must be coordinated with all responsible agencies and integrated into
the support plan. Table 2-1 lists tasking documents and responsibilities as-
signed to the Army on a relatively permanent basis. However, the support re-
sponsibilities of the Army vary for each of these. In addition, despite these
guidelines, the geographic combatant commander retains the authority to as-
sign lead responsibility for a specific operation to the service or agency to best
meet the operational requirements.

Table 2-1. Representative Army Lead Responsibilities for Support to

Other Services and Agencies.

Tasking Document Support Responsibility

SECDEF Memo Veterinary Support including food inspection
DOD Memo Mortuary Affairs
DODD 1315.6 Troop Construction Support to OCONUS USAF
DODD 2310.1 Executive Agent for DOD Enemy Prisoner of War
Detainee Program
DODD 4500.9 Common-User Land Transportation in Overseas
Areas
DODD 4500.9 Intermodal Container Management

2-8
_______________________________________________________________ CSS in Unified Action

Table 2-1. Representative Army Lead Responsibilities for Support to

Other Services and Agencies.

Tasking Document Support Responsibility

DODD 4500.9 Overseas Ocean Terminal Operations
DODD 4525.6 Management of Military Postal Services
DODD 4705.1 Executive Agent for Land-Based Water
Resources
DODD 5030.49 Executive Agent for the Customs Inspection
Program
DODD 5160.65 Management of Conventional Ammunition
DODI 4140.50 Locomotive Management
DODD 4140.25 Management of Bulk Petroleum Products, Natural
Gas, and Coal
SECDEF Memo Executive Agent for the Joint Mortuary Affairs
Program
2-30. A combatant commander may designate a service, usually the domi-
nant user or most capable service/agency, to provide other common
item/service support (see JP 4-07). ARFOR CUL functions may include—
• In-theater receipt, storage, and issue Class I, II, III (B), IV, VIII and
IX, and water during wartime.
• Medical evacuation (ground and rotary-wing aircraft) on the
battlefield.
• Transportation engineering for highway movements.
• Finance, banking, and currency support.
• Processing and settlement of claims by (or against) the United States,
as designated in DODD 5515.8.
• Settlement of Federal tort claims by employees.
• Unexploded ordnance (UXO) disposal.
• Controlled disposal of waste explosives and munitions.
• Mortuary affairs support.
• Providing airdrop equipment and systems.
• Billeting, medical, and food service support for transient personnel
during other-than-unit moves.
• Handling of hazardous materials (HAZMAT).

MULTINATIONAL CSS OPERATIONS

2-31. Army forces support multinational operations throughout the world.
They operate in alliances and coalitions. A major objective when Army forces
participate in multinational CSS operations is to maximize operational effec-
tiveness while improving cost effectiveness and economy of effort for all na-
tions involved.
2-32. In multinational operations, CSS is primarily a national responsibility.
However, relations between the United States and its North Atlantic Treaty

2-9
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

Organization (NATO) allies have evolved to where CSS is viewed as a collec-

tive responsibility (NATO Military Committee Decision [MCD] 319/1). In
multinational operations, the multinational commander must have sufficient
authority and control mechanisms over assets, resources, and forces to
achieve his mission. It would be very inefficient and expensive for each nation
of an alliance or coalition to perform CSS functions separately. This separate
support would also hinder the multinational commander’s ability to influence
and prioritize limited CSS resources to support the operation and accomplish
the mission.
2-33. The focus of multinational CSS operations is integrated, coordinated,
and cohesive support. Major challenges of multinational CSS may include dif-
ferences in language, doctrine, stockage levels, mobility, interoperability (es-
pecially of automated C2 systems), infrastructure, standards of support, and
national resource limitations.
2-34. Support provided and received in multinational operations must be in
accordance with existing legal authorities. For example, 10 USC, Chapter
138, authorizes exchanging support between U.S. services and those of other
countries. It authorizes DOD acquisition from other countries by payment or
replacement-in-kind, without establishing a cross-servicing agreement. CSS
authorized under 10 USC, Chapter 138, does not include major end items,
missiles, or bombs. It does include food, billeting, petroleum, oils, transporta-
tion, communications services, medical services, ammunition, storage, spare
parts, maintenance services, and training.
2-35. Under ACSA authority (10 USC 2341 and 2342), the Secretary of De-
fense can enter into agreements for the acquisition or cross-service of logistics
support, supplies, and services on a reimbursable, replacement-in-kind, or
exchange-for-equal-value basis. These agreements may be with eligible na-
tions and international organizations of which the United States is a mem-
ber. An ACSA is a broad overall agreement that is generally supplemented
with an implementing agreement (IA). The IA contains points of contact and
specific details of the transaction and payment procedures for orders for lo-
gistics support. Neither party is obligated until the order is accepted.
2-36. Under these agreements, common logistics support includes food, billet-
ing, transportation (including airlift), petroleum, oils, lubricants, clothing,
communications services, medical services, ammunition, base operations,
storage services, use of facilities, training services, spare parts and compo-
nents, repair and maintenance services, calibration services, and port ser-
vices. Items that may not be acquired or transferred under the ACSA author-
ity include weapon systems, major end items of equipment, guided missiles,
nuclear ammunition, and chemical ammunition (excluding riot control
agents).
2-37. Typically, multinational operations occur within the structure of a coa-
lition or alliance, both of which provide challenges for executing common
support. A coalition is an ad hoc arrangement between two or more nations
for common action. It is clearly the more challenging common support envi-
ronment. An alliance is the result of formal agreements (such as treaties) be-
tween two or more nations for broad, long-term objectives that further the
common interests of the members (JP 1-02). NATO is an example of an alli-

2-10
 _______________________________________________________________ CSS in Unified Action

ance. No single command structure fits the needs of all alliances or coalitions
and various models could evolve depending on the operation.

COALITIONS
2-38. Coalitions normally form as a rapid response to unforeseen crises, for
limited purposes and for a limited length of time. Many coalitions are formed
under the auspices of the United Nations (UN). The UN does not have a mili-
tary organization and, therefore, no preplanned formal military structures.
Parallel Command
2-39. During the early stages of a contingency, nations rely on their own
military command systems to control the activities of their forces. Hence, the
initial coalition arrangement most likely involves a parallel command struc-
ture. (See FM 3-0, para 2-50.) Under a parallel command structure, the coali-
tion does not designate a single, multinational commander. Member nations
retain control of their own national forces, and the coalition partners write a
plan effecting coordination among the participants. Parallel command is the
simplest to establish. While other command structures may emerge as the
coalition matures, the parallel model is often the starting point. For multina-
tional CSS operations, the parallel command structure is the least effective.
Lead Nation Command
2-40. As the coalition matures, members often opt to centralize their efforts
by establishing a command structure built around the structure of one of the
nations. If nations are very similar in cultures, doctrine, training, and
equipment, or if extensive cooperative experience exists, an integrated com-
mand structure may be effective. This direct approach requires each armed
force to receive, understand, plan, and implement missions in the same man-
ner as the other nations. This is known as lead nation command (FM 3-0,
para 2-51). The lead nation command structure concept recognizes one nation
in the lead role and its C2 system predominates.
2-41. Other nations participating in the operation provide liaison personnel
to the lead nation headquarters. The lead nation commander, working in
close coordination with the commanders of the other national contingents, de-
termines appropriate command, control, communications, intelligence, and
CSS procedures. Robust liaison is essential to develop and maintain unity of
effort in multinational operations. Staff augmentation may also be required if
a partner has unique organizations or capabilities not found in forces of the
lead nation. This augmentation provides the commander with a ready source
of expertise on the respective partners’ capabilities during planning and exe-
cution.
Role Specialization
2-42. Although not a command structure, role specialization is a method used
in multinational CSS operations to maximize unity of effort and efficiencies
for the multinational force. In role specialization, one nation or organization
assumes the sole responsibility for procuring and providing a particular class
or subclass of supply or service for all or part of the multinational force. Nor-
mally performed at EAC, role specialization may be executed at a lower level,
depending on the size of the force. Role specialization is normally used for a

2-11
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

finite mission and time because of the great burden it places on the nation or
organization. If properly planned and negotiated, this approach promotes
greater efficiency if one multinational force member—
• Is already well established in the area.
• Has contractual arrangements in place.
• Has a unique relationship with the populace
• Has a much greater capability than other nations.

ALLIANCES
2-43. Alliance participants establish formal, standard agreements for broad
objectives. Alliance nations strive to field compatible military systems, follow
common procedures, and develop contingency plans to meet potential threats.
As forces of these nations plan and train together, they develop mutual trust
and respect.
2-44. An alliance may use an integrated staff, instead of merely augmenting
the staff of one nation’s organization with other national representatives.
Each primary staff officer could be a different nationality; usually the deputy
commander represents a major participant other than the lead nation. An in-
tegrated staff demonstrates the burden sharing and commitment of the part-
ner nations. An alliance organized under a multinational, integrated com-
mand structure provides unity of command. The NATO command structure is
a good example. NATO has a single commander, the Supreme Allied Com-
mander, Europe (SACEUR), who is designated from a member nation. His
staff and the subordinate commands and staffs several tiers removed (EAC,
corps, and below) are multinational and multi-Service. The key ingredients in
an integrated alliance command are a single designated commander, a staff
comprised of representatives from all member nations, and subordinate
commands and staffs integrated to the lowest echelon necessary to accom-
plish the mission.
2-45. In most recent operations, the United States has operated within the
NATO alliance, which has a military organization to support its political
goals. The United States has also agreed to various NATO standardization
agreements (STANAGs) and NATO MCDs that enhance interoperability. For
example, NATO MCD 389 addresses the emergence of smaller, but diverse
and unpredictable risks to peace and stability. In particular, the committee
agreed that future security arrangements would require easily deployable,
multinational, multi-Service military formations tailored to specific kinds of
military tasks. These include humanitarian relief, peacekeeping, and peace
enforcement, as well as collective defense. The forces required would vary ac-
cording to the circumstances and would need to be generated rapidly at short
notice.
2-46. Effective command and control arrangements are essential to allow
multinational JTFs to operate effectively. A multinational JTF headquarters
is formed around core elements from selected parent headquarters. NATO
headquarters and other contributing partner countries augment it as
necessary, using a modular approach, to meet the requirements of the specific
mission.

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_______________________________________________________________ CSS in Unified Action

2-47. NATO’s multinational JTF attains a much higher degree of multina-

tional integration than previous attempts. This is true both in the number of
existing and emerging multinational units and in the deeper multinational
integration at lower levels of command. Consequently, CSS systems and
structures must adapt to that reality. To assure the enhanced logistics au-
thorities and responsibilities of NATO commanders and enable NATO head-
quarters at the different levels of command to coordinate logistics support
properly within their AO, the NATO nations developed the Multinational
Joint Logistics Center (MJLC). The MJLC provides structural and procedural
tools for the NATO commander to exercise his logistics authorities and re-
sponsibilities in an effective and well-coordinated fashion.

MULTINATIONAL LOGISTICS PLANNING

2-48. Maximum unit effectiveness requires commanders to assemble the op-
timal array of support assets, relationships, and procedures. To do this, com-
manders must concurrently analyze engineer support of the multinational
force with mission clarification and force composition. Commanders must
emphasize their analyses of coalition/alliance member capabilities and will-
ingness to support organic elements and other force components equally with
combat planning.
2-49. Staffs should evaluate the level of standardization and interoperability
among participating nations and, when situations permit, agree on which na-
tions will provide support functions for the multinational force, and the pro-
cedures and methods for how to provide the support. (See JP 3-16 and
FM 100-8 for multinational operations doctrine. See JP 4-08 for logistics sup-
port to multinational forces doctrine. See Allied joint publication [AJP] 4, and
Allied logistics publication [ALP] 4.2 for NATO logistics support operations
doctrine, to include employing an MJLC.)

2-13
 Chapter 3
CSS in Full Spectrum Operations

FM 3-0 describes the doctrine of full spectrum operations as offensive, de-

fensive, stability, and support operations. This chapter discusses combat
service support (CSS) to full sprectum operations. It discusses the four
types of Army operations and how CSS influences these operations
through its effect on operational reach and sustainability. Finally, it dis-
cusses force projection as the responsive means of getting Army forces
employed in full spectrum operations. It also includes a discussion of how
CSS reach operations support the force while minimizing the Army CSS
footprint in the area of operations.

CSS TO OFFENSIVE, DEFENSIVE, STABILITY, AND SUPPORT OPERATIONS

3-1. CSS planning to support offensive, de- CONTENTS
fensive, stability, and support operations CSS to Offensive, Defensive,
requires a thorough mission analysis, care- Stability, and Support
ful identification of the supported force, Operations .....................................3-1
Operational Reach and
and an understanding of the commander’s
Sustainability .................................3-4
intent and concept of operations. CSS CSS in Force Projection .....................3-6
planners must consider all specified and CSS Reach Operations .....................3-17
implied requirements and be aware of re- Intermediate Staging Base ...............3-19
sources available, including those of other CSS in Urban Operations .................3-24
U.S. services, the host nation, and theater CSS to Special Operation Forces ....3-26
support contracting capabilities.

CSS IN OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS

3-2. CSS in the offense is characterized by high-intensity operations that re-
quire anticipatory support as far forward as possible. Commanders and staffs
ensure adequate support for continuing the momentum of the operation as
they plan and synchronize offensive operations. Plans should include agile
and flexible CSS capabilities to follow exploiting forces and continue support.
Commanders and staffs plan for increased quantities of fuel and selected
other classes of supply, as well as for maintenance and recovery of damaged
equipment. Planners consider casualty rates and preposition medical treat-
ment and evacuation capabilities forward to clear the battlefield efficiently.
The biggest challenge to plans for supporting a rapidly moving force may be
the lengthening lines of communication (LOC). Transportation support must
be closely coordinated to deliver essential support to the right place at the
right time. CSS assets must follow exploiting forces to ensure continuity of
support. Plans for all offensive phases must enable CSS elements to react

3-1
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

quickly to changing needs, just as total asset visibility (TAV) helps com-
manders quickly reprioritize assets as situations dictate.
3-3. During offensive operations, critical needs present great challenges. The
most important materiel is typically Class III and Class V. Service support
plans direct the movement of Class III and Class V resupply to meet pre-
dicted requirements. As advancing combat formations extend control of the
area of operations (AO), personnel elements face similar challenges to recon-
cile and report command strength information, report casualty information,
and conduct replacement operations.
3-4. Offensive operations put a high demand on maintenance elements. To
continue momentum, task-organized maintenance support teams may oper-
ate with forward elements. Similarly, widely dispersed forces and longer LOC
require all transportation resources, including aerial delivery assets, to de-
liver supplies well forward. Movement control personnel manage movement
priorities in accordance with the commander’s priorities.
3-5. The higher casualty rates associated with offensive operations increase
the burden on medical resources. Combat support hospitals may move for-
ward to prepare for offensive operations. If the increased numbers of casual-
ties overwhelm medical resources, nonmedical transportation assets may be
needed for evacuation. Following an offensive operation, combat stress casu-
alties may be more prevalent and require moving combat stress teams for-
ward.
3-6. Plans should also provide for religious support, which may become criti-
cal during offensive operations. Chaplain support through counseling and ap-
propriate worship can help reduce combat stress, increasing unit cohesion
and productivity.
3-7. Using contractors in offensive operations entails great risks. However,
the force commander may be willing to accept risk and use contractors in
forward areas. Contractor support outside of AOs may help minimize Army
CSS force structure at locations such as intermediate staging bases (see
paragraph 3-82). Chapter 5 discusses contractors in further detail.

CSS IN DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS

3-8. The commander positions CSS assets to support the forces in the defense
and survive. CSS requirements in the defense depend on the type of defense.
For example, increased quantities of ammunition and decreased quantities of
fuel characterize most area defensive operations. However, in a mobile de-
fense, fuel usage may be a critical part of support. Barrier and fortification
materiel to support the defense often has to move forward, placing increased
demands on the transportation system. The maintenance effort focuses on re-
turning primary weapon systems and critical equipment to mission capable
status. Defensive operations may allow CSS assets to field services and refit
degraded units. CSS planners and operators also prepare to resume support
to the offensive operations projected to follow the defense.
3-9. CSS managers direct routine resupply of forecasted requirements to des-
ignated units, as stated in the service support plan. They should push Class
IV directly to battle positions, when possible, and give Class V the highest

3-2
______________________________________________________ CSS in Full Spectrum Operations

priority. The increased expenditures of ammunition significantly impact

transportation assets. Throughput of supplies from the echelons above divi-
sion (EAD) to the lowest-level supply support activity (SSA) expedites deliv-
eries.
3-10. The task of medical units is to triage casualties, treat and return to
duty, or resuscitate and stabilize for evacuation to the next higher echelon of
medical care or out of the theater of operations. Medical treatment facilities
should locate away from points of possible hostile actions.
3-11. Using contractors in forward areas during defensive operations may en-
tail unacceptable risk. If not, they may provide support in rear areas of for-
ward deployed units.

CSS IN STABILITY OPERATIONS

3-12. CSS in stability operations involves supporting U.S. and multinational
forces in a wide range of missions. Stability operations range from long-term
CSS-focused operations in humanitarian and civic assistance (HCA) missions
to major short-notice peace enforcement missions. Some stability operations
may involve combat. Tailoring CSS to the requirements of a stability opera-
tion is key to success of the overall mission. In stability operations, small
task-organized CSS forces may operate far from traditional chains of com-
mand and support agencies that cannot sustain themselves. Stability opera-
tions also include large-scale operations that support peacekeeping and peace
enforcement. These operations may or may not involve direct hostile action to
U.S. forces and may have nearly the same CSS requirements as offensive or
defensive operations. Contracted services and support may significantly
augment Army CSS capabilities in major stability operations.
3-13. In addition to the movement control challenges typically presented by
joint and multinational operations, large numbers of nongovernmental or-
ganizations (NGOs) sharing the same LOC and node facilities usually compli-
cate movement control in stability operations. As in any major multinational
operation, forces may establish a multinational movement control center to
prioritize usage.
3-14. Maintenance units often have to support civilian assets as well as those
of other military forces. In United Nations (UN) operations, the UN may pur-
chase U.S. equipment for other multinational forces. In such cases, those
forces may not have the capability to service the equipment. U.S. units may
provide support or identify support packages. Also, the desired end state may
require that maintenance support for stability operations include reestablish-
ing or upgrading the infrastructure maintenance capabilities. This may en-
tail providing tools and equipment.
3-15. For medical personnel, stability operations often result in more fre-
quent and direct contact with the local population. Planners consider the mix
of care-provider skills, instrument sizes, drugs, and supplies to support pedi-
atric, geriatric, and obstetric missions. Human resource support activities
(such as postal and morale, welfare, and recreation [MWR]) may have a
higher priority and be a more immediate requirement during long-term sta-
bility missions than during offensive and defensive missions; long-term sta-
bility missions operate at a reduced tempo. These morale-related services be-

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FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

come a major focus to both commanders and soldiers. Using contracted ser-
vices and support may augment some CSS units. (See FM 3-07.)

CSS IN SUPPORT OPERATIONS

3-16. CSS is often the primary focus of a support operation. Army forces often
provide assistance to civil authorities and respond to national and interna-
tional crises that include significant humanitarian assistance requirements
best met with CSS capabilities. In many support operations, Army CSS units
conduct the decisive operation. The ability of Army forces to move large
amounts of equipment and supplies under adverse conditions and provide
small tailored forces on short notice makes Army CSS forces a valuable asset
in both domestic support operations and foreign humanitarian assistance
missions. Distributing food, water, supplies, field services, and medical sup-
port is often the primary emphasis of support operations; the Army has
trained personnel and deployable assets to provide such support. Transporta-
tion, supply, and medical units are often most in demand.
3-17. The key to success in many support operations is interagency coordina-
tion. Only in the most extreme situations does the U.S. military provide relief
directly to those in need. In most support operations, the U.S. military assists
NGOs in providing the required support. Multinational support, host nation
support, and support from NGOs may reduce the demands on transportation,
medical, food, water, and housing resources. (See FM 3-07.)

OPERATIONAL REACH AND SUSTAINABILITY

3-18. Operational reach is the distance over which military power can be em-
ployed decisively (FM 3-0). The goal of the CSS effort is to enable the com-
mander to initiate and sustain operations over time as well as extend the op-
erational reach of the force. Operational reach relates to distance; sustain-
ability relates to the ability of the force to conduct operations over time. The
following is a discussion about how CSS influences both.
3-19. If military operations extend beyond a commander’s operational reach,
they reach the culminating point. In the offense, the culminating point is that
point in time and space where the attacker’s effective combat power no longer
exceeds the defender’s or the attacker’s momentum is no longer sustainable,
or both. In the defense, the culminating point is that instant at which the de-
fender must withdraw to preserve the force. (See FM 3-0 for a discussion of
culminating point.) To avoid this, the commander may choose an intentional
operational pause or a reduction in tempo. Commanders can extend opera-
tional reach by moving forces, repositioning CSS assets, and securing LOC
forward.
3-20. Several of the interrelated CSS factors that affect operational reach
and sustainability are the scope of support, distribution networks, sources of
support, and availability of materiel. The commander may adjust any of these
factors to extend operational reach or enhance sustainability, but incurs ad-
ditional risk by doing so. He must do a rigorous risk analysis before adjusting
factors.

3-4
______________________________________________________ CSS in Full Spectrum Operations

SCOPE OF SUPPORT
3-21. The scope of support refers to the types and levels of support to provide
to the force. The commander decides whether to provide all the CSS functions
(and all subfunctions) or to defer certain types of support early in an opera-
tion or perform support functions at a reduced level. For example, he may de-
fer food preparation, laundry support, and MWR in the early stages of an op-
eration. However, the phase of the operation is just one consideration in de-
termining what support to provide and to what standard. Other considera-
tions include the type of operation, level of hostility, time available to pre-
pare, expected duration of the operation, and resources available in the AO.
3-22. Adjusting the scope of support can extend operational reach and re-
move the need to move support assets forward. However, it has an associated
risk. Deferring some functions (such as laundry or MWR) may simply result
in reduced morale. However, deferring or reducing other functions (such as
maintenance) has significant impacts, and the commander must carefully
manage the associated risk.

DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
3-23. The distribution network consists of the information system and physi-
cal and resource networks. It has critical effects on operational reach and
sustainability. The information system network provides the means to
achieve asset visibility through the flow of information among the CSS ele-
ments at all levels. The physical network consists of the capabilities of fixed
structures and established facilities. It includes factories, warehouses, air-
fields, seaports, roads, railroads, inland waterways, pipelines, terminals,
bridges and tunnels, and buildings. The capacity of the physical network de-
fines the point of diminishing returns of resources (people and machines), in-
fluences the feasibility of courses of action, and characterizes the risk inher-
ent in the network. For example, in seaport operations, the capacity of the
port is defined in short tons that can move through the port per day. The re-
source network consists of the people, materiel, and machines operating
within and over the physical network. It includes a mix of military and civil-
ian organizations and equipment.
3-24. A key element of distribution management is managing the capacity of
the distribution system. Enhancing its capacity can extend operational reach
or sustainability. The force can employ information systems in theater to en-
hance those networks. Engineers to repair or construct facilities to increase
the capacity of the physical network may be critically important.
3-25. The commander can deploy CSS units to the AO to operate support fa-
cilities as part of the resource network. Though each of these may extend op-
erational reach or enhance sustainability, they also carry risks. The primary
risk is a potentially larger Army CSS footprint, to the detriment of combat
force capabilities. However, the risk analysis associated with this decision is
complex. (See FM 100-14.) On one hand, deploying CSS assets required to
enhance the distribution system causes an additional burden on strategic lift
as well as adding to the overall CSS requirements in theater. On the other
hand, if the distribution system cannot provide responsive distribution sup-
port, the commander must accept other mitigating actions or increased risk.

3-5
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

(For example, he may have to increase supply stocks in the AO to compensate

for decreased ability to move supplies to the AO quickly; or he may choose to
accept the risk of operating without robust supply stocks or a responsive dis-
tribution system.) In any case, the operational commander has to weigh his
options carefully.

SOURCES OF SUPPORT
3-26. The sources of support can also influence operational reach and sus-
tainability. CSS may come from a myriad of DOD, Army, joint, multinational,
contracted, and host nation support sources. Integrating CSS from all avail-
able sources maximizes the efficiency and effectiveness of the overall CSS ef-
fort. CSS personnel should always exploit all available sources based on a
valid risk assessment and mission, enemy, troops, terrain and weather, time
available, civil considerations (METT-TC). (FM 100-14 discusses risk assess-
ment. When published, FM 6-0 will discuss the factors of METT-TC.)
3-27. However, adjusting sources of support through expanding contracted
support also has risks. FM 3-100.21 discusses the risks associated with using
contractors to provide support. Risk factors include exposing contract person-
nel to imminent danger in hostile environments and a possible lack of flexi-
bility in support. Risks with relying on interagency or multinational sources
may include lower reliability or varying standards of support. Solid, in-place
support contracts and support agreements are critical when using contractors
and multinational support.

AVAILABILITY OF MATERIEL
3-28. Availability of materiel is directly related to all three of the other fac-
tors. Materiel is available to a force through accompanying stocks and resup-
ply. Internal constraints on a force's accompanying stocks include the upload
capacity of its troops and equipment, the storage capacity for materiel not up-
loaded, and the transportation assets available to move supplies from stock-
piles to their point of employment. Enhancing resupply by improving distri-
bution networks or capitalizing on host-nation or locally contracted support
and materiel can lessen the need to deploy and establish large stockpiles in
theater. Also, increasing its unit basic load (UBL) may extend a unit’s opera-
tional reach and sustainability, but this may prove impractical due to limited
unit storage and transportation capabilities. Normally, if a unit’s UBL is in-
creased, it needs transportation augmentation to maintain agility. The com-
mander has to balance unit agility with the threat of disruptions in the dis-
tribution system.

CSS IN FORCE PROJECTION

3-29. The Army’s ability to project power with the most capable forces at the
decisive time and place relies on focused CSS that is responsive, flexible, and
precise. Distribution-based CSS provides rapid crisis response, tracks and re-
directs assets en route, and delivers tailored CSS packages directly to strate-
gic, operational, and tactical levels. It must be fully adaptive to the needs of
the Army’s dispersed, mobile forces and provide support in hours or days ver-
sus weeks. It enables joint forces to be mobile, versatile, and deployable from
anywhere in the world.

3-6
 ______________________________________________________ CSS in Full Spectrum Operations

3-30. Since many CSS enablers are not yet fielded, not all facets of distribu-
tion-based CSS are currently executable. Distribution and other CSS func-
tions and organizations are being modernized to incorporate information
technologies that will allow Army forces to transition from the rigid vertical
organizations of the past to more flexible, precise CSS structures. Modular
and specifically tailored CSS packages are evolving in response to wide-
ranging contingency requirements. Service and DOD agencies are working
jointly and with the civil sector to take advantage of advanced business prac-
tices, commercial economies, and global networks.
3-31. Information technologies to support force projection and velocity man-
agement enhance airlift, sealift, and prepositioning capabilities. This en-
hancement lightens deployment loads, assists in the precision of distribution
systems, and extends the reach and longevity of systems currently in the
inventory. The combined impact of these improvements will be a smaller,
more deployable, and more capable force.

FORCE PROJECTION CHARACTERISTICS

3-32. Current world situations require the Army to deploy a first-rate force
effectively and efficiently, perform complex and difficult missions, and rede-
ploy it as quickly and efficiently as it deployed. To accomplish this, Army
forces require the four characteristics of force projection: precision, synchro-
nization, speed, and relevant information.
Precision
3-33. Precision applies to every activity and each piece of data within force
projection. Its effect is far-reaching; the payoff is speed. Precise deployment
equipment lists, for example, ensure that CSS staff can quickly assign correct
lift assets against the requirement. Precision in loading increases departure
speed and safety. Precision in meeting the joint force commander's timeline
supports his concept of employment. Current doctrine, realistic training, ade-
quate support structure, and enablers provide the framework for precision.
Such current and future CSS efforts as configured loads and modular, rapidly
tailorable CSS units enhance precision.
Synchronization
3-34. Synchronization is a critical force projection characteristic. Just as a
commander arranges activities in time and space to gain the desired effect
during employment, he should also synchronize deployment activities to close
the force successfully. Resources (such as lift assets, technical enablers, time,
and information) are scarce. However, effectively synchronizing resources
produces maximum use of every resource. Synchronization normally requires
explicit coordination among the deploying forces and staffs, supporting units
and staffs, a variety of civilian agencies, and other services. Synchronization
is best achieved when supported with situational understanding based on
timely and accurate data from information technologies that create a common
operational picture (COP) and are enhanced with automated optimization,
scheduling, and decision aids.
3-35. The CSS contributions to the force projection processes, as discussed in
the paragraph 3-38, are key elements to synchronize with other activities to

3-7
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

project the force. Extensive joint exercises and training are the key to suc-
cessful synchronization.
Speed
3-36. Speed is more than miles per hour; it is the sustained momentum
achieved with the complete complement of joint lift assets. The bulk steadily
delivered by ship can often outpace the pieces delivered by air. Speed is also
the velocity of the entire force projection process, from planning to force clo-
sure. In deployment, speed of force projection should be directed to the timely
arrival of throughput enablers; maintaining unit integrity; and delivering ca-
pability, not just individual units. Factors such as efficient planning tools, ag-
ile ports, submission of accurate information, safe and efficient loading, and
trained unit movement officers are instrumental elements contributing to de-
ployment speed.
Relevant Information
3-37. Relevant information is all information of importance to commanders
and staffs in the exercise of command and control (FM 3-0). Successful force
projection requires commanders to combine knowledge of the deployment
process, judgment, and relevant information. Relevant information is the ba-
sis on which the commander makes decisions. The deploying commander
must make crucial decisions on employment in a short period of time; these
decisions set the tone for the remainder of the deployment. Many of the deci-
sions are irretrievable or very hard to change. For example, understanding
the time-phased force and deployment data (TPFDD) is imperative to making
decisions on high-priority items, sequencing, use of time, and prioritization.
Also, knowledge of the theater throughput allows the commander to manage
deployment to enable employment. Having relevant information and under-
standing the deployment process is fundamental to achieving the situational
understanding that allows the commander to effectively command and con-
trol deployment operations.

FORCE PROJECTION PROCESSES

3-38. JP 3-35 lays out the five interrelated processes involved in force projec-
tion: mobilization, deployment, employment, sustainment, and redeployment.
CSS elements are involved in all five processes providing support to the force
projected, and as part of that force. The concept of support for the deployed
force in theater dictates which CSS elements mobilize and deploy as a part of
the contingency force. (See figure 3-1.)
3-39. Commanders of combatant commands, joint forces, Army service com-
ponent commands (ASCCs), ARFOR, theater support commands (TSCs), and
other echelons above corps (EAC) CSS commands have primary responsibility
for CSS planning and preparation within a theater. Their staffs perform CSS
planning and preparation activities in accordance with operational priorities
and in coordination with their strategic and tactical counterparts. Through
technological advances (such as improved asset visibility, the Global Trans-
portation Network [GTN], and improved distribution methods) CSS planners
prepare CSS plans that meet the commander's intent, support the concept of
operations, and accomplish the mission.

3-8
 ______________________________________________________ CSS in Full Spectrum Operations

3-40. Improving the theater-base capabilities may require early deployment

of maintenance, engineering, or terminal operations forces. Contracting,
medical, legal, and resource management personnel who arrange access to
host nation capabilities at staging and support bases should be among the
first to deploy. The requirement for adequate CSS capability is especially
critical in the early stages of operations, when buildup of combat power is
critical and forces are vulnerable.

Figure 3-1. Force Projection Processes (normal entry, not forcible entry into theater)

3-41. Identifying and planning theater infrastructure requirements during

mission analysis are essential to establishing the support base and enhancing
the responsiveness and sustainability of the force. The time required to estab-
lish a support base depends greatly on the extent and nature of the civil and
military infrastructure in theater before operations begin. When there are
ports, airfields, roads, depots, repair facilities, supplies, and transportation
facilities, CSS operations can begin quickly without having to establish a new
support base. When there is neither facilities, supplies, nor a distribution
network, Army units may have to operate for a considerable period from aus-
tere theater bases until they build CSS facilities. In an austere theater,
where operations may initially be restricted, CSS and construction units
should arrive early in the deployment flow. Chapter 5 discusses, in detail,
these considerations in the logistics preparation of the theater.
Mobilization
3-42. Mobilization is the process by which the armed forces or part of them
are brought to a state of readiness for war or other national emergency. This

3-9
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

includes activating all or part of the Reserve Components and assembling

and organizing personnel, supplies, and materiel. (See JP 1-02 for a complete
definition. JP 4-05 and JP 4-05.1 provide the joint doctrine for mobilization.
FM 100-17 establishes Army doctrine.) As discussed in these publications,
CSS for mobilization involves extensive personnel processing (see FM 12-6),
and filling unit equipment and supply shortages. Installations provide life
support and the CSS required to train mobilizing units and individuals.
3-43. Actual mobilization and deployment from continental United States
(CONUS)/outside continental United States (OCONUS) force projection bases
are primary responsibilities of strategic-level CSS elements. As the TPFDD is
developed, the geographic combatant commander and U.S. Transportation
Command (USTRANSCOM) allocate transportation assets to ports of embar-
kation (POEs) and coordinate load planning/uploading of personnel, equip-
ment, and initial sustainment stocks (such as ammunition basic loads
[ABLs], UBLs, combat prescribed loads, authorized stockage lists [ASLs] and
operational loads).
3-44. A flexible decisionmaking process referred to as a graduated response
(GR) controls the pace and extent of mobilization. GR triggers readiness and
response actions incrementally to provide timely, yet reversible, steps that
increase the U.S. national security emergency preparedness posture. The lev-
els of mobilization response include selective mobilization, Presidential se-
lected Reserve call-up, partial mobilization, full mobilization, and total mobi-
lization. While levels of mobilization are progressive, they do not always pro-
gress from a lower level to a higher level.
3-45. Military mobilization requires assembling and organizing resources in
12 interdependent resource areas:
• Manpower.
• Supplies and equipment.
• Transportation.
• Facilities.
• Industrial base.
• Training base.
• Health service support.
• Communications.
• Host-nation support.
• Environment.
• Legal authorities.
• Funding.
Mobilization decisions occurring in any one area might influence other
areas.
Deployment
3-46. Deployment operations support the initial projection of forces and, once
deployed, link the deployed forces with their home station and the strategic-
level sustainment base. Ready supplies are available for issue pending addi-
tional procurement or expansion of the industrial base to support anticipated

3-10
______________________________________________________ CSS in Full Spectrum Operations

requirements. Deployment is the relocation of forces and materiel to desired

operational areas. Deployment encompasses all activities from origin or home
station through destination, specifically including intra-continental United
States, intertheater, and intratheater movement legs, staging, and holding
areas (JP 4-0). The deployment process includes all planning, preparation,
execution, and assessment activities beginning with a mission requiring de-
ployment of U.S. forces.
3-47. The four deployment phases are—
• Predeployment activities.
• Fort to port (movement to and activities at the port of embarkation
[POE]).
• Port to port (movement to the port of debarkation).
• Port to destination (reception, staging, onward movement, and inte-
gration [RSO&I]).
3-48. These phases describe the major activities from point of origin to a pre-
scribed destination. They are continuous and iterative and depend on the
joint force commander’s (JFC) and ARFOR commander’s concepts for em-
ployment and changes in mission.
3-49. Predeployment activities. Predeployment activities are actions taken to
prepare forces for deployment. They are essentially constant and on-going ac-
tivities performed at home station before and continuing after warning or
alert notification. Predeployment activities include training validation; de-
ployment planning, to include force protection plans (see detailed discussion
in paragraph 3-52); task organization; equipment maintenance; and soldier
readiness processing (SRP). During normal peacetime operations, pre-
deployment activities involve preparation for crisis response and force projec-
tion missions, always considering the operational requirements of the sup-
ported force commander.
3-50. The Army designates, equips, and trains organizations to perform force
projection missions. Units conduct routine collective deployment training to
ensure the Army forces, manpower, and materiel can deploy to meet the
JFC's mission requirements. Units maintain trained unit movement officers
and deployment data (such as, unit movement plans, organizational equip-
ment lists [OELs], and load plans).
3-51. Installations must prepare and maintain support plans and appropri-
ate ISSAs for POEs. Some units and individuals deploy from OCONUS loca-
tions. While they are subject to the same deployment preparation require-
ments as those deploying from CONUS, the support structure may be signifi-
cantly different. Normally, such support derives from the geographic combat-
ant commander and subordinate ASCC policies and procedures.
3-52. Due to potential terrorist activity against U.S. forces, all units inte-
grate force protection (including antiterrorist) plans into movements through
high-threat areas. Commanders include the following areas in force protec-
tion predeployment planning:
• Threat and vulnerability assessments. Units assess the threat and
their own vulnerability prior to deployment.

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FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

• Security planning. Units take the results of threat and vulnerability

assessments and develop security plans for self-protection while in
transit. Although emphasis is on movements through high-threat ar-
eas, commanders should not discount appropriate security measures
for movements in lower-threat areas. The commander should consider
advanced or on-board security augmentation for travel through high-
threat areas. Commanders/senior Army representatives accompany-
ing the movement are responsible for ensuring that security meas-
ures sufficiently address vulnerabilities. Movements may require tai-
lored intelligence/counterintelligence support, host-nation assistance,
or preplanned alternative routes based on the vulnerabilities associ-
ated with the movement.
• Training. Units moving through high-threat areas ensure personnel
receive pre-deployment training on rules of engagement, the AOR
threat orientation, defensive tactics, techniques, and procedures
(TTPs)/exercises, and security equipment. Training is performance-
oriented and provides soldiers and leaders the skills required to de-
fend against a terrorist threat and mitigate the effects of an attack.
• Movement tracking. Major Army commands (MACOMs) will establish
a process for units with 30 or more personnel to track movements
through high-threat areas. MACOMs are required to report specific
movements to Headquarters, Department of the Army G-3.
• Logistics. Predictability and support of unit movements are a unit’s
greatest vulnerability. Unit commanders must understand that pre-
dictability places a higher demand on the unit’s ability to know the
local threat, assess unit vulnerabilities, and develop self-protection
measures.
3-53. Fort to Port. When a unit receives movement guidance, it begins
movement to and activities at the POE. For deployments supporting a JFC's
operation/exercise, the unit must complete SRP, be verified as operationally
ready, and be configured for movement. The unit submits required documen-
tation for movement to installation unit movement coordinators, undergoes
inspections to ensure accurate unit deployment lists (UDLs), and prepares
personnel manifests.
3-54. Movement to OCONUS POEs is the responsibility of the geographic
combatant commander whose theater POEs are supporting the deployment
operation. If theater movement requirements exceed theater capability, the
geographic combatant commander can request augmentation of theater airlift
assets with USTRANSCOM common-user assets.
3-55. Activities at POEs focus on staging, marshaling, and loading personnel,
units, equipment, and supplies on designated transportation assets prior to
movement to ports of debarkation (PODs). Load planning is driven by the de-
ployment concept and lift assets supporting deployment, the anticipated op-
erational environment, and the anticipated situation at the POD to receive,
offload, and reassemble mission capable organizations. Forces and materiel
may be combat loaded, unit loaded, or administratively loaded for deploy-
ment. Combat loading arranges personnel and equipment in a manner de-
signed to conform to the anticipated tactical situation and is significantly less

3-12
______________________________________________________ CSS in Full Spectrum Operations

efficient than unit or administrative loading. Unit loading allows troop units
to move with their equipment and accompanying supplies on the same con-
veyance. It is more efficient than combat loading and maintains unit integrity
better than administrative loading. Administrative loading achieves maxi-
mum use of troop and cargo space without regard to tactical considerations.
The unit must sort equipment and accompanying supplies before they can
use them. As the Army undergoes transformation, it is making efforts during
the development of the objective force to eliminate reception and staging in
theater. Extensive efforts at the home stations and supporting installations
will be required to ensure strategic transportation assets are loaded in such a
way that forces may begin operations immediately on arriving in the AO.
3-56. The TPFDD synchronizes arriving personnel, equipment, and supplies
with mission needs during deployment, and echelons, configures, and sched-
ules units for movement. Time phasing allows for rapid theater reception and
onward movement of arriving personnel, equipment, and supplies.
3-57. During a typical deployment, commanders temporarily lose direct con-
trol, but not command authority, of unit personnel and equipment at the
POE. USTRANSCOM, through its subordinate transportation component
commands (TCCs) assumes transportation and reporting responsibilities (but
not command authority) for embarked personnel, equipment, and materiel
until they arrive at the POD and unload from common-user transportation.
Transportation and reporting responsibilities include transporting, account-
ing for, tracking, and guiding deploying personnel, equipment, and supplies
from the POE to the POD. CSS staffs account for and track personnel and
cargo using movement data provided by the moving forces. Operational com-
manders and staffs are responsible for tracking and reporting unit movement
and locations, and force build-up of operational capability. Commanders of
the deploying force have the inherent command responsibility to reassemble
their forces after movement, consistent with their mission requirements and
task organization. FM 100-17 discusses the fort-to-port aspect of deployment.
3-58. Port to Port. Movement to PODs can be conducted using common-user
and organic or assigned/attached lift assets. PODs include seaports of debar-
kation (SPODs) and aerial ports of debarkation (APODs). USTRANSCOM
conducts movement to PODs on common-user transportation in consultation
with the supported and supporting combatant commanders. US-
TRANSCOM's primary responsibility is ensuring operational effectiveness in
support of the JFC's deployment requirements while striving to attain the
most efficient use of transportation resources. Alternatively, movement to
PODs on organic or assigned/attached lift is the responsibility of the deploy-
ing unit commander in response to mission guidance from the supported JFC.
3-59. Careful planning and flexible execution characterize successful de-
ployments. Careful and detailed planning ensures that only required person-
nel, equipment, and supplies are scheduled for movement; unit movement
changes are minimized; and the flow of personnel, equipment, and supplies
into theater does not exceed lift availability and the theater reception capa-
bility. When planning for deployments where there are only austere port fa-
cilities or where there may be no port at all, deployment planners may have
to augment the POD operation with Army or Navy watercraft assets, or un-

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FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

dertake a joint logistics over-the-shore (JLOTS) operation. USTRANSCOM

coordinates en route support (such as, refueling, escort, and clearances) based
on mutual support agreements and foreign clearance guides.
3-60. Port to Destination. The last phase of deployment (joint reception, stag-
ing, onward movement, and integration (JRSOI]) is the responsibility of the
supported combatant commander and subordinate JFC. Joint Reception
Staging Onward movement and Integration comprises the essential processes
required to transition arriving personnel, equipment, and materiel into forces
capable of meeting operational requirements (JP 4-01.8). The Army refers to
these same processes as RSO&I. Deployment is not complete until the deploy-
ing unit is a functioning part of the in-theater force. Theater support person-
nel meet the initial transportation and reporting responsibilities for deploy-
ing unit personnel, equipment, and supplies based on the combatant com-
mander’s movement control and JRSOI plans. The supported combatant
commander returns complete direct control to the deploying unit commander
when personnel, equipment, and supplies arrive at, and transition through,
the POD. Units deploying on organic or external lift assets coordinate in-
theater arrival with the supported combatant command to facilitate terrain
management and in-theater reception. If additional lift assets are needed in
theater to support onward movement of arriving forces and materiel, the
supported combatant commander's movement control element, with support-
ing commands or the host nation (HN), may augment theater lift assets.
Since airfields and ports may not contain an organic force protection capabil-
ity, the combatant commander and subordinate JFC plan for augmenting
these sites with defensive/security forces, as deemed necessary.
3-61. RSO&I is the critical link between deploying and employing forces in
the AO. The RSO&I objective is to create a seamless flow of personnel,
equipment, and materiel from offload at PODs through employment as reas-
sembled, mission-capable forces. The time between the initial arrival of the
deploying unit and its operational employment is potentially the period of its
greatest vulnerability. During this transition period, the deploying unit may
not be able to fully sustain itself, defend itself, or contribute to mission ac-
complishment because some of its elements have not attained the required
mission capability. RSO&I planning focuses on rapidly integrating deploying
units and quickly making them functioning and contributing members of the
force.
3-62. The supported combatant commander is overall responsible for JRSOI
planning, and the subordinate JFC is overall responsible for the JRSOI exe-
cution. This includes all actions required to make arriving units operationally
ready then integrating them into the force. CSS units and personnel play
critical roles in building combat power in theater. The capability of strategic
lift to move personnel, equipment, and supplies to the reception points must
be matched by the capability to receive and process the force. The combatant
commander must have visibility of the deployment flow to control the rate as
well as the sequence of deploying forces.
3-63. Early in a deployment, a movement control module from the TSC, in
conjunction with Air Mobility Command (AMC) forward elements, opens a
common-user APOD reception area. If sea lines of communication (SLOC)

3-14
______________________________________________________ CSS in Full Spectrum Operations

support the theater, the Military Traffic Management Command (MTMC), is

the seaport manager for all common-user SPODs under the single-port man-
ager (SPM) concept. The supported combatant commander has several op-
tions available for the port operator: using a deployable transportation group
or MTMC under a command arrangement agreement (CAA), stevedoring con-
tracts, or host-nation support.
3-64. Early in a force projection operation, the supported combatant com-
mander regulates the transportation flow. To regulate transportation, the
combatant commander must ensure that adequate support and reception as-
sets are effectively coordinated through a theater reception plan and either
available at the POD or deployed early in the movement schedule to facilitate
JRSOI and distribution. This expedites personnel and materiel into the AO.
During force projection operations under hostile conditions, soldiers have to
perform many of the port functions. Once hostilities subside or cease, these
types of activities may transition to MTMC-administered contract operations.
3-65. Terminal operations, line-haul, heavy equipment transport (HET), and
movement control assets to provide surge sealift SPOD reception capability
become available on arrival of Army prepositioned afloat (APA) assets. Other
terminal operations, mode operator, and movement control resources may es-
tablish inland rail and water terminals to support resources flowing into the
theater via land LOC.
3-66. Support elements are also required for life support at ports and staging
areas. Terminal operations, line-haul and HET, supply, maintenance, and
other required functional capabilities, along with TSC headquarters, move-
ment control agency (MCA), and materiel management center (MMC) early-
entry modules (EEMs) establish the initial Army portion of the theater sus-
tainment base. The TSC commander and support operations staff ensure that
subordinate support elements execute mission support according to theater-
level priorities in close coordination with the ARFOR CSS and operations
planners. The initial focus is on building combat power according to the
commander’s plan.
3-67. RSO&I is a critical operational challenge that relies on CSS elements
for successful execution. Even self-sustaining units that arrive in theater are
heavily dependent on other early-entry CSS elements (such as components of
the TSC) until they reunite with their equipment. As deploying units assem-
ble, efforts focus on preparing for future operations and integrating units into
the force. JP 4-01.8 is the doctrinal publication on joint RSO&I. FM 100-17-3
contains the Army doctrine for RSO&I. FM 4-93.4 discusses the role of the
TSC in providing CSS during RSO&I and during employment/ sustainment.
Employment/Sustainment
3-68. The CSS force package tailored for each contingency is streamlined,
strategically mobile, and focused on the demands dictated by the contingency.
This optimizes CSS resources and minimizes the operational and CSS foot-
print in the AO. Early-entry forces should exploit regionally available assets
to include joint, multinational, HNS, and theater support contracting re-
sources for transport, supply, and services to the maximum extent possible
within the associated risk.

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FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

3-69. Initial CSS in the theater relies on a combination of UBLs and critical
sustainment stocks, either from prepositioned stocks (ashore or afloat) or
stocks designated to arrive early in a force projection operation. In any case,
the CSS staff integrates sustainment stocks into the deployment flow to sup-
port elements arriving early on.
3-70. Early in an operation, CSS is conducted by a theater force opening
package (TFOP). Arriving in theater, the TSC MCA, TSC MMC, and func-
tional command EEMs of the TFOP establish information system links with
joint- and strategic-level C2/CSS information systems to acquire visibility of
CSS operations. As a minimum, information system connectivity is estab-
lished with—
• USTRANSCOM for visibility of strategic air flow and ship schedules.
• U.S. Army Materiel Command (USAMC) and the U.S. Army Medical
Materiel Agency (USAMMA) for visibility of Army prepositioned
stocks (APS).
The key is to communicate to the force commander in operational terms the
anticipated status of combat power as the staff receives and integrates it into
the force. In smaller contingency operations, an augmented corps support
command (COSCOM) or other CSS unit may have to execute these opera-
tional-level CSS functions.
3-71. In accordance with the JFC’s guidance and theater contracting policy,
the TFOP assesses and acquires available HN infrastructure capabilities
identified in the logistics preparation of the theater (LPT) plan and updates
the distribution plan. This includes directing the required logistics civil aug-
mentation program (LOGCAP) contracts by the USAMC logistics support
element (LSE) module of the TFOP. It also includes activating HNS infra-
structure agreements and establishing non-HNS theater contracts for sup-
plies and services under the coordination of the principal assistant responsi-
ble for contracting (PARC) to support the theater-level distribution plan. The
PARC is assigned to the TSC but is normally attached to the ARFOR head-
quarters. Using acquired HN infrastructure and the functional capabilities of
the TFOP’s early-entry modules, the TFOP activates the nodes of the theater
distribution network in accordance with the distribution plan. It establishes
the initial Army theater RSO&I capabilities.
Redeployment
3-72. Redeployment is the transfer of forces and materiel to support another
joint force commander's operational requirements, or to return personnel,
equipment, and materiel to the home and/or demobilization stations for rein-
tegration and/or out-processing (JP 3-35). The commander must conduct re-
deployment in a way that facilitates using redeploying forces and sustain-
ment equipment and supplies to meet new missions. Therefore, if redeploy-
ment is not a retrograde operation, it is, in fact, a new deployment in which
the current AO becomes a power projection platform. The same operational
phases, planning, and coordination actions required for deployment are re-
quired for redeployment. See FM 100-17-5 for details covering redeployment.
3-73. During redeployment, the CSS reception, staging, and onward move-
ment orientation must shift from a forward to a rearward flow of resources.

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______________________________________________________ CSS in Full Spectrum Operations

Based on the combatant commander’s priorities, and in coordination with the

JTF and ASCC/ARFOR staffs, the TSC support operations staff makes re-
quired modifications to the distribution plan to synchronize assembling, re-
constructing, and moving resources to theater APOEs and SPOEs.
3-74. The TSC, through its support operations section, typically controls re-
deployment of Army forces from assembly areas (AAs) through redeployment
assembly areas (RAAs) to APOEs/SPOEs. The TSC MCA coordinates unit
movement requirements with USTRANSCOM strategic lift assets. The sup-
port operations functional directorates and distribution management center
(DMC) of the TSC work with the functional commands to coordinate and
monitor medical, personnel, field services, maintenance, customs and, in
some cases, engineer support at AAs, RAAs, and APOEs/SPOEs. The TSC
MMC ensures sustainment materiel and adequate blocking, bracing, packag-
ing, and tie-down materials are available to expedite the flow of units depart-
ing the theater.

CSS REACH OPERATIONS

3-75. Critical to supporting full spectrum operations is minimizing the Army
CSS footprint in the theater, thereby reducing strategic lift requirements and
enhancing the strategic responsiveness of Army forces. A key to achieving
this objective is CSS reach operations. Combat Service Support reach opera-
tions involve the operational positioning and efficient use of all available CSS
assets and capabilities, from the industrial base to the soldier in the field
(FM 3-0). CSS reach operations refer to deploying the minimum essential
Army CSS elements to the AO and establishing links to, and fully exploiting
all available sources of, support. As Figure 3-2 depicts, CSS reach operations
include using normal support relationships and reaching in all directions to
acquire available support from contractors, HNS, other services, multina-
tional partners, and NGOs.
3-76. Sources of support available to Army CSS elements in the AO include—
• Strategic-level CSS provider contingency elements.
• CSS management and technical support from nondeployed elements
of Army CSS organizations and strategic-level CSS providers in the
AO.
• Prepositioned equipment and supplies.
• HNS.
• Theater support contractors.
• Other service components.
• Allies and coalition partners.

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FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

Figure 3-2. CSS Reach Operations

3-77. Deployed elements of the TSC and other CSS organizations integrate
support with deployed elements of several strategic providers. For example,
DLA sends a DLA contingency support team and USAMC sends an LSE to an
AO, as required.
3-78. Deployed Army elements also reach back to elements of their organiza-
tions that do not deploy. A prime example is split-based operations. Split-
based operations involve deploying only minimal essential CSS management
cells to AOs with links back to home station (or in some cases an intermedi-
ate staging base [ISB]). With proper information system links, deployed ele-
ments may receive support from some strategic-level providers (discussed in
chapter 4). Telemedicine is an example of technical support available outside
of the AO. The COSCOM and TSC MMCs are also capable of performing
some materiel management functions from home station, but again, robust
and reliable information systems are essential to make split-based operations
work.
3-79. Another aspect of CSS reach operations involves deliberate positioning
of stocks and units/capabilities dedicated for a specific operation. The com-
mander may position these stocks and/or units at home station, an ISB, or
another location within or near the theater of operations or joint operations
area (JOA). For example, minimal explosive ordnance disposal, personnel, or
legal resources could deploy to an AO, with other assets positioned at an ISB

3-18
______________________________________________________ CSS in Full Spectrum Operations

for rapid insertion into the AO, if required. This minimizes the CSS footprint
in the AO while still providing a relatively high level of responsiveness.
3-80. Reliance on HNS and theater support contractors are another facet of
reaching to available sources and minimizing the deployment of Army CSS
units into the AO. (Chapter 5 covers these sources of support.)
3-81. Finally, Army CSS elements integrate support from joint and multina-
tional sources available in the AO. Commanders weigh the risk of joint and,
especially, multinational support; this support may not be as reliable or re-
sponsive as organic Army support.

INTERMEDIATE STAGING BASE

3-82. An intermediate staging base is a secure staging base usually estab-
lished near to, but not in, the area of operations (FM 3-0). While not a re-
quirement in all situations, the ISB may provide a secure, high-throughput
facility when circumstances warrant. The commander may use an ISB as a
temporary staging area en route to a joint operation or as a long-term secure
forward support base. An ISB may serve as a secure transportation node that
allows the switch from strategic to intratheater modes of transportation and
provides a staging area where units can redistribute and finalize their ac-
companying loads. When possible, an ISB takes advantage of existing, so-
phisticated capabilities, serving as an efficient transfer point from high-
volume commercial carriers to a range of tactical, intratheater transport
means that may serve smaller, more austere ports.
3-83. The ISB may enhance the strategic responsiveness of the deploying
force by providing continuous and wide-ranging capabilities. Army forces may
use an ISB in conjunction with the other joint force elements to preposition
selected CSS capabilities for rapid deployment into the JOA (discussed previ-
ously under CSS reach operations, paragraph 3-75). ISB personnel may per-
form limited CSS functions (such as materiel management and selected
maintenance support routinely performed in the communications zone
[COMMZ]). ISBs may also serve as secure staging areas for redeploying
units, noncombatant evacuation operations (NEO), and redeployment or
evacuation of other individuals and units, until strategic lift is available to fi-
nal destinations. Using ISBs when operationally feasible may allow joint
forces to minimize the CSS footprint in an AO, thus enhancing the combatant
commander’s ability to meet operational requirements rapidly.

DECISION ON USING AN ISB

3-84. Using an ISB is operationally dependent on, and must support, the
combatant commander’s campaign plan. It is normally located within the
theater of operations and outside the AO. The JFC determines the feasibility
of using an ISB, its location, and when it should be established and disestab-
lished. This determination is based on the availability, length, and security of
the LOC (water, air, and rail) between the ISB and the JOA, and on the criti-
cality of a specific support function. However, there are disadvantages inher-
ent in using ISBs. An ISB is a transshipment point, so it may add extra time
and handling to the deployment or CSS process. Further, additional infra-
structure (personnel and equipment) is required to operate the ISB.

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FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

3-85. In an ideal situation, secure bases are available within the AO for
RSO&I operations and continued support of the deployed force, lessening the
need for an ISB. Unfortunately, the very situation that results in deploying
forces may negate the advantages of basing within the AO. The JFC weighs
factors (such as the theater operational situation, the need to minimize the
CSS footprint in the AO, and using strategic lift to move CSS capabilities)
when determining the risk of basing within the AO. In cases where the joint
force must secure a lodgment to project the force, an ISB may be critical to
success.

Taszar: The ISB for Operation Joint Endeavor

In Operation Joint Endeavor, continental United States (CONUS) and U.S. Army, Europe
(USAREUR) units en route to Bosnia were deployed to Taszar, which served as an ISB,
staged and either loaded on railcars or prepared for onward movement for a 12-hour
convoy to staging area Harmon. At the height of the operation, the ISB covered an area
of some 35 square kilometers and processed 200 containers per day. Various CSS
support functions performed there provided life support and services, expedited the
movement and repair of equipment, and assisted in mode change for the onward
movement.

LOCATION
3-86. Coordinating with the host nation for using an ISB is a Department of
State responsibility. Commanders should identify ISB sites as early in the de-
liberate planning process as possible and complete measures to prepare the
selected areas as quickly as possible.
3-87. Selecting an ISB is a JFC decision; however, if the Army component op-
erates the ISB, the ARFOR commander should have a critical role in the se-
lection process. Planners must carefully consider the location because, once
established, ISBs are inherently difficult to move and relocating an ISB may
adversely impact the entire operation. The ISB should accommodate suffi-
cient Army command and control, combat support (CS), CSS, and joint sup-
port to enable projecting the force into the AO. Commanders should locate
the ISB beyond the range of enemy tactical and operational fires and outside
the adversary’s political sphere of influence. They should secure the ISB
against special operations forces (SOF) and terrorists. The factors of METT-
TC and the operating range (or reach) of intratheater lift assets that must
operate between the ISB and the AO influence the location of the ISB.
3-88. There may also be situations where forces might need ISBs located out-
side the theater of operations. The greatest distances of displacement might
be as much as 1,000 nautical miles; however, the expected distance is hun-
dreds of miles for two important reasons: First, commanders need to base
tactical aviation within 300 to 500 nautical miles of the theater to have a
steady presence. Second, the sustaining operations that make air bases and
land forces viable need roughly the same distance to be effective. The com-
mander should leverage existing air facilities and seaports.

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______________________________________________________ CSS in Full Spectrum Operations

3-89. ISB facilities need not necessarily be in a single contiguous location. A

single ISB may include facilities in noncontiguous locations as long as the
distance between these facilities does not significantly hamper ISB C2. As a
minimum, there is one staging area for each airport and seaport reception
complex. However, the size of the deployment, the host nation infrastructure,
and the requirement to disperse the arriving force adequately may compel
the JFC to establish multiple staging areas.

STAGING ACTIVITIES
3-90. Once established, an ISB has two basic roles. First is the traditional
role as a staging base for deploying units in transit to an AO. The focus in
this role is on throughput. The ISB may be the initial theater reception and
staging facility. Deploying forces debark from strategic lift, reassemble, and
prepare for missions in the AO. For deploying forces transiting through, ISBs
allow supported commanders time to gather additional intelligence on the AO
and finalize plans following briefings and rehearsals. Also, deploying soldiers
can recuperate after long trips from their home station. ISB requirements for
the staging activities depend on the deployment flow, time lines, and the re-
quirements of the transient force population.
3-91. The second ISB role is serving as the principal staging base for entry
operations. Using an ISB this way allows the JFC to project the maximum
combat power into the JOA. For example, a Stryker brigade combat team
may arrive at the ISB by strategic air and sealift. They reassemble, prepare
for operations, and conduct a joint entry operation using Army watercraft.
3-92. Onward movement from the ISB to the JOA may be multimodal and
require some level of reassembly in the AO. Transportation assets employed
in onward movement normally include strategic and theater assets, includ-
ing, truck, rail, sea, and airlift. These movements are a part of deployment
and should be included in the TPFDD.

SUPPORT ACTIVITIES
3-93. Potentially the most important role of an ISB is as a remote support
base as a part of CSS reach operations. This may involve three types of sup-
port capabilities beyond support required as part of the staging activities.
3-94. First, certain elements engaged in split-based operations may locate in
an ISB. Other elements operating in CONUS, another theater, or another
ISB perform the remaining functions. Ideally, these forces should conduct
split-based operations from home station vice the ISB, but communication
requirements may not allow this. Elements at an ISB may perform such
functions as distribution management, materiel management, and some per-
sonnel or legal functions. Split-based operations require the appropriate
structuring of management organizations with information systems and de-
pend on adequate communication links between the ISB and the JOA.
3-95. The second part of an ISB functioning as a remote support base in CSS
reach operations involves the deliberate positioning of stocks and units/ ca-
pabilities dedicated for a specific operation. The commander can position
these stocks and units at an ISB for rapid movement into the AO via intrat-
heater transportation. The purpose of positioning capabilities at an ISB is to

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FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

increase responsiveness of support and sustainability of the force, while keep-

ing the CSS footprint in the AO to a minimum. The commander may inte-
grate this concept using split-based operations. For example, the commander
may move legal resources providing support from an ISB to the AO quickly if
the commander, due to a change in the operational situation, needs them
there. Different methods of using an ISB are on-going concepts being devel-
oped as part of the Army CSS transformation campaign.
3-96. The final role of an ISB in CSS reach operations is performing certain
support functions at an ISB that were traditionally performed in a COMMZ.
For example, an ISB may provide sustainment maintenance or higher levels
of medical treatment if evacuation assets and time considerations allow.

ISB CAPABILITIES
3-97. A number of capabilities are required to perform the various staging
and support activities (discussed above). Much of this support is dedicated to
ISB overhead and not in direct support of the force in the AO. Examples of
facilities and capabilities that may be required at an ISB include—
• Signal support.
• Contracting support to acquire local supplies or services.
• Field feeding, water, and ice for transient troops.
• Billeting.
• Command post sites.
• Field shower and laundry facilities.
• Bulk petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) for ground and aviation
requirements.
• Repair parts.
• Ground maintenance support.
• Roads and grounds support.
• Utilities operation and repair support.
• Power management/distribution support.
• Aviation intermediate maintenance (AVIM) support.
• Materials handling equipment (MHE).
• Medical facilities.
• Civil-military operations.
• Intelligence preparation of key leaders and troops.
• Legal advice supporting ISB operations and legal support for person-
nel transiting to or deployed in the AO.
• Human resource support.
• Mail service.
• Finance support (to include limited currency exchange).
• Mortuary affairs.
• Military police.

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______________________________________________________ CSS in Full Spectrum Operations

• MWR support (including telephones and Army and Air Force Ex-
change Service [AAFES]).
• Religious support.
• Ammunition supply.
• Explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) support.
• Fire prevention/control.
• Waste management: non-potable water, solids, medical and hazard-
ous waste.
• General engineering support.
• Runways and hardtop surfaces for container handling/trailer transfer
and maintenance operations.
• Training facilities.
3-98. Support operations staffs should plan for maintenance support teams
(MSTs) and AVIM teams to perform repairs at the ISB. Plans may include
providing a hot refuel site to support deploying aviation forces and a refuel-
ing on-the-move site for refueling deploying ground vehicles. Depending on
the environment, a mobile water supply team may be needed to set up a bulk
water distribution site for both ISB support and transient personnel.
3-99. The ISB needs adequate facilities to accommodate the billeting, feed-
ing, and sanitation requirements of the base. In addition to a maintenance
unit to repair aircraft and other transportation assets, a force provider mod-
ule can provide feeding, shower, and laundry support. Supply elements can
be used to operate the MHE and storage facilities for rations, jet fuel, oils, lu-
bricants, ammunition, and medical supplies at the ISB. A safe haven may be
required when long-range transportation is unavailable to move, at one time,
all evacuees from the HN to the United States.

ISB ELEMENTS
3-100. Support at an ISB may come from numerous sources: other services,
multinational partners, HNS, strategic providers, contractors, and Army or-
ganizations. Using theater support contractors is particularly desirable in
ISB operations. FM 100-10.1 and FM 3-100.2 cover this option in more detail.
The commander may task elements of the EEMs to command and control the
ISB. An area support group (ASG), if available within required time parame-
ters, should operate an ISB rather than a corps support group (CSG) because
it leaves the CSG free to accompany or precede a JTF into the AO. Also, a
fully resourced ASG has the staff elements and units necessary to operate an
ISB. A CSG requires augmentation to perform those functions.
3-101. ASGs are subordinate units of the TSC. The basic mission of the ASG
is to provide direct support (DS) CSS to designated units and elements within
its AO, which may be an ISB. Depending on how long forces are to remain at
the intermediate staging base—
• Field feeding personnel may provide hot meals.
• DS Class III supply point personnel may provide limited transport of
fuel from HN sources.
• Other DS unit supply personnel may issue from prepositioned stocks.

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FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

• MSTs may provide emergency repairs to unit equipment before the

units depart the airfield.
• AVIM teams may provide maintenance on aircraft.
• Movement control teams (MCTs) may commit truck assets to line-
haul unit basic loads of ammunition for plane-side issue to units de-
ploying by air.
3-102. As the ISB site begins to develop, the requirement for a health service
support (HSS) base increases. The HSS force structure is tailored to require-
ments ranging from those of a single brigade to those needed to support a
corps plug (including Level III care and air evacuation) through a fully ma-
tured theater with a medical command (MEDCOM) in place. (FM 4-02 dis-
cusses levels of care.) The initial HSS structure may be limited to medical C2,
logistics, Level I and II treatment, and evacuation functions. Elements of a
brigade, division, or area support medical company may meet these capabili-
ties.
3-103. Early-entry elements of a combat support hospital (CSH) are required
to support ISB personnel as well as the deploying force. As the ISB grows,
corps medical elements may deploy into it. Specific elements, such as combat
stress control, medical laboratory, preventive medicine, or veterinary de-
tachments may be needed to augment U.S. or HN services. With the growth
of the ISB and the corresponding supported force, the requirement for more
extensive HSS capabilities may arise. These capabilities may be services such
as an area support medical battalion (ASMB), ground and air evacuation
companies, forward surgical teams (FST), an area support dental company, a
medical logistics battalion, or a CSH. The arrival of the CSH provides an ini-
tial Level III capability. The medical logistics battalion provides medical lo-
gistics support to the ISB. The commander synchronizes medical logistics op-
erations with other theater logistics operations.
3-104. Force provider modules, engineer forces, and contractors may estab-
lish staging areas; supply early-entry units may establish commodity-
oriented SSAs for staging sustainment stocks. Consistent with the distribu-
tion plan, USAMC and USAMMA transfer APS to theater SSAs. The early-
entry module also employs a combination of HNS, contracts, and functional
CSS modules to establish the distribution system infrastructure and sustain
operations.

CSS IN URBAN OPERATIONS

3-105. Missions of U.S. forces are changing from the Cold War’s forward-
deployed forces to the more complex missions of a post-Cold-War projection
force. For U.S. forces, these new missions may involve an increase in military
operations in urban areas. Urban operations include offensive, defensive,
stability, and support operations conducted in a topographical complex and
adjacent natural terrain where manmade construction and high population
density are the dominant features (FM 3-0). Although urban operations have
occurred throughout history, their frequency and scale are likely to increase
due to adversaries seeking protection within cities. Cities are likely battle-
grounds where weaker enemies attempt to negate the advantages Army
forces have in more open terrain. (FM 90-10 discusses urban operations.)

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______________________________________________________ CSS in Full Spectrum Operations

3-106. Preparing for urban operations presents a significant challenge for

CSS personnel. Urban operations are CSS-intensive, demanding large quan-
tities of materiel and support for military forces and noncombatants dis-
placed by operations. A thorough LPT is critical in developing an adaptable
urban operations CSS plan. CSS planners conduct the LPT to assess the
situation and determine how to support the commander’s plan. Commanders
identify urban areas in their AOs that could become urban battlefields and
direct their staffs to prepare detailed studies for those possible contingencies.
CSS planners may find products from the intelligence preparation of the bat-
tlefield (IPB) useful in assisting in this CSS analysis. Conversely, the LPT
may contribute to the IPB with the discovery of critical resources and infra-
structure influencing the operational plan that may remain hidden without a
careful CSS analysis.
3-107. Relevant information about the urban AO, as it pertains to LPT, is
critical in terms of the following:
• Supported commanders’ intents and concepts of operation.
• Transportation infrastructure (air, rail, waterways, pipelines, sub-
way).
• Telecommunications and information systems posture.
• Traffic pattern and flow; selection of main and alternate supply
routes.
• Local resources with military CSS value.
• Local population sentiments (friendly/non-friendly).
• Contracting, bartering, and trading capabilities.
3-108. The nature of the urban environment creates distinct demands on
CSS units and operations. Though the infrastructure of an urban environ-
ment may be a source of valuable resources (such as supply systems, services,
personnel, and facilities) CSS planners must know the potential threat and
force protection requirements that urban society may present. Criminals,
gangs, or riotous mobs may serve to disrupt CSS operations. Urban operation
causes increased ammunition consumption, higher casualty rates, and trans-
portation difficulties resulting from rubble. Units must accomplish mainte-
nance operations, such as equipment recovery, expeditiously because disabled
vehicles may block narrow streets or roadways.
3-109. Other CSS factors in urban operations often include the following:
• Increased consumption of small arms ammunition and explosives due
to fighting in close quarters and breaching barriers.
• Increased consumption of precision munitions, which are needed to
target enemy locations while limiting collateral damage and civilian
casualties.
• Decreased consumption of certain large-caliber and area-type
munitions.
• Increased consumption of nonlethal munitions.
• Increased aerial delivery requests.

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FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

• Increased medical workload due to increased casualties and difficulty

in locating and reaching wounded soldiers above and below ground
level.
• Increased mortuary affairs workload.
3-110. Airfields, ports, and rail and road hubs are predominately located in
urban centers. Therefore, CSS organizations frequently locate their bases in
urban areas. They may have to provide support from either inside or outside
these urban areas. They may also have to support large numbers of small
units widely dispersed throughout an urban area or dispersed in multiple ur-
ban areas.
3-111. CSS assets are a high-payoff target for potential adversaries in urban
operations. LOC are more difficult to maintain—access may be limited to a
few key routes easily blocked by rubble or manmade roadblocks that soldiers
cannot easily bypass. Routes may be limited, making CSS more easily inter-
dicted than in open terrain. Congestion, rubble, debris, and craters may also
limit wheeled and tracked vehicle movement, mandating alternative modes of
transportation. Planners may have to consider such nontraditional means of
distribution as precision airdrop and manpacking supplies.

CSS TO SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES

3-112. Most SOF units locate in CONUS and operate in a force-projection
mode. The U.S. Army Special Operations Command (USASOC) has aligned
its Special Operations Support Command (SOSCOM) and SOF CSS organiza-
tions and activities with the U.S. Army’s concept of force projection. This
change allows SOF to integrate organic CSS elements within the theater
support structure for continuous and responsive sustainment to deployed
Army special operations forces (ARSOF).
3-113. In a mature theater, the theater base is established, prepositioned
stocks and operational stocks are in place, and support agreements exist.
When operating in a fully developed CONUS or overseas base, ARSOF oper-
ate as part of, or collocated with, a conventional force. They receive support
from three primary sources:
• Army Title 10 support through Army CSS units.
• CUL lead service units (in most cases Army CSS units).
• SOF channels for SOF-peculiar items that are beyond normal CSS
element capabilities.
3-114. In a developing theater, ARSOF units bring enough resources to sur-
vive and operate until the United States sets up a bare-base support system
or arranges for HNS. The bare-base support system may function from
CONUS, stocks afloat, or from a third country. Until this system becomes op-
erational, the joint force special operations component commander (JFSOCC)
may authorize SOF units to request items through their parent units or di-
rectly from the CONUS wholesale CSS system. ARSOF units may request
CSS for SOF-peculiar and conventional items through the special operations
theater support elements (SOTSEs). The SOTSEs are forward deployed, re-
gionally oriented elements from the SOSCOM with the mission to coordinate
ARSOF CSS support. (See FM 100-25.)

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______________________________________________________ CSS in Full Spectrum Operations

3-115. Sustaining special operations is a challenge for CSS planners and op-
erational units. Each SOF operation requires some combination of mature
theater and contingency CSS. Special operations CSS planners apply their
knowledge of conventional CSS operations to meet specific SOF needs. The
fundamentals of contingency CSS apply to most SOF operations.
3-116. The nature of special operations frequently imposes stringent opera-
tions security (OPSEC) requirements on the CSS system. Certain special op-
erations are extremely sensitive and require compartmentalization of their
support to avoid compromise. Supporting CSS commanders ensure OPSEC
within their own activities.
3-117. SOF units are comparatively small and, except for special operations
aviation, consume few critical combat supplies (Class I, bulk Class III, and
Class V). However, they use special operations-peculiar and low-density
items of standard and nonstandard configuration. The solution to SOF CSS
requirements is theater-specific and situation-dependent.
3-118. Each type of ARSOF unit depends on the support system for a differ-
ent mix of general support (GS), DS, and, in some cases, unit-level support.
For example, the special forces group has organic support companies at the
battalion level, but the ranger regiment has almost no organic CSS capability
and depends on home station and SOSCOM for logistics support

3-27
 Chapter 4
Roles and Responsibilities

This chapter frames combat service support (CSS) organization roles and
responsibilities in the context of the levels of war. The boundaries among
the levels of war are not distinct. This is particularly true in CSS, where
advances in technology and initiatives to create a more agile CSS force
have made the distinctions among levels increasingly difficult to define.
The following discussions are reference points.

REFERENCE POINTS
4-1. FM 3-0 discusses the levels of war
as doctrinal perspectives that clarify the CONTENTS
Reference Points................................. 4-1
links between strategic objectives and Strategic-Level Roles ......................... 4-2
tactical actions. The levels of war are Operational-Level Roles ................... 4-12
the strategic, operational, and tactical Tactical-Level Roles ......................... 4-17
levels. Levels of command, size of units,
types of equipment, or types of forces do
not define the levels of war; the effect or contribution of actions on achieving
strategic, operational, or tactical objectives define those levels.
4-2. The strategic level is that level at which a nation, often as one of a group
of nations, determines national and multinational security objectives and
guidance, and develops and uses national resources to accomplish them. The
geographic combatant commander has a strategic perspective with respect to
his area of responsibility and is responsible for unified actions that integrate
joint, multinational, and interagency activities. The theater strategy relates
to both U.S. National strategy and operational activities within the theater.
4-3. The operational level is the level at which campaigns and major
operations are conducted and sustained to accomplish strategic objectives
within theaters or areas of operations (AOs). The operational level links the
tactical employment of forces to strategic objectives. The focus is on
operational art. Commanders of Army service component command (ASCCs)
and ARFOR commanders within joint task forces normally operate at this
level.
4-4. The tactical level is the realm of close combat, where friendly forces are
in immediate contact and use direct and indirect fires to defeat or destroy
enemy forces and to seize or retain ground. Exposure to close combat
separates Army forces from most of their counterparts. Army forces fight
until the purpose of the operation is accomplished. Because of this, they are
organized to endure losses, provided with CSS to generate and sustain

4-1
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

combat power, and trained to deal with uncertainty. Tactics is the

employment of units in combat. It includes the ordered arrangement and
maneuver of units in relation to each other, the terrain, and the enemy to
translate potential combat power into victorious battles and engagements
(FM 3-0).

STRATEGIC-LEVEL ROLES
4-5. The strategic level deals with attaining national objectives. It involves
the integrated efforts of the President and Secretary of Defense (SECDEF),
the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and several National agencies, including the
Department of Defense (DOD). However, many of the agencies discussed in
this chapter may perform functions associated with the strategic, operational,
and tactical levels, either through split-based operations or by deploying
elements to the AO.
4-6. Strategic-level support links the global economic base (people, resources,
and industry) to military operations in theater. At this level, the joint staff,
military departments, U.S. Transportation Command (USTRANSCOM),
Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) , and other DOD agencies focus on force
readiness and supporting force projection operations.
4-7. In force-projection operations, strategic-level support elements fill the
distribution pipeline with personnel and materiel resources, and possess the
capability to provide services required by the supported joint forces
commander (JFC). To support both readiness and force projection, they
conduct industrial operations, maintain the industrial base, provide
information services, provide strategic-level services (such as depot supply
and maintenance, and defense-wide base operations support), and manage
strategic stockpiles (such as Army prepositioned assets). Other strategic-level
functions include—
• Determining support requirements at global and regional levels.
• Acquiring resources while forging strategic alliances.
• Coordinating industrial base activity.
• Integrating human resources, medical, financial management, mate-
riel, services, and distribution management information systems of
the Army with other military services and nongovernmental organi-
zations (NGOs).
• Providing home base support and services.
• Maintaining strategic-level medical services and facilities.
• Determining requirements for stockpiling and prepositioning re-
sources, afloat and on land around the world.
• Deploying and maintaining forward-presence forces.
• Identifying mobilization and demobilization requirements and
resources.
• Providing strategic mobility.
4-8. Strategic-level CSS elements are the links between strategic and
operational bases. They consist of agencies and organizations from the
private sector and the DOD.

4-2
 ___________________________________________________________ Roles and Responsibilities

INDUSTRIAL BASE
4-9. The Army depends primarily on private industry as the foundation for
military materiel production. Therefore, the defense industrial base has a
significant impact on the conduct of wars due to the long lead times required
to build up the industrial base. Active plants and production lines have some
capability to surge. Repair parts manufacturers may be able to surge
production for items that sustain deployed weapon systems. Active end-item
production lines obtain urgent critical parts and subsystems. National policy
requires the use of commercial materiel as much as possible.

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE AND DEFENSE AGENCIES

4-10. The SECDEF is the principal assistant to the President in all matters
relating to the DOD. DOD performs its functions under the SECDEF’s
authority, direction, and control. Of particular note in CSS, the SECDEF
issues directives, instructions, and memoranda delineating DOD Executive
Agency responsibilities under the authority of 10 USC 165(c). The Chairman
of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS), as the principal military advisor to the
president and the SECDEF, is assigned specific supervisory and joint
operation planning responsibilities in the areas of strategic direction,
strategic planning, and joint operation planning. JP 0-2 outlines the
responsibilities of the DOD and Joint Chiefs of Staff. A number of defense
agencies play roles in the overall CSS for military forces. Some of the
agencies are discussed in the following paragraphs.
Defense Logistics Agency
4-11. The DLA is DOD’s major logistics agency. Controlled and directed by
the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Logistics, and Technology,
DLA functions as an integral element of the DOD military logistics system. It
provides worldwide distribution support to the military departments and the
combatant commands, and to other DOD components, Federal agencies,
foreign governments, and international organizations. DLA is responsible for
providing consumable items of common supplies and services within DOD. Its
responsibilities include worldwide integrated management of subsistence,
petroleum, and property disposal operations. DLA manages or distributes
more than 80 percent of existing stocks of defense materiel, including service-
owned stocks and nearly all of the fuel and petroleum products for military
use. It is the lead DOD organization for automated identification technology
(AIT). DLA provides logistics and service support to the services through its
supply centers and agencies.
4-12. DLA procures, stores, and distributes items to support the military
services and other customers. In addition, it buys and distributes hardware
and electronic items used in maintaining and repairing military equipment.
The services determine their requirements for supplies and other materiel,
and establish their priorities. DLA administers and supervises—
• The Federal Catalog System.
• The Defense Personal Property Reutilization Program, including
worldwide disposal of excess personal property, recovery of precious
metals, and disposal of hazardous waste.
• The DOD Industrial Plant Equipment Reserve.

4-3
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

• The Defense National Stockpile.

4-13. DLA provides reutilization and marketing services in the joint rear
area (JRA). Initially, salvage and excess materiel destined for the Defense
Reutilization and Marketing Office (DRMO) is collected in the corps and
division areas as the situation permits. As the theater matures, DLA-directed
activities may use host-nation support (HNS) to assist in evacuating this
materiel to the communications zone (COMMZ) for inspection, classification,
and disposal.
4-14. During joint operations, DLA assists the supported combatant
commander by establishing a DLA contingency support team (DCST) to
consolidate in-theater management of DLA operations and provide a single
point of contact. The level of support provided by the DCST is based on the
mission and tasks assigned to DLA by the combatant commander. DLA is
increasingly provides support in theater operations.
Defense Contract Management Agency
4-15. The Defense Contract Management Agency (DCMA) is the DOD
contract manager. Controlled and directed by the Under Secretary of Defense
for Acquisition Logistics and Technology, DCMA supervises and administers
contracts with over 20,000 suppliers who deliver goods and services to DOD.
DCMA functions as an integral element of the DOD acquisition system by
providing worldwide contract administration services to the military
departments and the combatant commands, as well as to other DOD
components, Federal agencies, foreign governments, and international
organizations.
4-16. DCMA provides a range of contract administration services to DOD.
Functions include precontract award services to acquisition program offices,
on-site surveillance, delivery order compliance (on time, within cost, and
quality performance), payment and financial management services, contract
close-out services, and acceptance and functional check flights following
production, depot maintenance, or modification of aircraft for all services.
DCMA serves as the executive agent for DOD in performing independent
reviews of procurement practices at other defense agencies.
4-17. DCMA is the combat support agency that provides worldwide post
contract award and contract administration services, to include
administering civilian augmentation program contracts (including logistics
civil augmentation program [LOGCAP]). Contracting officers or a buying
activity may delegate to DCMA any or all contract management functions
listed in FAR Part 42.302. Additionally, DCMA provides joint and
multinational commands a near real-time, reachback look into the industrial
base and assists service components, combatant commanders, and the joint
staff with analyzing industry capabilities, capacities, and production surge
capability to meet contingency needs.
4-18. DCMA assists the service component or combatant commander as
follows:
• During exercises and contingencies, and on request from the sup-
ported commander, DCMA provides a tailored contingency contract

4-4
 ___________________________________________________________ Roles and Responsibilities

administration services (CCAS) team to provide a single focus for all

DCMA activities.
• During peacetime and contingencies DCMA provides a headquarters-
based contingency operations center (COC) to act as a focal point for
deliberate, crisis action and exercise planning, and for policy and
doctrine.
• During peacetime and contingencies, DCMA assigns operations offi-
cers to assist the joint staff and combatant commanders in day-to-day
DCMA coordination.
Defense Finance and Accounting Service
4-19. As the DOD executive agent for finance and accounting, the Defense
Finance and Accounting Service (DFAS) plays a critical role in supporting
joint operations. However, the services retain tactical finance personnel to
provide the finance and limited accounting support required for their
deployed forces during operations. DFAS is responsible for DOD finance and
accounting policies, procedures, standards, systems, and operations to
support combatant commanders and the services. In addition, DFAS is
responsible for centralized cost capturing of the operation. DFAS can provide
liaison personnel to augment the staff of a joint task force (JTF) J8 (director
for force structure, resources, and assessment) and comptroller as required.
(See JP 1-06.)
Defense Security Cooperation Agency
4-20. The Defense Security Cooperation Agency (DSCA), under the authority,
direction, and control of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International
Security Affairs, serves as the DOD focal point and clearinghouse for
developing and implementing security assistance plans and programs. DSCA
monitors major weapon sales and technology transfer issues, budgetary and
financial arrangements, legislative initiatives and activities, and policy and
other security assistance matters. It also supports developing cooperative
programs with industrialized nations. DSCA's Office of Humanitarian
Assistance and Demining is responsible for managing the overseas
humanitarian, disaster, and civic aid appropriation; oversight of the
combatant commander’s operational demining and humanitarian and civic
assistance (HCA) programs; and the DOD humanitarian assistance program
(HAP). HAP provides excess, nonlethal property to authorized recipients;
arranges funding and space-available transportation for NGOs to deliver
humanitarian goods to countries in need; coordinates foreign disaster relief
missions; and procures, manages, and arranges for delivery of humanitarian
daily rations (HDR) to those in need. JP 4-07 and JP 4-09 provide a detailed
discussion of the DSCA.
Defense Information Systems Agency
4-21. The Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) is responsible for
planning, developing, and supporting command, control, communications,
computer, and intelligence (C4I) systems that serve the needs of the
SECDEF. It provides guidance and support on technical and operational C4I
issues affecting the office of the SECDEF, the military departments, the
CJCS and the joint staff, the combatant commands, and the defense agencies.

4-5
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

DISA ensures the interoperability of the global command and control

system—Army (GCCS-A), the global combat service support system-Army
(GCSS-A), and the other CSS command and control, asset visibility, and
transportation systems (as discussed in chapter 5).

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY AND STRATEGIC-LEVEL COMMANDS

4-22. The Secretary of the Army is responsible for the administration and
support of all Army forces. The Secretary of the Army fulfills these
responsibilities by exercising administrative control (ADCON) through the
commanders of the ASCCs of the combatant commands. (FM 3-0 discusses
ADCON.) The military departments exercise authority and responsibilities
codified under U.S. law, DOD directives, and joint doctrine that describe the
command relationships between combatant and component commanders. The
Army, like other military services, is responsible for the following CSS-
related functions enumerated in DODD 5100.1 and the applicable sections of
Title 10. These include the following:
• Exercising authority to conduct all of the department affairs, to in-
clude organizing, supplying, equipping, training, servicing, mobiliz-
ing, demobilizing, administering, and maintaining forces.
• Preparing forces and establishing reserves of manpower, equipment,
and supplies for effectively prosecuting war and military operations
other than war.
• Recruiting, organizing, training, and equipping interoperable forces
for assignment to combatant commands.
• Conducting research; developing tactics, techniques, and organiza-
tions; and developing and procuring weapons, equipment, and sup-
plies essential to fulfilling SECDEF-assigned functions.
• Planning for using other services intrinsic capabilities that may be
available. This could include planning for and executing interservice
support agreements (ISSAs) for supply, maintenance, and transporta-
tion operations.
• Providing common item support, as directed by the SECDEF, for ser-
vice forces, including procurement, distribution, supply, equipment,
and maintenance.
• Training, administering, and providing common-item support of
Army forces wherever employed. Providing common-item support is
accomplished through the CSS planning portion of the crisis action
and deliberate planning processes. (See JP 5-0.) Logistics preparation
of the theater includes peacetime planning actions taken by CSS per-
sonnel at all echelons to maximize support to the supported combat-
ant commander’s plan.
• Operating organic land vehicles, aircraft, and ships or craft. However,
the services logistics assets could be subject to the geographic com-
batant commander exercising directive authority for logistics.
• Determining service force requirements and recommending force re-
quirements to support national security objectives and strategy, and
to meet the combatant commands operational requirements.

4-6
___________________________________________________________ Roles and Responsibilities

4-23. A number of strategic-level CSS commands and agencies provide vital

support to Army and other supported forces.
U.S. Army Materiel Command
4-24. U.S. Army Materiel Command (USAMC) performs assigned materiel
and related functions for research, development, test and evaluation;
acquisition, logistics support, and technical assistance for materiel systems;
and other materiel-acquisition management functions. It provides Army
national-level maintenance support and serves as the DOD single manager
for conventional ammunition. USAMC missions include—
• Providing equipment and services to other nations through the Secu-
rity Assistance Program.
• Developing and acquiring nonmajor systems and equipment.
• Providing development and acquisition support to program managers.
• Maintaining the industrial mobilization capabilities necessary to
support the Army.
• Managing Army prepositioned stocks (APS), less Class VIII, world-
wide.
• Managing the LOGCAP. (See chapter 5.)
4-25. USAMC also manages operational policies, programs, objectives, and
resources associated with operational projects worldwide. All of the above
functions and capabilities are available to the ASCC/ARFOR through the
USAMC logistics support element (LSE). See FM 63-11 for information on
the LSE.
4-26. USAMC is the Army’s single stock fund (SSF) manager and serves as
the single national manager with sole obligation power for the Army Working
Capital Fund, Supply Management Army (AWCF-SMA). In this capacity,
USAMC consolidates management of current wholesale, theater,
corps/installation, and division authorized stockage list (ASL) inventories
into a seamless logistics and financial system and creates an integrated
supply and maintenance operation in the ACWF-SMA business area. Non-
Army managed items (NAMIs) (such as fuel, subsistence, clothing, engineer
supplies, and medical items not included in the SSF) bypass the SSF and are
transmitted directly to DLA.
4-27. USAMC is also the national maintenance manager (NMM) and
oversees the national maintenance program (NMP). The NMP is
characterized by single maintenance standards for repairing and returning
components to AWCF stocks. The NMP is an enabler of the SSF and
eliminates unnecessary maintenance redundancy throughout the Army.
Under the NMP, installations compete for contracts to conduct source of
repair (SOR) work for reparable exchange (RX) line items that have a
National requirement.
U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command
4-28. The U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (USAMRMC)
is a major subordinate command of the U.S. Army Medical Command
(USAMEDCOM). It is responsible for the life-cycle management of medical
materiel from basic laboratory research through advanced development,

4-7
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

prototyping, procurement, delivery to units, maintenance, and disposal. This

command operates six medical research laboratories and institutes within
CONUS that make up the core science and technology capability of the
command. Further, this command operates subordinate units exclusively
focused on medical materiel development, contracting, medical logistics
management, health facility planning, and information management and
technology.
U.S. Total Army Personnel Command
4-29. The U.S. Total Army Personnel Command (USTAPERSCOM)
integrates, manages, monitors, and coordinates military personnel systems to
develop and optimize the Army human resources in peace and war. The
commander of USTAPERSCOM is the Army functional proponent for the
military personnel management system within the objectives set by the
Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel. USTAPERSCOM major functions include
the following:
• Carry out the nine major functional categories of the Army personnel
life cycle: force structure, acquisition, individual training and devel-
opment, distribution, deployment, sustainment, professional devel-
opment, compensation, and transition.
• Man the force, and provide personnel support and personnel services
to soldiers, their families, and organizations.
• Synchronize all military personnel activities to achieve efficient and
cost effective execution of all military personnel processes on an
Army-wide basis to ensure current and future personnel require-
ments are defined.
• Interact with personnel organizations in the field, including U.S.
Army training centers, U.S. Army garrisons, divisions and corps, in-
stallations, and forward deployed bases to ensure policy, procedures,
and service delivery systems support operational requirements at all
levels.
USTRANSCOM and Transportation Component Commands
4-30. USTRANSCOM provides air, land, and sea transportation and
common-user port management at air/seaports of embarkation and
debarkation for DOD. The commander, USTRANSCOM serves as the DOD
single worldwide manager for common-user ports of embarkation and
debarkation. The single port manager concept ensures the seamless transfer
of cargo and equipment in any given theater. Supported combatant
commanders determine movement requirements and required delivery dates.
The commander, USTRANSCOM is the supporting commander who, with the
transportation component commands, provides a complete movement system
from origin to initial theater destination. The USTRANSCOM component
commands operate the Defense Transportation System (DTS). JP 4-01 covers
DTS-specific operations.
4-31. The Military Traffic Management Command (MTMC), a major U.S.
Army command, is the transportation component command of
USTRANSCOM responsible for surface transportation management. MTMC
provides common-user ocean terminal and traffic management services to

4-8
 ___________________________________________________________ Roles and Responsibilities

deploy, employ, sustain, and redeploy U.S. forces on a global basis. MTMC
conducts transportation engineering to ensure deployability and feasibility of
present and future deployment assets. Additionally, MTMC is the worldwide
seaport manager under the single port manager concept for all common-user
seaports of embarkation (SPOEs) and seaports of debarkation (SPODs).
When designated, MTMC may also serve as the port operator, using
stevedoring, services contracts, or HNS.
4-32. The Air Mobility Command (AMC) is a major U.S. Air Force command.
As a transportation component command of USTRANSCOM, AMC provides
common-user airlift, air refueling, and strategic aeromedical evacuation
transportation services to deploy, employ, sustain, and redeploy U.S. forces
on a global basis. Additionally, AMC is the single aerial port manager and,
where designated, operator of common-user aerial ports of embarkation
(APOEs) and aerial ports of debarkation (APODs).
4-33. The Military Sealift Command (MSC) is a major command of the U.S.
Navy. As a transportation component command of USTRANSCOM, MSC
provides common-user and exclusive-use sealift transportation services to
deploy, employ, sustain, and redeploy U.S. forces on a global basis.

FEDERAL AGENCIES AND ORGANIZATIONS

4-34. Numerous other Federal agencies play a role in CSS operations. This
section briefly summarizes the CSS role of several key agencies.
Department of State
4-35. The Department of State (DOS) is the lead agency for coordinating and
distributing Class X items that support nonmilitary programs (such as,
economic and agricultural development, civic action, and various relief and
education programs).
Department of Transportation
4-36. Under the National Plan for Emergency Preparedness (Executive Order
12656), the Secretary of Transportation leads the Federal transportation
community. During National defense emergencies and in periods of crisis, the
Secretary of Transportation has a wide range of delegated responsibilities,
including executive management of the Nation’s transportation resources.
JP 4-01 contains a detailed account of Department of Transportation (DOT)
responsibilities.
Federal Emergency Management Agency
4-37. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) coordinates the
emergency preparedness actions of all Federal agencies, including
distributing military support to civil authority missions. As the key agency
for emergency assistance to civil authorities, it coordinates all military
support directly with the Director of Military Support (DOMS). Close
coordination with FEMA is essential in most domestic support operations
(DSO).
U.S. Customs Service
4-38. The U.S. Customs Service is a Department of the Treasury bureau
responsible for enforcing U.S. laws concerning carriers, cargo, and persons

4-9
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

entering and departing the United States. Its responsibilities include

assessing and collecting duties; detecting and intercepting contraband,
including drugs; and ensuring that imported material meets the
requirements for legal entry. All forces and materiel redeploying to CONUS
require U.S. customs clearance.
U.S. Postal Service
4-39. The U.S. Postal Service (USPS) is part of the global distribution
network that supports joint force operations by moving DOD mail, including
material shipped via parcel post. The military postal system is an official
extension of USPS outside continental United States (OCONUS). The
Military Postal Service Agency (MPSA), a joint service staff headquarters
under the executive direction of Department of the Army, is the DOD single
military mail manager and point of contact with USPS. MPSA conducts DOD
contingency planning and provides postal support to combatant commanders.
Transporting official and personal mail to and from forces OCONUS is a
MPSA responsibility. Mail is moved using a combination of military and
commercial carriers through overseas military mail hubs and deployed
service postal units.
General Services Administration
4-40. The General Services Administration (GSA) provides common-use
items to DOD through a network of customer service centers and distribution
centers. GSA is a major source for general commodities (such as office
supplies and paper products, tools, furniture, paints, and chemicals). GSA
also provides vehicle acquisition and leasing service and is the Federal
contracting agency for the government purchase card program and domestic
express small-package delivery service.
Army and Air Force Exchange Service
4-41. Army and Air Force Exchange Service (AAFES) mobile field exchanges
are deployable truck- or tent-based resale outlets that provide health and
comfort merchandise support to deployed forces. AAFES civilian employees
operate these nonappropriated fund activities. Merchandise originates from
AAFES system stock.

SUPPORTED GEOGRAPHIC COMBATANT COMMANDS

4-42. Geographic combatant commanders are responsible for developing joint
plans and orders in response to mission taskings in their areas of
responsibility (AORs). They are responsible for developing effective and
efficient CSS concepts that use various support techniques, to include CUL
and other CSS tailored to operation-specific circumstances. Ultimately,
geographic combatant commanders are responsible for coordinating with
DLA, USTRANSCOM, and service component commanders to provide
integrated CSS.
4-43. Combatant commanders are the key to ensuring that CSS to campaigns
and other operations conducted within their AOR are properly planned,
prepared for, executed, and assessed. One way they accomplish this is
through their directive authority for logistics, which includes issuing
directives to subordinate commanders. These directives include peacetime

4-10
___________________________________________________________ Roles and Responsibilities

measures necessary to ensure effective execution of approved operation plans,

effectiveness and economy of operation, and preventing or eliminating
unnecessary duplication of facilities, and overlapping functions among service
component commands. During peacetime, the scope of the logistics authority
exercised by a combatant commander is consistent with the peacetime
limitations imposed by legislation, DOD policy or regulations, budgetary
considerations, local conditions, and other specific SECDEF- or CJCS-
prescribed conditions. During crisis action, wartime, or where critical
situations make modifying the normal logistics process necessary, the
combatant commander’s logistics authority enables him to use all necessary
facilities and supplies of all forces assigned to his command to accomplish
their missions. Joint CSS doctrine and policy developed by the CJCS
establishes wartime support guidance that assists the combatant commander
in conducting successful joint operations.
4-44. As units transfer to the supported combatant commander, the
combatant commander’s activities and roles change. Specifically, combatant
commanders—
• Ensure overall effectiveness and economy of the joint force, service
component, and applicable agency CSS plans.
• Establish the critical item list and allocate critical resources.
• Coordinate supply support among service components.
• Establish supply build-up rates.
• Establish stockage levels for selected critical items.
• Prioritize joint theater distribution and CSS effort.
• Manage all intratheater movement.
• Manage the deployment, employment, and redeployment of forces,
and the retrograde of materiel.
• Coordinate the overall logistics preparation of the theater effort.
• Prevent or eliminate unnecessary duplication of facilities and over-
lapping functions among the service component commands.
• Achieve required economies by clearly identifying detailed CSS plan-
ning and specific lead service or agency CUL designations in the op-
erations plan (OPLAN)/operations order (OPORD) or directives.
• Ensure proper and detailed delegation of directive authority for com-
mon-item support to the appropriate joint force, service component, or
agency as either a CUL lead or a formal single integrated theater lo-
gistics manager (SITLM).
4-45. The combatant commander delegates to service component
commanders directive authority for logistics (DAL) for specific, common-item
support. Overall authority for CSS remains with each of the service
component commanders. Delegated common item support authority—
accomplished through either temporary CUL lead or long-term SITLM
responsibilities—must be clearly delineated in, and executed in accordance
with, combatant commanders’ OPLANs/OPORDs or directives.

4-11
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

SUBORDINATE JOINT FORCE COMMANDS

4-46. The subordinate joint force commander (JFC), normally a subordinate
unified command or JTF, works for a combatant commander who has overall
responsibility for conducting CSS for joint operations. However, the JFC
establishes a manpower and personnel directorate (J1) and logistics
directorate (J4) that coordinate personnel and logistics support through the
combatant commander. They also coordinate with any subordinate JTFs,
service components, and agency J1 and J4s or equivalent staff officers. While
each service is responsible for the CSS of its own forces, the service
components will use the common distribution network and other combatant
commander-directed CUL support to execute the overall CSS mission. The
subordinate JFC plays a major role in optimizing resources and
synchronizing support to the assigned forces. To execute these
responsibilities effectively, the joint force J1 and J4 need to fully understand
the force CSS requirements, the operations required to sustain them, and
specific CUL and DAL designations from the combatant commander. They
must also actively manage the conduct of CSS operations to meet the JFC’s
intent. JP 4-07 has a more detailed discussion on the combatant commander’s
directive authority for logistics.

OPERATIONAL-LEVEL ROLES
4-47. CSS at the operational level links strategic- and tactical-level CSS.
Support personnel at the operational level coordinate support from the
strategic level to meet requirements at the tactical level. Operational CSS
includes the support required to conduct campaigns and major operations. A
campaign is a related series of military operations aimed at accomplishing a
strategic or operational objective within a given time and space (JP 1-02). A
major operation is a series of tactical actions (battles, engagements, strikes)
conducted by various combat forces of a single or several services, coordinated
in time and place, to accomplish operational, and sometimes strategic
objectives in an operational area (FM 3-0).
4-48. The combatant commander’s concept for the campaign or major
operation is the basis for support planning. Like strategic-level CSS,
operational-level CSS is usually a joint effort and often a multinational effort.
Army support at this level is integrated into the total support system
required to conduct joint/multinational campaigns and other military
activities. The combatant commander’s strategic logistics concept will focus
on the ability to generate and move forces and materiel in the theater base
and to desired operating locations, where operational-level logistics concepts
are employed.
4-49. Operational-level CSS focuses on theater support operations that
involve force generation, force sustainment, and redeployment. The initial
focus is on generating a force ready to conduct operations. Sustainment
begins during force generation but becomes the primary focus once operations
begin. Key Army functions associated with operational-level CSS include the
following (numbers refer to Universal Joint Task List tasks)—
• Coordinating supply of arms, munitions, and equipment (OP 4.1).
• Synchronizing supply of fuel (OP 4.2).

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___________________________________________________________ Roles and Responsibilities

• Maintaining equipment and stocks that support the supply system

(OP 4.3).
• Coordinating support of forces (OP 4.4); including, human resources
(OP 4.4.1.1), field services (OP 4.4.1), health services (4.4.3), religious
(OP 4.4.6), financial (OP 4.4.2), and legal (OP 4.4.7).
• Managing materiel (OP 4.5), controlling movement (OP 4.5.1), and
managing distribution (OP 4.5).
• Providing lead service CUL to other services, multinational partners,
and civilian agencies (OP 4.5).
• Establishing, managing, and maintaining sustainment facilities, in-
cluding storage areas (OP 4.6) and medical facilities (OP 4.4.3.3).
• Planning, coordinating, managing, and supervising the positioning
(OP 1.2) and security (OP 6.2) of CSS activities.
• Acquiring, managing, and distributing funds to conduct in-theater
contracting to acquire supplies and services to support the mission
(OP 4.8).
4-50. Key elements of the Army's CSS structure at the operational level
include dedicated transportation, general support supply, sustainment
maintenance, Level III health service support (with in-theater hospital
facilities, see chapter 9), and personnel support elements. Direct support
elements also provide support. Many of the stocks to support the AO are
stored by operational-level CSS units, allowing tactical-level CSS units to
remain as mobile as possible. Support at this level includes common support
to joint and multinational forces, as required. Many different sources
contribute to these support functions, including contractors, DA and DOD
civilians, U.S. and multinational military organizations, and host nation
(HN) resources.

ARMY SERVICE COMPONENT COMMAND

4-51. At the combatant command level, the ASCC consists of the Army
service component commander and all the Army forces assigned to the
combatant command or further assigned/attached to a subordinate unified
command or JTF. The ASCC has responsibilities that derive from Title 10.
(See paragraph 2-19.) These Title-10 responsibilities include planning,
preparing, training, equipping, administering, and providing CSS to Army
forces assigned to combatant commands.

Note: Attached, in joint lexicon, simply means a temporary C2 relationship.

4-52. The ASCC may be required to support the geographic combatant

commander by conducting land operations to support or attain the combatant
commander’s objectives. These land operations often are conducted by a
subordinate ARFOR headquarters, such as an augmented corps or division,
as part of a JTF. Even in operations where the ASCC commander is not
exercising operational control over Army forces, he remains responsible for
providing the necessary capabilities, including CSS. Chapter 2 discusses in

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more detail the ASCC and ARFOR commander roles in providing common
support within unified action.
4-53. Initiating and sustaining operations depends on CSS technology
enablers and effective distribution, including accurate and timely total asset
visibility (TAV)/in-transit visibility (ITV). The main components of an
ARFOR CSS operations are continued flow of supplies contained within the
deployment airflow and using prepositioned stocks until the sea lines of
communication (SLOC) are opened. In addition to synchronizing the
activities of the EAC organizations (discussed in paragraph 4-54), the
ARFOR headquarters leverages CSS capabilities not initially deployed (such
as personnel services) until these capabilities can close. Planners tailor
ARFOR sustainment operations to the mission and force requirements, and
rely on intratheater lift and distribution-based CSS. The goal is providing
effective and responsive CSS while minimizing the CSS footprint in the AO.
The ASCC, along with the subordinate ARFOR, if applicable, ensures proper
balance between combat and support forces during deployment planning. Key
to this balance is achieving enhanced strategic responsiveness without undue
risk in the supportability of the operation
4-54. An ARFOR headquarters plans how to leverage the support provided
by different CSS agencies from CONUS and other global providers into the
AO to meet its units needs. This includes reaching back to National-level
assets, as necessary, for such things as forward repair activities (FRAs) or
other critical strategic-level support. The ARFOR headquarters must be able
to integrate the capabilities provided by Army forces, contractors,
multinational military partners and HNS to build and sustain combat power.

MULTIFUNCTIONAL AND SPECIALIZED COMMANDS

4-55. A number of Army commands habitually operate at the operational
level. In some situations, especially at the lower end of the spectrum of
conflict, tactical-level CSS organizations may perform operational-level
support missions. If so, they require augmentation, typically from the EAC
organizations described in paragraph 4-66 or their subordinate units. As
described in the next section, tactical CSS organization capabilities are
limited and generally focused on direct support to tactical forces.
4-56. The support structure starts with a nucleus of minimum essential
support functions and capabilities focused on force generation. As the
deployed force grows, the support structure gains required capabilities. The
theater support structure must provide support to engaged forces; to units in
or passing through the JRA; and to other units, activities, forces, and
individuals as the JFC directs. FM 4-93.4 describes an operational-level
theater force opening package and possible build-up of operational-level CSS
forces.
4-57. Army CSS organizations at the operational level often interface with
elements of the strategic sustainment base that may deploy into the theater
of operations. National sustainment base operational-level and tactical-level
contingency support may include the DLA’s and DCMA’s contingency support
teams, USAMC LSE, contractors supporting a military force, and
USTRANSCOM (through its transportation components, MTMC, and MSC).

4-14
___________________________________________________________ Roles and Responsibilities

Key to integrating these support elements is establishing proper and well

understood C2 relationships among these organizations, the subordinate
JTF, and service components.
Theater Support Command
4-58. This multifunctional logistics command provides area support to
designated elements in the JRA and sustainment support to tactical forces.
The TSC provides C2 of EAC logistics organizations and other organizations,
as directed by the ASCC commander. FM 4-93.4 details the organization
(including the structure and capabilities of organizations that may be
assigned or attached), functions, and build-up of a TSC in a force-projection
operation.
Area Support Group
4-59. Area support groups (ASGs) are subordinate units assigned to the TSC.
They are responsible for area support in an AO and may provide support to
corps or other forces. The mission of the ASG is to provide direct support (DS)
logistics support to designated units and elements within its AO. This
support typically includes DS supply (less ammunition, classified map
supply, and medical supply and support), DS maintenance, and field services,
as well as other support directed by the ARFOR commander through the
TSC. ASGs can also provide GS supply and sustainment maintenance
support to TSC and DS supply organizations, and sustainment maintenance
to support the theater. If an operational-level ammunition group is not
established, specialized battalions assigned to the ASG provide ammunition
support. ASGs can support ISB and RSO&I operations. Early entry modules
(EEMs) of specialized units may be attached to an ASG headquarters EEM
during initial stages of an operation.
4-60. ASGs provide a variety of support to units stationed in or passing
through their AOs. The AO assigned to an ASG depends on the density of
military units and materiel to support, and on political boundaries and
identifiable terrain features. ASGs are located along LOC to take advantage
of the transportation network and provide responsive support. FM 54-40
contains additional details on the composition and capabilities of ASGs.
Transportation Command
4-61. Through subordinate transportation units, the Army TRANSCOM
provides transportation support to Army, joint, and multinational forces as
directed by the JFC/ASCC commander. It provides policy and technical
guidance to all Army transportation units in theater and directs allocation of
Army transportation resources in coordination with the ASCC/ARFOR
headquarters and the theater joint transportation board. FM 55-1 and
FM 4-93.4 have more information on the Army TRANSCOM.
Medical Command
4-62. The Medical Command (MEDCOM) directs health service support to
designated elements in theater. It provides policy and technical guidance to
in-theater Army medical units and maintains technical links to the
ASCC/ARFOR staff surgeon and to strategic-level medical activities. The
MEDCOM provides a wide range of medical capabilities; develops policies,

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plans, procedures, and programs; and supervises training and administrative

support of medical brigades. FM 4-02, FM 8-42, and FM 8-55 describe these
and other functions.
Personnel Command
4-63. The theater personnel command (PERSCOM) maintains and reports on
personnel readiness of theater forces, conducts theater sustainment
operations necessary to man the force, and provides personnel services and
support. It exercises C2 over assigned and attached theater-level Army
personnel units. FM 12-6 covers the units, operations, and relationships
involved in providing personnel support at this level.
Finance Command
4-64. The Finance Command (FINCOM) conducts operational-level finance
operations. In coordination with the ASCC/ARFOR Deputy Chief of Staff for
Resource Management, it provides staff advice on financial management
matters and provides financial management policies and procedures for Army
financial management activities in the theater. It may also exercise C2 over
finance battalions not assigned to finance groups. FM 14-100 contains details
on the FINCOM and other finance organizations that operate within the
theater.
Engineer Command
4-65. Engineer command (ENCOM) C2 engineer units provide the full
spectrum of engineering support. This includes general engineering,
topographic support, and operational-level mobility/
countermobility/survivability support to Army, joint, and multinational
forces. The ENCOM and subordinate EAC engineer units normally provide
either general support or direct support to the TSC and other CSS units.
Technical engineering services include construction design/management, real
estate acquisition and management, real property maintenance activities
(RPMA), electric-power generation/distribution, troop construction, facility
rehabilitation and repair, environmental engineering support, and
transportation engineering support. ENCOMs typically push the engineer
work lines of EAC engineer assets forward into the combat zone to facilitate
the forward focus of corps engineer assets and to accomplish tasks beyond the
corps engineer’s capabilities. Examples of such tasks are
constructing/maintaining main supply routes (MSRs) (with specific emphasis
on LOC bridges), inland petroleum distribution systems (IPDS), forward
landing strips, and forward-positioned medical facilities. (See FM 5-116.)

TACTICAL-LEVEL ROLES
4-66. The goal of CSS at all levels is to generate and sustain combat power at
the tactical level. This discussion covers multifunctional organizations and
staff functions providing CSS at this level. Detailed discussions of various
functional CSS units are in the associated functional chapters of this manual.
CSS at the tactical level includes all functions necessary to support battles
and engagements. (FM 3-0 and FM 3-90 discuss battles and engagements.)
The focus of tactical-level CSS is to provide the CSS necessary to meet the
commander's intent and concept of operations, and to maximize his freedom

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___________________________________________________________ Roles and Responsibilities

of action. It involves synchronizing all CSS functions. Tactical-level CSS is

more immediate than operational-level CSS. Support personnel operate at
the forward end of the support pipeline. They rely heavily on the effective
application of agility, velocity, and situational understanding. Effective
tactical CSS depends on—
• An effective C2 system to coordinate and execute CSS operations.
• An effective distribution-based CSS system that combines agility, ve-
locity, and information system capabilities to form a seamless distri-
bution pipeline from the factory to the foxhole.
• Agile CSS organizations to carry out the responsibilities of delivering
CSS to the warfighter
4-67. Tactical CSS elements provide coordinated and tailored support for the
warfighter. These elements provide support as close to the point of need as
possible to satisfy specific tactical requirements.
4-68. The corps support command (COSCOM) and division support command
(DISCOM) function as the major subordinate commands responsible for
directing and managing logistics (less medical) support within their
supported unit AOs. They coordinate and supervise the implementation of
policies and directives relative to supporting current and future operations.
They develop plans and orders in concert with operations planners to ensure
continuous support operations. The fluidity of battle demands constant
changes to these support plans.
4-69. COSCOM/DISCOM CSS management consists of coordinating and
integrating personnel, equipment, facilities, communications, and procedures
to accomplish the mission in compliance with the commander’s intent. If the
COSCOM or DISCOM is the senior Army support headquarters in the
theater, it may require significant augmentation in those areas in which it
lacks staff expertise and/or functional support capabilities. For example, the
commander may augment COSCOM with a comptroller, resource
management staff officers, and transportation units to enable it to oversee
and execute port clearance and terminal operations. The DISCOM supporting
a division serving as the ARFOR probably requires significant staff
augmentation to assist in coordinating joint logistics and operational-level
CSS units to execute operational-level CSS missions.
4-70. The COSCOM/DISCOM accomplishes centralized control and
management through subordinate functional control centers. In the Army of
Excellence (AOE) organization, the corps materiel management center
(CMMC) and corps movement control battalion (MCB) operate under the staff
supervision of the COSCOM support operations officer. Likewise, in the AOE
division, the division materiel management center and division movement
control office perform essentially the same tasks, but on a smaller scale.
However in Force XXI organizations, many of the functions of the CMMC,
MCB, division materiel management center (MMC), and division movement
control office have been, or will be, under the staff supervision of the
distribution management center (DMC) in the COSCOM/DISCOM
headquarters. The scope of distribution management varies at each
respective level of command, but the basic functions remain the same
(discussed in chapter 5).

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STAFF RESPONSIBILITIES
4-71. At the tactical level, some CSS functions are performed by the
commander’s staff. When published, FM 6-0 will discuss staff functions in
more detail. The following is a brief discussion of those CSS functions
performed by the staff.
Coordinating Staff Officers
4-72. Assistant Chief of Staff, G1/AG (S1) Personnel. The G1/AG (S1) is the
principal staff officer for all matters concerning human resources (military
and civilian), including personnel readiness, personnel services, personnel
support, and headquarters management. The G1/AG (S1) also serves as the
senior adjutant general officer in the force. A personnel officer is located at
every echelon from battalion through corps.
4-73. Assistant Chief of Staff, G4/(S4) Logistics. The G4 (S4) is the principal
staff office for coordinating the integration of supply, maintenance,
transportation, and services for the command. The G4 (S4) is the link
between the support unit and commander and the rest of the staff. The G4
(S4) assists the support unit commander in maintaining logistics visibility
with the commander and the rest of the staff. A logistics officer is located at
every echelon of command from battalion through corps.
Special Staff Officers
4-74. Every staff has special staff officers who are responsible for CSS
functions.
4-75. Resource Manager or Comptroller. The resource manager or
comptroller is responsible for budget preparation and resource management
analysis and implementation. Resource managers or comptrollers are
normally located at corps and division levels. During operations, comptroller
functions are normally performed by the ARFOR. However, specific
comptroller functions may occur at corps and division level.
4-76. Finance Officer. The finance officer is responsible for coordinating and
providing finance services to the command. The finance officer is also the
finance unit commander.
4-77. Surgeon. The surgeon is responsible for coordinating health assets and
operations within the command. A surgeon is authorized on all staffs from
battalion through corps. The surgeon may or may not be a medical unit
commander.
4-78. Veterinary Officer. The veterinary officer is responsible for coordinating
assets and activities concerning veterinary service within the command. A
veterinary corps officer is authorized at corps level.
4-79. Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) Officer. The EOD officer is
responsible for coordinating the detection, identification, recovery,
evaluation, rendering safe, and final disposal of explosive ordnance. An EOD
officer is authorized at corps and division levels. He normally serves as the
EOD group, battalion, or company commander.

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 ___________________________________________________________ Roles and Responsibilities

Personal Staff Officers

4-80. Personal staff officers work under the immediate control of the
commander and have direct access to him. The commander establishes
guidelines or gives specific guidance when the personal staff officer should
inform, or coordinate with, the chief of staff or other members of the staff.
4-81. Most personal staff officers also perform duties as special staff officers
working with a coordinating staff officer. They do this case-by-case,
depending on the guidance of the commander or the nature of the task.
Personal staff officers may also work under the supervision of the chief of
staff (executive officer below division level).
4-82. Chaplain (Coordinating Staff Responsibility, ACofS, G1/AG (S1), when
required). The chaplain is responsible for coordinating the religious assets
and operations within the command. The chaplain is a confidential advisor to
the commander for religious matters. A chaplain is located at every echelon of
command from battalion through corps.
4-83. Staff Judge Advocate (SJA) (Coordinating Staff Responsibility, ACofS,
G1/AG (S1), when required). The SJA is the commander's personal legal
advisor on all matters affecting the morale, good order, and discipline of the
command. The SJA provides legal support to the members of the command
and community. A SJA is located at corps, division, and major support
command levels. A legal support element, including at least a judge advocate,
deploys in direct support of each brigade-level task force.

CORPS SUPPORT COMMAND

4-84. As the logistics support command assigned to the corps, the COSCOM
executes an extensive portion of the corps CSS plan. The COSCOM provides
logistics support to the corps and other units, services, or multinational
partners as directed. It coordinates logistics elements to support corps forces
and, when required, coordinates with joint, multinational and interagency
forces/agencies. It organizes different types of logistics units into support
packages to meet the mission requirements of supported forces. (See
FM 4-93.4.) Depending on mission, enemy, troops, terrain and weather, time,
civilian considerations (METT-TC), the COSCOM units perform the following
missions.
Supply Support
4-85. In general, COSCOM units provide DS and GS supply support to
nondivision units. They provide GS supplies to the divisions, separate
brigades, and armored cavalry regiments (ACRs).
Field Services Support
4-86. The COSCOM provides mortuary affairs support; shower, laundry, and
clothing repair support; and tactical post exchange, with or without AAFES
augmentation.
Maintenance Support
4-87. The COSCOM maintenance support mission includes maintenance
management; DS maintenance and aviation intermediate maintenance
(AVIM) to nondivisional units; reinforcing DS maintenance and AVIM to the

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FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

divisions, separate brigades, and ACRs; missile/rocket maintenance; and

calibration support.
Transportation Support
4-88. The COSCOM corps-wide transportation support functions consist of
movement control; mode operations; cargo transfer operations; terminal
operations (to include water terminals when augmented by EAC); and aerial
delivery support.
Explosive Ordnance Disposal
4-89. EOD companies provide support to corps. These companies are
normally collocated with a CSB. The companies provide GS to the corps on an
area basis and can be DS to a specific maneuver unit, normally a division.
4-90. The COSCOM provides both area and corps-wide support. Area support
is the most efficient and affordable way to provide support. The COSCOM
corps support groups (CSGs) have an area support mission. For CSGs, area
support means the location of the units requiring support determine DS
supply and maintenance relationships. CSG subordinate DS units provide
support on an area basis to units located in, or passing through, their AO.
The CSG’s support operations section maintains support operations overlays
depicting support locations and times of operations. FM 54-30 covers CSGs in
detail.
4-91. Functional battalions that provide corps-wide support and
multifunctional corps support battalions to provide area support are assigned
to the rear CSG of the COSCOM. These functional battalions include the
following:
• Transportation battalions provide intracorps and intercorps transpor-
tation support, to include heavy equipment transport.
• The petroleum supply battalion, ammunition battalion, and supply
and services (S&S) battalion provide Classes III and V, and general
supplies respectively on a corps-wide basis. They supply the bulk dis-
tribution systems that support divisions, separate brigades, and
ACRs.
• The S&S battalion also provides aerial delivery; mortuary affairs; and
shower, laundry, clothing exchange support on a corps-wide basis.
• The AVIM battalion provides corps-wide aircraft maintenance
support.
4-92. The normal arrangement for supporting nondivisional units within the
division AO is to provide area support from the corps support battalion (CSB)
in the division area. In Army of Excellence divisions, forward support
battalions (FSBs) and the main support battalion (MSB) can provide some
support to nondivisional units operating in the division AO, but only within
their limited capability. To provide support to corps forces beyond that
capability, the CSB in the division area must reinforce and augment FSBs
and the MSB. The forward CSG may also augment or reinforce the MSB to
enable it to provide support to corps forces that operate in the division area.
Based on coordination between the DISCOM/FSBs support operations staffs
and the forward CSG, this CSB may establish forward supply, maintenance,

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 ___________________________________________________________ Roles and Responsibilities

and service points in the division area. FM 54-30 has information on the
CSB.

CORPS MEDICAL COMMAND

4-93. The corps MEDCOM, the major health service support (HSS)
command assigned to the corps, in coordination with the COSCOM, executes
the HSS portion of the corps CSS plan. The MEDCOM provides HSS to corps
forces and to other units, services, or multinational forces as directed. It
coordinates the requirements for medical elements to support corps forces or
operations. It task-organizes different types of medical units into support
packages to meet the mission requirements of the supported forces. (See
FM 4-02.)
4-94. The corps MEDCOM provides C2 for the following units:
• Medical brigade, corps.
• Medical logistics battalion.
• Area support dental company.
• Medical company, combat stress control.
• Medical detachment, preventive medicine.
• Evacuation battalion.
• Combat support hospital.
• Minimal care detachment.
• Forward surgical team.
• Medical augmentation teams, various types.
• Area support medical battalion.
• Dental company, area support.
• Veterinary battalion.
4-95. Medical units provide HSS on an area basis to nondivisional units
lacking organic assets. The area support medical battalion and its area
support medical companies provide this support. The corps area medical
support assets reinforce division medical companies that provide echelon
HSS.

DIVISION SUPPORT COMMAND

4-96. The DISCOM coordinates and synchronizes logistics and medical
requirements and activities (horizontally and vertically) inside and outside
the division. The DISCOM commander directs the flow of support before,
during, and after operations.
Division Support Battalion
4-97. In the Force XXI division, the division support battalion (DSB) replaces
AOE MSB. The DSB provides HSS (including preventive medicine, combat
operational stress control [COSC], and optometry support) on an area support
basis to division rear area troops; transportation support to the entire
division; and DS supply and maintenance support to the division
headquarters. It also provides support to the DSB itself, DISCOM
headquarters, division artillery (DIVARTY) headquarters, multiple launch

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FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

rocket system (MLRS) battalion, air defense artillery (ADA) battalion,

military intelligence (MI) battalion, signal battalion, and military police (MP)
company. Like the AOE MSB, the DSB also provides Class III (bulk)
reinforcing and resupply support to the forward support battalions (FSBs).
Unlike the AOE MSB, the DSB does not provide support to the FSBs for
other classes of supply. FM 4-93.53 contains a detailed discussion of the
digitized DSB, and FM 63-21 has details on the AOE MSB.
Forward Support Battalion
4-98. The multifunctional FSB provides direct support to brigade-level
combat teams. The FSB may function in a highly dispersed manner, with
some FSB elements close to the maneuver unit and others near the brigade
rear area. The AOE FSB has medical, maintenance, and supply companies.
The FSB provides direct support to the maneuver brigade and area support
within its capability to other units in the brigade area. It has no forward
support companies; the maneuver battalions have CSS assets to provide unit-
level support. FM 63-20 has details on the AOE FSB organization,
capabilities, and techniques.
4-99. In the Force XXI division, the FSB staff uses an array of digital
information systems and other technological innovations to enhance support.
The FSB provides logistics support and ties together the entire spectrum of
supplies and services for the maneuver brigade. CSS assets for maneuver
units have been consolidated in the new FSB design. This new FSB, with
centralized CSS, enables CSS commanders to task-organize CSS assets to
support the brigade commander’s intent. The Force XXI FSB contains
forward support companies (FSCs), a headquarters and distribution
company, a brigade support company (BSC), and forward support medical
company (FSMC). The FSC provides multifunctional support directly to a
maneuver battalion task force. The BSC provides DS supply and
maintenance support to the artillery battalion, and organizational and DS to
the engineer battalion, brigade HHC, and the brigade reconnaissance troop.
It also provides limited reinforcing support to the FSCs. The FSMC provides
Level I and II HSS (preventive medicine, combat operational stress control,
far-forward medical treatment, basic laboratory/radiology services, patient-
holding, evacuation, and health service logistics) for elements within the
supported brigade AO. The medical company can also be augmented with a
forward surgical team (FST) or air ambulance assets. Corps maintenance
support teams may augment the FSB to provide back-up support capability
forward. FM 4-93.53 contains details on the FSB.
Division Aviation Support Battalion
4-100. The division aviation support battalion (DASB) provides DS to the
aviation brigade and the division cavalry squadron. It provides, or
coordinates, provision of all classes of supply and maintenance. The DASB
can function in a dispersed manner to support the cavalry squadron or attack
battalion when they are operating forward. The DASB may attach aviation
and ground maintenance teams and fueling assets forward to augment the
FSBs, which then provide area support to the division cavalry. The DASB
does not have any HSS capabilities. Based on METT-TC, the DSB or FSB
medical company provides medical support to the DASB, aviation brigade,

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___________________________________________________________ Roles and Responsibilities

and division cavalry squadron. The DASB contains a headquarters and

supply company, a ground maintenance company, and an aviation
intermediate maintenance company. FM 4-93.55 contains details on the
DASB of the Force XXI division, and FM 63-23 has information on the AOE
DASB.
Light Division DISCOM
4-101. The structure and mission of the DISCOM in the light divisions are
similar to those of the AOE heavy division DISCOM. However, they support
the distinct requirements of each division. For example, the airborne division
has a quartermaster airdrop equipment support company and a light and a
heavy maintenance company in the MSB; the air assault division has an
aviation maintenance battalion. The light infantry DISCOM is an austere
organization that relies on augmentation elements, corps plugs, and other
EAD support. FM 63-2-1 discusses these organizations and their associated
doctrine.

SEPARATE BRIGADE/ACR SUPPORT BATTALION/SQUADRON

4-102. The support battalion/squadron is the DS logistics and HSS operator
in the brigade/ACR. The battalion/squadron provides supply, maintenance,
motor transport, and medical support. When augmented, it also provides field
services. The support battalion elements have the same deployment
capability as the rest of the brigade. The support battalion missions require
the capability to support incrementally and be highly versatile and mobile.
4-103. The support battalion/squadron supports a particular brigade/ACR.
Generally, all of the separate brigades require the same CSS. The support
battalions all have maintenance, supply and transportation, and medical
companies. However, like companies such as supply and transportation
(S&T) companies/troops of the various separate brigades and ACR are not
identical.
4-104. The logistics structure of the separate brigade/ACR support squadron
links to a COSCOM. The direct linkage between the separate brigade support
battalion/squadron and the COSCOM generally remains in effect, even when
the separate brigade belongs to a division. The division does not have the
resources to support another brigade. When the brigade attaches to a
division, the DISCOM coordinates the logistics effort for the entire division.
The support battalion/squadron sends status reports to the DISCOM to keep
the DISCOM informed of the CSS situation. Because attaching the separate
brigade to a division is not permanent, CSS arrangements facilitate
eventually detaching the brigade from the division.

STRYKER BRIGADE COMBAT TEAM SUPPORT BATTALION

4-105. The Stryker brigade combat team (SBCT) is a full spectrum, combat
force. It has utility in all operational environments against all projected
future threats. However, it is designed and optimized primarily for
employment in small-scale contingency operations in complex and urban
operation, confronting low- and midrange threats that may employ both
conventional and asymmetric capabilities. This brigade has an organic
brigade support battalion (BSB) that provides direct support to the brigade.

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FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

The commander consolidates logistics functions under the C2 of the BSB

headquarters. The BSB performs distribution-based, centralized support in
accordance with Force XXI concepts, although the distribution capability is
limited. Its effectiveness depends on employing the latest advances in CSS
C2, enhanced CSS situational understanding, and exploiting available
resources through joint, multinational, host-nation, or contract sources. The
small size of the battalion significantly minimizes the CSS footprint in the
SBCT AO, but also requires support from other organizations/sources for
sustained operations. The BSB support operations section integrates into
BSB operations the activities of the CSS assets required to support brigade
augmentation slices. If the augmentation slice is large enough, a corps
support battalion may have to deploy to provide the required C2.
4-106. The support provided by the BSB is austere; it does not provide the
same level of support that FSBs provide to divisional maneuver brigades. The
BSB has a headquarters and distribution company, a brigade support
medical company (BSMC), and a forward maintenance company that rely on
CSS reach operations, prepositioned stocks, augmentation, contracted, and
joint and multinational support to meet the needs of the brigade. The BSB
has limited capability to maintain stocks for brigade elements. Maximum use
is made of contracted, host nation, joint, and intratheater lift capabilities
(such as locally available commercial trucks and military cargo aircraft). The
BSB distribution manager synchronizes delivery schedules with brigade
units to minimize the offload/upload time. With Force XXI battle command
brigade and below (FBCB2), CSSCS, and the movement tracking system
(MTS) control station to manage long-haul sustainment, the distribution
manager can give specific coordinating instructions to vehicle operators
without having to rely on manned control points. When published, FM 4-93.7
and other associated doctrine will detail CSS for this brigade.
4-107. The need to augment the BSB to sustain the force after the initial
stages of employment in extended operations has been a key tenet of the
concept of support. The combat service support company (CSSC) provides
reinforcing and complementary capabilities in the form of direct support CSS.
A reinforcing capability adds quantity or capacity to a previously existing
capability. Adding heavy expanded mobility tactical truck-load handling
system (HEMTT-LHS) to an already existing transportation platoon is an
example. A complementary capability adds a capability not previously
existing within an organization. For example, adding cooks to the SBCT is
augmenting the BSB. The capabilities provided by the CSSC are general
supply support, limited distribution support, organizational and direct
support maintenance (field maintenance), and field feeding support.

SPECIAL OPERATIONS SUPPORT COMMAND (AIRBORNE)

4-108. The Special Operations Support Command (Airborne) (SOSCOM) is a
major subordinate unit of the U.S. Army Special Operations Command. The
SOSCOM is a brigade-size unit organized into a command group,
headquarters and headquarters company (HHC), MMC, five forward-
deployed special operations theater support elements (SOTSEs), a special
operations support battalion (airborne), and a special operations signal
battalion (airborne). SOSCOM provides limited direct CSS and combat signal

4-24
___________________________________________________________ Roles and Responsibilities

support to ARSOF. FM 3-05.103 covers CSS for ARSOF. The SOSCOM is a

versatile organization with multiple support missions:
• To plan, coordinate, and provide CSS and HSS to ARSOF across the
full spectrum of conflict, in two theaters simultaneously.
• To plan, coordinate, and provide operational and tactical communica-
tions for joint special operations task force commanders in two thea-
ters simultaneously.
• To provide signal force packages to support ARSOF, as di-
rected/available.
4-109. The SOSCOM provides modular support packages to any ARSOF
deployment. Modular design enables supporting units to tailor packages that
meet mission requirements. These modules provide specific capabilities that
most completely support deploying force. Additionally, groups of modules are
echeloned and phased into theater as the mission expands or focus changes.
These modules are configured into two echelons: an initial deployment
package (IDP) and a follow-on package (FOP). The SOSCOM cannot provide
all the necessary CSS to deploying ARSOF; they require augmentation from
theater assets.

4-25
 Chapter 5
Orchestrating the CSS Effort

Combat service support (CSS), like the other battlefield operating sys-
tems, is the commander’s business. The purpose of Army CSS is to gener-
ate Army combat power, extend operational reach, and sustain the force.
Achieving this purpose requires commanders at all levels to orchestrate
effective CSS to Army forces by planning, preparing, executing and as-
sessing CSS operations. CSS involves working with operations planners
to determine requirements, acquire resources and distribute them. This is
not a one-time event; support personnel continually integrate activities
with operations staffs to adapt plans and activities to meet the changing
needs of the commander. This chapter discusses CSS command and con-
trol (C2), the planning of CSS, preparation activities, considerations for
the acquisition of resources, and distribution. It also includes an overview
of CSS information systems and how civilian personnel and contractor
support are integrated into the CSS effort to supplement the activities of
CSS units.

CONTENTS
CSS COMMAND AND CONTROL CSS Command and Control ............... 5-1
CSS Planning ...................................... 5-5
5-1. Command and control is the Logistics Preparation of the
exercise of authority and direction, by a Theater ........................................... 5-9
properly designated commander, over Acquisition of Resources................. 5-13
assigned and attached forces in the ac- Distribution........................................ 5-14
complishment of the mission. C2 Civilian Personnel............................. 5-21
functions are performed through an ar-
rangement of personnel, equipment, communications, facilities, and proce-
dures employed by a commander in planning, directing, coordinating, and
controlling forces and operations in the accomplishment of the mission
(FM 3-0). CSS command and control has two components: the commander
and the C2 system.

CSS COMMANDER
5-2. The CSS commander is responsible for planning, preparing, executing,
and assessing the CSS mission in coordination and in conjunction with the
combatant commander’s operations plan (OPLAN)/operations order
(OPORD). Like the combat commander, the CSS commander must execute

5-1
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

the leadership aspects of visualizing, describing, and directing CSS opera-

tions (see FM 3-0).
Visualize
5-3. Upon receipt of a mission, CSS commanders conduct a mission analysis
to develop their initial vision, which they continually confirm or modify. To
visualize the desired outcome, CSS commanders must clearly understand the
mission, enemy, troops, terrain and weather, time, civilian considerations
(METT-TC) in the battlespace:
• What is the mission?
• What are the enemy’s capabilities and likely actions?
• What are the characteristics of the AO?
• Do weather and terrain favor friendly or enemy actions?
• How much time is available?
• What CSS factors are most important?
• What role does civil considerations play?
This framing of the battlespace takes place during mission analysis (see
FM 101-5) and continues with battle tracking during execution of the combat
operation. This facilitates posturing for the most effective and efficient
method of providing uninterrupted sustainment and building of combat
power.
Describe
5-4. Unless subordinate commanders and staffs understand the commander’s
visualization, there is no unifying design. The commander must communicate
his visualization by describing it in doctrinal terms. Commanders describe
their visualization through the commander’s intent, planning guidance, and
commander’s critical information requirements (CCIR), using terms suited to
the nature of the mission and their experience. Commanders may also de-
scribe their visualizations graphically using doctrinal graphics for easier
communication. Describing is not a one-time event. As the commander con-
firms or modifies his visualization, he continues to describe his visualization
to his staff and subordinates so they may better support his decisionmaking.
Better effort in describing leads to better comprehension by subordinates of
the context of his decision. It also enables better decisions on subordinates
part when exercising individual initiative.
Direct
5-5. CSS forces do not respond to a decision until directed to do so. To effect
execution or adjustment decisions, the commander must direct the action.
The normal means for directing changes in action during execution is the
fragmentary order (FRAGO). Subordinate CSS forces then perform their own
decisionmaking and direct actions by their forces. After the commander
makes an execution or adjustment decision, the staff must synchronize the
operation. This involves synchronizing the operation in time, space and pur-
pose across all battlefield operating systems (BOS) to seize, retain, or exploit
the initiative. The BOS is the physical means (soldiers, organizations, and
equipment) to accomplish the mission. The BOS are intelligence, maneuver,

5-2
 _________________________________________________________ Orchestrating the CSS Effort

fire support, air defense, mobility/countermobility/survivability, CSS, and C2.

FM 7-15 will provide details on the BOS.
5-6. Technology, the fluid nature of operations, and the volume of informa-
tion increase the importance of commanders being able to visualize and de-
scribe operations. Modern information systems give the C2 system the capa-
bility to automate production of orders and associated graphics for dissemi-
nation, especially for execution decisions that use data already stored in a
common database.

CSS COMMAND AND CONTROL SYSTEM

5-7. The C2 system is the arrangement of personnel, information manage-
ment, procedures, and equipment and facilities essential to the commander to
plan, prepare for, execute, and assess operations (FM 6-0). A commander can-
not exercise C2 alone except in the simplest and smallest of units. Even at
the lowest levels, a commander needs support to exercise C2 effectively.
Personnel
5-8. The C2 system begins with people. Since combat involves soldiers, no
technology can reduce the importance of the human dimension; the com-
mander must base his exercise of C2 on human characteristics rather than on
equipment and procedures. Trained C2 personnel are key to effective C2 sys-
tems; the best technology cannot support C2 without them.
Information Management
5-9. Information management (IM) is the provision of relevant information to
the right person at the right time in a usable form to facilitate situational
understanding and decisionmaking. It uses procedures and information sys-
tems to collect, process, store, display, and disseminate information. It con-
sists of relevant information and information systems. The computers (hard-
ware and software) and communications directly involved in C2 constitute
the information system.
Procedures
5-10. Procedures are standard and detailed sequences of activities to accom-
plish tasks. They govern actions within the C2 system to exercise C2 effec-
tively and efficiently. Adhering to procedures minimizes confusion, misunder-
standing, and hesitance as commanders rapidly shift forces to meet opera-
tional contingencies.
Equipment and Facilities
5-11. Finally, the equipment and facilities element provides sustainment and
a work environment for the other elements of the C2 system.
5-12. As the Army moves toward more digitization in the C2 system, the
most important aspect of digital capabilities centers on the combined suite of
information technologies within the information system. The manner in
which these technologies combine accelerates decisionmaking and makes it
more accurate and reliable. Information systems reduce human labor and or-
ganize information into a usable form. Used correctly, these capabilities
should allow commanders and staffs to spend more time and energy on the
art and human dimensions of C2.

5-3
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

ARMY BATTLE COMMAND SYSTEM

5-13. The Army battle command system (ABCS) is the Army’s C2 informa-
tion system. ABCS comprises seven separate systems to support key C2 func-
tions of maneuver, fire support, air defense, intelligence, air support, battle
command, and CSS. While each C2 system provides detailed support of its
BOS to the other ABCS systems, it also receives relevant information from
the other C2 systems to provide the commander with a COP of the battlefield.
ABCS allow commanders to provide information to subordinates to guide the
exercise of disciplined initiative within the commander’s intent. This infor-
mation provides subordinates with a common operational picture (COP) to
facilitate their own situational understanding and conveys their superior
commander’s perspective. Subordinates can visualize intuitively the effects of
possible decisions on the rest of the higher commander’s operation and accept
or mitigate the costs of their decision. This situational understanding pro-
vides a context for subordinates to use when assessing information obtained
at their level within which to exercise initiative consistent with their superior
commander’s intent. As subordinates act on their decisions, ABCS allows
them to pass information about that decision to their commander. The higher
commander can monitor the subordinate’s action and, with his staff, resyn-
chronize operations rapidly with ABCS after a subordinate exercises individ-
ual initiative.
Combat Service Support Control System
5-14. Combat service support control system (CSSCS) is the CSS node of the
ABCS. It is an automated CSS C2 tool for the commander. CSSCS provides
information collection and processing capabilities that support maneuver sus-
tainment operations. CSSCS maintains the maneuver sustainment status of
all assigned units, tracks the CSS commander’s sustainment posture, and
meets the combat commander’s requirements for CSS information that affect
the command’s combat power. When the commander and staff combine the
sustainment information from CSSCS with the information from other ABCS
systems, the synergy of information produces the COP of the battlefield in
near real-time; this COP enables the commander to make sound decisions.
5-15. CSSCS maintains a database of personnel, military specialties, equip-
ment, ammunition, blood, repair parts, and other supply items. The com-
mander identifies items within CSSCS he considers critical to the operation
and forms a commander’s tracked item list (CTIL). The CTIL forms the basis
of CSSCS common information tracking and reporting from the company to
theater level.
Force XXI Battle Command, Brigade and Below System
5-16. Force XXI battle command, brigade and below system (FBCB2) is a
digitized battle command information system that provides on-the-move bat-
tle command information to tactical combat, combat support, and CSS com-
manders. FBCB2 is a key component of the ABCS and integrates with ABCS
at the brigade and below level. It also interfaces with CSSCS. The CSS func-
tions of FBCB2 include logistics situation reports, personnel situation re-
ports, call for support, and logistics task order and task management.

5-4
_________________________________________________________ Orchestrating the CSS Effort

CSS PLANNING
5-17. CSS is vital to executing operations successfully. CSS planning, prepa-
ration, execution, and assessment must be versatile; they complement com-
bat plans and operations, thus enhancing the ability of the supported com-
mander to accomplish his mission. Commanders must anticipate their unit
mission requirements and provide responsive support. They assess what re-
sources and capabilities are available in theater and tailor follow-on forces
accordingly. They ensure deploying/deployed units are sustainable in the
theater of operations until establishing lines of communication (LOC) or pro-
viding other support from within the area of operations (AO) (for example,
through contracted support or host nation support [HNS]).
5-18. The combatant commander bases his CSS plan on the overall campaign
plan. As he develops his strategic concept of operations, he concurrently de-
velops, in coordination with his Army service component command (ASCC)
and other service component commanders, a concept of support. They and
their staffs consider the many support factors that affect the ability of forces
to conduct operations. At operational level, CSS can be a dominant factor in
determining the nature and tempo of operations.
5-19. In conducting (planning, preparing, executing, and assessing) opera-
tions, the ASCC commander’s focus is on generating combat power by moving
forces and materiel into the theater as well as on sustaining the forces there.
ASCC commander’s, in concert with their geographic combatant commander’s
guidance, are responsible for identifying ARFOR CSS requirements, coordi-
nating resource distribution from the strategic base or local sources, allocat-
ing necessary CSS capabilities, and establishing CSS C2 relationships within
the theater.
5-20. CSS planning should be centralized, comprehensive, tailorable, flexible,
and continuous. Many of the factors planners consider are embedded in the
discussions throughout this manual. Among other things, planners consider
using Army prepositioned stocks (APS), in the theater or afloat, thereby re-
ducing transportation requirements and providing earlier force closure for
operations. If appropriate, they also consider joint, contracting, HNS, and
multinational military sources. CSS planning—
• Identifies significant time-phased materiel requirements, facilities,
and other resources necessary to support the operation.
• Identifies the capabilities, vulnerabilities, and limitations of the ae-
rial ports of debarkation (APODs), aerial ports of embarkation
(APOEs), seaports of debarkation (SPODs), seaports of embarkation
(SPOEs), and their reception and clearance capabilities.
• Identifies support methods and procedures required to meet the
needs of the commander.
• Identifies vulnerabilities of certain types of systems and forces, in-
cluding vulnerability to weapons of mass destruction.
• Provides coordinating and controlling onward movement of arriving
forces and materiel.
• Includes reasonably assured joint, contracting, HNS, and multina-
tional military sources.

5-5
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

• Includes coordinating with national providers to identify sustainment

capabilities to fill materiel requirements.
5-21. Using planning guidelines, planning factors, and established doctrine,
CSS planners determine the quantities of supplies and services needed to
support an operation. Before deployment begins, planners identify LOC ca-
pable of accommodating the types of aircraft and ships needed. Some com-
modities (such as fuel and ammunition) require special facilities and cannot
be off-loaded everywhere without significant disruption of port activities.

ARMY PREPOSITIONED STOCKS

5-22. Army prepositioned stocks are supplies located at or near the point of
planned use or at other designated locations to reduce reaction time and to
ensure resupply (FM 100-17-2). These reserves are intended to provide sup-
port essential to sustain operations until resupply can be expected. APS re-
mains set at the minimum level needed to sustain and equip the approved
forces as outlined in the defense planning guidance. In case of a major thea-
ter war, APS is released as directed by the Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, or
the Chief of Staff, Army. Headquarters, Department of the Army approves re-
leasing APS to support a small-scale contingency (SSC). The FM 3-35-series
manuals provide detailed discussions on APS. There are four categories of
APS.
Prepositioned Sets
5-23. Unit sets consist of prepositioned organizational equipment (end items,
supplies, and secondary items) stored in unit configurations to reduce force
deployment response time. Equipment is configured into brigade sets, divi-
sion units, and corps/echelon above corps (EAC) units. Materiel is positioned
ashore and afloat to meet the Army's global prepositioning strategy require-
ments of more than one contingency in more than one theater of operations.
Army Operational Project Stocks
5-24. Operational project stocks are materiel above normal table of organiza-
tion and equipment (TOE), table of distribution and allowances (TDA), and
common table of allowance (CTA) authorizations, tailored to key strategic ca-
pabilities essential to the Army ability to execute force projection. They au-
thorize supplies and equipment above normal modified TOE (MTOE) au-
thorizations to support one or more Army operation, plan, or contingency.
They are primarily positioned in continental United States (CONUS), with
tailored portions or packages prepositioned overseas and afloat.
War Reserve Sustainment Stocks
5-25. War reserve stocks are acquired in peacetime to meet increased war-
time requirements. They consist of major and secondary materiel aligned and
designated to satisfy the Army wartime sustainment requirements. They
provide minimum essential support to operations and post-mobilization train-
ing beyond the capabilities of peacetime stocks, industry, and HNS. Sustain-
ment stocks are prepositioned in or near a theater of operations to last until
resupply at wartime rates or emergency rates are established.

5-6
 _________________________________________________________ Orchestrating the CSS Effort

War Reserve Stocks for Allies

5-26. War reserve stocks for allies (WRSA) is an Office of the Secretary of De-
fense (OSD)–directed program that ensures U.S. preparedness to assist des-
ignated allies in case of war. The United States owns and finances WRSA as-
sets, and prepositions them in the appropriate theater. The United States po-
sitions APSs as follows:
• APS-1 (CONUS)—Operational project stocks and war reserve sus-
tainment stocks.
• APS-2 (Europe)—Prepositioned sets, operational project stocks, and
limited war reserve sustainment stocks.
• APS-3 (Army prepositioned afloat)—Prepositioned sets, operational
project stocks, and war reserve sustainment stocks.
• APS-4 (Pacific)—Prepositioned sets, operational project stocks, war
reserve sustainment stocks, and war reserve stocks for Allies-Korea
(WRSA-K).
• APS-5 (Southwest Asia [SWA])—Prepositioned sets, operational pro-
ject stocks, and war reserve sustainment stocks.
5-27. Land-based APS in Korea, Europe, or Southwest Asia allows the early
deployment of a heavy brigade to those locations. These prepositioned sets of
equipment are essential to the timely support of the U.S. National military
strategy in the areas of U.S. National interest and treaty obligations. Fixed
land-based sites store Army prepositioned sets of combat, combat support
(CS), and CSS equipment; Army operational projects stocks (such as, chemi-
cal defense equipment, cold weather clothing, and petroleum distribution
equipment); and sustainment stocks. Land-based sets can support a theater
lodgment to allow the off-load of Army prepositioned afloat equipment, and
can be shipped to support any other theater worldwide. FM 100-17-2 has
more details on APS.
5-28. Prepositioning stocks provides the capability to rapidly resupply forces
until sea lines of communication (SLOC) are established. Stocks are preposi-
tioned in potential theaters. Alternatives are prepositioning stocks afloat or
at an intermediate staging base (ISB), or assembling stocks in tailored pack-
ages for deployment with projected forces. In areas of potential operations
with limited port facilities and requirements for SLOC, prepositioning port
construction equipment and materiel is highly desirable.
5-29. The Automated Battlebook System (ABS) contains details on each APS
program. G3 planners and unit movement officers use ABS to identify
equipment in the categories to accompany troops (TAT) and not authorized
for prepositioning (NAP). ABS also provides a consolidated list of all APS
stockpile inventories. ABS supports deployment planning by providing the
deploying unit with a contingency-updated database for all APS equipment
and selected supplies in prepositioned locations. USAMC’s Field Support
Command (formally the Army War Reserve Support Command) updates the
ABS continuously from the Army War Reserve Deployment System (AWRDS)
database and, on request, provides units with a CD-ROM database. Forces
Command (FORSCOM) is the proponent for ABS and can provide a mobile
training team to units on request.

5-7
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

5-30. Army prepositioned afloat (APA) is the expanded reserve of equipment

for an armored brigade, theater-opening CS/CSS units, port-opening capabili-
ties, and sustainment stocks aboard forward-deployed prepositioned afloat
ships. APA operations are predicated on the concept of airlifting an Army
heavy brigade with logistics support elements into a theater to link up with
its equipment and supplies positioned aboard APA ships and, subsequently,
to conduct combat operations. See FM 100-17-1 for details.

HOST-NATION SUPPORT AGREEMENTS

5-31. Potential HNS agreements should address labor support arrangements
for port and terminal operations, using available transportation assets in
country, using bulk petroleum distribution and storage facilities, possible
supply of Class III (bulk) and Class IV items, and developing and using field
services. The United States should initiate and continually evaluate agree-
ments with multinational partners for improvement. They should be specifi-
cally worded to enable CSS planners to adjust for specified requirements.
Additionally, the commander should assess the risk associated with using
HNS, considering force protection and operational requirements. FM 100-8
discusses more on this topic.

Note: If a command plans to use HNS, a primary objective is to ensure that

the internal support of the nation providing the support is not disrupted.

CONTAINERIZATION
5-32. Containerization significantly improves the delivery times of supplies
and other selected cargo to the AO by reducing handling, shipload, and dis-
charge time. Containerization is the use of containers to unitize cargo for
transportation, supply, and storage. Containerization incorporates supply,
security, packaging, storage, and transportation into a distribution system
from source to user. Unitized cargo or load is a single item or a number of
items packaged, packed, or arranged in a specified manner that can be han-
dled as a unit. Unitization may be accomplished by placing the item or items
in a container or banding them securely together (JP 4-01.7). However, effec-
tively using the system requires advance planning to ensure that necessary
materials handling equipment (MHE) and container-handling equipment
(CHE) are available. Throughput of containerized materiel requires the right
MHE/CHE at the receiving end. Planners must consider using existing tech-
nologies to enhance visibility of location and content of containers. JP 4-01.7
details container doctrine.

FORCE PROTECTION
5-33. Force protection consists of those actions taken to prevent or mitigate
hostile actions against DOD personnel (to include family members), re-
sources, facilities, and critical information. These actions conserve the force
fighting potential so it can be applied at the decisive time and place and in-
corporates the coordinated and synchronized offensive and defensive meas-
ures to enable the effective employment of the joint force while degrading op-
portunities for the enemy. Force protection does not include actions to defeat
the enemy or protect against accidents, weather, or disease (JP 3-0). Force

5-8
_________________________________________________________ Orchestrating the CSS Effort

protection at all levels minimizes losses to hostile action. Skillful and aggres-
sive counterintelligence and threat assessments decrease the vulnerability of
friendly forces. Effective operations security (OPSEC) keeps adversaries from
identifying and exploiting essential elements friendly information. (See
FM 100-6.) Properly dispersing CSS assets helps reduce losses from enemy
fires and terrorist action. CSS commanders use camouflage discipline, local
security, and field fortifications to reduce losses due to enemy actions. Pro-
tecting electronic links and nodes, to include combat troops with electronic
devices, is vital to protecting information, information systems, and soldiers.

LOGISTICS PREPARATION OF THE THEATER

5-34. Logistics preparation of the theater (LPT) is a key conceptual tool
available to personnel in building a flexible strategic/operational support
plan. Logistics preparation of the theater consists of the actions taken by
combat service support personnel at all echelons to optimize means (force
structure, resources, and strategic lift) of supporting the joint force com-
mander’s plan. These actions include identifying and preparing ISBs and
forward operating bases; selecting and improving LOC; projecting and pre-
paring forward CSS bases; and forecasting and building operational stock as-
sets forward and afloat. They focus on identifying the resources currently
available in the theater for use by friendly forces and ensuring access to those
resources. A detailed estimate of requirements, tempered with logistics
preparation of the theater, allows support personnel to advise the
JTF/ASCC/ARFOR commander of the most effective method of providing
adequate, responsive support while minimizing the CSS footprint.
5-35. More often than not, identifying and preparing an initial lodgment or
support base has a major influence on the course of a campaign. Lodgments
should expand to allow easy access to strategic sealift and airlift, offer ade-
quate space for storage, facilitate transshipment of supplies, and be accessi-
ble to multiple LOC. Thus, forces often establish lodgments near key seaports
and airports in the theater. Logistics-over-the-shore (LOTS) operations may
augment undeveloped or damaged facilities or provide ports where none ex-
ist. Conducting LOTS operations from anchorages becomes more important if
the enemy has the capability to deliver long-range, highly destructive fires.
Split-based operations and modular operations are often required while es-
tablishing an initial lodgment.
5-36. Seldom does an initial lodgment or support base contain the ideal mix
of desired characteristics. The ASCC commander, in concert with the JFC,
makes difficult choices when organizing support for the operation. One of the
most difficult is whether to stockpile supplies forward in the theater, or rely
on time-definite delivery from CONUS or from an ISB. Stockpiling places
supplies in relatively close proximity to units but may place a burden on the
theater support structure in terms of having to move, protect, and handle
large quantities of support resources on a repetitive basis. On the other hand,
while responsive distribution reduces this burden significantly, it is highly
dependent on the availability and responsiveness of limited airlift assets to
deliver critical supplies in a timely manner to ensure that fighting forces are
able to sustain the desired tempo. The commander weighs the risks and bene-
fits of both of these options then decides which can best fulfill the support re-

5-9
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

quirements. Depending on the METT-TC factors, he may transition from one

option to the other, or adopt a combination of both.
5-37. Selecting and improving LOC are essential aspects of maintaining un-
interrupted CSS throughout an operation. The operational commander must
understand the relationship between stockage, time, LOC, and combat power.
Time spent in deliberate preparation (projecting and preparing an ISB and
forward support bases, and positioning resources in them) can result in
shorter LOC and greater operational capability in the future. This was the
case in Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm, where Army
forces positioned bases forward as part of the U.S. Central Command’s stra-
tegic concentration to support future operations. On the other hand, the age-
old problem of overextended LOC and supply shortages can have a detrimen-
tal impact on a large force trying to conduct offensive operations. Conducting
nonlinear operations also greatly complicates the requirement to ensure LOC
security. Operations and CSS planners must take great care in planning LOC
security in any nonlinear operation.

RELEVANT INFORMATION
5-38. Relevant information is all information of importance to commanders
and staffs in the exercise of command and control (FM 3-0). Relevant infor-
mation provides the answers commanders and staffs need to conduct opera-
tions successfully, that is, all elements necessary to address the factors of
METT-TC. Once CSS planners know a contingency country or geographic re-
gion, they begin to build a CSS relevant information database. They develop
this CSS relevant information in close coordination with the intelligence and
operations community’s intelligence preparation of the battlefield effort.
When completed, they can use the information in the database to develop a
comprehensive plan for LPT. The relative priority of this effort depends on
the concept of operations, along with other command priorities. Because it is
a complex and time-consuming function, CSS planners cannot afford to wait
until deployment begins to start the LPT. Anticipation by CSS planners at
the National and combatant command levels can preclude inserting soldiers
into a completely "cold" base.
5-39. Planning must provide for the timely arrival of CSS assets balanced ac-
cording to the mission. Strategic lift assets are extremely limited, and com-
manders cannot afford to squander even one sortie on movement of unneces-
sary supplies, equipment, or personnel. A well-thought-out LPT plan, along
with the time required for proper execution, allows better use of scarce stra-
tegic lift capability. A detailed LPT plan covers the following areas.
Geography
5-40. Planners collect information on climate, terrain, and endemic diseases
in the AO to determine when and what types of equipment are needed. For
example, water information determines the need for such things as early de-
ployment of well-digging assets and water production and distribution units.
Supplies
5-41. Planners collect information on supply items that are readily available
in the AO and can support U.S. forces. Subsistence items, bulk petroleum,

5-10
 _________________________________________________________ Orchestrating the CSS Effort

and barrier materials are the most common. Planners must answer several
questions, such as:
• Can any of these items be purchased locally?
• What supply systems are the Allies/coalition partners using? Are they
compatible?
• Are major equipment items compatible?
• Does the host nation (HN) have repair parts that support current
U.S. systems?
Answers to these types of questions assist in determining if HNS negotiations
are feasible, if not already in place.
Facilities
5-42. Planners collect information on the availability of such things as ware-
housing, cold-storage facilities, production and manufacturing plants, reser-
voirs, administrative facilities, hospitals, sanitation capabilities, and hotels.
Availability of such facilities could reduce the requirement for deployment.
For example, force provider can house approximately 3,300 personnel. (See
chapter 6.) However, if space is available in a complex of hotels with the req-
uisite support in the required location, deploying the force provider, with its
significant strategic lift requirements, could be eliminated or deferred.
Transportation
5-43. Planners collect information on such things as road and rail nets, truck
availability, bridges, ports, cargo handlers, petroleum pipelines, MHE, traffic
flow, choke points, and control problems.
Maintenance
5-44. Planners examine the multinational partners’ armed forces and answer
such questions as—
• Can they supplement the Army capability?
• Does a commonality exist in such things as equipment and repair
parts?
• Does the host nation have adequate machine works for possible fabri-
cation of repair parts?
• Are there theater support contract maintenance capabilities
available?
General Skills
5-45. Planners collect information on the general population of the AO. They
get answers to such questions as:
• Is English commonly spoken?
• Are interpreters available?
• Will a general labor pool be available?
• What skills are available (drivers, clerks, MHE operators, food service
personnel, guards, mechanics, and longshoremen available)?
5-46. Collectors routinely provide an abundance of information on targeted
theaters or likely contingency areas. Also, agencies can assist CSS personnel

5-11
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

in building the information file. The following sources of information are only
a few; this list is not all-inclusive.
Department of State
5-47. Department of State embassy staffs routinely do country studies. They
also produce information on foreign countries, including unclassified pam-
phlets. These pamphlets focus on political and economic issues, not military
or CSS matters.
Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield Data
5-48. The weather and terrain databases in the IPB, with its overlays, pro-
vide current information for preselecting LOC and sites for CSS facilities.
The IPB event analysis matrix and template can determine the need for route
improvements and bridge reinforcements. FM 34-130 has more details.
Special Operations Forces, to Include Civil Affairs Units
5-49. Whether in country or targeted on a specific country, SOF can provide a
wealth of CSS information. They include functional specialists who focus on
particular areas (such as civilian supply, public health, public safety, and
transportation). Civil affairs (CA) units also can provide vital assistance
when coordinating theater contract support and CUL support to NGOs.
Culturegrams
5-50. Culturegrams are a series of unclassified pamphlets published by Brig-
ham Young University that provide general/social information on specific
countries. Though not focused on governmental or military interests, they
provide a variety of useful information that can be used by deploying forces.
Army Country Profiles
5-51. Army country profiles (ACPs) are produced by the Army Intelligence
Threat Analysis Center. ACPs are classified country profiles providing infor-
mation on logistics, military capabilities, intelligence and security, medical
intelligence, and military geography. They include photos, maps, and charts.
Country Contingency Support Studies
5-52. Country contingency support studies are produced by the Defense Intel-
ligence Agency (DIA). These classified documents contain extensive informa-
tion on railways, highways, bridges, and tunnels within a given country.
5-53. Other assets or tools the CSS planner may want to consider as the LPT
plan is developed include—
• Army prepositioned stocks.
• Use of containerization to limit handling.
• HNS agreements.
• ISSAs and ACSAs.
• Prearranged contracts to provide support.
5-54. The CSS planner must not underestimate the time and resources re-
quired for these actions. The LPT is a living document that is in a continual
state of review, refinement, and use. Forces should use it as the basis for ne-
gotiations, preparing the TPFDD, and the Total Army analysis process.

5-12
_________________________________________________________ Orchestrating the CSS Effort

NEGOTIATIONS
5-55. The LPT should be the basis for negotiating HNS and theater support
contracting agreements. Considerations may include prepositioning of sup-
plies and equipment, civilian support contracts, OCONUS training programs,
and humanitarian and civic assistance programs designed to enhance the de-
velopment and cooperative solidarity of the host nation, and provide infra-
structure compensation should deployment of forces to the target country be
required.

TIME-PHASED FORCE AND DEPLOYMENT DATA

5-56. The LPT should be synchronized on a regular basis with the TPFDD to
ensure that only the CSS capabilities that cannot be met with assurance from
another source are phased into the AO. This synchronization takes place, at a
minimum, each time the commander updates the LPT to ensure that only the
minimum necessary strategic lift is committed to CSS assets.
5-57. The ASCC commander identifies the number of Army units, including
CS and CSS organizations, required to support the combatant commander’s
campaign plan. This force tailoring becomes the basis for resourcing decisions
concerning the various force compositions active component, U.S. Army Re-
serve, Army National Guard, and stationing plans. (FM 3-0 discusses force
tailoring.) A current, well-developed LPT enables the ASCC commander to
make sound force tailoring and resourcing decisions.

ACQUISITION OF RESOURCES
5-58. The LPT ties support requirements and acquisition support together at
the operational level. The LPT process ensures CSS personnel have consid-
ered all possible sources of support. The LPT provides the details in the CSS
reach consideration of such sources as joint and multinational capabilities,
HNS, and contractors. It also considers the link to the support capabilities
available in the sustainment base.
5-59. The acquisition of resources refers to the activity at all levels to gain
access to the support resources identified in the requirements determination
aspect of planning. The process of acquiring resources is closely related to
force tailoring in two ways: the commander aims to attain the resources iden-
tified during the planning process, and barriers to acquisition may influence
support requirements. The acquisition of CSS resources is also associated
with distribution. What is acquired, and where and how it is acquired, may
depend on distribution capabilities. At all levels, CSS personnel are aware of
and exploit all possible sources of support.
5-60. Acquisition of resources to support military operations involves such
varied activities as—
• Contracting materiel and services.
• Negotiating ISSAs and ACSAs at the National level.
• Arranging LOGCAP and HNS agreements.
• Utilizing private voluntary and nongovernmental organizations.
• Recruiting military and civilian personnel.
• Conducting mobilization activities.

5-13
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

5-61. Planners must understand the availability of support capabilities from

all possible sources to acquire them efficiently. They need to understand the
requirements and assets available in all theaters, as identified in LPTs, to
ensure arrangements are in place to acquire additional required resources.
5-62. In many operations, the primary source of supplies and other resources
is from the sustainment base, as coordinated through the support managers
at the operational level. Other sources may include other services or multina-
tional partners and contractors (as covered in paragraph 5-86). Tactical-level
CSS may include limited support from local purchase sources and short-term
local support agreements with collocated joint or multinational partners.
Cross-leveling assets are also part of determining what resources are avail-
able to meet the needs of the supported force.

DISTRIBUTION
5-63. Distribution is the process of synchronizing all elements of the CSS sys-
tem to deliver the right things to the right place at the right time to support
the commander. The distribution system is a complex of networks tailored to
meet the requirements of the force across the range of operations. These net-
works are overlaid on existing infrastructure that the host-nation and mili-
tary, civilian, and multinational forces participating in the same operation
must share. Combinations of U.S. military, host nation, multinational, and
contractor organizations operate the nodes and modes that distribute the
forces and sustainment resources. These organizations collect and report data
to a network of operational and CSS headquarters responsible for processing
the data into information and issuing instructions to the node and mode op-
erators. This process enables the JFC and subordinate ARFOR commander to
carry out CSS effectively and efficiently.
5-64. Army distribution planning focuses on providing a versatile, continuous
flow of personnel, materiel, and services to support the operational require-
ments of the ARFOR. CSS planners must consider the impact, constraints,
and AO of each of the distribution functions, systems, and information sys-
tems required to sustain the flow of resources. The distribution management
plans must focus on supporting operations across full spectrum operations
within a joint and often multinational and interagency operational environ-
ment. Understanding the JFC’s concept of operations and early involvement
by the CSS staffs and planners at all levels are essential to ensure responsive
CSS. Distribution planning must incorporate strategic, operational, and tac-
tical deployment and sustainment requirements while balancing the theater
distribution capabilities and resources available to the JFC and service com-
ponent commanders.
5-65. Detailed planning for distribution operations is a key part of the envi-
ronment of the distribution manager. Commanders, support operations ele-
ments, and control centers must plan far enough ahead to influence the flow
within the strategic segment of the distribution pipeline. Success requires pe-
riodic monitoring of resource and movement transactions, knowledge of
trends and performance, and knowledge of the commander's operational pri-
orities. Planning makes future operations easier by permitting subsequent,
rapid, and coordinated action by the staff and by other elements of the com-

5-14
_________________________________________________________ Orchestrating the CSS Effort

mand. It also keeps the command in a better position to respond to rapidly

changing situations. Adequate, practical planning is essential to the success
of distribution.
5-66. Figure 5-1 depicts the interrelationship of the distribution plan with
the LPT and the service support plan, with its associated annexes and ap-
pendices. At the strategic and operational levels, the OPLAN/OPORD pro-
vides operational mission information essential to developing the LPT. The
LPT provides the data required to prepare the logistics estimate. This esti-
mate draws conclusions and makes recommendations concerning the feasibil-
ity of various courses of action (COAs), and the effects of each COA on CSS
operations. Once the commander selects a COA, the CSS planner uses the lo-
gistics estimate to develop the logistics portion of the service support plan
along with the distribution plan to the OPLAN/OPORD.

Figure 5-1. Inter-relationship of the Distribution Plan with the LPT and the Service
Support Plan.

5-67. The LPT, service support plan, and distribution plan are living docu-
ments within the CSS planning triad that are changed, refined, and updated
as a result of continuing estimates and studies.
5-68. The distribution pipeline is a channel through which the DOD conducts
distribution operations. The pipeline consists of a complex framework of inte-
grated national/theater-level physical and resource networks linked by in-

5-15
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

formation systems. Figure 5-2 shows the end-to-end flow of resources from
supplier to consumer.
5-69. The supported combatant commander’s perspective of the distribution
pipeline includes two portions: the strategic portion and the theater portion.
5-70. The strategic portion has two distinct functional areas performed by
DLA and other strategic providers and by U.S. Transportation Command
(USTRANSCOM). DLA, respective service strategic-level CSS activities (such
as USAMC and USAMMA), and installations provide maintenance, prepara-
tion for movement of units and equipment, and materiel support.

Figure 5-2. The Distribution Pipeline.

5-71. The second functional area relates to strategic lift and in-transit visibil-
ity. USTRANSCOM and its subordinate transportation component com-
mands using the Defense Transportation System (DTS), are the key organi-
zations in this area. The DTS is the portion of the nation’s transportation in-
frastructure that supports DOD common-user transportation needs across
the range of military operations. USTRANSCOM has developed a single da-
tabase to provide in-transit visibility to all DOD activities. This database is
the Global Transportation Network (GTN) and contains all DTS-related
transactions and movement status.

THEATER DISTRIBUTION
5-72. The theater portion of distribution is the responsibility of the geo-
graphic combatant commander, but a subordinate JTF normally executes this
responsibility. Theater distribution occurs in the distribution pipeline extend-
ing from the port of debarkation (POD) to the user. Distribution resources
within the theater are finite, and regardless of the commodity distributed or
the operational phase, the distribution system competes for resources. The

5-16
_________________________________________________________ Orchestrating the CSS Effort

theater distribution manager must possess total visibility over all distribu-
tion capabilities, service requirements, and common-item supply resources
flow within the theater distribution system. This maximizes distribution
flexibility and combines the overall system capacity. JP 4-01.4, which is cur-
rently under development, will be the joint reference for theater distribution.
5-73. The individual subordinate JFC is responsible for managing an effec-
tive distribution network. Many options are available to meet a JFC's re-
quirements. His choice depends on the type and size of the operation and the
campaign objectives. He may direct subordinate service components to man-
age and operate their own distribution systems. He may establish a logistics
readiness center (LRC) and/or a series of joint boards and management cen-
ters at the combatant command and/or subordinate JTF levels. These joint
activities establish policies and set priorities ensuring the flow of resources to
support the joint/multinational campaign. FM 100-10.1 has more informa-
tion.
5-74. Theater distribution synchronizes improvements in distribution activi-
ties; such, as movement control, mode operations, materiel management,
supply and service support, and associated technology. The result is in-
creased speed within an effective theater distribution system. CSS personnel
integrate the current strategic, operational, and tactical level of distribution
into a seamless joint continuum.
5-75. Theater distribution planning, preparation, execution, and assessment
considerations are functions of visibility, management, and transportation
support. Logistics planners consider theater distribution in every aspect of
operational planning throughout the processes of mobilization, deployment,
employment, sustainment, and redeployment. The critical link between stra-
tegic deployment and operational employment is the seamless flow of person-
nel, equipment, and materiel from off-load at POD through employment of
reassembled, mission capable forces in the operational area. Figure 5-3 de-
picts the link between the strategic and theater pipelines.
5-76. Throughout joint operations, the combatant commander continually
matures the joint distribution system capability, and controls the flow of
units and materiel within the theater to support the mission. The combatant
commander and staffs manage and coordinate critical distribution resources
and assets among the ASCC and other service components.
5-77. The combatant commander manages the theater piece of the distribu-
tion pipeline that comprises all the networks through which materiel and
units flow before reaching their final destination. Theater distribution is ac-
complished from the PODs or other in-theater locations to the customers. It
includes the physical flow of materiel and movement of forces, and associated
information. An effective communications infrastructure needs to be in place
to achieve the goals of theater distribution at the combatant command level.
Similarly, the ASCC and other service components are responsible for up-
grading their internal networks and identifying funding, placing required in-
frastructure, and placing their own distribution networks from the compo-
nent to the tactical level. Additionally, each service component is responsible
for upgrades that may be required to conduct theater distribution in accor-
dance with, and in support of, the concept of operations for each theater. It is

5-17
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

critical that the capabilities for theater operations be interoperable, flexible,

responsive, disciplined, survivable, and sustainable. The geographic combat-
ant commander designs theater distribution information to provide the visi-
bility he requires.

Figure 5-3. Distribution Operations.

5-78. Joint information systems are essential to theater distribution. To en-

sure success, commanders and staffs must have the ability to communicate
among themselves and with other services and forces. This capability is made
possible through links between the global combat control system (GCCS) and
the global combat control system—Army (GCCS-A). GCCS-A links the Army’s
operational and tactical command and control systems to the strategic level—
GCCS. GCCS-A is a component of the ABCS. ABCS is comprised of eight
separate systems to support key command and control functions of maneuver,
fire support, air defense, intelligence, air support, battle command, and CSS.
While each command and control system provides detailed support of its bat-
tlefield functional area to the other ABCS systems, it also receives the rele-
vant information from the other command and control systems to provide the
commander with a common operational picture of the battlefield. At the stra-
tegic level, the CSSCS is the CSS component of ABCS. CSSCS provides a
concise picture of unit maneuver sustainment requirements and support ca-
pabilities by collecting, processing, and displaying information on key items
of supply, services, and personnel that the commander deems crucial to the

5-18
 _________________________________________________________ Orchestrating the CSS Effort

success of the operation. CSSCS does not duplicate STAMIS functions. The
management of all items within a class of supply or support function remains
a STAMIS function. Other emerging systems are GCSS, GCSS-A, transporta-
tion coordinators automated information for movement system II (TC-AIMS
II). These systems are discussed later in this chapter.
5-79. Staffs must quickly and accurately distribute information to elements
within the distribution system. Some examples of the communications sys-
tems to accomplish this are area common user system (ACUS), warfighter
information network-tactical (WIN-T), and garrison communications.

THE ARMY ROLE

5-80. Ongoing developments in CSS activities support the Army role in thea-
ter distribution as it moves to distribution-based CSS. These include
establishing distribution management centers/elements (DMC/E), develop-
ments in information systems, advancements in configured loads, emphasis
on maximizing throughput, and enhancing capabilities to operate intermodal
terminals.
Distribution Management
5-81. To facilitate distribution management, the Army is creating distribu-
tion DMC/Es within theater, corps, and division support commands. For
Army forces, the key link to the theater system is the TSC DMC. It develops
the ASCC’s piece of the distribution plan in coordination with the ASCC G4.
It also exercises staff supervision of Army EAC materiel managers and
movement controllers. Using liaison elements in the DMCs is a critical factor
in ensuring that the ASCC’s piece of the theater distribution system is as re-
sponsive and efficient as possible. To facilitate distribution management op-
erations, other CSS commands/units routinely provide liaison elements to the
DMC to ensure that the support their organizations are responsible for is
fully synchronized into the overall distribution system for all supplies and
services. FM 4-93.4 describes the full role of the TSC DMC. Some key func-
tions are—
• Maintain visibility of locations of support activities and customers.
STAMIS can provide some of this information. However, current sys-
tems are not programmed to provide it. Systems under development
will provide this information much more effectively. Until GCSS-A
and the movement tracking system (MTS) are in place, the DMC gets
much of its information from information systems such as CSSCS or
from nonautomated reports.
• Maintain information on support relationships. If directed by the
ASCC/ARFOR G4, the TSC DMC can provide support relationship in-
formation directly to the combatant command/JTF J4 staff.
• Effect cross leveling. The DMC currently can obtain on-hand and due-
in status to support cross-leveling through the Standard Army Retail
Supply System–Objective (SARSS-O), Standard Army Ammunition
System–Modified (SAAS-MOD), and the Army Medical Management
Information System (TAMMIS). If no assets are readily available
from the wholesale system, the DMC inquires into asset tracking ser-
vices (joint total asset visibility [JTAV], Army total asset visibility

5-19
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

[ATAV], GTN) to find a match for high-priority requirements from in-

bound materiel. For Army materiel, the DMC instructs movement
controllers to divert shipments or redistribute assets to the appropri-
ate SSA. For non-Army owned materiel, the DMC coordinates with
the applicable lead service or joint board/staff to affect cross-leveling.
The TSC DMC coordinates with COSCOM and DISCOM DMCs to
synchronize cross-leveling assets across all Army echelons, as neces-
sary.
5-82. Loads configured by Army and other elements also enhance the effi-
ciency of the joint distribution system.
5-83. Theater and corps hubs provide the basis for the theater distribution
pipeline. Hubs receive and stage all supplies, personnel, and units moving
into the theater and prepare them for onward movement to their final desti-
nation. FM 100-10.1 lays out the flow of supplies and services through the
theater hub, from reception in the theater hub to delivery at DS activities in
the combat zone. Within the distribution hub at each echelon, the Army es-
tablishes one or more intermodal terminals for cargo. These terminals segre-
gate, consolidate, manifest, and stage cargo for delivery. They use cross-dock
operations to segregate and ship cargo to satellite nodes in the system. More
details on nodes in the distribution system, as well as other information on
the Army's role in theater distribution are in FM 100-10.1.
Information Systems to Support Distribution
5-84. Information technology improvements are revolutionizing CSS. Distri-
bution managers require timely and accurate TAV information to manage the
distribution pipeline efficiently and effectively to build and sustain combat
power. This includes information about warfighter requirements, tactical op-
erations and the overall situational awareness from the ABCS (such as
CSSCS) and the on-hand, in-transit and in-maintenance TAV information.
The ability to receive the logistics portion of the COP in the form of TAV en-
ables CSS operations to build and sustain combat power efficiently and effec-
tively for the warfighter. This section discusses the integrated role of infor-
mation systems in the distribution system. The functional chapters of this
manual and/or proponent doctrinal manuals address the specific functional
capabilities of these information systems.
5-85. TAV has three primary components: asset visibility, in-transit visibil-
ity, and in-maintenance visibility. The Army is developing a variety of infor-
mation systems to better support total asset visibility. GCSS-A and the Stan-
dard Installation/Division Personnel System (SIDPERS) capture asset visibil-
ity of personnel and materiel. TC-AIMS II, and MTS provide in-transit visi-
bility of personnel and materiel. These information systems have an inte-
grated suite of radio frequency (RF) technology. Together, these systems pro-
vide the total asset visibility capability to support CSS operations. These ca-
pabilities are critical in executing distribution operations. CSS personnel
supporting distribution operations and equipped with these information sys-
tems support the force commander with greater responsiveness, anticipation,
and agility from a smaller CSS footprint. Visibility of all unit equipment, per-
sonnel, and supplies enable CSS operations to leverage limited CSS capabili-
ties to support Army forces.

5-20
_________________________________________________________ Orchestrating the CSS Effort

• Asset visibility involves the ability to see what is on-hand and on-
order. In-theater asset visibility begins at the SSA for cargo and at
replacement centers for personnel. The SSA and DMC track cargo re-
ceipt, storage, and issue functions using GCSS-A and radio frequency
data collection (RFDC). Information from RF tags required for re-
ceipt, storage, and issue processing passes to the GCSS-A manage-
ment module. The replacement centers and DMC track personnel us-
ing SIDPERS and smart cards. Information from smart cards for per-
sonnel processing passes to the GCSS-A management module.
• In-transit visibility is the ability to see what is moving in the distri-
bution pipeline. In-theater in-transit visibility begins at the POD dur-
ing RSO&I. Reception at the POD involves receiving strategic lift
manifest information of unit equipment, personnel, and sustainment
cargo—the source data for in-theater total asset visibility.
USTRANSCOM information systems, worldwide port system (WPS),
and the Global Air Transportation and Execution System (GATES)
process receipt of unit equipment, personnel, and sustainment cargo
from strategic lift vessels. This information is forwarded to the GTN.
Information from WPS and GATES passes to the Army theater-level
information system—TC-AIMS II (when fielded). Unit equipment and
sustainment cargo is tracked using RF tags attached to equipment,
containers, and pallets in the port marshalling area. Information
from RF tags passes through TC-AIMS II to the GCSS-A manage-
ment module onward movement in the AO from port marshal-
ling/staging areas and personnel-holding areas is supported by the
MTS at the platform level. This provides modal visibility for moving
cargo. The TC-AIMS II provides nodal visibility of moving cargo.
Transportation control and movement document (TCMD) information
moves from the RF-tagged, MTS-equipped distribution platform up to
the GCSS-A management module via the TC-AIMS II system. Criti-
cal nodes along the distribution pipeline will be equipped with the
TC-AIMS II to move TCMD information from the RF tags to the
GCSS-A management module.
• In-maintenance, visibility refers to the ability to see what is being re-
paired. In-maintenance, visibility begins with current shop status of
equipment at direct support maintenance locations in the AO. Main-
tenance status information passes through GCSS-A to the GCSS
management module. RF data collection bar code scanners are re-
ceipts of parts for maintenance operations. Future uses of RF tech-
nology include tracking internal maintenance shop workload and
equipment history.

CIVILIAN PERSONNEL
5-86. Army CSS units normally provide the backbone of support to Army
forces in full spectrum operations. However, CSS commanders and staffs also
integrate the efforts of DA civilians and contractors. Civilian personnel
provide essential CSS for military operations in peacetime as well as during
operations.

5-21
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

5-87. Identifying requirements for civilian personnel (governmental or non-

governmental agency civilians and contractors) and identifying qualified per-
sonnel to fill those requirements are essential when planning for operations.
Appropriate proponents must ensure that civilians are incorporated into de-
liberate planning so they are trained and ready in a timely manner. Four
reasons for employing civilians are that they—
• Complement military capabilities, thus freeing soldiers for other du-
ties as assigned.
• May be employed without a mobilization to perform functions that
may otherwise require an AC or RC unit to perform.
• Have technical skills that are not available in the uniformed
components.
• May be required in place of military support personnel/units to meet
military personnel force caps.

DA CIVILIANS
5-88. Fifteen hundred DA civilians in more than 100 different occupational
specialties deployed from commands throughout the world to Southwest Asia
during Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm. In future op-
erations, DA civilians will continue to play an important role in Army opera-
tions, fulfilling critical functions on the battlefield. The functional proponent
for Army personnel support to DA civilians (appropriated and nonappropri-
ated fund [NAF] employees) is Headquarters, Department of the Army, G1.
Contracting activities and contracting officers provide contractual oversight
for contract civilians. The Army and Air Force Exchange Service (AAFES)
performs NAF civilian personnel management for AAFES personnel.
5-89. Civilian personnel who provide essential CS and CSS roles in a theater
are a key part of the Army. For example, civilian members of the logistics
support element (LSE) provide national-level supply, maintenance, and tech-
nical assistance; AAFES deploys civilians to run exchange systems for every-
day necessities. This civilian workforce includes CONUS expansion and
OCONUS requirements to support military operations.

CONTRACTORS
5-90. Contracted support is an effective force multiplier. It can bridge gaps
before military support resources arrive and when host-nation support is not
available. It also augments existing support capabilities. Theater support
contracts may provide effective support thus allowing the combatant com-
mander to better operate within the limits of strategic lift or military force
caps realities, particularly in stability operations and support operations.
5-91. The type and quantity of support a contractor provides is similar to
that provided by a military support unit, when considered from a customer
perspective. However, commanders and staffs must remain aware of some
fundamental differences. For example—
• Contractors perform only the tasks specified in the contract. Other
duties as assigned does not apply in a contract environment, thus re-
ducing the flexibility of support.

5-22
 _________________________________________________________ Orchestrating the CSS Effort

• Contractors and their employees are not combatants, but rather

civilians accompanying the force. This status must not be jeopardized.
They cannot man the security perimeter, possibly increasing force
protection requirements when compared to using military CSS
capabilities.
• Contractor status in a combat environment as civilians accompanying
the force is clearly defined in the Hague and Geneva Conventions and
other international agreements. If captured, they are entitled to pris-
oner of war status.
• Contractor activities are managed through the command’s contract-
ing structure, not the operational chain of command. Commanders do
not have command of contractor employees; contractor personnel are
not government employees. Only contractors manage and supervise
their employees. Commanders manage contractors through the con-
tracting officer and contracting officer’s representative (COR) in ac-
cordance with the terms and conditions of the contract.
Types of Contractors
5-92. There are three types of contractors. They are characterized by the
general type of support provided and by the source of their contract authority.
5-93. Theater Support Contractors. Theater support contractors support de-
ployed operational forces under prearranged contracts, or contracts awarded
from the AO, by contracting officers serving under the direct contracting au-
thority of the theater principal assistant responsible for contracting (PARC).
Theater support contractors provide goods, services, and minor construction,
usually from the local vendor base, to meet the immediate needs of opera-
tional commanders.
5-94. External Support Contractors. External support contractors provide for
deployed forces support, separate and distinct from either theater support or
system contractors. They may be associated with prearranged contracts or
contracts awarded during the contingency. Contracting officers who award
and administer external support contracts retain distinct contracting author-
ity to organizations other than the theater PARC. USAMC, for example, pro-
vides commercial depot support through contracts by its commodity com-
mands. Other organizations provide external support contracts. For example,
the LOGCAP program office administers its prearranged umbrella contract,
commonly referred to as LOGCAP, and USTRANSCOM provides the Civil
Reserve Air Fleet (CRAF) and commercial sealift supporting the theater. In
addition, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) procures leased real
property and real estate.
5-95. System Contractors. System contractors support deployed forces under
prearranged contracts awarded by program executive officers (PEOs), pro-
gram managers (PMs), and the USAMC to provide specific support to mate-
riel systems throughout their life cycles, during both peacetime and contin-
gency operations. These systems include, but are not limited to, vehicles,
weapon systems, aircraft, and information systems infrastructure and
equipment. Contracting officers working for the PMs and USAMC subordi-

5-23
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

nate commands administer their system contractor functions and operations

via their contracts.
Contractable Functions on the Battlefield
5-96. Depending on the situation and associated risks, a contractor may
augment or provide a variety of support functions on the battlefield. All Army
functions, other than those inherently governmental in nature (armed com-
bat, command and control of U.S. military and/or civilian personnel, and gov-
ernment contracting) or functions covered by HNS agreement may be suit-
able for contractor support.
5-97. Supply and Field Services. Contractors can provide the full range of
supply and field services, including item management, stockage, and delivery
of all classes of supply. Contractor support may also provide field services
(such as, laundry, shower, clothing exchange and repair, water purification,
waste disposal, portable latrine support, and mortuary affairs), within spe-
cific parameters.
5-98. Transportation Support. Contracts may support all modes of transpor-
tation at the strategic, operational, and tactical levels. Transportation is re-
quired everywhere within the theater, from the POD into the combat zone.
Contractor support may include all mode and terminal operation functions.
5-99. Maintenance Support. Because of the increasing sophistication of
equipment and weapon systems, they are a prime area for contractor support.
Development and production contractors provide follow-on maintenance and
technical support to the systems they have developed and built. This support
includes sustainment maintenance on specified equipment and weapon sys-
tems and subsystems and associated software, and extends over the entire
life cycle of the system, in peace and war. Contractors (other than system
contractors) may also be involved in routine maintenance, repair, rebuild,
and overhaul programs for equipment that is not the responsibility of a sys-
tem contractor.
5-100. Medical/Dental. Contractors can support health care for contingency
operations. An assessment of the capabilities and standards of care provided
by the host-nation medical treatment facilities determines the extent of HSS
capabilities required to support military operations.
5-101. General Labor. Under the staff responsibility of the G1/S1, unskilled
labor may be contracted on a daily basis. This satisfies government labor
needs that do not require military skills or a skilled contractor workforce.
DA Civilian and Contractor Risk Assessment
5-102. Properly evaluating the use of DA civilians and contractor support to
a military operation requires a risk assessment. (FM 100-14 contains risk
management doctrine.) There are two aspects of risk assessment related to
the use of DA civilians and contractors. The first focuses on the threat to the
contractor employees’ physical safety. As part of his campaign plan, the JFC
plans for contractors on the battlefield and establishes guidelines/restrictions
on location of these personnel within the AO. With use of contractors in high-
risk situations, contract solicitations must clearly identify the services
needed and the conditions under which they will be performed. When con-

5-24
_________________________________________________________ Orchestrating the CSS Effort

tractors are willing to perform under dangerous conditions, the degree of risk
involved substantially influences the cost of a contract. The second aspect of
risk assessment focuses on the impact of DA civilian and contractor support
on mission accomplishment (or, more importantly, the potential for mission
failure if civilian employees cannot or will not perform functions due to the
level of hostilities). In some situations, the risk or cost of using DA civilians
and contractors may not warrant their use in certain operations, locations, or
functions. For more detailed information on contractor support to military
operations, consult JP 4-0, FM 100-10-2, and FM 3-100.21.

5-25
 Chapter 6
Supply and Field Services

Supply and services consist of wide-ranging functions that extend from

determining requirements at the strategic level to delivering items and
services to the user at the tactical level. Supply involves acquiring, man-
aging, receiving, storing, and issuing all classes of supply except class
VIII. Field services involve feeding, clothing, and providing personnel ser-
vices to soldiers. It consists of clothing exchange, laundry and shower
support, textile repair, mortuary affairs, preparation for aerial delivery,
food services, billeting, and sanitation.

THE SUPPLY SYSTEM

6-1. The supply system spans all levels CONTENTS
of war. The following is a discussion of The Supply System............................. 6-1
the considerations at each level. Classes of Supply............................... 6-3
Field Services ..................................... 6-9
STRATEGIC CONSIDERATIONS
6-2. At the strategic level, supply activity focuses on determining realistic,
supportable resource requirements; acquiring, packaging, managing, and
positioning supplies; and coordinating moving materiel into the theater base
and staging areas. Effective supply and field services planning and execution
supports strategic and operational commanders in planning campaigns and,
subsequently, ensuring operational and tactical commanders are able to
execute their warfighting mission with confidence that the combat service
support (CSS) community can support them.
6-3. Strategic planners determine requirements to support the force based on
the National Security Strategy (NSS), the National Military Strategy (NMS),
the missions the Army can expect to receive to achieve strategic end states,
and theater strategies and campaign plans. They consider all potential
sources of supplies to reduce the deployment requirements to support Army
operations. Sources include host nation support, contracting, and joint and
multinational forces. Commodity centers assigned to U.S. Army Materiel
Command (USAMC),U.S. Army Medical Materiel Agency (USAMMA),
Defense Logistics Agency (DLA), Defense Commissary Agency, and other
defense agencies manage supply operations at the strategic level with the
assistance of the Army service component command (ASCC) in accordance
with the combatant commander’s directives and priorities.
6-4. Critical considerations include determining stockpiling requirements
and supply production capabilities. CSS personnel preposition supplies in
overseas regions (primarily where forward-presence forces locate) for initial

6-1
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

support. They preposition certain critical supplies as well as unit equipment

afloat to provide flexible support to forward-presence, reinforcing, or
contingency forces. Some supplies are stored in continental United States
(CONUS) military stockpiles. Other supplies, such as construction materiel,
are routinely available directly from the Army’s economic base, contractor
support, or local purchase in theater; the CONUS military system does not
stockpile such supplies.
6-5. Centralized management of Army prepositioned stock (APS) enhances
responsiveness. USAMC and the Office of the Surgeon General are the
Army's managers of these stocks. The system provides central management
oversight and the ability to posture stocks rapidly to respond to contingency
requirements. FM 100-17-1 and FM 100-17-2 discuss APS.
6-6. Strategic supply activities work closely with USTRANSCOM and its
component commands. They synchronize their efforts with the combatant
command’s Joint Operations Planning and Execution System (JOPES)
developed movement program to get supplies to the theater. They ensure that
required supplies have unit line number designations and that supplies move
from stockpiles or other sources to the theater to meet the priorities of the
combatant commander. Although containers are the preferred method of
shipment, much of the cargo flies on 463L pallets from CONUS. When
required to minimize handling in the theater, depots use and package
supplies received from CONUS military stockpiles and the industrial base
and offer them to the transportation component command for movement. If a
container contains multiple consignees, packaging maintains consignee
integrity. A copy of the documentation accompanies the container. Total asset
visibility provides an automated capability to track both the container and its
contents.

OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
6-7. Supply at the operational level involves requisitioning or acquiring,
receipt, storage, protection, maintenance, distribution, and salvage of
supplies. Supply planners and managers must understand the joint task
force (JTF)/ASCC/ARFOR commander’s priorities and the requirements for
supporting campaigns and major operations. Requirements include
considering the needs of joint and multinational forces.
6-8. Supplies are throughput whenever possible from the port of debarkation
(POD) or local sources to the appropriate supply support activity (SSA) or
receiving unit. Multiple consignee cargo comes to a supply activity for sorting
before transshipment to the appropriate SSA or receiving unit.
6-9. The supply system depends on an efficient and effective materiel
management system. Materiel management centers (MMCs) and materiel
managers with distribution management centers (DMCs) must know the
prioritized requirements of the force and the status of available resources.
They manage distribution in coordination with movement control elements
that know the capabilities of the transportation system to move required
supplies. This management requires an effective automated supply system
and extensive coordination. Materiel managers link to strategic and tactical
supply and transportation elements to provide total asset visibility.

6-2
___________________________________________________________ Supply and Field Services

TACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
6-10. Tactical-level supply focuses on readiness and supports the
commander's ability to fight battles and engagements or achieve his stability
or support mission. CSS planners work with supporting commanders and
materiel managers to ensure required supplies are available when and where
the user needs them. Units carry a basic load of supplies with them to
support their operations until the system can resupply them. When time and
mission constraints require, a push system provides supplies. Under this type
of system, planners estimate the supply requirements and arrange to have
supplies delivered to supported elements. As the theater matures and stocks
become readily available, supply elements convert by commodity to a "pull"
system. Requests generated by supported elements are the basis of a "pull"
system. FM 10-1 discusses planning considerations and request procedures.
6-11. Both operational and tactical supply systems include SSAs operated by
GS and DS supply units. These units establish SSAs from the COMMZ as far
forward as the brigade support area. On a temporary basis, DS elements may
operate even further forward at forward logistics bases to reduce the
distances users have to travel to receive support. The support structure at
each command level from separate brigade/division up also includes a
materiel management organization to manage supply and maintenance
operations.
6-12. Improved information systems allow management elements to perform
split-based operations from CONUS or forward-presence locations while
critical capabilities required in theater deploy early in an operation. For
example, part of the corps MMC (CMMC) may remain at its home station
while force-projection cells (the forward CMMC) deploy to the AO with the
force they support. The rear CMMC continues to support the stay-behind
force while concurrently interfacing with the deployed cells to provide the
required support forward. This split-based capability ensures only required
elements deploy. This eliminates unnecessary forces in theater with related
CSS demands. It also minimizes strategic lift requirements.
6-13. Under a pull supply system, a using unit submits a request to its
supporting DS supply element. If stocks are available, the direct support (DS)
element fills the request and notifies the materiel manager, who initiates
replenishment. If it cannot fill the request, the supply unit passes it to the
materiel manager. In that case, the manager directs issue from general
support (GS) stocks to the DS unit or passes the requisition to the
appropriate MMC or commodity center to meet the requirement.
6-14. Retrograde of materiel usually involves supplies and repairable
equipment. Repairable items are generally in maintenance facilities and
returned to supply channels when restored to serviceable condition. Salvage
items are unserviceable and uneconomically repairable. They are evacuated
through the supply system, destroyed, or demilitarized based on theater
policy and commodity center instructions. FM 10-1 has more details.

CLASSES OF SUPPLY
6-15. In addition to the general considerations guiding all supply operations,
there are specific considerations for each commodity. This chapter addresses
the considerations that apply to most classes of supply. Chapter 8 covers

6-3
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

Class V and Class IX. Chapter 9 covers Class VIII. JP 4-07 addresses Class
X. FM 100-10.1 explains the flow of each class of supply. Table 6-1 defines the
ten classes of supply and the miscellaneous category.

Table 6-1. Classes of Supply

Class Supplies
I Subsistence, gratuitous health and comfort items.
II Clothing, individual equipment, tentage, organizational tool sets and kits,
hand tools, unclassified maps, administrative and housekeeping supplies
and equipment.
III Petroleum, fuels, lubricants, hydraulic and insulating oils, preservatives,
liquids and gases, bulk chemical products, coolants, deicer and antifreeze
compounds, components, and additives of petroleum and chemical prod-
ucts, and coal.
IV Construction materials, including installed equipment, and all fortification
and barrier materials.
V Ammunition of all types, bombs, explosives, mines, fuzes, detonators,
pyrotechnics, missiles, rockets, propellants, and associated items.
VI Personal demand items (such as health and hygiene products, soaps and
toothpaste, writing material, snack food, beverages, cigarettes, batteries,
and cameras—nonmilitary sales items).
VII Major end items such as launchers, tanks, mobile machine shops, and
vehicles.
VIII Medical materiel including repair parts peculiar to medical equipment.
IX Repair parts and components to include kits, assemblies, and subassem-
blies (repairable or non-repairable) required for maintenance support of all
equipment.
X Material to support nonmilitary programs such as agriculture and economic
development (not included in Classes I through IX).
Miscellaneous Water, salvage, and captured material.

CLASS I
6-16. Class I supply directly links to the field service of food preparation.
During the initial phase of a conflict, the Class I distribution system pushes
rations—typically meals ready-to-eat (MREs)—and, when cooks become
available, the unitized group heat and serve rations. Personnel strength, unit
locations, type of operations, and feeding capabilities determine the
quantities and types of rations ordered and pushed forward. As the AO
stabilizes, the Class I distribution system converts to a pull system with
limited enhancements (salad, fresh fruit, and pouch bread). The distribution
system throughputs rations as far forward as possible. For legacy forces
(Army of Excellence [AOE] and Force XXI) there is typically a ration break
point within the brigade. For the Stryker brigades, rations are assembled

6-4
___________________________________________________________ Supply and Field Services

into multiday configured loads and distributed to the primary field kitchens
within the brigade.
6-17. Introducing A-rations involves significant logistics expansion. They
require refrigerated storage and distribution equipment. They also require
potable ice for unit storage of items and chilling beverages. FM 10-23
discusses these considerations as well as garbage disposal.
6-18. Health and comfort packages (HCPs) (formerly referred to as ration
supplement sundry packages) are Class I supply items managed by the
Defense Supply Center, Philadelphia. They have a national stock number
and are issued through the standard supply system, without cost to soldiers,
early in a force-projection operation. They contain items such as disposable
razors, toothbrushes, toothpaste, and other personal care items. The Class I
system provides HCP until AAFES tactical field exchanges are operational
and providing Class VI support.
6-19. The U.S. Army Support Activity, an element of USAMC, forecasts
Army needs for semi-perishable subsistence, computes Class I Army
prepositioned stocks requirements, and approves requisitions (except during
contingency operations) for operational rations. The Defense Support Center,
Philadelphia, an element of DLA, procures, inspects, stores, and distributes
Class I supplies. It provides various rations including individual (operational)
rations and unitized group rations (UGRs). There are two types of UGRs: the
UGR-Heat and Serve (UGR-H&S), which requires no refrigeration support,
and UGR-A, which contains semi-perishable and perishable components and
requires refrigeration support. The depot boxes and palletizes all UGR in unit
increments to meet deployed force needs. The UGR modules require separate
issue of milk, which is a mandatory supplement. In addition, the system also
provides menu enhancements (such as cereal, salads, and fruit) separately.
The UGR-A rations also require an issue of one box per module containing
the perishable entrée and other perishable components.
6-20. The operational level of Class I supply includes a theater food advisor.
He plans food service operations to ensure both facilities and personnel are
adequate to receive, store, and issue Class I supplies. Materiel managers at
operational and tactical levels manage Class I supplies. For legacy forces,
perishable subsistence platoons convert to subsistence platoons and work in
conjunction with the distribution company and GS supply companies at corps
and EAC levels. Teams from the platoons may operate at DS ration points.
They will be operational control (OPCON) to the DS supply unit commander
in such cases. For Stryker brigades the subsistence platoons assemble the
multiday configured loads for ultimate distribution to field kitchens.

CLASS II
6-21. Class II supplies include a variety of supplies and equipment from
clothing and individual equipment to tools and unclassified maps. In most
cases, Class II consumption is predictable. Demand history, with anticipated
fluctuations, can provide accurate forecasting of needs. Divisions carry
limited stock of Class II; such items are bulky and impede mobility. Division
supply elements normally carry only critical items. Such items may include
chemical defense equipment, helmets, and mechanics' tools. Clothing supply
creates a special challenge due to its excessive transportation and storage

6-5
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

requirements. It requires intensive management to ensure an even and

uninterrupted flow.
6-22. Distribution plans for protective clothing and equipment also consider
the threat and the service life of protective over-garments and filters.

CLASS III
6-23. Today's Army consumes large quantities of petroleum products to
support operations and will continue to do so into the near future. Its ability
to move and fight depends on its supply of fuel. There are two categories of
Class III supplies: bulk fuel and packaged petroleum products.
Bulk Fuel
6-24. During peacetime, each service is responsible for planning and
preparing for bulk petroleum support to its own forces. This includes
managing war reserve and peacetime operating stocks. It also includes
operating bulk storage, handling, and distribution facilities. Each service
computes its requirements and submits them to the Defense Energy Support
Center for supply and acquisition action.
6-25. During war (or in specified military operations other than war), the
Army is responsible for the inland distribution of bulk fuels. This includes
distributing bulk fuels to the Air Force and Marines. This inland distribution
responsibility requires the Army to provide the necessary force structure to
construct, operate, and maintain overland petroleum pipelines and to
distribute bulk fuels via non-pipeline means. (However, the Air Force and
Marines remain responsible for the retail distribution of bulk fuels to their
units.) Inherent in this responsibility is the requirement to manage the
distribution of bulk fuels within the theater.
6-26. In an effort to obtain the optimum fuel distribution system, the services
continue to reduce the number of bulk fuel products distributed by the
military logistics system. The goal is to have one fuel in the theater. In
addition, the services use standardized fueling procedures and organizations,
when possible, and ensure interoperability of fuel containers and handling
equipment.
6-27. Forces obtain bulk fuel locally within the theater, when possible.
Tanker ships bring in supplies not available in the theater. In developed
theaters, marine petroleum terminals receive and transfer bulk fuel by
pipeline to tank farms. Army assets may have to renovate the existing system
or supplement it with hose lines and collapsible tanks. Pipelines and hose
lines extend as far forward as practical to reduce transportation
requirements. Other means of bulk delivery (such as barges, rail tank cars,
tankers, and aircraft) supplement the system.
6-28. Units pass forecasted requirements up S4/G4 channels to materiel
managers who manage distribution in coordination with movement control
and GS supply elements. Tankers, rail tank cars, and hose lines move bulk
fuels from GS to DS supply elements. Deliveries bypass intermediate storage
locations when possible. Bulk transporters normally move fuel from the DS
level to using units. Using units maintain a prescribed load of fuel to allow
them to operate until the system can resupply them. They use organic
equipment to receive the product and refuel their vehicles and aircraft. A key
exception to this is refuel-on-the-move operations. Though these operations

6-6
 ___________________________________________________________ Supply and Field Services

may use unit assets, typically they involve using equipment of supporting
fuel units. The purpose is to ensure topping off unit vehicles and bulk fuel
assets before arriving in the tactical assembly area. Details are in
FM 10-67-1.
6-29. Limited availability may require fuel allocations. Logistics staff officers
recommend allocations based on priorities provided by operations planners.
They pass approved allocations to materiel managers.
6-30. Undeveloped theaters receive bulk supplies from the Navy offshore
petroleum discharge system in over-the-beach operations. Hose lines move
fuel to collapsible storage tanks. In emergencies, U.S. Air Force aircraft may
resupply ground forces. As in a developed theater, the system uses pipelines
and hose lines as much as possible to move bulk fuel forward; rail, motor, air,
and water transportation assets supplement the pipeline and hose line
system.
Packaged Petroleum Products
6-31. Packaged products include lubricants, greases, hydraulic fluids,
compressed gasses, and specialty items that are stored, transported, and
issued in containers with a capacity of 55 gallons or less. (Normally, this
category does not include fuels.) Managers use the distribution concept
associated with Class II supplies to manage packaged petroleum products.
These products require intensive management due to quality surveillance
needs and criticality to combat effectiveness.

CLASS IV
6-32. Class IV items consist of fortification, barrier, and construction
materials. Units use barrier and fortification materials to prepare fighting
and protective positions as well as field fortifications. Engineers use Class IV
materials to prepare fortifications beyond the capabilities of units. They also
use them for such functions as—
• Upgrading, maintaining, or building roads, bridges, and bypasses.
• Repairing airfields or building expedient airstrips and landing zones.
• Assembling rafts or bridges for river crossings.
• Upgrading, repairing, or building facilities to support the CSS effort
or to enhance the infrastructure of the host nation as part of a stabil-
ity operation or support operation.
6-33. Most materials are standard items used by both the military and
civilian sectors. When possible, forces obtain them locally. Otherwise, forces
request, manage, and distribute items using standard supply procedures.
Because of their bulk and weight, transportation units throughput them as
far forward as possible to avoid overburdening the limited transportation
assets of using units and to minimize handling.

CLASS VI
6-34. Class VI supplies are AAFES items for sale to troops and authorized
individuals. Class VI supplies may be available through local procurement,
through transfer from theater stocks, or through requisitioning from the
AAFES in CONUS. Available shipping space dictates Class VI supply to the

6-7
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

theater. Class VI supply responsibilities differ significantly from other classes

of supply.
6-35. Command logisticians include Class VI in operations plans. Soldiers
deploy with limited quantities of health and comfort items to meet initial
personal requirements. AAFES provides Class VI support beyond issuing
HCPs to meet the theater commander's needs. Command logisticians can
limit or expand Class VI basic HCP items to include food and beverages and
entertainment items. The availability of Class VI is a morale multiplier.
6-36. AAFES has responsibility for worldwide planning and monitoring of all
tactical field exchanges (TFE). AAFES-Europe plans and monitors tactical
operations within the NATO area while AAFES-Pacific is responsible for the
Pacific area. HQ AAFES is responsible for all other regions. AAFES
determines requirements; procures, stores, and distributes supplies; operates
resale facilities; designates the parent exchange; and determines whether an
operation requires an operational site general manager. AAFES support is
tailored to meet the theater commander's needs.
6-37. General planning guidance for Class VI support is in AAFES
Regulation 8-4. Specific guidance on operating a TFE is in AAFES
Procedures 8-6.

CLASS VII
6-38. Class VII supplies consist of major end items such as launchers, tanks,
vehicles, and aircraft. A major end item is a final combination of end products
that is ready to use. Command channels usually control Class VII items due
to their importance to combat readiness and their high costs. If not, the
supporting materiel manager controls them. Each echelon intensely manages
the requisitioning, distribution, maintenance, and disposal of these items to
ensure visibility and operational readiness.
6-39. Forces report losses of major items through both supply and command
channels. Replacing losses requires careful coordination and management.
Managers at each command level work to maximize the number of
operational weapon systems. Replacement requires coordination among
materiel managers, Class VII supply units, transporters, maintenance
elements, and personnel managers.
6-40. Supply units at the operational level process weapon systems arriving
in theater from storage or transport configuration and make them ready to
issue. They install all ancillary equipment and ensure that basic issue items
are on board, and fuel equipment. Weapon systems stored in APS must be at
a low level of preservation so supply elements can make them ready for issue
within a few hours, not the several days required to process from level A
storage.

WATER
6-41. Normally, units receive potable water by supply point distribution with
only limited unit distribution. Water elements set up water points as close to
the using units as practical, given the location of a water source. In the
Stryker brigade combat team, water is distributed to the unit level through
the use of the load handling system, water tank-rack, referred to as the

6-8
 ___________________________________________________________ Supply and Field Services

“Hippo.” Water purification is discussed later in this chapter under field

services.
6-42. The DISCOM operates the water points in the division area. In most
areas of the world, the division is self-sufficient in water. In arid regions and
unusual circumstances, the division support units require additional water
storage and distribution capability. Under these conditions, the division
receives water as outlined in this chapter under water purification. Separate
brigades and ACR have organic water production capability. Force XXI
divisions have water teams, organic to the DISCOM, that can be used to
augment division brigades operating in isolated locations.
6-43. Echelons above division (EAD) supply companies provide water to
nondivisional customers on an area basis. They operate supply points at
approved water sources. In most areas of the world, these DS units are
capable of meeting the water purification and distribution needs of all
nondivisional customers. CSS planners may augment Army forces with EAD
water production capabilities, when they are operating without division
support. Like division elements, they require augmentation under arid or
special conditions. During the deployment phase of an operation, the DLA
provides bottled water until the reverse osmosis purification unit (ROPU) is
established and during the redeployment phase while the ROPU is
disestablished. FM 10-52-1 provides more detail on water operations and
equipment.

FIELD SERVICES
6-44. The Army no longer classifies field services as either primary or
secondary. Instead, all field services receive the same basic priority. The
commander decides which are most important. The ASCC influences
priorities through the time-phased force and deployment data. For example,
laundry and shower units may be top priority in desert operations, while
preparing loads for aerial delivery may be more important in mountain
operations. During stability operations or support operations, the priority
depends on the support requirements. In some circumstances, field service
units or activities may be the only support provided.

LOCATIONS AND SOURCES

6-45. Quartermaster corps personnel in a variety of units perform field
service functions. During combat operations, military personnel provide most
of the field service support in forward areas, with HNS and contractors
providing a limited amount. Conversely, HNS and contractors provide much
of the support in rear areas. During stability or support operations, field
service support at all levels may come from a variety of sources. LOGCAP,
discussed in chapter 5, is one potential source of field service support in all
operations.

FOOD PREPARATION
6-46. Food preparation is a basic unit function performed by unit food service
personnel. It is one of the most important factors in soldier health, morale,
and welfare. Virtually every type of unit in the force structure, divisional and
nondivisional, has some organic food service personnel. These personnel
support the unit food service program, as directed by the commander.

6-9
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

6-47. The field feeding system assumes theater-wide use of the MRE for the
first several days following deployment. The theater then begins to transition
to prepared group feeding rations. The theater initially transitions from the
MREs to UGRs. Then, as the operational situation permits, logisticians
attempt to introduce the A-ration (fresh foods) into theater. This requires
extensive logistics expansion, since it requires refrigerated storage and
distribution equipment and a capability to make or acquire ice for unit
storage. The feeding standard is to provide soldiers at all echelons three
quality meals per day. The meals fed depend on the prevailing conditions.
Disposing of garbage is important to avoid leaving signature trails and
maintain field sanitation standards. See FM 10-1 for more details.
6-48. The bakery function, previously classified as a field service, is now an
integral portion of field feeding. Bread is no longer produced in the AO,
except in the field feeding system or through contractor support. Normal
Class I supply channels handle pouched bread. The bakery function is no
longer a stand-alone field service.

WATER PURIFICATION
6-49. Water is an essential commodity. It is necessary for sanitation, food
preparation, construction, and decontamination. Support activities (such as
helicopter maintenance and operation of medical facilities) consume large
volumes of water. Water is critical to the individual soldier. Classification of
the water function is somewhat different from other commodities; it is both a
field service and a supply function. Water purification is a field service.
Quartermaster supply units normally perform purification in conjunction
with storage and distribution of potable water—a supply function. GS and DS
water units do not store or distribute non-potable water. Therefore, non-
potable water requirements (for example, water for construction, laundry,
and showers) are the responsibility of the user.
6-50. Water supply units perform routine testing. However, monitoring water
quality is primarily the responsibility of the preventive medicine personnel of
the medical command or corps. The command surgeon performs tests
associated with water source approval, monitors potable water, and
interprets the water testing results. Each service provides its own water
resource support. However, the Army or another service, as directed by the
JFC, provides support beyond a service capability in a joint operation.
AR 700-136 details the responsibilities of Army elements for water support.
6-51. Engineers play a major role in providing water to Army forces. The
engineers, through the Topographical Engineering Center, develop and
maintain an automated database for rapidly retrieving water source-related
data. The engineers are also responsible for finding subsurface water; drilling
wells, and constructing (including doing major repair and maintenance)
permanent and semipermanent water facilities. In addition, they assist water
units with site preparation, when required.
6-52. The quantity of water required depends on the regional climate and the
type and scope of operations. Temperate, tropic, and arctic environments
normally have enough fresh surface and subsurface water sources to meet
raw water requirements for the force. In arid regions, providing water takes
on significantly greater dimensions. Soldiers must drink more water. Water

6-10
___________________________________________________________ Supply and Field Services

requirements are significantly greater in rear areas, where there is heavy

demand for water for washing aircraft and vehicles, medical treatment,
laundry and shower facilities, and construction projects. Planners may easily
underestimate water requirements for enemy prisoners of war. They must
consider the potential absence of water capability in enemy units and the
requirement for on-site sanitation, shower, delousing, and medical support
for in-coming prisoners. Since water is a critical commodity in arid regions,
managers must strictly control its use. Commanders set up a priority and
allocation system.
6-53. Because of the scarcity of potable water in some contingency areas,
water support equipment is prepositioned afloat. This allows for initial
support to a contingency force. Additional water equipment is available in
CONUS depots to sustain operations. Most of this equipment is packaged for
tactical transportability. Its configuration allows for throughput to the user
with minimal handling in the AO.
6-54. In non-arid regions, DS supply units in the DISCOM and at EAD
provide water purification and water supply support on an area basis. During
the early stages of a contingency operation, the DISCOM may provide water
for nondivisional units until additional logistics units arrive.
6-55. In arid regions where sufficient water sources are not available, EAD
units establish GS water systems. GS water purification elements
supplement the capabilities of the DS elements. GS water supply companies
set up and operate bulk storage and distribution facilities or terminals.
Tactical water distribution teams can be assigned to water supply companies
to augment capabilities for distribution via hose line. These GS water supply
companies distribute potable water to DS supply units for nondivisional
customers and to the divisions. Hose lines, pipelines, or trucks move potable
water to forward areas. Truck companies augmented with semitrailer-
mounted fabric tanks (SMFT) provide line-haul of water at the tactical level.

MORTUARY AFFAIRS
6-56. The Mortuary Affairs Program is a broadly based military program to
provide for the necessary care and disposition of deceased personnel. The
program can have a direct and sudden impact on the morale of soldiers and
the American public.
6-57. Each service has the responsibility for returning remains and personal
effects to CONUS. The Army is designated as the executive agent for the
Joint Mortuary Affairs Program. It maintains a Central Joint Mortuary
Affairs Office (CJMAO) and provides general support to other services when
their requirements exceed their capabilities. The Mortuary Affairs Program
is divided into three subprograms:
• The current death program operates around the world in peacetime
and outside of AOs during military operations. It may also continue
in AOs depending on the CSS and tactical situation. It provides mor-
tuary supplies and associated services for permanently disposing re-
mains and personal effects of persons for whom the Army is or be-
comes responsible.
• The Graves Registration Program provides search, recovery, initial
identification, and temporary burial of deceased personnel in tempo-

6-11
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

rary burial sites. Temporary burials are a last resort, and the geo-
graphic combatant commander must authorize them. It also provides
for the care and maintenance of burial sites and for the handling and
disposing of personal effects.
• The concurrent return program is a combination of the current death
and Graves Registration Programs. This program provides the
search, recovery, and evacuation of remains to collection points and
further evacuation to a mortuary. It provides for identification and
preparation of remains in a mortuary and shipment to a final desti-
nation, as directed by the next of kin.
6-58. The joint staff provides general guidance and policy to the combatant
commands and military departments within the DOD. Within DA, the G1 has
overall responsibility for the Mortuary Affairs Program and manages
peacetime operations. The G4 is responsible for field operations during time
of war. The U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command develops the
standardized training and doctrine for the military services. The combatant
commander develops implementation plans based on the joint staff policy and
doctrine. At the combatant command level, a Joint Mortuary Affairs Office
provides the commander with guidance, coordination capability, and the staff
supervision for all mortuary affairs.
6-59. All commanders are responsible for the search, recovery, tentative
identification, care, and evacuation of remains to the nearest collection point
or mortuary. Each division has a small mortuary affairs element (two to
three personnel) organic to the DISCOM. They train division personnel to
perform initial search, recovery, identification, and evacuation of human
remains and personal effects. During hostilities, the mortuary affairs
personnel organic to the division operate collection points. This procedure
continues until the division receives additional mortuary affairs personnel or
a mortuary affairs unit. A mortuary affairs unit assigned to the corps support
command supports nondivisional units on an area basis. This unit operates
collection points throughout the corps, division, and brigade areas. These
points receive remains from units, assist and conduct search and recovery
operations, and arrange for the evacuation of remains to a mortuary or
temporary burial site.
6-60. Mortuary affairs units operate theater collection points, evacuation
points, and personal effects depots. Mortuary affairs personnel initially
process remains in theater. Then, they arrange to evacuate remains and
personal effects, usually by air, to a CONUS POD mortuary. CONUS POD
mortuaries positively identify the remains and prepare them for release, in
accordance with the desires of the next of kin. Recent wars and military
operations other than war (MOOTW) have shown this procedure is quite
effective.
6-61. When directed by the combatant commander, mortuary affairs units
establish cemeteries and provide for temporary interment of remains.
Mortuary affairs units may also operate in-theater mortuaries, but they
require personnel and equipment augmentation or host nation support for
identifying remains and embalming.
6-62. To further the national policy of returning all U.S. service personnel
who die in any theater of operation to the next of kin, new decontamination

6-12
___________________________________________________________ Supply and Field Services

procedures are under development. Plans call for establishing a task-

organized mortuary affairs decontamination collection point. Personnel will
set up and operate a point near areas that have a large number of
contaminated remains. For other cases, collection point teams may
decontaminate remains. JP 4-06 and FM 10-64 have more information on
decontamination of remains and mortuary affairs in general.

AERIAL DELIVERY
6-63. Supporting aerial delivery equipment and systems includes parachute
packing, air item maintenance, and rigging of supplies and equipment. This
function supports both airborne insertions and airdrop/airland resupply.
Airborne insertions involve the delivery of an airborne fighting force and its
supplies and equipment to an objective area, by parachute. FM 10-500-1
covers airborne insertions in detail. Airdrop resupply operations apply to all
Army forces. The airdrop function supports the movement of personnel,
equipment, and supplies. It is a vital link in the distribution system; it
provides the capability of supplying the force even when land lines of
communication (LOC) have been disrupted and adds flexibility to the
distribution system.
6-64. USAMC manages most airdrop equipment and systems (ADES) at the
strategic level. It maintains the national inventory control point (NICP) and
national maintenance point for ADES. At the operational level, there are two
types of airdrop support units. A heavy airdrop supply company provides
reinforcing support to corps-level airdrop supply companies. In addition, an
airdrop equipment repair and supply company provides supply and
maintenance support to airdrop supply companies in the corps (other than
the airborne corps) and at EAC.
6-65. A light airdrop supply company provides airdrop/airland resupply
support to the corps. In addition, it provides personnel parachute support to
units such as long range surveillance units. If the corps cannot support an
airdrop request, it passes the request to the airdrop supply company at EAC.
Most of the supplies used for rigging by the airdrop supply company come
directly from the strategic level, bypassing the airdrop equipment repair and
supply company at EAC. The EAC ADES repair and supply company
provides ADES maintenance support for the corps light airdrop supply
company. The airborne corps has an organic airdrop capability. If it cannot
meet the airdrop resupply requirement, it forwards the requirement to the
supporting airdrop unit at EAC.
6-66. Airdrop resupply support must be flexible. Certain contingencies may
require airdrop resupply support from the beginning of hostilities. However,
the requisite airdrop support structure is not likely to be in place due to
deployment priorities. In such cases, the operational-level commander should
consider having a portion of the supporting airdrop supply company deploy to
the depot responsible for supply support to the contingency area. If forces
require airdrop resupply before deploying the airdrop support units to the
theater, the unit may rig supplies for airdrop at the depot. Forces then fly
supplies directly to the airdrop location. This requires adaptation of the
request procedures outlined in FM 10-500-1.

6-13
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

LAUNDRY, SHOWER, AND CLOTHING AND LIGHT TEXTILE REPAIR

6-67. Clean, serviceable clothing and showers are essential for hygiene and
morale purposes. During peacetime, fixed facilities or field expedient methods
normally provide shower, laundry, and clothing repair for short-duration
exercises. During operations, they are provided as far forward as the brigade
area. The goal is to provide soldiers with one shower and up to 15 pounds of
laundered clothing each week. Soldiers receive their own clothing from a
tactical laundry within 24 hours. Responsibilities at the strategic level are
those involving provisioning. For information on clothing replacement, see
Class II under supply.
6-68. Forces receive support from a combination of units, HNS, and
contractors. In low levels of hostilities, HNS and contractors may provide
much of this support. LOGCAP offers considerable capability during the early
deployment stages.
6-69. A field service company provides direct support at the tactical level.
The company has the modular capability of sending small teams as far
forward as desired by the supported commander. The unit provides one
shower for each soldier each week. Other sources (such as field expediency
methods, small-unit shower equipment, HNS, or contract services) could be
used to increase showers from one to two per soldier per week.
6-70. The laundry and shower function does not include laundry
decontamination support. Detailed troop decontamination of chemical and
biological agents does not require showers. Radiation decontamination,
however, may require showers. If soldiers use chemical defense equipment
against fallout, they do not need showers. If they do not use this equipment,
contamination lodges in soldiers' hair and on their skin; only showers can
remove the contamination. Planners must ensure controlling the
contaminated runoff from these showers. FM 3-11 has decontamination
procedures. The new chemical protective clothing keeps its protective
qualities after laundering. Once exposed to contamination, it must be
disposed of under theater policies.

FORCE PROVIDER
6-71. The Army's Force Provider is a modular system, principally designed to
provide the front-line soldier with a brief respite from the rigors of a combat
environment. Each of 36 modules provides life support for up to 550 soldiers.
It includes environmentally controlled billeting; modern containerized
latrines, showers and laundry; an all electric kitchen; and space for MWR
activities. Additionally, the module infrastructure incorporates a complete
water distribution/disposal system and power grid. Six modules can provide
contiguous support to a brigade-sized force. The cadre for operating Force
Provider modules consists of one Force Provider company, which has six
platoons that operate one module each, and five reserve companies that
require significant augmentation to effectively operate up to six modules
each. A LOGCAP contractor can set up and operate these modules.

6-14
 Chapter 7
Transportation Support

Army transportation plays a key role in ensuring that Army and joint
forces can execute global force projection and sustain forces in operations.
Supporting the JFC and the Defense transportation system (DTS), Army
transportation is essential to effective and efficient force generation and
sustainment.

Army transportation operates as a partner in the DTS to deploy, sustain,

and redeploy forces in all military operations. Transportation provides vi-
tal support to the Army and joint forces across the strategic, operational,
and tactical levels of war. It is a seamless
system that unites the levels of war with CONTENTS
synchronized movement control, terminal Strategic Transportation .................... 7-1
operations, and mode operations. Army Operational and Tactical
Transportation ............................... 7-2
transportation incorporates military, Movement Control .............................. 7-3
commercial, and host nation capabilities. It Terminal Operations ........................... 7-4
involves the total Army (active and Reserve Mode Operations................................. 7-6
Components). More detailed information on Information Systems .......................... 7-8
Army transportation is in the FM 4-01-series
of manuals.

STRATEGIC TRANSPORTATION
7-1. At the strategic level, the U.S. Transportation Command
(USTRANSCOM) provides air, land, and sea transportation and common-
user port management at seaports of embarkation (SPOEs) as well as sea-
ports of debarkation (SPODs). USTRANSCOM controls strategic movements
through its transportation component commands (TCC), Military Traffic
Management Command (MTMC), Air Mobility Command (AMC), and
Military Sealift Command (MSC).
7-2. MTMC is a major command of the U.S. Army and transportation TCC of
USTRANSCOM. MTMC’s mission is to provide global surface transportation
to meet national security objectives, in peace and war, by being the continen-
tal United States (CONUS) land transportation manager and providing
worldwide common-user ocean terminal services to deploy, employ, sustain,
and redeploy U.S. forces. MTMC handles peacetime and war time responsi-
bilities through its single port manager role for all common-user SPOEs and
SPODs, responsive planning, crisis response actions, traffic management,
terminal operations, global intermodal management, and provision of in-

7-1
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

transit visibility, information management, and deployability transportation

engineering.
7-3. The AMC is a major command of the U.S. Air Force and a TCC of
USTRANSCOM. AMC provides common-user airlift, air refueling, and stra-
tegic aeromedical evacuation transportation services to deploy, employ, sus-
tain, and redeploy U.S. forces on a global basis.
7-4. The MSC is a major command of the U.S. Navy and a TCC of
USTRANSCOM. MSC provides government-owned and government-
chartered sealift transportation services to deploy, employ, sustain, and re-
deploy U.S. forces on a global basis.
7-5. USTRANSCOM schedules strategic deployment according to the sup-
ported commander's priorities. The time-phased force deployment data
(TPFDD) is the commander's expression of his priorities. Both MTMC and
USAMC generate port call messages based on the TPFDD. These messages
specify when units and equipment must be at a POE. Port call messages set
in motion the movement from the installation or depot. The Army service
component command (ASCC) commander ensures units and equipment ar-
rive at the POE as directed.
7-6. In CONUS, installation transportation offices (ITOs), with movement of-
ficers at each echelon, coordinate movement to the POE. The defense move-
ment coordinator in each state movement control center plans and routes
CONUS surface movements, in accordance with port calls issued by MTMC.
Outside CONUS, the ASCC has movement control units that perform func-
tions similar to the ITO. Deployable movement control units and personnel
organic to Army units at operational and tactical levels of war also play an
active role in preparing their forces for deployment. However, their focus is
on early deployment to develop the operational- and tactical-level theater
transportation capability.
7-7. Strategic transportation also includes redeployment through movements
back to home station. In CONUS, it may include transportation associated
with demobilization. The FM 3-35-series manuals has additional information
on force projection.

OPERATIONAL AND TACTICAL TRANSPORTATION

7-8. The variety and complexity of military operations require the Army to
establish a transportation system that is expandable and tailorable. The ob-
jective is to select and tailor required transportation capabilities at the opera-
tional and tactical levels to achieve total integration of the system. These ca-
pabilities include movement control, terminal operations, and mode opera-
tions. At the theater strategic and operational levels, sufficient force struc-
ture deploys early to conduct reception, staging, and onward movements,
which includes opening ports, establishing inland LOC, and providing C2 for
movements. An important facet of building combat power during the recep-
tion, staging, and onward movement phase of the operation is receiving the
force and sustainment supplies at the POE. This same transportation force
structure is required to redeploy the force when operations conclude. Ports,
terminals, and inland LOC are critical nodes in the distribution system. At

7-2
_____________________________________________________________ Transportation Support

the theater strategic and operational levels, transportation supports the re-
ception of units, personnel, supplies, and equipment at PODs and provides
for their movement as far forward as required.
7-9. Theater transportation requirements largely depend on mission, enemy,
troops, terrain and weather, time, civilian considerations (METT-TC). The lo-
gistics preparation of the theater discussed in chapter 5 is essential in deter-
mining requirements. Additionally, the Army provides transportation sup-
port to other services and multinational partners when directed by the com-
batant commander or JFC. Establishing communications links to other than
Army forces is a challenge; however, transportation planners must integrate
all requirements and support considerations into movement plans and pro-
grams. At the tactical level, transportation weights the battle through the
same functions as at the operational level. However, the commander directs
force structure and focus to forward support.

MOVEMENT CONTROL
7-10. Movement control is the linchpin of the transportation system. Move-
ment control units and staffs plan, route, schedule, and control common user
assets, and maintain in-transit visibility (ITV) of personnel, units, equip-
ment, and supplies moving over lines of communication. They are the using
unit point of contact for transportation support. Units request transportation
assets from the servicing movement control team (MCT) in their area. The
MCT commits (tasks) allocated transportation modes and terminals to pro-
vide support in an integrated movement program according to command pri-
orities. Movement control remains responsive to changes in METT-TC,
which require adjustments to the plan. A responsive theater distribution sys-
tem, operating over extended distances, requires centralized control of trans-
portation platforms and synchronized movement management allowing
commanders to shift limited transportation resources to move assets forward
to influence the tactical situation. Effective movement control requires access
to information systems to determine what to move as well as, when, where,
and how. It also provides visibility of what is moving, how it is moving, and
how well it is moving.
7-11. Transportation staff planners and movement managers at each echelon
perform movement control activities. Movement control is integral to distri-
bution management centers/elements (DMC/Es) at each echelon. They coor-
dinate the efforts of the movement control units and the materiel managers.
Movement control personnel coordinate routinely with operations planners
and other combat service support (CSS) personnel; movement control is tied
directly to maneuver as well as distribution. It also relies on support from
military police in their mobility support role. All these staffs work together to
plan movements. Otherwise, congestion on LOC and at terminals hinders
movements and degrades combat effectiveness. The movement control units
implement priorities established by the ASCC/ARFOR commander to support
the JFC’s concept of the operation. Movement control is the information con-
duit for the theater on personnel, units, and supplies moving from the strate-
gic sustaining base to the AO.

7-3
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

7-12. In addition to synchronizing movements with other Army elements,

movement control personnel coordinate movements with other services and
countries when operating as part of a joint or multinational force. The JFC
may create a fully integrated joint board or center (such as a joint transporta-
tion board [JTB] or a joint movement center [JMC]) to exercise directive au-
thority for movement control. The JTB organizations consist of representa-
tives from the service component movement control activities and the U.S.
operations directorate (J3) and logistics directorate (J4). The JMC plans fu-
ture operations and monitors overall theater transportation performance. It
performs the planning tasks by continually monitoring the balance between
forecasted requirements and current capabilities of all modes. A service
movement control organization may create a JMC. It should act as the
movement C2 cell for the deployment process of an operation. The Army
theater transportation command provides movement controllers that nor-
mally form the nucleus of the JMC. Similarly, a multinational force com-
mander may form a multinational movement control agency. JP 4-01.3 dis-
cusses joint movement control.
7-13. At the operational level, the senior movement control organization
looks forward to activities within the AO, as well as rearward to the sustain-
ing base. This requires communications that connect both systems and deci-
sion-makers at the strategic and operational levels to facilitate reception and
onward movement. This information exchange is crucial to the supported
commander for operations planning. Movement control personnel coordinate
with materiel managers for efficient distribution of materiel. They develop
movement plans that take into account all movement requirements, the
transportation system capabilities, and the commander's priorities. Move-
ment control elements use these factors when tasking transportation units to
meet movement requirements. FM 55-10 has more information on movement
control.

TERMINAL OPERATIONS
7-14. A terminal operation is the staging, loading, discharge, transfer han-
dling, and documentation of cargo and manifesting of personnel among vari-
ous transport modes. Terminals are key nodes in the distribution system that
supports the commander’s concept of operation. When linked by modes of
transport, they define the transportation structure for the operation. Force
projection missions require early identification and establishment of termi-
nals. A well-conceived plan assures that terminals can support the deploy-
ment, reception, and onward movement of the force and its sustainment.
Crucial to executing the operation is assigning the right personnel, cargo, and
materiel-handling equipment at each terminal. ITV of materiel moving
through the transportation system also provides the joint force commander
with information pertaining to location and final destination of all cargo.
7-15. Ocean-water terminals include major port facilities, unimproved port
facilities, and bare-beach facilities. Major port facilities are improved net-
works of cargo-handling facilities, specifically designed for transferring
ocean-going freight, vessel-discharge operations, and port clearance. They
normally have roll-on/roll-off service and container-handling capability. Un-
improved port facilities are not as fully developed as major ports. They may

7-4
_____________________________________________________________ Transportation Support

require support from terminal units and shallow-draft lighterage to discharge

vessels. Lack of fixed-terminal facilities at bare-beach locations requires that
lighterage deliver cargo across the beach. Ports may be degraded by enemy
action such as sinking vessels or damaging cranes or piers. Such activities
can quickly turn a major port into the equivalent of an unimproved port.
7-16. MTMC is USTRANSCOM’s global single port manager (SPM) for DOD.
The SPM integrates the commercial transportation industry, MTMC’s com-
mercial business practices, and military force structure. MTMC information
systems are linked, through the Worldwide Port System (WPS), to the Global
Transportation Network that provides the combatant commanders visibility
over ocean cargo. Theater execution of SPM duties in support of a major thea-
ter war (MTW) will be the responsibility of a deployed MTMC transportation
group. As the theater SPM, a MTMC transportation group is responsible for
pre-deployment planning on water terminal issues to include coordinating
JLOTS operations, facilitating contingency water terminal expansion and,
where available, arranging for contract stevedore and related terminal ser-
vices. A combination of commercial contract, military units, and/or HNS
could perform actual stevedoring operations based on the situation. SPM pro-
vides for transitioning terminal units to a commercial contract as early as the
situation permits. Accomplishing this (LOGCAP, third country contractor, or
host nation) is situation dependent. Normally, during small-scale contingen-
cies, single port manager (SPM) responsibilities remain the same; however,
the size of the MTMC SPM team will be METT-TC driven.
7-17. Terminal/cargo transfer operations at APODs and SPODs provide the
initial visibility and movement of items as they enter the AO. Critical to re-
ception is executing the port clearance program. This program schedules
transportation assets for onward movements based on anticipated arrival
dates. The program identifies available port capacities, capabilities, and
workloads at various modes and segments of the transportation network.
7-18. Army transportation units establish inland terminals where required,
throughout the theater to transship, load, and unload cargo. They operate
motor transport terminals and trailer transfer points at both ends, and at in-
termediate points along line-haul routes. These terminals link local-haul and
line-haul service and assist in changing the carrier or transportation mode,
when required. Army units and host nation assets also operate terminals at
both ends, and at intermediate points along rail lines.
7-19. Forces establish an intermodal terminal early in the AO to provide
cargo transfer and mode operations functions. As the scope of the operation
enlarges, the commander adds additional sections/companies to meet the de-
mand flow. While the operations may differ slightly, the essential units and
command and control structure of the hub remain constant. Cargo transfer
operations at the intermodal terminal assist in the throughput of supplies
and materiel, configure multiple consignee shipments into single consignee
shipments, and process frustrated cargo. In a mature theater, contracted U.S.
or host nation civilians may perform intermodal terminal functions.
7-20. In addition to intermodal terminals, Army cargo transfer units perform
transfer functions at intermediate transfer points on inland waterway sys-
tems. Army cargo transfer units clear Army cargo and personnel from air

7-5
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

terminals served by the AMC or from theater airlift aircraft. They may also
provide such assistance at forward landing fields that are not regularly
scheduled stops for theater airlift aircraft. FM 55-17 has more information on
terminal operations.

MODE OPERATIONS
7-21. The Army can move personnel, cargo, and equipment by motor, rail,
air, and water with organic, host nation, or contract assets. While each situa-
tion may not be conducive to using a particular mode, the Army must prepare
to operate, or supervise, the operation of all these modes of transport. Mode
platforms include trucks, trains, containers, flatracks, watercraft, aircraft
and commercial delivery, when permitted by METT-TC. Mode operations in-
clude intratheater air (C-130 and CH-47); local and linehaul motor transport;
heavy equipment transport; and rail, coastal and inland waterway transport.
Mode operations and movement control elements working together match up
the correct asset capability, cargo characteristics, and required delivery time.
7-22. Movement control sections coordinate the transportation assets. Air-
asset requests are normally coordinated through the S3/G3 channels to the
Air Force and Army aviation units. Watercraft and other lighters are tasked
in coordination with movement control element and liaison personnel from
the watercraft/lighter provider. The source provider may be the U.S. Army,
U.S. Navy, multinational forces, host nation military, or commercial water-
craft/lighters. The size and mix of transportation units depend on the size
and scope of the operation and the terrain and facilities available.

MOTOR
7-23. Tactical vehicles are the backbone of the support structure. They are
mobile, flexible, and reliable. The motor transportation unit and equipment
mix for an operation depend on METT-TC. Planning factors include the
planned flow of personnel and materiel and the availability and quality of the
road networks. Motor transport provides the connecting links between the
PODs and the receiving units. The right tactical trucks, in the right place, at
the right time are essential to the success of any military operation.
7-24. Each echelon centrally controls common-user motor transport assets to
respond to the commander's priorities and weight the CSS effort. At division
level, the DISCOM provides motor transport support under control of the
movement control officer. At corps and above, motor transport units provide
support on an area basis and respond to taskings of the movement control
teams in the area. Host nation or multinational force support elements may
augment the Army capability.
7-25. Whether at the operational or tactical level, motor transport units pro-
vide a general support role within a specified area or along specific routes.
Placement should ensure efficient, responsive support, convenient to major
customers and distribution operations. Motor transport units can expect to
move frequently in response to changes in requirements. FM 55-10 has de-
tailed information on motor transport units and operations.

7-6
_____________________________________________________________ Transportation Support

RAIL
7-26. Rail is potentially the most efficient method of hauling large tonnages
of materiel by ground transportation; the Army normally depends on the host
nation to provide this mode of transportation. The Army has limited railway
operating, construction, and repair capability. These Army assets augment
host nation support or provide those capabilities in theaters where host na-
tion support is not available, or is not capable or reliable. Rail operations are
limited to existing rail networks. Information on rail transport units and op-
erations is in FM 55-20.

AIR
7-27. Air is the most flexible transportation mode. While wide-ranging CSS
needs within a theater require U.S. Air Force and Army airlift assets to sup-
port forces, commanders normally employ Army aviation in a combat support
role. However, the ALOC becomes increasingly important as the intensity,
depth, and duration of operations increase. Airlift relieves forces from total
dependence on ground lines of communication that can become congested or
interdicted. It also allows rapid support to the force with minimum regard to
terrain peculiarities. It makes possible rapid resupply of critical items over
extended distances directly to or near forward units. Therefore, commanders
should allocate Army aviation assets for transportation use when required.
Air Force and Army airlift assets provide airlift within a theater. Army cargo
and utility helicopters provide support at the operational and tactical levels
through movement control channels in response to mission requirements and
the commander's priorities. Likewise, the U.S. Air Force provides theater air-
lift support to all services within a theater through a process of allocating
sorties on a routine basis or providing immediate support to operational re-
quirements. While airlift is the preferred method of delivery, airdrop is a field
service that can provide flexibility to the transportation system by extending
ALOC.

WATER
7-28. Army watercraft is an essential component of theater transportation.
They provide efficient transportation to relieve other lines of communication.
They may augment capabilities of other modes when integrated with appro-
priate terminal operations. Army watercraft move materiel and equipment
along inland waterways, along theater coastlines, and within water termi-
nals. Their primary role is to support cargo discharge and onward movement
from the SPOD to inland terminals or to retrograde from inland terminals.
Army watercrafts have a role in joint operations along with Navy and Marine
Corps lighterage, or in conjunction with HNS assets.
7-29. Watercraft perform docking and undocking services for oceangoing
transport vessels. Terminal commanders may also employ watercraft in util-
ity missions. These may include patrolling, ship-to-shore transport of person-
nel, harbormaster duties, and command and control functions.
7-30. Watercraft are integral to port-opening capabilities, whether employed
at fixed terminals or for bare-beach operations (such as logistics-over-the-
shore [LOTS]). They must deploy into the theater before the first ocean
transport vessel arrives. The watercraft fleet consists of logistics support ves-

7-7
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

sels (LSVs), medium and heavy landing craft, and a variety of specialized
vessels, causeways, barges, and equipment. Army watercraft are assigned to
watercraft companies and detachments, which operate in transportation ter-
minal battalions. FM 55-80 has details on Army watercraft units and opera-
tions.

INFORMATION SYSTEMS
7-31. This discussion covers only those transportation systems essential to
transportation operations in a theater of operations. Technology allows the
transportation system to better manage cargo and transportation assets.

TRANSPORTATION COORDINATORS' AUTOMATED INFORMATION FOR MOVEMENT

SYSTEM II
7-32. Transportation coordinators' automated information for movement sys-
tem II (TC-AIMS II) is a joint system that combines and integrates the func-
tionality of—
• Cargo management operations system (CMOS).
• Transportation coordinator-automated command and control infor-
mation system (TC-ACCIS).
• Department of the Army movement management system-revised
(DAMMS-R).
• U.S. Marine Corps (USMC) Marine air-ground task force deployment
support system (MDSS).
• USMC TC-AIMS information systems.
TC-AIMS II will bring these legacy systems into one single information sys-
tem used by all the services. It furnishes unit movement officers and trans-
portation organizations at all levels with standardized policies, procedures,
and formats to produce and execute a variety of required tasks:
Installation Transportation Office(r)
7-33. TC-AIMS II will be used by the installation transportation office (ITO)
to support day-to-day installation-level transportation operations. It provides
the functionality essential for moving all inbound and outbound cargo and
personnel. TC-AIMS II facilitates the movement of units deploying from
home station, the daily non-unit transportation-related activities for out-
bound shipments, and the deploying of units back to home station. TC-AIMS
II also provides accurate shipment location information by employing auto-
matic identification technology devices to create, collect, and transmit move-
ment data.
Unit Movement Officer
7-34. The unit move module of TC-AIMS II has four basic functional areas.
• It stores unit personnel and equipment information.
• It maintains deployment information, and plans and schedules de-
ployments.
• It manipulates/updates information for convoys, rail, and air load
planning, and personnel manifesting. Other transportation systems
share unit movement information.

7-8
 _____________________________________________________________ Transportation Support

• It allows units to update their operational equipment list (OEL) and

unit deployment list (UDL) and electronically send the updates
through the chain of command to the ITO.
Battalion S3/S4
7-35. TC-AIMS II supports unit deployments/movements to exercise sites,
and the functions of convoy planning and transportation requirements esti-
mating. The battalion operations, plans and training staff (S3), and the logis-
tics staff (S4) prepare a deployment schedule of events/flow table to use as a
management tool.
Deployment Manager
7-36. TC-AIMS II provides deployment managers with a system that sup-
ports their information needs to successfully deploy a combat-ready force on
time.
Motor Transport Operator
7-37. The system supports day-to-day fleet management missions. Integrated
with the MTS and AIT equipment, TC-AIMS II effectively manages the tacti-
cal-wheeled fleet.
Movement Control Team
7-38. TC-AIMS II, integrated with MTS and AIT equipment, allows MCTs to
manage dozens or hundreds of movements each day/shift and meet the cus-
tomer's transportation needs in a deployed theater.
Movement Control Headquarters
7-39. TC-AIMS II provides the information tool to conduct transportation
planning, manage transportation assets, and synchronize transportation op-
erations within the theater.
Cargo Transfer Operator
7-40. The system will be the primary mission support tool when integrated
with MTS and AIT equipment. It allows the cargo documentation elements to
expedite the transshipment operations for both unit equipment and sustain-
ment cargo within a theater.

GLOBAL TRANSPORTATION NETWORK

7-41. GTN is an information system used for collecting transportation infor-
mation from selected systems. It provides automated support for planning,
providing, and controlling common-user airlift, surface, and terminal services
to deploying forces. It provides the user with the ability to track the status,
identity, and location of units, non-unit cargo and passengers, medical pa-
tients, and personal property from origin to destination. GTN also—
• Provides ITV information about units, forces, passengers, cargo, pa-
tients, schedules, and actual movements.
• Displays current operational asset information and provides trans-
portation intelligence information on airfields, seaports, and trans-
portation networks using graphics and imagery.

7-9
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

• Provides future operations information and models to support trans-

portation planning and courses of action.
• Provides efficient routing for patient movement and provides ITV of
individual patients.
• Interfaces with the consolidated aerial port system II (CAPS II),
CONUS freight management system (CFMS), CMOS, Defense auto-
matic addressing system (DAAS), Defense transportation tracking
system (DTTS), global command and control system (GCCS), JOPES,
Global Decision Support System (GDSS), Mechanized Export Traffic
System (METS), Passenger Reservation and Manifesting System
(PRAMS), TC-ACCIS, TC-AIMS II, and WPS.

MOVEMENT TRACKING SYSTEM

7-42. The movement tracking system (MTS) provides the capability to iden-
tify position, track progress, and communicate with the operators of tactical
wheeled vehicles. With positioning and communication satellites, transporta-
tion movement control and mode operators can locate and communicate with
tactical wheeled vehicle (TWV) anywhere.
7-43. The MTS is a satellite-based tracking/communication system consisting
of a mobile unit mounted in the vehicle and a base unit controlled/monitored
by movement elements control and mode operators. The MTS includes—
• Global positioning system capability.
• Capability to send messages between base and mobile units.
• Capability to locate/track a vehicle position on a map background us-
ing personal computer-based software.
7-44. These capabilities provide the communications and tracking necessary
for all tactical wheeled vehicles to complete and survive distribution missions
on the digitized battlefield. MTS provides real-time, in-transit visibility of
vehicles and cargo within a theater. It also redirects cargo and units based on
changes to battlefield requirements and tactical unit relocations. It provides
an embedded movement control capability that improves trafficability on
main supply routes (MSRs) and reduces the potential for fratricide. As a key
CSS enabler, MTS is essential to providing in-transit visibility for distribu-
tion and velocity management at DMCs.

RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION

7-45. Radio frequency identification (RFID) uses radio wave transmission
and reception to identify, locate, and track objects. Information is stored on a
radio frequency (RF) tag with media storage capability similar to a computer
floppy disk. Antennas, commonly called interrogators, read and pass informa-
tion contained on the RF tag attached to vehicles, containers, or pallets. This
information passes to a central database. Units attach a RF tag to all major
shipments in theater. RF interrogators are located at key transportation
nodes to provide visibility of the shipments en route to final destination. MTS
integrates RFID technology to provide total visibility of in-transit cargo.

7-10
_____________________________________________________________ Transportation Support

WORLDWIDE PORT SYSTEM

7-46. The Worldwide Port System (WPS) is the primary source system for
ITV and total asset visibility of surface cargo movement in the DTS. WPS
provides timely and accurate information to the supporting and supported
combatant commands through the GTN. Upgrades to WPS include a ship-
load-planning module capable of concurrent planning for multiship opera-
tions.

7-11
 Chapter 8
Ordnance Support

Success on today's battlefield demands that forces maintain, recover, re-

pair, or replace equipment as quickly as possible. Good maintenance prac-
tices, forward positioning of maintenance units, effective repair parts and
equipment replacement systems, and clear priorities for recovery and re-
pair are vital. Likewise, sound theater policies on repair and evacuation
and sufficient sustainment repair and replacement facilities greatly con-
tribute to battlefield success. This chapter covers the entire spectrum of
ordnance support. It includes maintenance, explosive ordnance disposal
(EOD), and ammunition support.

MAINTENANCE SUPPORT ACROSS THE LEVELS OF WAR

8-1. Maintenance support includes
activities at all levels of war. The CONTENTS
following is a brief discussion of each Maintenance Support Across the
Levels of War .................................8-1
level of war. Maintenance System...........................8-3
Repair Parts Support ..........................8-9
STRATEGIC SUPPORT
Explosive Ordnance Disposal..........8-10
8-2. The strategic base is the backbone Ammunition .......................................8-14
of the National maintenance program
and the sustainment maintenance system. At this level, maintenance
supports the supply system by repairing or overhauling components or end
items not available or too costly to procure. Maintenance management
concentrates on identifying the needs of the Army supply system and
developing programs to meet them. Strategic support also includes
maintaining prepositioned equipment.

OPERATIONAL SUPPORT
8-3. The goal of the overall maintenance plan is to support the operations
plans and objectives of the commander. Its primary purpose is to provide field
maintenance, and maximize the number of operational combat systems
available to support the tactical battle. Commanders tailor and position
maintenance units in the theater to best support this goal. The maintenance-
supply interface at the operational level is the fusion point between the field
and sustainment maintenance management echelons. Maintenance
managers in operational headquarters support the tactical battle by ensuring
that the maintenance system supports campaigns and sustains theater
forces. Through the judicious use of maintenance assets and review of

8-1
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

serviceable backhaul from direct support (DS) units, the commander can
overcome shortages in the supply system or support unexpected requirements
by pushing maintenance capabilities farther forward on the battlefield.
8-4. The operational support plan ties tactical unit requirements together
with the capabilities of the strategic base. The maintenance system drives
and supports the supply system. DS (field) maintenance units meet tactical
requirements through close support, while general support (GS)
(sustainment) maintenance units/activities alleviate maintenance and supply
shortfalls. Surge maintenance capabilities from all sources, including the
industrial base, meet unexpected demands.

TACTICAL SUPPORT
8-5. The nature of the modern battlefield demands that the maintenance
system repair equipment quickly and at, or as near as possible to, the point of
failure or damage. This requirement implies a forward thrust of maintenance
into division and brigade areas. There the battle is more violent and the
damage greater. Maintenance assets move as far forward as the tactical
situation permits to repair inoperable and damaged equipment and to return
it to the battle as quickly as possible.
8-6. The structure of maintenance units includes highly mobile maintenance
support teams (MSTs). MSTs provide support forward on the battlefield as
directed by the DS (field) maintenance company commander and
maintenance control officer. They send people; parts; test, measurement, and
diagnostic equipment (TMDE); and tools to forward areas, as required, and
redistribute assets when no longer needed.
8-7. Battle damage assessment and repair (BDAR) may be critical at this
level. BDAR is the procedure used to return disabled equipment rapidly to
the battle by expeditiously fixing, bypassing, or jury-rigging components. It
restores the minimum essential combat capabilities necessary to support a
specific combat mission or to enable the equipment to self-recover. Crews,
unit maintenance teams, MSTs, and recovery teams perform BDAR.

MAINTENANCE PRINCIPLES
8-8. Maintenance is central to any mission operational success. A viable
maintenance system is agile and synchronized to the combat scheme of fire
and maneuver. It anticipates force requirements. A commander who has 65
percent of his tanks operational may wisely delay an attack if he can
realistically expect the repair process to have 90 percent ready within 24
hours. Alternatively, he can weight the battle by allocating replacement
systems. The guiding maintenance principles are—
• To replace forward and repair rear. Maintenance activities, with a
forward focus on system replacement, task and use the distribution
and evacuation channels to push components and end items to the
sustainment level for repair.
• To anticipate maintenance requirements. To maximize the number of
combat systems available, maintenance leaders and managers antici-
pate the requirements for support by using on-board sensors inte-
grated into equipment design and linked by a distributive communi-

8-2
_________________________________________________________________ Ordnance Support

cation system. The diagnostic data helps anticipate future reliability

and provide maintenance managers the ability to preposition repair
parts and maintenance personnel.
8-9. Maintenance is a combat multiplier. When opposing forces have relative
parity in numbers and quality of equipment, the force that combines skillful
use of equipment with an effective maintenance system has a decided
advantage. That force has an initial advantage if it enters battle with
equipment that is operational and likely to remain operational. It has a
subsequent advantage if it can quickly return damaged and disabled
equipment to the battle. Securing this advantage is the purpose of a
maintenance system.
8-10. Elements at all levels work together to ensure attaining the strategic
goals and objectives. They must have the proper personnel, equipment, tools,
and replacement parts. Personnel must be well trained in maintenance
theory and maintenance principles of all systems and capable of diagnosing
and correcting faults. Additionally, they must have immediate access to high-
usage repair parts.
8-11. The type and location of maintenance units that best support the
commander's requirements are a prime concern of the theater logistician. A
viable maintenance system complements the capabilities of the supply
system. When equipment is in short supply or otherwise unavailable to
support requirements, commanders use the maintenance system to offset the
shortfall. As equipment becomes more technically complicated, it is easier to
meet surge requirements by redirecting the maintenance effort than by
influencing the supply effort. Therefore, the job of maintenance managers at
all levels is to ensure the proper mix (type and location) of maintenance units
that best supports the tactical and operational commanders’ requirements. In
addition, early arrival of essential maintenance capabilities is important in
force projection operations to ensure deployed and prepositioned equipment is
operational.

MAINTENANCE SYSTEM
8-12. The current Army maintenance program is a flexible, four-level system.
The levels are operator/unit, DS, GS, and depot. Each level has certain
capabilities based on the skills of the assigned personnel and the availability
of tools and test equipment. Force XXI and Stryker brigade employ new
maintenance concepts that consolidate levels of maintenance. The thrust of
this redesign effort is to position the Army to adopt a two-level maintenance
system. In the new system, unit and DS maintenance comprise the first of
the two maintenance echelons known as field maintenance. Field
maintenance focuses on repairing and returning major end items and
components for immediate use by the supported force. The second
maintenance echelon is sustainment maintenance. Sustainment maintenance
includes GS and depot levels. Sustainment maintenance focuses on repairing
major end items and components to support the supply system. (Army
aviation maintenance, discussed in paragraph 8-31, has three levels.) When
properly integrated, the levels serve as a logistics multiplier, adding an extra
dimension to the commander's plan.

8-3
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

8-13. The various management functions required result in classifying

maintenance management into two echelons: field and sustainment. Field
maintenance managers at corps and lower echelons support commanders by
managing operations to enhance equipment readiness. Field maintenance
managers maximize combat readiness by coordinating repairs as far forward
as possible for quick return into the battle. National sustainment
maintenance managers at corps and above focus on repairing components for
the supply system and rebuilding end items.
8-14. Sustainment and field maintenance managers coordinate maintenance
operations among the various activities. National strategic maintenance
managers coordinate sustainment operations in the industrial base, depot
activities, and the theater through establishing specialized repair/forward
repair activities. U.S. Army Materiel Command (USAMC) is designated as
the national maintenance manager (NMM). Field maintenance managers
focus on operator/crew, unit, and DS (field) maintenance operations.
8-15. Field maintenance managers assigned to support battalions provide
maintenance support to brigade-size units. National sustainment
maintenance managers may be assigned to theater and corps support
commands. Managers use their maintenance knowledge and experience,
along with aid from their management interfaces and combat service support
(CSS) information systems, to determine potential and developing
maintenance problems and supply shortfalls. Their continuous review aids in
developing courses of action, facilitating avoidance or resolution.
8-16. The materiel management center (MMC) is the maintenance manager
for deployed Army forces. It is the link between the deployed forces and the
support base. The MMC maintains a close working relationship with the
logistics support element (LSE). The NMM through the LSE directs the
theater-level GS (sustainment) maintenance mission. In addition, these
activities may support equipment of other services or multinational forces.
The commander of the LSE maintains a coordination relationship with
USAMC and other organizations providing assets to the LSE. The NMM
distributes the total national maintenance workload across all sustainment
maintenance providers, based on the overall national needs. This
coordination ensures receiving timely support from the theater or continental
United States (CONUS) base maintenance operations.

MAINTENANCE SUPPORT LEVELS

8-17. There are two basic levels of maintenance support: field maintenance
and sustainment maintenance.
Field Maintenance Support
8-18. Field maintenance support includes operator/unit, DS, and component
repair capability designed to repair components and end items for customer
units versus the supply system. The multicapable maintainer will be the
cornerstone of field maintenance support. This individual performs both unit
and DS tasks to improve system readiness and reduce repair cycle time.

8-4
 _________________________________________________________________ Ordnance Support

Operator/Unit Maintenance
8-19. Preventive maintenance checks and services (PMCS) initiate most
maintenance actions. PMCS is the care, servicing, inspection, detection, and
correction of minor faults before these faults cause serious damage, failure, or
injury. Command emphasis is vital to ensure an effective PMCS program.
This program requires trained operator/crews and routine supervisory and
implementing procedures. Ineffective command emphasis can lead to cursory
PMCS programs that fail to correct deteriorating effects before they adversely
affect readiness and combat capability, and unnecessarily burden technical
maintenance systems.
8-20. Unit maintenance efforts concentrate on returning equipment to the
user quickly enough to influence the outcome of a given task or mission. The
operator or crew identifies malfunctions using on-board sensors and visual
inspections. Personnel make quick repairs by using on-board spares and tools
to perform on system maintenance.
8-21. Most Army of Excellence (AOE) and Force XXI units, organizations,
and activities have organic unit maintenance personnel to perform unit
maintenance on equipment assigned to, or used by, them to accomplish their
missions. Some Force XXI maneuver units receive maintenance support from
support companies tailored for their unique mission requirements. Mobility
considerations and time available for repairs are the critical factors that limit
the organizational maintenance capability.
Direct Support Maintenance
8-22. DS (field) maintenance organizations consist of a base maintenance
company augmented with commodity-specific modules that allow tailored
support for supported units. The composition of the supported units
determines the type and number of teams assigned or attached to the base
company. These teams directly support units on an area basis or dedicated
basis. Those that support units on a dedicated basis accompany the
supported unit as it moves around the AO. They receive repair parts and
backup maintenance support through the nearest DS (field) maintenance
company.
8-23. DS (field) maintenance units and maintenance teams expected to
operate in forward areas must be as mobile as the supported customer.
Maintainers in these units focus on repair by replacement. If these units
cannot repair equipment due to lack of time, or specialized tools, and/or test
equipment, supporting teams from a higher maintenance echelon repair the
equipment on site or evacuate it. As with unit maintenance elements,
maintainers in DS (field) maintenance units may repair selected components
to eliminate higher echelon backlogs and maintain technical skills when
mission, enemy, troops, terrain and weather, time, civilian considerations
(METT-TC) permits.
Sustainment Maintenance Support
8-24. Sustainment maintenance support includes maintenance performed by
depots, directorate of logistics (DOL) assets, special repair activities (SRAs),
and forward repair activities (FRAs). There are also a limited number of
specialized GS units that provide missile and signal-unique support.

8-5
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

8-25. GS and depot repair activities locate where they can best support the
theater operations plan. They support the theater supply system through
table of organization and equipment (TOE)/table of distribution and
allowances (TDA) units, host nation support, and contracted personnel. These
activities generally move into available fixed or semi-fixed facilities in the
theater. They remain there for the duration of operations. While they are
able to displace forward, it is a very time-consuming, labor- and equipment-
intensive process. However, they can deploy platoons, sections, or teams as
far forward as required to support the tactical situation. When deployed
forward, the elements are attached to the nearest maintenance company, and
all requirements pass through that headquarters.
General Support Maintenance
8-26. The primary mission of GS repair activities is repairing components to
support the supply system. Managers set priorities on anticipated
consumption rates of components. Sustainment maintenance managers
determine consumption rates. GS maintenance activities, placed in a theater,
perform component repair when no other assets are available or when the
supply pipeline is insufficiently viable to accept the disruption in operations.
GS maintenance activities also serve as training bases to develop specialized
maintainers.
Depot Maintenance
8-27. Depot maintenance supports the strategic level of war. USAMC depots
or activities, contractors, and host nation support personnel perform this
level of maintenance to support the supply system. Normally, elements
perform depot maintenance where it is most appropriate to support the force.
This may be in CONUS, in the AO, at an ISB, or in a third country.
Production-line operations characterize this support. Such operations support
the national maintenance program (NMP) and the overall DA inventory
management program. They are an alternative or supplement to new
procurement as a source of serviceable assets to meet DA materiel
requirements.
8-28. Headquarters, Department of the Army approves and USAMC controls
programs for depot maintenance. Army arsenals and depot maintenance
facilities execute some approved programs. In other cases, the depot
maintenance and interservicing (DMI) program plays an important role in
depot maintenance. The DMI program's main goal is the efficient and
effective use of depots by using the depot source of repair (DSOR) decision
process. The DSOR decision process is a mandatory milestone in the
integrated logistics system (ILS) planning and an integral part of
maintenance planning. The DSOR process normally results in agreements
with the other military services. Agreements with other military services and
contractual arrangements with commercial firms carry out some depot
maintenance programs. Strategic planners schedule repair programs to meet
the needs of the supply system and the reparable exchange program. They
also consider availability of repair parts and other maintenance resources.
8-29. When an LSE deploys to a theater, it may act as the command and
control element for theater-level sustainment maintenance activities. As
discussed in chapter 4, the LSE is a flexible organization. Theater needs and

8-6
 _________________________________________________________________ Ordnance Support

shortfalls in the supply system dictate its capabilities and organization. The
LSE may include theater GS maintenance companies FRAs, and SRAs
operating within the theater. FRAs are maintenance activities designed to
provide limited depot repair support to the theater. SRAs repair components
and return them to the supply system or supported customers. SRAs have
special tools and test equipment to repair/test components whose associated
maintenance requires a high degree of training or specialized TMDE. FRAs
and SRAs may employ military personnel, civilians, contractors, or a mixture
of all three. These units normally operate from fixed or semi-fixed facilities in
the corps rear, theater base, or the CONUS support base.

SPECIFIC MAINTENANCE CONSIDERATIONS

8-30. Several types of equipment have special maintenance considerations
associated with them. The following is a discussion of maintenance of
aviation, watercraft, signal, and information systems. It also covers
maintenance in an NBC environment.
Aviation Maintenance
8-31. The objective of Army aviation maintenance is to ensure maximum
availability of fully mission-capable aircraft to the commander. Aviation
maintenance elements accomplish this by performing maintenance on all
aviation items, including avionics and weapon systems, as far forward as
possible.
8-32. The aircraft maintenance system consists of three levels: aviation unit
maintenance (AVUM), aviation intermediate maintenance (AVIM), and depot
maintenance.
8-33. The aircraft crew chiefs and AVUM unit comprise the first line of
aircraft maintenance. AVUM units are organic to aviation battalions and
squadrons. They provide support as far forward as possible. Forward support
teams perform on-aircraft maintenance tasks that require minimal aircraft
downtime. AVUM elements also perform more extensive recurring scheduled
maintenance tasks in rear areas. AVUM tasks include replacing components;
performing minor repairs; making adjustments; and cleaning, lubricating,
and servicing the aircraft.
8-34. The AVIM, or second-level maintenance element provides one-stop
intermediate maintenance support and backup AVUM support. It performs
on-aircraft system repair and off-aircraft subsystems repair. AVIM units also
provide aviation repair parts to supported units. AVIM tasks normally
require more time, more complex tools and test equipment, and higher skilled
personnel than the AVUM element has available.
8-35. Depot maintenance is the third level of maintenance. Depot
maintenance includes very detailed and time-consuming functions. It
requires sophisticated equipment and special tools, special facilities, and
maintenance skills. Typical depot tasks include aircraft overhaul, major
repair, conversion or modifications, special manufacturing, analytical testing,
and painting. FM 3-04.500 has details on aviation maintenance.

8-7
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

Army Watercraft Maintenance

8-36. Maintaining watercraft used in Army water terminal operations poses
problems and requires arrangements that are somewhat different from those
for other types of equipment. Supporting maintenance facilities for watercraft
must locate at or near the water's edge. Rather than echeloning these
facilities along the forward axis of a theater as in other systems, they
generally spread out laterally along the theater's rear boundary. Except for
some inland waterway systems, their orientation is toward the rear.
Watercraft units typically get support from civilian shipyards either in
theater or in other countries. Also, given the Military Sealift Command's
worldwide access to ship/watercraft repair capabilities, it may be efficient to
use that network as well as current Army procedures for repairing Army
watercraft.
Signal-Peculiar Equipment Maintenance
8-37. Maintenance for signal units has unique characteristics. Companies of
a signal battalion may operate far from division or corps maintenance units.
However, they must maintain exceptionally high levels of readiness. Combat
electronic warfare intelligence battalions have highly complex, low-density
equipment. In such exceptional cases, the battalions rely on—
• An organic maintenance capability to perform diagnostics and minor
repairs.
• On-board spares.
• Forward deployment of MSTs from rear areas by surface or air trans-
portation.
Support to Information Systems
8-38. The Army is rapidly transforming into a highly lethal, technologically
advanced fighting force through digitization of its information systems. This
transformation to a digital, information-based Army requires a substantial
investment in information systems. Thousands of computers are currently
being developed, tested, and fielded to enable this transformation. These
systems will link commanders and leaders at every level and provide a near
real-time common operational picture (COP) of the battlefield. This COP
permits commanders to make timely decisions based on accurate information
to better control forces, synchronize battlefield operating systems, and
achieve decisive victories with minimal casualties.
8-39. Information system support presents a unique challenge for the Army
of the 21st century. The spiral development and streamlined acquisition of
computer hardware and software have rapidly exceeded the Army’s ability to
logistically support these systems. The increased involvement of contractor
support on the battlefield further complicates this challenge. Unique,
stovepipe systems support many information systems today, particularly
command and control devices. These stovepipes often involve a mix of
military, DA civilian, and contractor personnel for both maintenance and
supply support.

8-8
_________________________________________________________________ Ordnance Support

Maintenance in an NBC Environment

8-40. Logisticians avoid operating in a chemically contaminated
environment, when METT-TC permits. Reduction in manual dexterity and
effects of petroleum product spills on protective overgarments particularly
degrades maintenance operations. Rather than conduct operations in a
contaminated area, CSS units displace at the earliest opportunity,
decontaminate their equipment, and resume support operations.
8-41. Avoiding contamination of equipment is easier than decontaminating
it. Decontamination is time-consuming and may corrode and damage some
types of equipment. When possible, maintenance activities should occupy
protected areas like underground garages or concrete buildings to provide
overhead cover from liquid chemical agents and shielding from radioactive
contamination. Using units decontaminate their own equipment within their
capabilities. Equipment turned over to maintenance personnel must be as
free of contamination as the using unit can make it. Using units must
establish standing operating procedures (SOPs) for recovery, handling, and
decontamination of their own equipment.
8-42. When using unit personnel are not able to decontaminate equipment,
they should mark the equipment with the type and the date/time of
contamination. If feasible, they should identify the specific areas of
equipment contamination to alert maintenance personnel of the danger. They
should also segregate contaminated materiel. When using units cannot
decontaminate damaged or inoperable equipment that is critical to the battle,
materiel managers should consider equipment replacement.

REPAIR PARTS SUPPORT

8-43. Class IX items (repair parts) consist of any part, subassembly,
assembly, or component required for installation in maintaining an end item,
subassembly, or component. They support maintenance and repair functions
performed throughout the Army on all materiel except medical materiel.
They range from small items of common hardware to large, complex line
replaceable units.
8-44. Managing repair parts is proportional to the contribution they make to
the operational readiness of the end items they support. The type and
quantity of stocked items directly relate to readiness requirements. The
following paragraphs discuss responsibilities at the strategic, operational,
and tactical levels of CSS.
8-45. Managing repair parts at the national strategic level normally depends
on the general classification of the item rather than its end item use. In these
instances, requisitions to support a unit maintenance mission go to more
than one national inventory control point (NICP) or commodity command.
When the end item is a major system (for example, an M1A1 tank), a
program manager ensures that the CSS for that end item is effective and
efficient. Therefore, units experiencing problems have a single point of
contact to handle their concerns. At the national level, supply requirements
may drive the NICP manager to use, through the NMM, sustainment
maintenance to repair unserviceable assets to support supply requirements.

8-9
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

8-46. The operational level of supply focuses on providing repair parts and a
level of stockage for items not sent to the theater by aerial lines of
communication (ALOC). Easing these supply requirements are serviceable
assets generated by the sustainment maintenance of line replaceable units.
These items become theater-generated assets that can offset a requirement to
provide support from the strategic level of supply.
8-47. Repair parts at the tactical level support unit and DS (field)
maintenance missions. Organizations can stock a limited number of items on
the prescribed load list (PLL) to support their maintenance mission.
Normally, the number of lines is restricted to 150; however, they should be
demand supported and combat essential. The commander has some latitude
to accommodate expected requirements and for other justifiable reasons.
Mobility of PLL items is also a consideration. The PLL should be 100 percent
mobile on unit transportation. Unique maintenance elements that support
strategic signal, air traffic control, and missile systems maintain authorized
stockage list (ASL) items for their supported customer units.
8-48. GS maintenance units maintain shop stocks to support authorized
maintenance tasks. They requisition replenishment stocks through their
supporting MMCs and do not maintain ASLs. This does not apply to AVIM
units.
8-49. The commander who owns unserviceable equipment decides whether to
perform cannibalization or controlled exchange. Cannibalization is the
authorized removal, under specific conditions, of serviceable and
unserviceable repair parts, components, and assemblies from unserviceable,
uneconomically reparable, or excess end-items authorized for local disposal.
Controlled exchange is removing serviceable parts, components, assemblies
and subassemblies from unserviceable, economically repairable equipment
for immediate use in restoring a like item of equipment to a combat mission-
capable condition. Commanders may use supervised battlefield
cannibalization and controlled exchange when parts are not available from
the supply system.
8-50. Commanders as close to the site of damaged equipment as possible
make cannibalization and exchange decisions consistent with Army
regulations and major command (MACOM) policies. They base their decisions
on guidelines established at higher headquarters. Cannibalization is a major
source of critical repair parts in a combat environment. Maintainers use it
aggressively according to the command's established policy.

EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE DISPOSAL

8-51. The mission of EOD is to support U.S. security operations across full
spectrum operations by reducing or eliminating the hazards of explosive
ordnance that threaten personnel, operations, installations, or materiel. EOD
elements participate in security and advisory assistance, antiterrorism,
counterdrug operations, training, ordnance disposal, arms control, treaty
verification, and support to domestic civil authorities, and other stability
operations and support operations. Many of their tasks are routinely
performed in CONUS and include the following:

8-10
_________________________________________________________________ Ordnance Support

• Providing EOD support to the U.S. Secret Service (USSS) and other
Federal agencies for Presidential and very important person
protection.
• Advising and assisting the civil authorities in removing military ord-
nance that threatens public safety.
• Examining, identifying, and reporting new and unusual explosive
ordnance for technical intelligence purposes.
• Supporting nuclear and chemical weapons shipments.
• Conducting range clearances. EOD supports range clearance opera-
tions by disposing of unexploded ordnance (UXO) on impact areas.
• Destroying ammunition (see FM 9-15).
• Neutralizing government-owned ordnance shipments (see FM 9-15).
• Responding to improvised explosive devices (IEDs).
• Advising on mines and minefield clearance. Mines and minefields are
not specifically an EOD matter. EOD personnel give technical advice
and assistance when asked and when priorities allow. Large-scale
minefield breaching is an engineer mission.
• Supporting the clean-up of UXO from formerly used defense sites and
active installations.
• Providing instruction to host or allied nation military or civilian EOD
personnel on UXO hazards and disposal techniques.
8-52. During war, preserving the commander’s combat power becomes more
challenging for EOD because of the increasingly complex and lethal
battlefield. EOD integration into staff planning must be sufficiently explicit
to provide for battle synchronization, yet flexible enough to respond to change
or to capitalize on fleeting opportunities. EOD missions include—
• Detecting UXO hazards.
• Identifying unexploded U.S. and foreign ordnance.
• Rendering safe UXO.
• Recovering UXO for technical intelligence exploitation.
• Disposing of UXO.
• Advising commanders on UXO hazards and protective measures.
8-53. EOD provides the force-projection Army with rapidly deployable
support for eliminating UXO from any operational environment. EOD serves
as a combat force multiplier by neutralizing UXO that is restricting freedom
of movement and denying access to supplies, facilities, and other critical
assets. For detailed information on EOD support, see FM 9-15.

CONTROL PROCEDURES
8-54. The limited EOD assets available to the commander are force
multipliers that far exceed their actual numbers. For that reason, EOD
operations must be controlled in a manner that has the greatest impact on
supporting the commander’s mission. Centralized control and decentralized
control are the two methods of controlling the operations of EOD units.

8-11
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

Centralized Control
8-55. Centralized EOD control relies on good communications and a complete
and accurate evaluation of the threat to the war effort. Once an EOD
battalion receives a request for EOD support (relayed through the TSC or
corps command post from the requesting unit operations channels), the EOD
battalion assigns the incident to an EOD company. The EOD company then
dispatches an EOD response team to handle the incident.
Decentralized Control
8-56. Decentralized EOD control occurs most often in peacetime operations.
A unit needing EOD support requests that support directly through
operational channels. The EOD company receives the request, notifies the
EOD battalion, and dispatches a response team. Decentralized control works
well in peacetime or when there is no requirement for a massive response by
a large number of EOD assets to a major incident (such as a large-scale
attack with denial-type munitions on a key facility).

COMMUNICATIONS IN EOD
8-57. EOD units need a wide range of communications to accomplish their
mission. Long-range communications are required among the deployed
teams, the companies, the EOD battalions, and the EOD group. EOD units
link to the area communications network through the mobile subscriber
equipment (MSE). In addition, EOD response teams and units require a data
processing capability for electronic transmission of record traffic. When
operating at an incident site, EOD response teams need secure short-range,
wireless inter-team communications for coordinating team activities and
safety. The response teams dispatched on the battlefield require a position
navigation device with digital data capability for precise location
determination.

EOD ORGANIZATIONS
8-58. A range of EOD organizations allow for mission flexibility. The types of
EOD units available to support operations include the following.
EOD Response Team
8-59. A two- (light) or three-person (heavy) response team organic to an EOD
company normally provides basic EOD support. The team may function
independently of the parent company for an extended period. Several light
teams can work together on large, multi-UXO incidents or other high-priority
incidents. If required, a response team may be collocated with a unit other
than its parent company for rations, quarters, and other logistical support.
However, command and control remain with the parent company. A
responding EOD team may need added support (such as engineers or
medical) to reduce potential and/or actual hazards.
EOD Company
8-60. The EOD company provides command and control for its organic EOD
response teams. The mission of EOD companies is to provide EOD support to
corps and ARFOR/TSC units. In the TSC, they provide DS by covering the

8-12
 _________________________________________________________________ Ordnance Support

ASG AO and all units within it. Any EOD companies not DS to the ASG are
in GS to the TSC.
8-61. In the corps, the COSCOM commander positions the EOD companies
throughout the CSG AO; they are normally collocated with a CSB. Command
and control remains with the parent EOD battalion. EOD companies provide
GS to the corps on an area basis and can be DS for a specific maneuver unit,
normally a division or task force equivalent element.
8-62. Because of limited personnel and equipment assigned to an EOD
company, the company depends on the unit to which it is attached or
supporting for rations and other administrative and logistical support. The
EOD company is 100 percent mobile. EOD companies have a limited number
of personnel available for base security and other details.
EOD Company (CONUS-Based)
8-63. The CONUS support EOD company provides command and control for
its organic EOD response teams. Its mission is to reduce or eliminate the
hazards of munitions and explosive devices throughout the continental
United States. This company provides EOD service on an area basis for a
maximum routine incident response capability of 120 incidents per day
(based on 12 teams). It may also respond to civilian requests for EOD support
and assist public safety and law enforcement agencies in handling improvised
explosive devices (IED) and terrorist threats. The CONUS-based EOD
company may provide support to other Federal intelligence agencies, as
outlined in directives, and support installations by clearing ranges and
destroying unserviceable ammunition.
EOD Battalion
8-64. An EOD battalion provides command and control for three to ten EOD
companies. A battalion with eight EOD companies is allocated to a TSC. A
corps is allocated one EOD battalion with ten subordinate EOD companies.
The EOD battalion has a limited number of personnel and equipment.
Therefore, it is dependent on the unit to which it is assigned or attached for
rations and other administrative and logistical support. The EOD battalion is
100 percent mobile.
Ordnance Group (EOD)
8-65. The ordnance group (EOD) has two major functions: theater EOD
planning and EOD command and control. This group is composed of two to
six EOD battalions. The EOD group is 50 percent mobile.
User Level Support
8-66. Any unit can report an EOD incident through operational or command
channels to a central operations center. The center operations officer, with
the assistance of the EOD staff officer, sets the priority of EOD incidents.
Priority coincides with the threat posed by the incident. Incidents are
coordinated, based on the operational mode used, through the EOD battalion
or company for assigning an EOD response team. Lastly, the EOD response
team dispatches to the scene.

8-13
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

AMMUNITION
8-67. Munitions are a dominant factor in determining the outcome of
offensive, defensive, and often stability operations. Munitions provide the
means to defeat and destroy the enemy. Due to limited quantities of modern
munitions and weapon systems, commanders must manage munitions to
ensure availability and enhance combat readiness. Most major military
operations are joint and multinational and based on unexpected
contingencies. These operations require the munitions logistics system to be
modular, tailorable, and easily deployed. Ammunition units deploy based on
operational needs and are essential to moving Class V.
8-68. Planning logistics munitions support must be coordinated and
synchronized across the levels of war. The mission at every level of war is to
ensure munitions arrive in the right quantities and proper types at the
decisive time and place. Having munitions in the right quantity, type, and
place enhances the Army’s ability to engage the enemy decisively and sustain
the operations culminating with the successful accomplishments of objectives.

THE AMMUNITION SYSTEM

8-69. The ammunition logistics system provides to the force the right type
and quantity of ammunition in any contingency. The challenge is to move
required amounts of ammunition into a theater from the CONUS sustaining
base and other prepositioned sources in a timely manner to support an
operation. The system must be flexible enough to meet changing ammunition
requirements in simultaneous operations around the world. The objective of
the system is to provide configured Class V support forward to the force as
economically and responsively as possible to minimize handling or
reconfiguring; quickly adapt to changes in potential threat; introduce
new/improved weapons and ammunition; and be more responsive in getting
the product to the forces. The unique characteristics of ammunition
complicate the system. These factors include its size, weight, and hazardous
nature. It requires special handling, storage, accountability, surveillance, and
security.
8-70. Effective and efficient ammunition support requires integrated
information and distribution management at all levels from the combat user
to the CONUS sustainment base. Ammunition managers manage
ammunition in terms of days of supply. The amount of Class V a unit can
carry into combat on its weapon systems is measured in terms of combat or
turret loads, except for field artillery, where the unit of measure is the
battalion load. That is the amount of Class V that an artillery battalion can
move uploaded on its weapon systems as well as with all its organic supply
vehicles.
8-71. The structure of ammunition units and the munitions support concept
evolves to meet changes in combat doctrine. Maneuver-oriented ammunition
distribution system (MOADS) doctrine and force structure support a forward-
deployed force. In the near future, MOADS will transition to a more flexible
distribution system based on the concept of modularity. A munitions
structure based on modularity will more effectively meet the needs of a force-

8-14
_________________________________________________________________ Ordnance Support

projection Army. Under this concept, units only deploy the number of soldiers
and the equipment needed to support the force.
8-72. The advent of modular munitions units has drastically increased the
flexibility of the ASCC/ARFOR commander and JFC during operations.
Unlike maneuver-oriented ammunition distribution system palletized loading
system (MOADS-PLS) units, modular companies and platoons are 100
percent mobile (less munitions stocks). This mobility is particularly
important for contingency operations. The ability of a modular platoon to
deploy independent of its company headquarters allows the commander to
right size his forces for combat and the operations. Although modular
platoons and companies are 100 percent mobile, they are not 100 percent
sustainable. These units must attach to a higher headquarters (company or
battalion) for administrative and logistical support and C2.

AMMUNITION MANAGEMENT
8-73. The management process begins during peacetime planning.
Combatant commands, ASCCs, ARFOR, and service/readiness commands
determine Class V requirements for possible contingencies. They consider the
concepts of operation and task organization including the projected force
deployment sequences, the availability of stocks, storage locations,
deployability into various theaters, and the responsiveness of the production
base to meet shortfalls. It is unlikely that future conflicts will require the
massive volumes of stocks needed to support the cold war forces of the 1980s.
8-74. As the force receives these new weapon systems and munitions, there
will be an evolving mix of high-low technology munitions, which the logistics
system must be able to support. The Class V system must also be capable of
supporting joint forces and a variety of multinational forces. Multinational
forces may not be able to use efficiencies of U.S. logistics technologies, such as
the palletized load system or container/materials-handling equipment.
Ammunition planners must integrate these factors into the LPT (discussed in
chapter 5). Integral to the LPT and requirements determination process is
the planned development of the theater. Modular ammunition units deploy to
handle in-coming stocks and support the force as it matures to meet the
combatant commanders plan. Initial theater Class V unit requirements may
be small. For example, they may include the organic support for an airlifted
light brigade, LSE, and a modular platoon to handle initial receipt of
prepositioned stocks and support a brigade combat team. The theater,
however, requires follow-on ammunition capabilities in proportion to the
combat forces deployed. Along with being rapidly deployable, these
ammunition units require mobility and the information systems to control
operations and provide the critical decision support and management link
within the theater and with the CONUS sustaining base.

AMMUNITION SUPPORT ACTIVITIES

8-75. Combat forces initially deploy into theater with their ammunition basic
loads. Commanders estimate their Class V needs (required supply rates) in
accordance with combat priorities to weight the battle. The ARFOR
commander determines the controlled supply rate (CSR) by comparing the
total unrestricted ammunition requirements against the total ammunition

8-15
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

assets on hand or due in. Forces receive resupply in the forward areas from
tactical ammunition support activities (ASAs).
8-76. The three types of ASAs in the theater are: theater storage areas
(TSAs), corps storage areas (CSAs), and ammunition supply points (ASPs).
An ammunition transfer point (ATP) is not considered an ASA because of its
temporary nature. The ASA mission is to receive, store, issue, and maintain
theater conventional ammunition stocks. In addition, ASAs configure
ammunition into mission-configured loads (MCLs). Once configured, MCLs
ship forward to ATPs for issue to units. When published, FM 4-30 will detail
the doctrinal layout of a mature ammunition system in a developed theater.
Theater Storage Area
8-77. The TSA encompasses the storage facilities located in the COMMZ.
This is where the bulk of the theater reserve ammunition stocks are located.
Modular ammunition companies, with a mixture of heavy- and medium-lift
platoons, operate and maintain TSAs. Besides shipping ammunition to CSAs,
the TSA provides area ammunition support to units operating in the
COMMZ. The ASCC determines the TSA stockage objective. AR 710-2
contains basic days of supply (DOS) policy for Class V. The TSC ammunition
group must keep the TSC materiel management center (MMC) informed of
storage limitations or shortages in each TSA.
Corps Storage Area
8-78. The CSA is the primary source of high-tonnage ammunition for the
division and corps. Modular ammunition companies, with a mixture of heavy-
and medium-lift platoons, operate the CSA. The number of units assigned to
operate a CSA depends on the corps authorized ammunition stockage level.
CSAs receive 50 percent of their ammunition from the POD and 50 percent
from the TSA. At a minimum, each corps identifies an ASA to meet these
requirements. The COSCOM establishes stockage objectives for the CSA and
bases them on projected theater combat rates. Initially, the stockage objective
of a CSA should be 10 to 15 days of supply. After the initial combat draw
down, the CSA should maintain 7 to 10 days of supply. When a CSA wartime
stockage objective exceeds 25,000 short-tons, the commander should establish
a second CSA.
Ammunition Supply Point
8-79. ASPs are another source of ammunition for a division. ASPs receive,
store, issue, and maintain a one- to three-day supply of ammunition. ASP
stockage levels are based on tactical plans, availability of ammunition, and
the threat to the resupply operation. ASPs are located in the division rear.
Normally, three ASPs support a division and provide manning for the
division rear ATP. A modular ammunition company, with one or more
medium-lift modular ammunition platoons, normally operates one large ASP
behind each brigade. By doctrine, Class V containers go only as far as the
CSA.
8-80. ASPs provide 25 percent of each ATP ammunition requirement in the
form of MCLs. Besides supporting ATPs, ASPs provide ammunition to units
operating in the division rear area. These nondivisional and corps units
normally receive support from the closest ASA.

8-16
 _________________________________________________________________ Ordnance Support

Ammunition Transfer Point

8-81. ATPs are the most mobile and responsive of the munitions supply
activities. CSAs and ASPs deliver ammunition to the ATP using corps
transportation assets. This ammunition is kept loaded on semitrailers,
containerized roll-on/off platforms (CROPs), or PLS flatracks until ATP
personnel transload it to using unit vehicles. If the situation demands,
personnel can transfer the ammunition immediately to using unit tactical
vehicles.
8-82. ATPs are located in each brigade support area (BSA) with an additional
one in the division support area (DSA). The mission of each ATP is to provide
100 percent of the ammunition required by all infantry, armor, artillery,
combat aviation, combat engineer, and air defense units in its sector. This
includes divisional and nondivisional units (such as corps artillery) operating
in the brigade area. A division ammunition representative is located at each
ATP to control the issue of munitions.
8-83. Each maneuver divisional brigade is supported by a forward support
battalion (FSB) that operates an ATP. The ammunition section of the supply
company in the FSB operates ATPs. These ATPs provide ammunition
support to all units in the brigade support sector and receive mission
guidance from the division ammunition officer (DAO). Units arriving at the
ATP to pick up munitions drop off empty, or partially empty, PLS flatracks
and retrieve fully loaded flatracks. ATP personnel assist units without the
PLS to transload munitions. The unit normally issues uploaded flatracks in
the same configuration as received.

8-17
 Chapter 9
Health Service Support

Health service support is a single, integrated system. It consists of all

services performed, provided, or arranged to promote, improve, conserve,
or restore the mental and physical well-being of personnel in the Army
and, as directed, for other services, agencies, and organizations. It is a
continuum of care and support from the point of injury or wounding
through successive levels to the continental United States (CONUS) base.
This system encompasses the ten functional areas of medical treatment:
area support, medical evacuation, medical regulating, hospitalization,
preventive medicine, health service logistics, dental, veterinary, combat
operational stress control services, and medical laboratory support.
Health service support involves delineation of support responsibility by
geographical area.

HEALTH SERVICE SUPPORT ACROSS THE LEVELS OF WAR

9-1. Health service support (HSS) CONTENTS
includes activities across all levels of Health Service Support Across the
war. The following are considerations Levels of War................................. 9-1
for HSS across the levels of war. Principles of Health Service
Support .......................................... 9-3
STRATEGIC HEALTH SERVICE SUPPORT Levels of Medical Care ....................... 9-3
Functional Areas................................. 9-4
9-2. Strategic HSS and supporting
services include activities under the
control of the Department of the Army (DA), Department of Defense (DOD),
and Secretary of Defense (SECDEF). These include the U.S. depots, arsenals,
data banks, plants, research laboratories, and factories associated with the
U.S. Army Medical Materiel and Research Command (USAMRMC) (including
the U.S. Army Medical Materiel Agency [USAMMA]), and disease and
nonbattle injury (DNBI) surveillance centers (such as the Centers for Health
Promotion and Preventive Medicine [USACHPPM]), the DLA, national
inventory control point (NICP), military health systems, and Veterans
Administration and civilian hospital systems of the National Disaster
Medical System (NDMS). Strategic HSS focuses on—
• Supporting force deployment by ensuring soldier medical readiness.
• Medical surveillance and occupational and environmental (OEH)
health surveillance.
• Early employment/deployment of preventive medicine (PVNTMED)
and veterinary services.

9-1
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

• Medical laboratory services for in-theater confirmatory identification

of suspect NBC samples/specimens.
• Mobilizing the industrial base.
• Determining requirements and acquiring medical equipment, sup-
plies, blood, and pharmaceuticals to support force projection.
• Stockpiling and prepositioning medical materiel (prepositioning of
medical materiel configured to unit sets and afloat prepositioning).
• Supporting the host nation.
• Medical evacuating, medical regulating, and hospitalization.
• Mobilizing.
• Preserving the force by returning injured soldiers to full health.
• Demobilizing.

OPERATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE SUPPORT

9-3. Operational HSS encompasses all of the medical activities to support the
force employed in offensive, defensive, stability, and support operations.
Operational HSS focuses on—
• Supporting deployment and reception, staging, onward movement,
and integration (RSO&I) operations.
• PVNTMED, veterinary services, and COSC.
• Medical facilities in the theater.
• Managing distribution of medical materiel and blood.
• Supporting forward deployed forces.
• Reconstituting medical units in theater.
• Supporting redeployment operations.
9-4. At the operational level, managers balance current requirements with
the need to extend capabilities along the lines of communication (LOC) and
build up support services for subsequent major operations.

TACTICAL HEALTH SERVICE SUPPORT

9-5. Tactical planning is proactive rather than reactive. HSS must be
thoroughly integrated with tactical plans and orders. Commanders reallocate
medical resources as tactical situations change. HSS commanders tailor
medical units to adapt to the flow of battle and to meet reinforcement or
reconstitution requirements. Elements to reconstitute medical units normally
come from the next higher level of HSS. Due to the massive destructive and
disabling capabilities of modern conventional and NBC weapons, medical
units can anticipate large numbers of casualties in a shorter period. Medical
units are flexible. They alter their normal scope of operations to provide the
greatest good for the greatest number. However, these mass casualty
situations usually exceed the capabilities of local medical units. Key factors
for effective mass casualty management are—
• On-site triage.
• Emergency resuscitative care.
• Early surgical intervention.

9-2
______________________________________________________________Health Service Support

• Reliable communications.
• Skillful evacuation by air and ground resources.
9-6. Medical personnel may also have to defend themselves and their
patients within their limitations. Medical personnel are only authorized the
use of small arms for the protection of themselves and the patients in their
care. In certain situations, HSS units in rear areas must be able to defend
against level I threats and to survive NBC strikes while continuing to
support the operation. Medical personnel are not required to perform
perimeter defense duties for nonmedical units. Due to the protections
afforded medical personnel under the provisions of the Geneva Conventions,
medical personnel must be exclusively engaged in their humanitarian duties
and can, therefore, only defend medical unit areas.

PRINCIPLES OF HEALTH SERVICE SUPPORT

9-7. Providing HSS is guided by six principles consistent with the principles
discussed in JP 4-02:
• Health service support conforms to the tactical commander's opera-
tion plan (OPLAN). By taking part in developing the OPLAN, the
HSS planner can determine support requirements and plan for the
support needed to prevent DNBI and to effectively clear the battle-
field of the ill, injured, and wounded.
• Technical control and staff supervision of HSS resources must remain
with the appropriate command-level surgeon.
• The HSS staff must maintain continuity of care since an interruption
of treatment may cause an increase in morbidity and mortality. No
patient is evacuated farther to the rear than his medical condition or
the tactical situation dictate.
• The proximity of HSS assets to the supported forces is dictated by the
tactical situation (mission, enemy, troops, terrain and weather, time,
civilian considerations [METT-TC]).
• The HSS plan must be flexible to enhance the capability of shifting
HSS resources to meet changing requirements. Changes in the tacti-
cal situation or OPLAN make flexibility essential.
• Mobility is required to ensure that HSS assets remain close enough to
combat operations to support combat forces. The mobility of medical
units must be equal to the forces supported.

LEVELS OF MEDICAL CARE

9-8. Health service support is arranged in levels of medical care. They extend
rearward throughout the theater to the CONUS support-base. Each level
reflects an increase in capability, with the functions of each lower level being
within the capabilities of higher level.

LEVEL I
9-9. The first medical care a soldier receives occurs at Level I. It is provided
by the trauma specialist/special operations forces combat medics (assisted by
self-aid, buddy aid, and combat lifesaver skills, and at the battalion aid

9-3
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

station [BAS] by the physician and physician assistant). This level of care
includes immediate lifesaving measures, prevention of DNBI, COSC
preventive measures, patient collection, and medical evacuation to supported
medical treatment elements.

LEVEL II
9-10. Medical companies and troops of brigades, divisions, separate brigades,
armored cavalry regiments, and area support medical battalions (ASMBs)
render care at Level II. They examine and evaluate the casualty’s wounds
and general status to determine treatment and evacuation precedence. This
level of care duplicates Level I and expands services available by adding
limited dental, laboratory, optometry, preventive medicine, health service
logistics, COSC/mental health services, and patient-holding capabilities.
When required to provide far-forward surgical intervention, the medical
company may be augmented with a forward surgical team (FST) to provide
initial wound surgery. The FST is organic to airborne and air assault
divisions.

LEVEL III
9-11. Level III is the first level of care with hospital facilities. Within the
combat zone, the combat support hospital (CSH) provides resuscitation,
initial wound surgery, and postoperative treatment. At the CSH, personnel
treat patients for return to duty (RTD) or stabilize patients for continued
evacuation. Those patients expected to RTD within the theater evacuation
policy are regulated to an echelon above corps (EAC) CSH.

LEVEL IV
9-12. At Level IV, the patient is treated at an EAC CSH. Those patients not
expected to RTD within the theater evacuation policy are stabilized and
evacuated to a Level V facility.

LEVEL V
9-13. Definitive care to all categories of patients characterizes Level V
(primarily CONUS-based) care. The Department of Defense (DOD) and
Department of Veteran's Affairs (VA) hospitals provide this care. During
mobilization, the National Disaster Medical System (NDMS) may be
activated. Under this system, civilian hospitals care for patients beyond the
capabilities of the DOD and VA hospitals.

FUNCTIONAL AREAS
9-14. There are ten functional areas within the Army Medical Department
(AMEDD). The AMEDD integrates and synchronizes these functional areas,
enabling the HSS system to meet the requirements of a force-projection
Army.

MEDICAL EVACUATION AND MEDICAL REGULATING

9-15. Medical evacuation is the timely, efficient movement and provision of
en route medical care of sick, injured, or ill persons from the battlefield or
other locations to medical treatment facilities (MTFs). It is the responsibility

9-4
______________________________________________________________Health Service Support

of the gaining level HSS to evacuate or coordinate the evacuation from the
lower level. The health care provider attending the patient determines the
mode and precedence of evacuation. Air evacuation is the primary means of
medical evacuation for urgent and priority casualties. In the combat zone,
ground ambulance squads organic to medical sections, platoons, and
companies evacuate patients within their AOs. Medical evacuation battalions
evacuate patients from Level II MTFs to Level III hospitals. The battalion
also evacuates patients laterally from hospital to hospital within the corps
area, and from hospitals to U.S. Air Force (USAF) staging areas for
evacuation out of the combat zone.
9-16. Strategic evacuation is a function of the USAF aeromedical evacuation
system. The theater surgeon recommends a theater evacuation policy
through the combatant commander and Joint Chiefs of Staff for approval by
the SECDEF. The policy establishes the number of days an injured or ill
soldier may remain in the theater to return to duty. Soldiers who will not
return to full health within the established time are evacuated to definitive
care facilities in CONUS or other designated locations. FM 8-10-6 has more
details on evacuation.
9-17. Medical regulating is the coordinated movement of patients to MTFs
that are best able to provide timely and required care. The corps medical
command (MEDCOM), medical brigade medical regulating office (MRO) and,
if established, joint patient movement requirements center (JPMRC) provide
medical regulating in the combat zone. In the COMMZ, the theater
MEDCOM/EAC medical brigade MROs and the theater patient movement
requirements center (TPMRC) provide support. The TPMRC provides both
intratheater and intertheater medical regulating. For example, if hospitals of
other services within the theater have the necessary capabilities, the TPMRC
may regulate Army patients to them. It also coordinates intertheater
evacuation with the global patient movement requirements center (GPMRC).
The TPMRC coordinates patient movement with the USAF aeromedical
evacuation control center or, if air evacuation is not available or advisable,
with the Military Sealift Command.

HOSPITALIZATION
9-18. Hospitalization, provided by the CSH, is part of the theater-wide
system for managing sick, injured, and wounded patients. The CSH
capabilities include triage/emergency care, outpatient services, in-patient
care, pharmacy, laboratory, blood banking, radiology, physical therapy,
medical logistics, emergency/essential dental care, nutrition care, and patient
administration services. For more information on theater hospitalization see
FM 4-02.10.
9-19. The CSH may be augmented by one or more medical detachments,
hospital augmentation teams, or medical teams. These may include—
• Minimal care detachment that is capable of providing mini-
mal/convalescent care, nursing, and rehabilitative services in support
of Levels III and IV hospitals.

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FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

• Telemedicine detachment that provides telemedicine services and

clinical reachback capabilities to support the CSH and other MTFs
within the division, corps, and theater.
• Forward surgical team that is available to augment the surgical
services of the CSH with general surgery and orthopedic surgery
capabilities.
• Head and neck hospital augmentation team that provides special
surgical care for ear, nose, and throat surgery, neurosurgery, and eye
surgery to support the CSH, plus specialty consultative services, as
required.
• Special care hospital augmentation team that provides the additional
health care personnel to support other military operations.
• Pathology hospital augmentation team that provides pathology sup-
port to the CSH laboratories and specialty consultative services, as
required.
• Infectious disease medical team that provides infectious disease in-
vestigative services and specialty consultative services, as required.
• Renal hemodialysis medical team that provides renal hemodialysis
care for patients with acute renal failure and consultative services on
an area basis.

HEALTH SERVICE LOGISTICS

9-20. The health service logistics (HSL) system encompasses planning and
executing medical supply operations, medical equipment maintenance and
repair, blood storage and distribution, and optical fabrication and repair. It
also includes contracting services, medical hazardous waste management and
disposal, production and distribution of medical gases, and blood banking
services for Army, joint, multinational, and interagency operations. The
appropriate command surgeon provides technical guidance. The system is
anticipatory, with select units capable of operating in a split-based mode. The
theater HSL system consists of the following organizations:
• Medical logistics management center (MLMC).
• HHD, MEDLOG battalion.
• Logistics support company.
• Medical logistics company.
• Blood support detachment (BSD).
• Medical logistics support team (MLST).
9-21. The MLMC is subordinate to the theater MEDCOM or senior medical
command and control (C2) headquarters in theater. It is responsible for
providing theater-level centralized management of critical Class VIII
commodities, patient movement items, and medical maintenance within the
theater. The MLMC normally uses split-based operations. During an initial
employment into an austere theater, the MLMC base normally remains in
the CONUS while deploying a support team into the theater, linking the
strategic to the operational level of logistics. The support team also links
Class VIII management with the distribution system within the AO by co-
locating a distribution section with the support operations section of the TSC

9-6
______________________________________________________________Health Service Support

or a COSCOM. When so designated, the MLMC, with the MEDLOG

battalion, serves as the single integrated medical logistics manager (SIMLM)
for joint operations. It also serves as the medical contracting manager for the
theater.
9-22. The MEDLOG battalion is subordinate to the theater MEDCOM or the
corps MEDCOM. It is responsible for providing C2 and supervising
operations for a variable number of attached MEDLOG companies, logistics
support companies, and a BSD. This overall control covers the whole
spectrum of MEDLOG and blood management operations
9-23. The logistics support company (subordinate to the MEDLOG battalion)
provides medical materiel, medical maintenance and repair, and multi- and
single-vision optical lens fabrication and repair to EAC and corps medical
units operating in the AO. It also provides backup support to the MEDLOG
company. This company forms the MEDLOG base for the AO.
9-24. The MEDLOG company (subordinate to the MEDLOG battalion)
provides medical materiel, medical maintenance, and multivision optical lens
fabrication and repair to division and corps medical units operating within
the division AO. The MEDLOG company has no organic blood support
capability. A cell from the BSD collocates to provide blood support to the
division. The company is normally under the C2 of the HHD, MEDLOG
battalion. The company has the capability for limited self-sustainment during
initial operations, meeting the requirement for early entry into the AO or as
part of a task organization.
9-25. Blood support is a combination of four systems: medical, technical,
operational, and logistics. The management and distribution of all
resuscitative fluids (including albumin) is a HSL function. Theater blood
support depends on resupply from the CONUS base. Liquid blood products
enter the theater through USAF blood transshipment centers for further
shipment to Army BSDs. Army hospitals acquire necessary blood products
from these BSDs. Blood support for Level II MTFs (including FSTs) consists
of a limited number of group-type O liquid red blood cell units. All hospitals
have blood-banking capabilities that allow them to store blood products. The
combatant command establishes a single blood management program. The
program is theater-wide and interfaces with the CONUS blood banking
system. The theater and CONUS blood programs are a combined effort
(JP 4-02.1). All components within the combatant command maintain blood
programs. The Army Blood Program Office (ABPO) interfaces with the area
joint blood program office (AJBPO). The AJBPO interfaces with the Armed
Services Blood Program Office in CONUS.
9-26. The BSD (subordinate to the MEDLOG battalion) serves as the Army's
blood supply unit (BSU). It provides blood collection, manufacturing, storage,
and distribution of blood and blood products to division, corps, and EAC
medical units, and to other operations (see FM 4-02.1). The detachment
provides flexibility to shift personnel assets between collection and
distribution missions as required. Blood and blood products are stored and
distributed under rigid specification and managed by standard information
systems. Air movement is the preferred method for moving blood and blood
products. Army blood support in the AO is the responsibility of the

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FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

supporting BSD. The BSU collects, manufactures, receives, stores, and

distributes blood and blood products on an area basis. The commander of the
BSU may also serve as the AJBPO as part of the Theater Joint Blood
Program. Primary blood support in the AO during a high tempo operation is
based on resupply from the CONUS donor base. Commanders may task the
Army BSU to provide blood to other services on an area basis.
9-27. The MLST is a table of distribution and allowances (TDA) organization
consisting of MEDLOG personnel (military, DA civilians, and contractors)
from the U.S. Army Medical Materiel Agency (USAMMA). The MLST
normally deploys with the U.S. Army Materiel Command (USAMC) logistics
support element (LSE). The MLST supports the reception and onward
movement of APS, unit sets, and sustainment stocks prepositioned in the AO.
The MLST provides medical materiel and maintenance capability, equipment
accountability, and transfer support of reception operations at air and
seaports of debarkation. The MLST is a component of the USAMC and is
under the operational control of the LSE until a theater support command is
established. The MLST transitions its mission to the theater MEDLOG
battalion or the MLMC. After completing the mission transition, the MLST
redeploys to CONUS. At the end of the operation, the MLST may again
deploy to the AO to support the redeployment of U.S. forces and materiel
from the AO to follow-on CONUS or OCONUS locations.

DENTAL SERVICES
9-28. Within the theater of operations, there are three levels of dental
support: unit, hospital, and area. These levels are defined primarily by the
relationship of the dental assets supporting the patient population within
each level.
9-29. Unit-level dental care consists of those services provided by a dental
module organic to divisional and nondivisional medical companies and all
special forces groups. This module provides emergency dental treatment to
soldiers during tactical operations.
9-30. Hospital-level dental care consists of those services provided by the
hospital dental staff to minimize loss of life and disability resulting from oral
and maxillofacial injuries and wounds. The hospital dental staff provides
operational dental care, which consists of emergency and essential dental
support to all injured or wounded soldiers as well as the hospital staff.
9-31. Dental service companies provide dental support on an area support
basis. These dental units provide operational care. The dental companies are
composed of modular dental teams capable of operating separate dental
treatment facilities (DTFs) or of consolidating units and operating one large
facility, depending on the METT-TC. Other teams provide far-forward
emergency and essential dental care.
9-32. Within the theater, dental service support provides operational care,
which is composed of emergency dental care and essential dental care.
Another category, normally found only in fixed facilities in the United States,
is comprehensive care. These categories are not absolute in their limits; they
are the general basis for defining the dental service capabilities available at
the different HSS levels of care. Categories are—

9-8
______________________________________________________________Health Service Support

• Operational care. Care given for relieving oral pain, eliminating acute
infection, controlling life-threatening oral conditions (hemorrhage,
cellulitis, or respiratory difficulty), and treating trauma to teeth,
jaws, and associated facial structures is considered emergency care. It
is the most austere type of care and is available to soldiers engaged in
tactical operations. Common examples of emergency treatments are
simple extractions, providing antibiotics and pain medication, and
temporary fillings.
• Essential care includes dental treatment necessary to intercept po-
tential emergencies. This type of operational care is necessary for
preventing lost duty time and preserving the fighting strength. Sol-
diers in dental class 3 (potential dental emergencies) should be pro-
vided essential care as the tactical situation permits. Soldiers in den-
tal class 2 (untreated oral disease) should be provided essential care
as the tactical situation and availability of dental resources permit.
The scope of operational care includes definitive restoration, minor
oral surgery, exodontic, periodontic, and prosthodontic procedures, as
well as prophylaxis.
• Comprehensive care restores an individual’s optimal oral health,
function, and aesthetics. This category of care is usually reserved for
force health protection plans that anticipate an extensive period of
reception and training in theater. The scope of facilities needed to
provide this level of dental support could equal that of Level III medi-
cal facilities. FM 4-02.19 has additional information on dental sup-
port.

VETERINARY SUPPORT
9-33. The U.S. Army Veterinary Service is the executive agent for veterinary
support to all services and other U.S. agencies in theater. Appropriate mixes
of veterinary units provide this support. These units can be task-organized to
support food safety and quality assurance, and the medical care mission for
government-owned animals. Services include sanitary surveillance for food
source and storage facilities, procurement, and surveillance and examination
of foodstuffs for safety and quality. The veterinary unit is responsible for
publishing a directory of approved food sources for the theater/AO.
Veterinary preventive medicine provides an effective combat multiplier
through monitoring endemic zoonotic (animal) disease threats of military
significance. The animal medical care mission provides complete medical care
to all government-owned animals, especially military working dogs (MWDs),
in the AO. The potential of food-borne disease, the threat of NBC
contamination of subsistence, the need to assess the zoonotic disease threat,
and the need to provide health care to government-owned animals requires a
veterinary presence throughout the entire AO. Comprehensive veterinary
medical and surgical programs are required to maintain the health of
government-owned animals. See FM 8-10-18 for more details.

PREVENTIVE MEDICINE
9-34. In past conflicts, DNBI rendered more soldiers combat ineffective than
combat action. Preventive medicine services to counter the medical threat

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FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

and prevent DNBI are the most effective, least expensive means of providing
commanders with the maximum number of healthy soldiers. The Armed
Forces Medical Intelligence Center conducts area studies on diseases for all
regions. Medical companies of brigade and divisional support battalions, area
support medical battalions, separate brigade support battalions, and medical
troops of ACR support squadrons provide preventive medicine services. They
receive additional support from the PVNTMED detachments of the corps and
EAC medical brigades. See FM 4-02.17 for more details.

COMBAT OPERATIONAL STRESS CONTROL

9-35. Combat operational stress control (COSC) conserves the fighting
strength by minimizing losses due to battle fatigue and neuropsychiatric
disorders. The focus of Army COSC is on—
• Promoting positive mission-oriented motivation.
• Preventing stress-related casualties.
• Treating and the early detection of soldiers suffering from battle
fatigue.
• Preventing harmful combat stress reactions, such as misconduct
stress behaviors and post-traumatic stress disorders.
9-36. Brigade/division support battalion and separate brigade medical
companies, armored cavalry regiment medical troops, and ASMBs provide
COSC support. They receive further support from CSC companies or
detachments assigned to the corps and EAC medical brigades. FM 22-51,
FM 8-51, and FM 6-22.5 discuss COSC programs and activities.

AREA MEDICAL SUPPORT

9-37. Medical companies of divisions, separate brigades, and ACR, and the
corps/EAC ASMB provide area medical support. These companies provide
Levels I and II medical care throughout the division, corps, and EAC areas.
They employ medical treatment squads/teams to establish Levels I and II
MTFs and to reinforce medical treatment elements (BAS) of maneuver
battalions. The ground ambulance platoons of these companies provide
medical evacuation support on an area support basis from Level I MTFs and
supported units to Level II MTFs.

MEDICAL LABORATORY SUPPORT

9-38. The theater MEDCOM area medical laboratory includes capabilities in
endemic diseases, OEH hazards, and NBC. Its focus is the total health
environment of the theater, not individual patient care. Its facility conducts
studies in pest identification, the efficacy of pesticides, frequency of infectious
agents, monitoring immune response, and transmission of zoonotic diseases,
and in-theater confirmatory identification of suspect NBC samples/
specimens. Its personnel also function as consultants to hospital clinical
laboratory services within the theater. It may task-organize teams and
employ them forward to troubleshoot a particular problem. All Level II MTFs
provide basic laboratory services within the theater. They perform basic
procedures in hematology, urinalysis, microbiology, and serology. Level II
MTFs receive, maintain, and transfuse blood products. Levels III and IV

9-10
______________________________________________________________Health Service Support

MTFs (CSH) perform procedures in biochemistry, hematology, urinalysis,

microbiology, and serology. These hospitals also provide blood-banking
services.

MEDICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS

9-39. Medical information systems facilitate the proper management of
medical information that is critical to providing HSS. Decisions, such as
those on where to treat casualties and when to evacuate to hospitals, depend
on knowing what medical resources are available at all times. An effective
medical management information system supports theater HSS operations
by providing the capability to track resources, requirements, and patients. In
particular, HSL relies heavily on information systems. Arriving with the lead
element, units with information systems to manage medical information
orchestrate both the arriving medical units in the AO and the interfacing
with other information systems (such as movement and personnel) at all
levels.

9-11
 Chapter 10
Human Resource Support

Human resource support (HRS) encompasses the following functions:

manning the force, personnel support, and personnel services. These ac-
tivities include personnel accounting, casualty management, essential
services, postal operations, and morale, welfare, and recreation. They are
provided to service members, their families, DA civilians, and contractors.

HUMAN RESOURCE SUPPORT ACROSS THE LEVELS OF WAR

10-1. HRS covers all levels of war. CONTENTS
Human resource (HR) considerations Human Resource Support Across
for each level or war include the the Levels of War .........................10-1
following. Manning the Force ............................10-2
Personnel Services ...........................10-4
STRATEGIC SUPPORT Personnel Support ............................10-6

10-2. Strategic HRS involves the

national-level capability to plan, resource, manage, and control the HR life
cycle functions for the Army. It involves integrating HR functions and
activities across the Army staff, among the respective Army components, and
among the services. At the strategic level, the DA Deputy Chief of Staff for
Personnel (Army G1) provides HRS to all active component Army forces. The
Army G1 develops Army policy for all systems and functions in HRS, while
the assistant Secretary of the Army (Manpower and Reserve Affairs) is
responsible for civilian personnel policy and operations. The U.S. Total Army
Personnel Command (USTA PERSCOM) applies and implements these
policies for military personnel. The assistant Chief of Staff for Installation
Management (ACSIM), the U.S. Army Community and Family Support
Center, and the Military Postal Service Agency also provide strategic support
to the force for morale, welfare, and recreation services, and postal
operations. The Chief, Army Reserve and the Director of the National Guard
Bureau provide strategic HRS for the Army Reserves and National Guard
elements respectively.

OPERATIONAL AND TACTICAL SUPPORT

10-3. Policies and procedures translate into action at the operational and
tactical levels. Theater PERSCOMs, MACOM DCSPERs, corps and division
G1/AGs, and brigade and battalion S1s provide the operational and tactical
level HR life cycle support to service members, their families, civilians, and
contractors. They are responsible for executing each of the following HR

10-1
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

functions. HR providers at all levels are responsible for successfully

implementing the human dimension of soldiering.

MANNING THE FORCE

10-4. Manning the force consists of personnel readiness management,
personnel accounting, personnel information management, and replacement
operations management. The manning challenge is getting the right soldier
to the right place at the right time with the right capabilities. Manning
combines anticipation, movement, and skillful positioning of personnel
assets. It relies on the secure, robust, and survivable communications and
digital information systems of emerging technologies that provide common
operational picture, asset visibility, predictive modeling, and exception
reporting. This constitutes a significant reduction of forward-deployed
personnel assets that manage the deployed forces.

PERSONNEL READINESS MANAGEMENT

10-5. The purpose of the personnel readiness management system is to
distribute soldiers to units based on documented requirements or
authorizations to maximize mission preparedness and provide the manpower
needed to support full spectrum operations. This process involves analyzing
personnel strength data to determine current mission capabilities and project
future requirements. It compares an organization personnel strength to its
requirements, and results in a personnel readiness assessment and allocation
decision. This system depends on personnel asset visibility from the foxhole
to strategic national provider level.

REPLACEMENT OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT

10-6. Replacement operations management moves personnel from designated
points of origin to ultimate destinations. There are two parts to replacement
operations management: replacement management and replacement support.
Replacement management relates to accounting and processing while
replacement support is the physical reception, support, and delivery of
military and civilian personnel. This includes replacements and return-to-
duty (RTD) soldiers. The system provides primarily for individual
replacements and groupings of individuals up through squad, crew, or team
level, as required by operations. Replacement management requires real-time
access to information about all replacements, movement status from the
point of selection, and personnel readiness management information to
determine the final destination of replacements and RTD soldiers.
10-7. While the standard is individual soldiers, the replacement operations
management system must be able to provide squads, crews, or teams. It must
also coordinate for their transportation to weapon system link-up and
training locations.
10-8. Personnel readiness managers coordinate with materiel managers to
linkup weapon systems with squads, crew, and teams. Readiness managers
also coordinate with the G3/S3 and other staff members for training
resources for replacement training. Managers ensure replacements have all
necessary qualifications, to include any additional skills identified as critical

10-2
___________________________________________________________ Human Resource Support

for positions or particular operations. The replacement unit maintains an

element’s integrity and accountability until the replacement section in-
processes the squad, crew, or team.
10-9. The replacement network serves as the conduit for soldiers and
civilians returning to duty from hospitals. Personnel readiness managers also
help military police determine the duty status of stragglers and assist in
their eventual disposition through legal or replacement channels.
10-10. Replacement management operations are both predictive and
responsive, and focus on throughput to the lowest possible level. This reduces
the assembling of large pools of replacements within the area of operation
(AO).
10-11. Readiness managers direct RTDs to their original units unless the
tactical condition clearly dictates otherwise. The decision to begin assigning
RTDs to other than their original unit is an operational decision of the
commander or operations staff with recommendations from the personnel
staff.
10-12. Whenever mission, enemy, troops, terrain and weather, time, civilian
considerations (METT-TC) allows the replacement management system
includes training individual replacements. Training individual replacements
while in the replacement system reduces the unit commander’s training
requirements for newly assigned soldiers. Training individual replacements
begins at continental United States (CONUS) replacement centers (CRCs).
CRCs certify soldier readiness for deployment. They also coordinate the
equipping, training, and local area transportation of replacement personnel,
DA civilians, contract civilians, and personnel from the American Red Cross
and other Federal agencies and National organizations. CRCs also receive,
out-process, and account for individuals returning from the theater, including
noncombatant evacuees.
10-13. The theater replacement directorate (RD), a staff element of the
PERSCOM, or the senior personnel element in theater performing the RD
mission coordinates, transportation requirements when in-theater air assets
must transport replacements from EAC to corps or division release points.
Replacement companies under command and control of replacement
battalions are at CRC, theater, or corps level. These companies receive,
support, and process replacements. They coordinate movement with the
appropriate movement control element. The division replacement section
coordinates with the G4 and division transportation officer for movement to
the brigade support area (BSA). The brigade S1 processes and assigns
replacements to battalions. The battalion S1 further assigns replacements to
company level.
10-14. The personnel readiness management system depends on accurate
and complete information. Therefore, personnel readiness managers must
quickly establish a personnel accounting system within a theater of
operations.

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FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

PERSONNEL ACCOUNTING
10-15. Personnel accounting is the system for recording by-name data on
soldiers when they arrive in, and depart from, units; when their duty status
changes (for example from duty to hospital); and when their grade changes.
Strength reporting is a numerical end product of the accounting process. It
starts with strength-related transactions submitted at unit level and ends
with a database update through all echelons to the total Army personnel
database. Standard reports available from the personnel accounting system
include the following:
• Battle roster.
• Personnel summary.
• Personnel requirements report.
• Command and control task force personnel summary.
10-16. Personnel accounting will be accomplished primarily through the
application of a corporate database and web enabled processes that facilitate
personnel support from home station, thus reducing the personnel footprint
on the battlefield.

PERSONNEL INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

10-17. Personnel information management encompasses the collecting,
processing, storing, displaying, and disseminating of relevant information
about soldiers, units, and civilians. Personnel readiness managers, casualty
managers, and replacement managers all use a personnel information
database when performing their missions. The Defense Integrated Military
Human Resource System (DIMHRS) operates as a centralized database of all
military personnel. Personnel readiness, casualty, and replacement managers
access DIMHRS for the real-time information needed to perform their
mission.
10-18. During split-based operations, the personnel information processing
activity of the personnel services battalion (PSB) element or military
personnel division at the home station provides continued support to
deployed forces. The rear personnel information system element performs
sustaining base personnel information management. A forward deployed
personnel detachment or a forward area support team provides only essential
services in contingency operations. The forward element synchronizes
databases in the theater, and transmits, updates, and receives them from the
rear element.

PERSONNEL SERVICES
10-19. Personnel services are integral to unit readiness as well as the
human dimension of the force. Personnel services encompass casualty
operations management, essential personnel services, and military pay.

CASUALTY OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT

10-20. The casualty operations management system includes the recording,
reporting, verifying, and processing of information from unit level to
Headquarters, Department of the Army. It also involves notifying

10-4
___________________________________________________________ Human Resource Support

appropriate individuals and assisting family members. The system involves

collecting casualty information from a number of sources, collating it, and
analyzing it to determine the appropriate action. Accuracy and timeliness are
critical components of casualty management, and depend on satellite
communications and reliable access to personnel information.
10-21. Casualties can occur on the first day of an operation. Thus, casualty
managers from each echelon of command may need to deploy early. Units
report all casualties found to include civilians, contract personnel, and
military personnel from other U.S. Army units, other services, and
multinational forces. Reports go to the PSB as well as through G1/S1
channels. The future digital information exchange, through the management
module of GCSS-A, provides an interface between medical facilities,
mortuary affairs collection points, and personnel operators. Casualty liaison
teams currently provide an interface between medical facilities, mortuary
affairs collection points, and the personnel group.
10-22. Casualty operations require 100 percent personnel accounting
reconciliation. The unit verifies casualty information against the database
and emergency data in an individual’s deployment packet. Initial and
updated reports move through channels to the USTAPERSCOM.
USTAPERSCOM verifies information in the casualty report against available
information systems. It then directs and coordinates notification actions
through the appropriate casualty area commander. The casualty area
commander (usually a commander of an active duty installation in CONUS)
makes the notification to next of kin and provides casualty assistance.
10-23. All commanders, soldiers, and deployed civilians must be sensitive to
the accuracy and sensitive nature of casualty information. Modern
communications have increased the risk that family members will get
casualty information from sources outside the official system. To combat this
risk, casualty managers must use all available means to get casualty
information at the earliest possible moment.

ESSENTIAL PERSONNEL SERVICES

10-24. Essential personnel services include—
• Awards and decorations.
• Noncommissioned officer and officer evaluations.
• Enlisted promotions and reductions.
• Officer promotions.
• Enlisted and officer transfers and discharges.
• Identification documents.
• Leaves and passes.
• Line of duty investigations.
• Officer procurement.
• Band support.
10-25. There is a possibility that during combat operations, the current S1
structure can provide only critical wartime personnel support and essential

10-5
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

personnel services, limiting and delaying other services throughout the

operation.

MILITARY PAY
10-26. Military pay input transactions are an integrated and embedded
process within the personnel system architecture. They capitalize on
information systems and seamless processes to maintain the critical links
between personnel actions and activities that impact pay entitlements.

PERSONNEL SUPPORT
10-27. Personnel support activities encompass the elements of postal
operations management; morale, welfare, and recreation; and band
operations.

POSTAL OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT

10-28. Efficient postal operations rely on the availability of an accurate
database, automated sorting, and automated identification technology (AIT)
to provide rapid, responsive mail service to soldiers and commanders. The
use of electronic mail, cellular communications, and facsimile transmissions
will be developed to provide an automated mail system.
10-29. The postal operations management system provides a network to
process mail and provides postal services within a theater of operations.
Processing mail involves receiving, separating, sorting, dispatching, and
redirecting ordinary and accountable mail, conducting international mail
exchange, and handling casualty, contaminated, and enemy prisoner of war
mail. Postal services involve selling stamps; cashing and selling money
orders; providing registered (including classified up to secret), insured, and
certified mail services; and processing postal claims and inquiries.
10-30. Official mail moves through the postal system until it reaches the
postal services platoon of the unit addressed. FM 12-6 and AR 25-51 address
official mail.
10-31. The Military Postal Service Agency (MPSA) establishes policy and
procedures required for properly administering the military postal system.
The MPSA acts as the single point of contact with the U.S. Postal System
(USPS) and other Government agencies on policy and operational matters.
The MPSA activates contingency Army post offices and coordinates initial
mail routing schemes with the Joint Military Postal Agency (JMPA). It also
coordinates an integrated network of major military mail distribution and
transportation facilities in overseas areas. The JMPA is the single point of
contact with the USPS at the gateways in CONUS and the theater. It
coordinates transportation of mail to and within the theater.
10-32. The USPS sorts to battalion level in CONUS. To support force
deployment, the MPSA, in coordination with the USPS and the operational
major command, assigns contingency Army post office numbers to
contingency forces.
10-33. A postal operations platoon routes the mail to a postal services
platoon where the unit separates it. Postal elements coordinate mail

10-6
___________________________________________________________ Human Resource Support

transportation requirements with transportation managers at all levels. This

applies to both inbound and outbound mail.

MORALE, WELFARE, AND RECREATION AND COMMUNITY SUPPORT

10-34. This system enables commanders to provide soldiers and civilians
with recreational and fitness activities and goods and services not available
through appropriated funds. For contingency operations, the MWR network
provides unit recreation and sports programs and rest areas for brigade-size
and larger units. MWR personnel provide these services and facilities.
10-35. Community support programs include the American Red Cross
(ARC), family support, and the exchange system. During mobilization and
deployment, the ARC provides emergency communication and case
management services to support the health, welfare, and morale of the armed
forces and their families. ARC provides forward-deployed units a direct link
to their families during family emergencies. The mission of family support
programs is to foster total Army family readiness. Mission accomplishment
for forward-deployed units depends on soldiers’ confidence that their families
are safe and capable of carrying on during their absence. AAFES, through its
exchange system, provides basic health, hygiene, and personal care items to
soldiers and deployed civilians.
10-36. The MWR system becomes an immediate outlet for soldiers to combat
stress, which is critical to sustaining the readiness of the force, as the speed
and intensity of operations escalate. The MWR system relies on Force
Provider packages, DA civilians, and contract recreation specialists. It
capitalizes on using cellular, e-mail, and video-teleconference (VTC)
technologies to provide links between soldiers and their families. Soldiers are
entertained through the latest in visual and audio entertainment over
satellite, worldwide web, and virtual reality technologies.
10-37. The human dimension of the soldier will remain as critical as it is
today. The human resource element of sustainment to the fighting force
contributes to both National will and the will of the soldier to fight.

10-7
 Chapter 11
Financial Management Operations

Financial management operations sustain Army, joint, and multinational

forces. The two core processes, finance operations and resource manage-
ment operations, provide funding for procuring goods and services that
are critical in austere theaters. Table of organization and equipment
(TOE) finance units provide banking and currency support, U.S. and non-
U.S. pay support, and host-nation support. Resource management cells
accomplish the accounting and cost capturing essential to a commander's
allocation of available resources and legally required for all of these mis-
sions. FM 14-100 fully describes financial
management operations. CONTENTS
Finance Operations...........................11-1
Financial management and accountability Tactical Finance Support..................11-2
requirements are not service unique. Resource Management Operations .11-3
Information System Support ............11-4
Therefore, while the Army sustains deployed
civilian and military personnel from other
services and nations, many non-tactical responsibilities lie with the De-
partment of Defense. The Defense Finance and Accounting Service
(DFAS) performs core fiduciary activities for all services—standard fi-
nance and accounting policies, procedures, systems, and oversight. Real-
time financial management information, accounting, and payment ser-
vices emanate from DFAS with two exceptions: tactical operations and
classified activities. Army financial managers provide finance and re-
source management services within the tactical arena.

FINANCE OPERATIONS
11-1. During operations, Army finance units provide real-time, split-based
support to individuals and organizations. They supply currency and banking
support to deployed military and civilian personnel and help sustain military
families and communities at home stations. Organizational funding support
goes to local procurement of supplies and services, enemy prisoner of war
(EPW) pay, legal claims, and the cost of local national employees supporting
intelligence elements, CSS units, military police, the staff judge advocate,
civil affairs units, tactical field exchanges, and other unit commanders.
11-2. Contracting and banking support, cost capturing, and fund control,
capabilities are necessary for commanders to fully accomplish their missions.
The senior finance commander in theater determines which finance and

11-1
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

accounting functions to perform there and which to assign to a designated

finance support activity. Additionally, this finance officer is responsible for
central funding support, commercial accounts, foreign national pay,
accounting, and funding support to other U.S. and multinational
organizations.

TACTICAL FINANCE SUPPORT

11-3. Modular finance force structure design allows units to task-organize,
even in rapidly changing situations. Units can tailor financial management
support to operational task forces from platoon to corps-size. Finance
elements deploy with the advance tactical force and immediately coordinate
with procurement and host nation elements for contracting support,
commercial vendor payment procedures, banking and currency support, and
conversion rates. Finance units support local procurement of supplies,
equipment, and services by both combat service support (CSS) elements and
operational forces.
11-4. There are four types of support provided by finance operations: contract
support, banking support, currency support, and disbursing.

CONTRACT SUPPORT
11-5. Contract support pays for laundry and shower operations,
transportation assets and facilities, all classes of supply, and maintenance
services obtained through formal contracting procedures. Commercial vendor
services support is for the immediate needs of the force that Army CSS
elements cannot reasonably or economically satisfy. The force makes cash
payments for day-laborer wages, Class I supplements, and purchasing
construction materials. The need for this type of support is greatest in
austere theaters and at remote sites. Additionally, when so designated during
joint and multinational operations, Army finance units prepare and pay
vouchers for supplies and non-personal services procured by other U.S.
military services or multinational forces.

BANKING AND CURRENCY SUPPORT

11-6. To provide banking and currency support, finance elements coordinate
with embassies, DFAS, and/or the Treasury Department to set up in-country
banking facilities. They link with the host-nation banking industry officials to
establish local depository (LD) accounts and coordinate an established
exchange rate. Finance personnel provide U.S. currency, foreign currencies,
and U.S. Treasury checks to all U.S. Army finance units and other U.S.
services. Requisite pay support benefits military, civilian, and foreign
national personnel, and includes advice and assistance to enemy prisoners of
war (EPW) camp commanders in the payment of EPWs and civilian
internees. Pay support for civilians in theater may include technical
guidance, leave and payroll data, pay inquiries, and pay actions.

DISBURSING
11-7. Disbursing officers disburse and collect currency; they are personally
and legally accountable for all funds. Disbursing is essential to all

11-2
_____________________________________________________ Financial Management Operations

deployments, and is particularly critical in underdeveloped areas and in early

stages of all deployments. Finance personnel—
• Disburse funds by treasury check, cash, and electronic funds transfer
(EFT) on properly certified vouchers.
• Receive, collect, and control currencies.
• Exchange currencies (on limited bases).
• Maintain accountable records.
• Fund paying agents.
• Cash personal checks and similar negotiable instruments for mili-
tary, civilian, and contractor personnel.
11-8. Disbursing officers make solatium payments to alleviate grief,
suffering, or anxiety over injury and personal or property loss, and to meet
cultural expectations. They also support noncombatant evacuation operations
(NEO) and bounty programs. This disbursement is made through finance
units operating in the AO. In all cases, accounting is accomplished to rigid
standards.

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS

11-9. Resource management operations involve the execution of the resource
management mission, which includes providing advice and guidance to the
commander, developing command resource requirements, identifying sources
of funding, determining cost, acquiring funds, distributing and controlling
funds, tracking costs and obligations, cost capturing and reimbursement
procedures, and establishing a management control process (JP 1-02).
Resource management helps maintain peacetime readiness, and is a key to
success in full spectrum operations. Resource management functions relate to
acquiring, distributing, controlling, executing, and reporting funds. Resource
managers advise commanders on time phasing and actions, and provide
support on fund controls and reporting requirements. They are the in-theater
experts on the obligation authority and fund documentation necessary to
procure and pay for local goods and services. They ensure that all policies and
procedures developed adhere to U.S. law and military regulation.
11-10. Operationally, the senior resource manager (RM) develops, justifies,
and continually refines command resource requirements, considering joint/
multinational/UN reimbursements, transportation, theater infrastructure,
available ports, and communications. The RM advises the Army service
component commander on preventing fraud, waste, and abuse; on financial
management policies; and on using resources. Once resource managers
identify sources of available funding (appropriations, host nation support,
foreign contributions, assistance-in-kind, and legal extraordinary and
emergency measures), they obtain authority and solicit funds for Army, joint,
or multinational operations. They distribute obligation authority or other
legal means of exchange among units in the AO, and provide limited funding
authority to field ordering officers (FOOs) and contracting officers.
11-11. Resource managers track commitments and obligations, control and
certify funds, track the value of allied support, and maintain internal
reviews. When the Army supports other services or international agencies,

11-3
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

Army resource managers must fully account for the expenditures and track
the use of CSS assets to capture costs for reimbursement. They also manage
vouchers sold between services to prevent cross-disbursements. Accurate
billing and full accountability at all levels are essential to the reimbursement
process, and are legally required for reporting to Congress the costs of
military operations.

INFORMATION SYSTEM SUPPORT

11-12. The Defense Finance Battlefield System (DFBS) is the fundamental
system for digitizing financial management battlefield functions at theater,
corps, division, and lower echelons of command. DFBS provides the capability
to fully and accurately account for funds and control costs of host nation,
contractor, and procurement support so essential to austere AOs.
11-13. A deployable hardware/software platform, DFBS supports financial
management operations in peacetime and during operations. It is the
maneuver commander's communications interface capability to operate the
financial management information systems that support soldiers, units, and
logisticians. DFBS gives finance units the capability to provide financial
management support equal to that provided in garrison.
11-14. DFBS will be fielded with standard hardware operating DFAS
financial management software. System functionality includes accounts
payable/vendor services, military pay, disbursing, accounting, and travel.
Continuous refinement of technology will develop a deployable financial
management platform for the Army of 2005 and beyond.

11-4
 Chapter 12
Legal Support to Operations

This chapter provides information about how the Judge Advocate General
Corps (JAGC) provides legal support to operations. The mission of judge
advocates and supporting legal personnel is to provide professional legal
services at all echelons of command throughout full spectrum operations.
For more information, see FM 27-100.

LEGAL SUPPORT AND OPERATIONAL FUNCTIONAL AREAS

12-1. Legal support to operations en- CONTENTS
compasses all legal services provided by Legal Support and Operational
judge advocates and other legal person- Functional Areas .........................12-1
Legal Support to Operations............12-2
nel in support of units, commanders,
Claims ................................................12-7
and soldiers in an area of operation Legal Assistance...............................12-7
(AO) and throughout full spectrum op- Materiel...............................................12-8
erations. Legal support to operations
falls into three functional areas: com-
mand and control, sustainment, and personnel service support (referred to as
support).
12-2. Command and staff functions include advice to commanders, staffs, and
soldiers on the legal aspects of command authority, command discipline, ap-
plying force, and the law of war (LOW). Some examples of judge advocates’
command and control responsibilities are—
• Interpreting, drafting, and training commanders, staffs, and soldiers
on rules of engagement
• Participating in targeting cells.
• Participating in the military decisionmaking process.
• Participating in information operations.
• Applying the LOW.
• Advising commanders on policies prescribing soldier conduct and en-
suring discipline (jurisdictional alignment, convening authority struc-
ture, and authority to issue general orders).
Generally, issues directly affecting the commander’s operational decision
making process on the battlefield fall within command and control functions.

12-1
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

12-3. Sustainment functions include negotiating acquisition and cross-

servicing agreements and status of forces agreements (SOFAs), combat con-
tingency contracting, fiscal law, processing claims arising in an operational
environment, and environmental law.
12-4. Personnel service support functions include soldier discipline advocacy
services (courts-martial, nonjudicial punishment, and other routine matters
in administering military justice), legal assistance services, and basic soldier-
related claims issues.

LEGAL SUPPORT TO OPERATIONS

12-5. Legal support to operations must include operational law (OPLAW) and
each core legal discipline (military justice, international law, administrative
law, civil law, claims, and legal assistance). Staff judge advocates (SJAs) tai-
lor legal support in OPLAW and the core legal disciplines to the organiza-
tion’s mission-specific requirements.

OPERATIONAL LAW
12-6. OPLAW is domestic, foreign, and international law that directly affects
the conduct of operations. OPLAW supports the command and control of mili-
tary operations, to include the military decisionmaking process and the exe-
cution of operations. OPLAW supports the military decisionmaking process
by performing mission analysis, preparing legal estimates, designing the op-
erational legal support architecture, wargaming, writing legal annexes, as-
sisting in developing and training the rules of engagement (ROE), and re-
viewing plans and orders. OPLAW supports the execution of operations by
maintaining a common operational picture, and advising and assisting with
targeting, ROE implementation, and information operations. OPLAW also
involves the provision of core legal disciplines that sustain the force.
12-7. SJAs normally provide OPLAW support at each brigade headquarters
(main command post [CP]), and at each key operational cell at every higher
level of command (tactical CP, main CP, rear CP, G3 plans, G3 operations, in-
formation operations cell, and targeting cell). OPLAW supports each joint
and multinational headquarters. Some missions also require OPLAW support
at battalion level, or in specialized units or operational cells. This is increas-
ingly the case in peace operations and disaster relief.

MILITARY JUSTICE
12-8. Military justice is administering the Uniform Code of Military Justice
(UCMJ), and disposing alleged violations by judicial (courts-martial) or non-
judicial (Article 15, UCMJ) means. The purpose of military justice, as a part
of military law, is to promote justice, to assist in maintaining good order and
discipline in the armed forces, to promote efficiency and effectiveness in the
military establishment and, thereby, to strengthen the National security of
the United States (MCM, Part I, para 3).
12-9. The Judge Advocate General (TJAG) is “responsible for the overall su-
pervision and administration of military justice within the Army.”
(AR 27-10). The commander is responsible for administering military justice

12-2
__________________________________________________________Legal Support to Operations

in the unit, and must communicate directly with the SJA about military jus-
tice matters.
12-10. There are three components of military justice, each with its distinct
functions. First, the SJA is responsible for military justice advice and services
to the command. The SJA advises commanders concerning the administra-
tion of justice, the disposition of alleged offenses, appeals of nonjudicial pun-
ishment, and action on court-martial findings and sentences. The SJA super-
vises the administration and prosecution of courts-martial, prepares records
of trial, and manages the victim-witness assistance program and military jus-
tice training.
12-11. Second, the Chief, U.S. Army Trial Defense Service supervises, con-
trols, and directs defense counsel services. Judge advocates assigned to the
trial defense service advise soldiers and represent soldiers before courts-
martial. These judge advocates also represent soldiers in adverse administra-
tive hearings.
12-12. Third, the Chief Trial Judge, U.S. Army Trial Judiciary provides mili-
tary judges for general and special courts-martial, supervises military judges,
promulgates rules of court, and supervises the military magistrate program.
Military judges assigned to the Trial Judiciary preside over courts-martial,
exercise judicial independence in conducting courts martial, conduct training
sessions for trial and defense counsel, and perform or supervise military mag-
istrate functions. Military magistrate functions include reviewing pretrial
confinement and confinement pending the outcome of foreign criminal
charges, and issuance of search, seizure, or apprehension authorizations.
12-13. Military justice services are normally centralized to facilitate timely,
efficient delivery; however, military justice advice is provided to all levels of
command. Normally, Army service component command (ASCC), corps, divi-
sion, or other headquarters commanded by a general court-martial convening
authority processes courts-martial. Joint force commanders (JFCs) and Army
brigade and battalion commanders also have court-martial convening author-
ity, and may require support to conduct courts-martial. Military justice ad-
vice is required for general court-martial convening authorities, including
JFCs with general court-martial authority, subordinate commanders, and the
U.S. element of a multinational organization.
12-14. The Army provides trial defense and judiciary services on an area ba-
sis under the independent supervision and control of the U.S. Army trial de-
fense service and U.S. Army Trial Judiciary, respectively. Trial defense coun-
sel is normally located with SJA sections at ASCC, corps, and division, from
where they travel throughout the operational area to provide advice and ser-
vices as far forward as required. Military judges are normally collocated with
SJA sections at ASCC, corps, and division, depending on judicial workloads.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
12-15. International law includes applying international agreements, inter-
national customary practices, and the general principles of law recognized by
civilized nations relating to military operations and activities. Within the
Army, the practice of international law also includes foreign law, comparative

12-3
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

law, martial law, and domestic law affecting overseas, intelligence, security
assistance, and counter-drug and civil assistance activities.
12-16. The SJA's international law responsibilities include—
• Implementing the LOW Program, including LOW training, advice
concerning applying the LOW (or other humanitarian law) to military
operations, determining enemy prisoner of war (EPW) status, and
supervising war crime investigations and trials.
• Assisting with international legal issues relating to U.S. forces over-
seas, including the legal basis for conducting operations, status of
forces agreements, and the impact of foreign law on Army activities
and personnel.
• Monitoring foreign trials and confinement of Army military and civil-
ian personnel and their dependents;
• Assisting with legal issues in intelligence, security assistance, and
counter-drug and civil assistance activities.
• Advising the command concerning the development of international
agreements
• Providing legal liaison with host or allied nation legal authorities.
12-17. Normally, the SJA provides international law support at the main
and rear command posts in Army of Excellence divisions and corps, and rear
command posts in Force XXI divisions, TSC headquarters, ASCC headquar-
ters, and each joint and multinational headquarters. In addition, interna-
tional law support may be required at brigade and battalion headquarters.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
12-18. Administrative law is the body of law containing the statutes, regula-
tions, and judicial decisions that govern the establishment, functioning, and
command of military organizations. The practice of administrative law in-
cludes advice to commanders and litigation on behalf of the Army involving
many specialized legal areas:
• Military personnel law.
• Government information practices.
• Investigations.
• Relationships with private organizations.
• Labor relations and civilian employment law.
• Military installations.
• Government ethics.
12-19. Administrative law attorneys perform the following functions:
• Advise commanders, review actions, and litigate cases involving mili-
tary personnel law
• Advise Army officials regarding their obligations under the Freedom
of Information Act (FOIA) and Privacy Act.
• Advise investigating officers, review investigations for legal suffi-
ciency, and advise appointing authorities concerning investigative
findings and recommendations

12-4
__________________________________________________________Legal Support to Operations

• Advise Army officials concerning support for, and relationships with,

private organizations.
• Advise Army officials concerning labor relations, including certifying
and negotiating with labor unions, grievances and arbitration, and
unfair labor practice allegations.
• Advise Army officials concerning the recruiting, hiring, evaluating,
and disciplining of employees, and represent the Army in litigation
arising from employee grievances and discrimination complaints.
• Advise installation commanders concerning the legal authorities ap-
plying to military installations.
• Advise Army personnel concerning government ethics, and supervise
the command financial disclosure and ethics training programs.
12-20. Administrative law support is usually provided at brigade headquar-
ters, main and rear command posts in Army of Excellence divisions and
corps, rear command posts in Force XXI divisions, COSCOM headquarters,
and at each higher Army, joint, and multinational headquarters. Because of
the vast scope of issues they face, administrative law attorneys, especially,
must be capable of conducting specific technical legal research and writing.

CIVIL LAW
12-21. Civil law is the body of law containing the statutes, regulations, and
judicial decisions that govern the rights and duties of military organizations
and installations regarding civil authorities. The practice of civil law includes
contract law, fiscal law, environmental law, and many other specialized areas
of law.
Contract Law
12-22. Contract law is applying domestic and international law to acquire
goods, services, and construction. The practice of contract law includes battle-
field acquisition, contingency contracting, bid protests and contract dispute
litigation, procurement fraud oversight, commercial activities, and acquisi-
tion and cross-servicing agreements.
12-23. The SJA’s contract law responsibilities include furnishing legal ad-
vice and assistance to procurement officials during all phases of the contract-
ing process. It includes overseeing an effective procurement fraud abatement
program and providing legal advice to the command concerning battlefield
acquisition, external contractor support for contingencies and the Logistics
Civil Augmentation Program (LOGCAP), acquisition and cross-servicing
agreements (ACSAs), the commercial activities program, and overseas real
estate and construction.
12-24. Legal counsel must participate fully in the acquisition process, be
continuously available to their clients, involve themselves early in the con-
tracting process, communicate closely with procurement officials and contract
lawyers in the technical supervision chain, and provide legal and business
advice as part of the contract management team. To accomplish this, SJAs
usually provide contract law support at the main and rear command posts in
Army of Excellence divisions and corps, main command posts in Force XXI
divisions, COSCOM, TSC headquarters, and each higher Army and joint

12-5
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

headquarters. Contract law advice may also be required at brigade or battal-

ion headquarters. SJAs should deploy a contract law attorney with contract-
ing early entry modules (EEMs). The Army should train OPLAW JAs sup-
porting a DISCOM or COSCOM in contract law. Expertise may be required
at the multinational command headquarters to advise concerning interna-
tional acquisition agreements.
Fiscal Law
12-25. Fiscal law is applying domestic statutes and regulations to funding
military operations, and supporting non-Federal agencies and organizations.
The SJA’s fiscal law responsibilities include providing legal advice on the
proper use and expenditure of funds, interagency agreements for logistics
support, security assistance, and support to non-Federal agencies and organi-
zations.
12-26. SJAs usually provide fiscal law support at the main and rear com-
mand posts in Army of Excellence divisions and corps, rear command posts in
Force XXI divisions, DISCOM, COSCOM, TSC headquarters, and each higher
Army and joint headquarters. Expertise may also be required at the multina-
tional command headquarters to advise concerning international support
agreements.
Environmental Law
12-27. Environmental law is the body of law containing the statutes, regula-
tions, and judicial decisions relating to Army activities affecting the environ-
ment to include navigable waters, near-shore and open waters, and any other
surface water, groundwater, drinking water supply, land surface or subsur-
face area, ambient air, vegetation, wildlife, and humans. Overseas, host na-
tion law may also affect Army operations.
12-28. SJAs provide legal advice and services on all aspects of environ-
mental matters including—
• Representing Army activities in environmental litigation and at hear-
ings before local, state, or Federal agencies in coordination with the
Chief, Environmental Law Division, U.S. Army Legal Services
Agency (USALSA), and the Department of Justice (DOJ).
• Monitoring state and Federal environmental legislative and regula-
tory developments
• Providing advice concerning the appropriateness of any environ-
mental enforcement activities.
• Reviewing all draft environmental orders, consent agreements, and
settlements with Federal, state, or local regulatory officials before
signature.

12-6
__________________________________________________________Legal Support to Operations

12-29. SJAs usually provide environmental law support at the main and
rear command posts in Army of Excellence divisions and corps, rear com-
mand posts in Force XXI divisions, DISCOM, COSCOM, TSC headquarters,
and each higher Army and joint headquarters.

CLAIMS
12-30. The Army claims program investigates processes, adjudicates, and
settles claims on behalf of, and against, the United States worldwide. The
claims program supports commanders by preventing distractions to the op-
eration from claimants, promoting the morale of Army personnel by compen-
sating them for property damage suffered incident to service, and promoting
good will with the local population by providing compensation for personal in-
jury or property damage caused by Army or personnel. Categories of claims
include claims for property damage of soldiers and other employees arising
incident to service, torts alleged against Army or personnel acting within the
scope of employment, and claims by the United States against individuals
who injure Army personnel or damage Army property.
12-31. The Secretary of the Army (SA) heads the Army Claims System.
TJAG supervises the Army Claims Program and settles claims in accordance
with delegated authority from the SA. The U.S. Army Claims Service
(USARCS) administers the Army claims program and designates area claims
offices, claims processing offices, and claims attorneys. SJAs, or other super-
visory judge advocates, operate each command’s claims program and super-
vise the ACO or CPO designated by USARCS for the command. ACOs and
CPOs are the normal claims offices at Army installations that investigate,
process, adjudicate, and settle claims against the United States. They also
identify, investigate, and assert claims on behalf of the U.S. claims attorneys
at each level, settle claims within delegated authority and forward claims ex-
ceeding that authority to the appropriate settlement authority.
12-32. Claims must be investigated and paid in an AO. The foreign claims
commissions, which are composed of one or more claims attorneys, settle for-
eign claims. In multinational operations, unless otherwise specified in appli-
cable agreements, a troop-contributing nation is generally responsible to re-
solve claims arising from its own operations. Army claims services are nor-
mally provided in the main or rear command posts in Army of Excellence di-
visions and corps, rear command posts in Force XXI divisions, the TSC head-
quarters, and ASCC headquarters. While claims services are centrally proc-
essed at these locations, claims personnel must travel throughout the AO to
investigate, negotiate, and settle claims.

LEGAL ASSISTANCE
12-33. Legal assistance is providing personal civil legal services to soldiers,
their family members, and other eligible personnel. The Army Legal Assis-
tance Program promotes morale and discipline and, thereby, contributes di-
rectly to mission accomplishment.
12-34. Legal assistance attorneys and legal staffs working under their su-
pervision, provide legal assistance in a variety of settings. This includes—

12-7
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

• Combat readiness exercises, premobilization legal preparation (PLP),

soldier readiness program processing (SRP), demobilization briefings,
noncombatant evacuation operations.
• Client interviews, informal requests for assistance.
• Federal and state income tax assistance.
• Preventive law programs.
12-35. They also provide extensive legal services:
• Ministerial and notary services.
• Legal counseling, legal correspondence, negotiation, legal document
preparation and filing, limited in-court representation, legal referrals,
and mediation.
• Handle a variety of cases such as family law, estates, real property,
personal property, economic matters, civilian and military adminis-
trative matters, torts, taxes, and civilian criminal matters.
12-36. Legal assistance is provided at the ASCC headquarters, TSC head-
quarters, main and rear command posts in Army of Excellence divisions and
corps, and main command posts in Force XXI divisions and, as required, at
brigade or lower echelons. While each service and each troop contributing na-
tion is responsible to provide legal assistance for its personnel, some legal as-
sistance may be required at joint or multinational headquarters.

MATERIEL
12-37. All legal personnel must be well equipped to deliver legal support in a
theater. The most critical categories of equipment are legal information sys-
tems, mobility, and communications.

LEGAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS

12-38. The JAGC requires a dedicated system of information systems to pro-
vide responsive legal services at all echelons of command. That system is the
Legal Automation Army-Wide System (LAAWS). LAAWS integrates legal in-
formation and services into a network that projects legal services down to
battalion level and permits sharing of appropriate legal work product.
LAAWS provides for standardized software throughout the JAGC, and in-
cludes modules and databases for all core legal disciplines. LAAWS programs
process, transmit, receive, and display essential information. Legal references
compiled by LAAWS are available in compact disk and via databases on the
JAGC Information Network (JAGC Net at www.jagcnet.army.mil), a work
group consisting of more than 70 computer servers and thousands of clients
throughout the world. SJA sections, the military judges, and defense counsel
all use LAAWS and the JAGC Net, which are critical to the accuracy and re-
sponsiveness of operational legal services. Judge advocates also require ac-
cess to classified databases and information through Secret Internet Protocol
Router Network (SIPRNET).
12-39. The standard package of legal information systems is the Rucksack
Deployable Law Office and Library (RDL). The RDL is a set of computer
hardware, software, and networking products that provide the judge advocate
or legal specialist all the capabilities required to support operations. The

12-8
__________________________________________________________Legal Support to Operations

RDL is, and must remain, completely compatible with standard Army com-
munications equipment, and be fully integrated into appropriate parts of the
Army battle command system (ABCS), to include the global command and
control system (GCCS), the global combat service support system—Army
(GCSS-A), and the Force XXI battle command-brigade and below system
(FBCB2).

MOBILITY
12-40. Legal personnel depend on their assigned units for transportation.
Separate legal organizations (such as legal support organizations or mobiliza-
tion support organizations) require organic transportation assets. Sufficient
vehicles are required for legal personnel (the SJA and his staff, military
judges, and defense counsel). The number and type of vehicles depend on the
commander's requirements for legal services. The failure to provide SJA with
mobility means specific legal functions (such as interaction with host nation
officials) cannot be accomplished; failure to effectively accomplish these func-
tions affects the mission. Mobility serves three distinct functions: controlling
legal assets, effectively delivering operational law and support in the core le-
gal disciplines, and servicing geographic zones.

INFORMATION SYSTEMS
12-41. Modern theater operations frequently take place in a fluid, chaotic,
and lethal environment in which mobility is constrained. Legal advice is
time-sensitive and often critical, and influences C2 and support operations.
Legal personnel must have access to tactical networks that provide situ-
ational understanding. The COP allows legal personnel to apply their profes-
sional training to identify potential legal issues and take proactive, timely,
and effective steps to eliminate or minimize the impact of those legal issues
on mission accomplishment. Avoiding legal issues is always preferable to re-
solving legal issues; it is the most efficient method and directly contributes
to the organization’s combat effectiveness. Judge advocates must also be as-
sured access to communications that link them with the commander, the
subordinate commanders, the staff, and the SJAs at higher echelons. In addi-
tion to digital communications across the Army battle command system,
judge advocates must use combat net radios (CNRs), area common user
(ACU) telephones, Army data distribution system (ADDS) equipment, and
other information systems, when necessary, to connect into the C2, CS, and
CSS tactical networks.

12-9
 Chapter 13
Religious Support

Chaplains, on behalf of the commander, provide and perform religious

support (RS) in the Army to ensure the free exercise of religion. Chaplains
are obligated to provide for those religious services or practices that they
cannot personally perform. Chaplains perform religious support when
their actions are in accordance with the tenets or beliefs of their faith
group. Chaplain assistants assist the chaplain in providing or performing
this religious support.

The First Amendment guarantees every

CONTENTS
American the right to the free exercise of Religious Support Functions ...........13-1
religion. Title 10 requires the military to Religious Support Across the
ensure that right to military personnel. The Levels of War ...............................13-2
Unit Religious Support .....................13-3
Army implements this requirement in Transportation and Information
AR 165-1. Religious support operations ensure Systems........................................13-3
those rights of free exercise of religion to the
soldier, family members, and authorized civilians. This includes religious
services, rites, sacraments, ordinances, pastoral care, religious education,
family life ministry, institutional ministry, professional support to the
command and staff, management and administration, reli-
gious/humanitarian support, religious support planning/operations and
religious support training. Religious support also includes advice to the
command on matters of religion, morals, morale, and the coordination
with nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and private voluntary or-
ganizations (PVOs), as appropriate. FM 1-05 and JP 1-05 provide detailed
discussions of religious support.

RELIGIOUS SUPPORT FUNCTIONS

13-1. Comprehensive religious support includes the following three major
functions.

NURTURE THE LIVING

13-2. In preparation for missions that span the full spectrum of operations,
unit ministry teams (UMTs) develop and provide religious support activities
to strengthen and sustain the spiritual resilience of soldiers and family mem-
bers. During the battle UMTs bring hope and strength to those who have

13-1
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

been wounded and traumatized in body, mind, and spirit assisting the heal-
ing process.

CARE FOR THE DYING

13-3. UMTs provide religious support, spiritual care, comfort, and hope to the
dying. This focus of religious support affirms the sanctity of life, which is at
the heart of the chaplaincy. Through prayer and presence the UMT provides
the soldier with courage and comfort in the face of death.

HONOR THE DEAD

13-4. Our nation reveres those who have died in military service. Religious
support honors the dead. Funerals, memorial services, and ceremonies reflect
the emphasis our American people place on the worth and value of the indi-
vidual. Chaplains conduct these services and ceremonies fulfilling a vital role
in rendering tribute to America’s sons and daughters who paid the ultimate
price for their nation.

RELIGIOUS SUPPORT ACROSS THE LEVELS OF WAR

STRATEGIC-LEVEL RELIGIOUS SUPPORT
13-5. Religious support planning and management at the strategic level con-
siders force-tailoring UMTs to perform and provide religious support for all
types and sizes of forces in all contingencies. The senior Army chaplain in
theater provides staff supervision over all Army religious support in the thea-
ter and is responsible for recommending religious support policy to the com-
mander of the Army service component command (ASCC). Installation chap-
lains and their staffs provide seamless religious support across all levels of
war via information systems.

OPERATIONAL-LEVEL RELIGIOUS SUPPORT

13-6. The ARFOR chaplain supports the ARFOR commander’s operational-
level responsibilities and roles by—
• Establishing links with joint, multinational, interagency, NGOs,
PVOs, and religious leaders of the host nation.
• Planning and executing religious support for corps operations.
• Monitoring religious support in major subordinate commands.
• Executing support operations to sustain subordinate Army forces.
13-7. Religious support is tailored to the operation when the division is des-
ignated as an ARFOR or as part of a joint task force (JTF).

TACTICAL-LEVEL RELIGIOUS SUPPORT

13-8. The UMT is embedded within and provides religious support to combat,
CS, and CSS units at the battalion, squadron, brigade, regiment, and divi-
sion; this includes specialized and special operations units like the Rangers
and special forces.

13-2
_________________________________________________________________ Religious Support

UNIT RELIGIOUS SUPPORT

13-9. Unit religious support is provided in the following three ways:
• Unit support. Support provided to the unit to which the UMT is as-
signed or attached. The team normally gives first priority to this mis-
sion.
• Area support. Support provided to soldiers, members of other ser-
vices, and authorized civilians who are not a part of the team's unit,
but operate within the supporting unit area of operations (AO).
• Denominational support. Support given to soldiers and other
authorized persons of the chaplain’s denomination or distinctive faith
group. Limited assets affect the availability of denominational
support.

STAFF INTEGRATION AND COORDINATION

13-10. The chaplain is a personal staff officer responsible for coordinating
the religious assets and operations within the command. The chaplain is a
confidential advisor to the commander for religious matters. A chaplain is lo-
cated at every echelon of command from battalion through corps to ASCC. Se-
lect chaplains from the various services also serve on the joint personal staffs
of combatant commanders and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
13-11. As a personal staff officer, the chaplain works for the commander, ad-
vises the commander, and executes the commander’s religious support pro-
gram on his behalf. The UMT coordinates the execution of the commander’s
religious support program with the chief of staff or executive officer. The
team plans cooperatively with all staff sections for the exchange of informa-
tion. As a result of dispersion, UMTs also need to synchronize religious sup-
port within their subordinate units. Establishing synchronization procedures
with subordinate commanders, command sergeants major, and first ser-
geants before deployment reduces the communication challenge for the UMT.

RELIGIOUS SUPPORT PLANNING

13-12. The chaplain participates in the military decisionmaking process, de-
veloping the religious support estimate (RSE) that becomes the basis for the
religious support plan (RSP). Development of the RSE ensures the careful
and intentional planning of religious support.
13-13. To meet the religious needs of soldiers and other authorized person-
nel in all operations, the UMT prepares a comprehensive RSP that is staffed
and integrated into every operational phase. The UMT advises the com-
mander on the plan for accomplishing the religious support mission. The plan
encompasses RS required from training and mobilization through redeploy-
ment and demobilization.

TRANSPORTATION AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS

13-14. Title 10 USC 3547 mandates transportation assets are afforded to the
chaplain for conducting religious services. This is especially necessary for the
UMT assigned to a heavy or mounted unit.

13-3
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

13-15. As the UMT travels throughout the AO, they must maintain commu-
nications with their assigned headquarters to keep the commander informed
of their status, location, and travel plans. At the same time, the team receives
and transmits situation reports. The commander provides the team with
dedicated communications equipment that is compatible with the unit secure
communication equipment.
13-16. Religious support is synchronized and implemented throughout the
AO, theater of operations, and communications zone (COMMZ) by full UMT
integration into the information systems of the unit. The ability to reach back
from the area of operations to the home station is essential for relaying time-
sensitive information and religious support requests. A mobile communica-
tion link between echelons enables UMTs to communicate time-sensitive data
rapidly to and from each echelon. This is essential for the UMT’s mission to
provide soldiers with the personal delivery of religious support. This link pro-
vides UMTs immediate access to critical information needed to ensure the
commander’s religious support plan is executed successfully. For more infor-
mation, see FM 1-05.

13-4
 Chapter 14
Band Support

Army Bands are a powerful commander’s tool to promote goodwill and

good relations to members of a local population. Army Bands entertain
soldiers and citizens of the United States, its allies, and host nations in
both garrison and battlefield environments as evidenced by participation
in Operation Desert Shield, Operation Desert Storm, Operation Joint En-
deavor, and Operation Urgent Fury, as well as task forces Eagle, Falcon,
and Andrew. Details on Army Band support are covered in FM 12-50.

“Hours are to be assigned to all the drums and fifes of each regiment, and they are to
attend them and practice; nothing is more agreeable and ornamental than good mu-
sic; every officer, for the credit of his corps, should take care to provide for it.”
From Library of Congress: Writings of General George Washington,
June 4, 1777, John C, Fitzpatrick, Editor

TYPES OF ARMY BAND SUPPORT

14-1. Army bands are capable of a wide CONTENTS
variety of musical support. Bands Types of Army Band Support .......... 14-1
perform indoors and outdoors in most Types of Army Bands ....................... 14-2
climatic conditions. See AR 220-90 for
regulatory guidance on use of Army bands. A band’s committing authority is
normally the G1/AG.

CEREMONIAL SUPPORT
14-2. Army bands perform music that is connected to American heritage,
military history, unit lineage, and individual honors. Among soldiers, cere-
monial music helps build enthusiasm, maintain motivation, and increase de-
votion to the unit, the Army, and the United States. Army band participation
in a ceremony adds dignity, solemnity, tradition, and honor. Music creates an
emotional bond that leaders can use to draw a unit closer together, to show
honor and devotion to a leader, and to remind them of friends and family
back home. Music highlights history and draws attention to sacrifices and
hardships as well as victory and heroism.
14-3. Ceremonial music can be tailored to fit the occasion and includes offi-
cial music (national anthems, honors for visiting dignitaries), marches, patri-
otic selections, and organizational songs. A band commander is the technical

14-1
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

expert on music to be performed and should be consulted as to the appropri-

ateness and feasibility of a particular selection.
14-4. Army bands can be used to enhance ceremonial events and are not
limited to reviews, military honor guards and cordons, and funerals.

CIVIC SUPPORT
14-5. Music, with its inherent ability to raise emotions, highlight events past
and present, and promote optimism and determination for the future, is the
ideal tool for a commander to use in supporting civic events. The Army band
supports and participates in public events because the Army belongs to the
American people. Common ownership requires that Army resources be used
to support events and activities of common interest and benefit. A successful
community relations program enhances the community’s perception of the
Army and fosters an appreciation and spirit of cooperation for the military
installation, the soldiers and their families, and civilians who are part of the
installation
14-6. Civic events that may be appropriate for Army band participation in-
clude parades, holiday and community concerts, sporting events, dedications,
cultural events, and ribbon cutting ceremonies.

RECRUITING SUPPORT
14-7. Army bands are an important tool for use in recruiting. Bands high-
light the Army and support local recruiting activities. Musical selections may
be drawn from many styles ranging from patriotic to popular music in a sin-
gle performance. All Army bands in continental United States (CONUS) are
directly charged to support recruiting efforts.

OTHER SUPPORT
14-8. In addition to the types of support mentioned previously, Army bands
may participate in most events not prohibited by AR 360-1 and AR 220-90.
These regulations and DODD 5500.7, govern off duty participation in unoffi-
cial events

TYPES OF ARMY BANDS

14-9. Army bands are organized into three distinct types.

SPECIAL BANDS
14-10. Special bands have no tactical equipment or capability. There are
four special bands.
• The U.S. Army Band (Pershing’s Own).
• The Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps.
• The U.S. Army Field Band.
• The U.S. Military Academy Band
14-11. Special bands provide—
• Musical support to the Military District of Washington (MDW) and
its tenant and supported activities, national U.S. Army recruiting op-
erations and, as directed, by Headquarters, Department of the Army.

14-2
_____________________________________________________________________ Band Support

• National and international musical support to strengthen the ties be-

tween the Army and the civilian community for the Office, Chief of
Public Affairs and, as directed, by Headquarters, Department of the
Army.
• Musical support for the U.S. Military Academy, its tenant and sup-
port activities and, as directed, by Headquarters, Department of the
Army.

GENERAL SUPPORT BANDS

14-12. General support (GS) bands are assigned to a major command
(FORSCOM, TRADOC, and USAREUR) and are so designated by table of or-
ganization and equipment (TOE). They provide both CONUS and OCONUS
support.
14-13. CONUS bands provide musical support to select MACOM
headquarters, regional and national U.S. Army recruiting operations, and
regional musical support to further the parent unit commander’s community
relations activities.
14-14. OCONUS or forward deployed bands provide musical support to their
parent unit and its subordinate units, and multinational operations, as well
as civil military operations (CMO) and community relations activities.
14-15. GS bands provide support to information operations and should be in-
tegrated into public affairs (PA), CMO, and psychological operations (PSYOP)
plans. GS bands are capable of providing augmentation for local security
forces.

DIRECT SUPPORT BANDS

14-16. Direct support (DS) bands are units that are not a special or GS band,
and are assigned to a corps, division, TRADOC branch qualifying schools, or
other activity of the U.S. Army, and are normally OPCON to the G1/AG, or
equivalent.
14-17. CONUS based DS bands provide musical support to their parent unit
and its subordinate units, local U.S. Army recruiting operations; they also
provide local musical support to further the commander’s community rela-
tions efforts.
14-18. OCONUS and forward deployed bands provide musical support to
their parent unit and its subordinate units, counterpart multinational part-
ners, and local host nations in support of CMO.
14-19. DS bands provide support to information operations, and should be
integrated into PA, CMO, and PSYOPS plans. DS bands assigned to divisions
and corps, or forward deployed can provide augmentation of perimeter secu-
rity for EPW/civilian internee operations or augmentation of local security
forces. All other DS bands (TRADOC branch qualifying schools) can provide
augmentation for local security forces.
14-20. Army bands perform music that connects the Army to its heritage. It
is a direct line between the soldier of today and the foundations of our coun-
try. Army bands provide music to the civilian community, promoting patriot-

14-3
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

ism, interest in the Army, and demonstrating the professionalism of our

forces. Details on Army bands are covered in FM 12-50 and AR 220-90.

14-4
 Appendix A

Engineering Support to CSS Operations

Operational-level engineer units maintain a support/coordination rela-

tionship to theater-level CSS functional assets. The engineer command
(ENCOM), as the Army senior engineer commander, provides general en-
gineering support throughout the theater. This support extends from the
communications zone (COMMZ) to well forward into the corps rear area.
The numbers and types of operational-level engineer units depend on the
size of the support base required, host nation (HN) infrastructure, the
mission, the availability of existing engineer support in the theater, and
perceived threat in the rear area. See FM 100-7 for more details.

SUPPORT/COORDINATION RELATIONSHIPS
A-1. The senior engineer commander task organizes echelon above corps
(EAC) assets to best satisfy the priorities of effort and support established by
the joint force commander (JFC). Within the COMMZ, the commander aligns
engineer assets to provide general support (GS) on an area basis, as they
receive service support on an area basis from the CSS community. Current
and evolving doctrine would place an engineer brigade in direct support (DS)
to the TSC, with subordinate engineer groups in DS to the area support
groups (ASGs).

CONSTRUCTION SUPPORT
A-2. In accordance with JCS guidance, the JFC establishes broad standards
and policies for theater construction that guide engineer operations, whether
they are performed by Air Force, Army, or Navy units. They are based on
coordinated planning by construction representatives from all service
components. Theater construction policies establish standards, priorities, and
the theater construction management structure. The JFC may retain control
at his level or delegate construction management to a regional contingency
engineering manager (RCEM). When the Army is the RCEM, the senior
engineer commander, usually the ENCOM commander, performs this
function. The RCEM manages all construction, repair, and facility
modifications in the COMMZ. This structure provides centralized control and
decentralized execution. The RCEM also manages all troop, contract, and HN
construction repair operations in the COMMZ. Such a structure ensures that
theater construction assets are employed according to JFC-established
priorities and policies.

REAL ESTATE PLANNING AND ACQUISITION

A-3. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) theater elements provide
technical real estate guidance and advice to the theater commander. In

A-1
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

addition to recommending real estate policies and operational procedures,

they acquire, manage, dispose of, administer payment for rent and damages,
handle claims, and prepare records and reports for real estate used within
the theater.

REAL PROPERTY MAINTENANCE

A-4. The JFC has overall responsibility for real property maintenance
activities (RPMA). He normally delegates authority to the ASCC/ARFOR,
who may further delegate to the TSC. The TSC and installation commanders
(in most cases an ASG) normally provide the needed RPMA support.
Principal RPMA in AO includes operation, repair, and maintenance of
facilities and utilities; fire prevention and protection; and refuse collection
and disposal. RPMA requirements that exceed the CSS organization’s
capabilities are forwarded to the local senior engineer commander (in most
cases, the engineer group providing support to an ASG on an area basis) or
USACE element for execution according to theater priorities. The TSC
provides technical RPMA guidance to subordinate CSS organizations. The
subordinate CSS organizations provide RPMA support to all Army facilities
in the theater, including leased facilities unless HNS is available for leased
facilities.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
A-5. In addition to his common staff responsibilities, the senior engineer
commander advises the commander on environmental issues. He coordinates
with other staff offices to determine the impact of operations on the
environment and helps the commander integrate environment considerations
into the decisionmaking process.

A-2
 Glossary

This glossary lists acronyms used in this publication and selected terms that the user of this
publication needs to understand. Army and joint definitions sometimes vary slightly. JP 1-02
(http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/doddict/index.html) defines DOD military and associated
terms; FM 101-5-1 (http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/service_pubs/101_5_1.pdf) defines Army
operational terms. For terms not included in either of these manuals, see the manual listed
with the definition for further information. For terms for which this manual is the Army au-
thority, see the paragraph listed with that definition for further information about that term.

AA assembly area
AAFES Army and Air Force Exchange Service
ABCA American, British, Canadian, Australian Army Standardization
Program
ABCS Army battle command system
ABL ammunition basic load
ABPO Army Blood Program Office
ABS automated battlebook system
ACE analysis and control element
ACO area claims office
ACofS Army Chief of Staff
ACP Army country profiles
ACR armored cavalry regiment
ACSA acquisition and cross-servicing agreements
ACSIM Assistant Chief of Staff for Installation Management
ACU area common user
ACUS area common user system
ADA air defense artillery
ADCON administrative control
ADDS Army data distribution system
ADES airdrop equipment and systems
AIT automated identification technology
AJBPO area joint blood program office
AJP allied joint publication
ALOC aerial lines of communications
ALP allied logistics publication
AMC Air Mobility Command
AMEDD Army Medical Department
AMS automated manifest system

Glossary-1
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

AO area of operations
AOE Army of Excellence
AOR area of responsibility
APA Army prepositioned afloat
APOD aerial port of debarkation
APOE aerial port of embarkation
APS Army prepositioned stocks
ARC American Red Cross
ARFOR Army forces:
an ARFOR consists of the senior Army headquarters and all Army
forces assigned or attached to a combatant command, subordinate
joint force command, joint functional command, or multinational
command (FM 3-0)
Army supplies located at or near the point of planned use or at other
prepositioned stocks designated locations to reduce reaction time and to ensure resupply
(FM 100-17-2)
ARSOF Army special operations forces
ASA ammunition support activity
ASCC Army service component command
ASDC area support dental company
ASG area support group
ASL authorized stockage list
ASMB area support medical battalion
ASMC area support medical company
ASP ammunition supply point
ATAV Army total asset visibility
ATP ammunition transfer point
attainability ability to provide the minimum essential supplies and services re-
(or adequacy) quired to begin combat operations (JP 4-0)
AVIM aviation intermediate maintenance
AVUM aviation unit maintenance
AWCF Army working capital fund
AWCF-SMA Army Working Capital Fund, Supply Management Army
AWRDS Army war reserve deployment system
band support the provision of music to instill in soldiers the will to fight and win,
foster the support of citizens, and promote National interests at
home and abroad (paragraph 1-30)
BDAR battle damage assessment and repair
BOS battlefield operating system
BSA brigade support area

Glossary-2
_________________________________________________________________________________ Glossary

BSB brigade support battalion

BSC brigade support company
BSD blood support detachment
BSMC brigade support medical company
BSU blood supply unit
C2 command and control
C4I command, control, communications, computers, and intelligence
CAA command arrangement agreement
campaign series of related military operations aimed at accomplishing a stra-
tegic or operational objective within a given time and space.
(JP 1-02)
CAPS II consolidated aerial port system II
CASCOM Combined Arms Support Command
CCAS contingency contract administration service
CCIR commander’s critical information requirements
CFMS CONUS freight management system
CHE container-handling equipment
CHLS combat health logistics system
CINC commander of a combatant command (JP 4-0)
civil law body of law containing the statutes, regulations, and judicial
decisions that govern the rights and duties of military organizations
and installations regarding civil authorities (paragraph 12-21)
CJCS Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
CJMAO Central Joint Mortuary Affairs Office
CMEDCOM corps medical command
CMMC corps materiel management center
CMO civil military operations
CMOS cargo management operations system
CNR combat net radios
COA course of action
COC contingency operations center
COCOM combatant command (command authority)
combat loading arranges personnel and equipment in a manner designed to conform
to the anticipated tactical situation (paragraph 3-55)
COMMZ communications zone
configured load a single or multicommodity load of supplies built to the anticipated
or actual needs of a consuming unit (paragraph 1-42)
containerization use of containers to unitize cargo for transportation, supply and
storage (JP 1-02)

Glossary-3
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

contract law applying domestic and international law to acquire goods, services,
and construction (paragraph 12-22)
CONUS continental United States
COP common operational picture
COR contracting officer representative
COSC combat operational stress control
COSCOM corps support command
CP command post
CPL combat prescribed load
CPO claims processing office
CRAF civil reserve air fleet
CRC CONUS replacement center
CROP containerized roll-on/off platforms
CS combat support
CSA corps storage area
CSB corps support battalion
CSC combat stress control
CSG corps support group
CSH combat support hospital
CSR controlled supply rate
CSS combat service support
CSS reach operational positioning and efficient use of all available CSS assets
operations and capabilities, from the industrial base to the soldier in the field
(FM 3-0)
CSSC combat service support company
CSSCS combat service support control system
CTA common table of authorization
CTIL commander’s tracked item list
CTOC corps tactical operations center
CUL common-user logistics
CWT customer wait time
CZ combat zone
DA Department of the Army
DAAS Defense Automated Addressing System
DAC Department of the Army civilian
DAL directive authority for logistics
DAMMS-R Department of the Army Movement Management System—Revised
DAO division ammunition officer

Glossary-4
_________________________________________________________________________________ Glossary

DASB division aviation support brigade

DCAS dental company area support
DCMA Defense Contract Management Agency
DCSPER Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel
DCST Defense Logistics Agency contingency support team
DEL deployment equipment list
DFAS Defense Finance and Accounting Service
DFBS Defense Finance Battlefield System
DIA Defense Intelligence Agency
DIMHRS Defense Integrated Military Human Resource System
DISA Defense Information Systems Agency
DISCOM division support command
distribution process of synchronizing all elements of the CSS system to deliver
the right things to the right place at the right time to support the
commander (paragraph 5-63)
DIVARTY division artillery
DLA Defense Logistics Agency
DMC distribution management center
DMC/E distribution management center/element
DMI depot maintenance inter-servicing
DNBI disease and non-battle injury
DOD Department of Defense
DODD Department of Defense directive
DOL directorate of logistics
DOMS Director of Military Support
DOS Department of State, days of supply
DOT Department of Transportation
DOTMLPF doctrine, organizations, training, materiel, leader development,
personnel and facilities
DRMO Defense Reutilization and Marketing Office
DS direct support
DSA division support area
DSB division support battalion
DSCA Defense Security Cooperation Agency
DSMC division support medical company
DSO domestic support operations
DSOR depot source of repair
DSP deployment stock planner

Glossary-5
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

DTLOMS doctrine, training, leader development, organizations, materiel, and

soldiers
DTOC division tactical operations center
DTS Defense Transportation System
DTTS Defense Transportation Tracking System
EAC echelon above corps
EAD echelon above division
economy effective support using the fewest resources at the least cost, and
within acceptable levels of risk (JP 4-0)
EDA equipment downtime analyzer
EEM early entry module
EFT electronic funds transfer
ENCOM engineer command
environmental law body of law containing the statutes, regulations, and judicial
decisions relating to Army activities affecting the environment to
include navigable waters, near-shore and open waters, and any other
surface water, groundwater, drinking water supply, land surface or
subsurface area, ambient air, vegetation, wildlife, and humans
(paragraph 12-27)
EOD explosive ordnance disposal
EPW enemy prisoner of war
FBCB2 Force XXI battle command brigade and below
FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency
field services essential services to enhance a soldier's quality of life during
operations (paragraph 1-21)
FINCOM finance command
fiscal law domestic statutes and regulations to funding military operations,
and supporting non-federal agencies and organizations
(paragraph 12-25)
flexibility ability to adapt CSS structures and procedures to changing
situations, missions, and concepts of operations (paragraph 1-13)
FM field manual
FMO financial management operations
FOIA Freedom of Information Act
FOO field ordering officer
FOP follow on package
force protection actions taken to prevent or mitigate hostile actions against DOD
personnel (to include family members), resources, facilities, and
critical information (FM 3-0)

Glossary-6
_________________________________________________________________________________ Glossary

force provider modular system, principally designed to provide the front-line soldier
with a brief respite from the rigors of a combat environment
(paragraph 6-71)
FORSCOM Forces Command
FRA forward repair activities
FRAGO fragmentary order
FSB forward support battalion
FSC forward support company
FSMC forward support medical company
FST forward surgical team
GATES Global Air Transportation and Execution System
GCCS-A global command and control system—Army
GCSS global combat support system
GCSS-A global combat service support—Army
GDSS global decision support system
GPMRC global patient movement requirements center
GR graduated response
GS general support
GSA General Services Administration
GTN Global Transportation Network
HAP humanitarian assistance program
HAZMAT hazardous materials
HCA humanitarian and civic assistance
HCP health and comfort packages
HDR humanitarian daily rations
HEMTT-LHS heavy expanded mobility tactical truck—load handling system
HET heavy equipment transport
HHC headquarters and headquarters company
HN host nation
HNS host nation support
HQDA Headquarters, Department of the Army
HR human resource
HRS human resource support
HSS health services support
HSSN home station support node
IA implementing agreement
IAW in accordance with
ICM improved conventional munitions

Glossary-7
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

IDP initial deployment package

IED improvised explosive devices
ILAP integrated logistics analysis program
ILS integrated logistics system
IM information management
information equipment and facilities that collect, process, store, display and
systems disseminate information; includes computers (hardware and
software) and communications, as well as policies and procedures for
their use (FM 3-0)
integration synchronizing CSS operations with all aspects of Army, joint,
interagency, and multinational operations (paragraph 1-18)
intermediate stag- secure staging base usually established near to, but not in, the area
ing base of operations (FM 3-0)
international law applying international agreements, international customary
practices, and the general principles of law recognized by civilized
nations relating to military operations and activities
(paragraph 12-15)
IPB intelligence preparation of the battlefield
IPDS inland petroleum distribution system
ISB intermediate staging base
ISSA interservice support agreement
IT information technology
ITO installation transportation office
ITV in-transit visibility
JAGC Judge Advocate Generals Corps
JFC joint forces commander
JFLCC joint force land component command/commander
JFSOCC joint force special operations component command
JLOTS joint logistics over the shore
JMC joint movement center
JMPA Joint Military Postal Agency
JOA joint operations area
joint reception, essential processes required to transition arriving personnel,
staging, onward equipment, and materiel into forces capable of meeting operational
movement, requirements (JP 4-01.8)
integration
JOPES Joint Operational Planning and Execution System
JP joint publication
JPMRC joint patient movement requirements center
JRA joint rear area

Glossary-8
_________________________________________________________________________________ Glossary

JRC joint reception center

JRSOI joint reception, staging, onward movement and integration
JTAV joint total asset visibility
JTB joint transportation board
JTF joint task force
JTLM joint theater logistics management
LAAWS Legal Automation Army-Wide System
LD local depository
lead nation multinational operation for which one nation (lead nation) provides
most of the forces and resources and the multinational force
commander (FM 3-0)
legal assistance personal civil legal services to soldiers, their family members, and
other eligible personnel (paragraph 12-33)
legal support all legal services provided by judge advocates and other legal
personnel in support of units, commanders, and soldiers in an area of
operation and throughout full spectrum operations (paragraph 12-1)
LOC lines of communications
LOGCAP logistics civil augmentation program
LOGSA Logistics Support Agency
LOTS logistics over the shore
LOW law of war
LPT logistics preparation of the theater
LRC logistics readiness center
LSE logistics support element
LSV logistics support vehicle
MACOM major Army command
maintenance actions taken to keep materiel in a serviceable, operational
condition, returning it to service, and updating and upgrading its
capability (paragraph 1-23)
major operation series of tactical actions (battles, engagements, strikes) conducted by
various combat forces of a single or several services, coordinated in
time and place, to accomplish operational, and sometimes strategic
objectives in an operational area (FM 3-0)
MC military committee
MCA movement control activity
MCB movement control battalion
MCD military committee decision
MCL mission configured load
MCT movement control team
MDSS Marine Air-Ground Task Force Deployment Support System

Glossary-9
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

MDW Military District of Washington

MEDBDE medical brigade
MEDCOM medical command
medical actions and coordination necessary to arrange for the movement of
regulating patients through the levels of care; matches patients with a medical
treatment facility that has the necessary health service support ca-
pabilities and available bed space (JP 4-02)
MEDLOG medical logistics
METL mission essential task list
METS mechanized export traffic system
METT-TC mission, enemy, troops, terrain and weather, time, civilian
considerations
MHE materiel handling equipment
MI military intelligence
military justice administering the Uniform Code of Military Justice and disposing
alleged violations by judicial (courts-martial) or nonjudicial means
(paragraph 12-8)
MJLC multinational joint logistics center
MLMC medical logistics support team
MLRS multiple launch rocket system
MLST medical logistics support team
MMC materiel management center
MOADS maneuver-oriented ammunition distribution system
mobilization process by which the armed forces or part of them are brought to a
state of readiness for war or other national emergency
(paragraph 3-42)
MOOTW military operations other than war
MP military police
MPSA Military Postal Service Agency
MRE meals ready to eat
MRO medical regulating officer
MROCS materiel release order control system
MSB main support battalion
MSC Military Sealift Command
MSE mobile subscriber equipment
MSR main supply route
MST maintenance support teams
MTF medical treatment facility
MTMC Military Traffic Management Command
MTOE modified table of organization and equipment

Glossary-10
_________________________________________________________________________________ Glossary

MTS movement tracking system

MTW major theater of war
MWD military working dogs
MWR morale, welfare, recreation
NAF nonappropriated fund
NAMI non-Army managed item
NAP not authorized for prepositioning
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NBC nuclear, biological, chemical
NDMS national disaster medical system
NEO noncombatant evacuation operations
NGO non-governmental organization
NICP national inventory control point
NMM national maintenance manager
NMP national maintenance program
NMS national military strategy
NSS national security strategy
OCONUS outside continental United States
OEL organizational equipment list
OMC optical memory card
OPCON operational control
operational single display of relevant information within a commander’s area of
picture interest (FM 3-0)
operational reach distance over which military power can be employed decisively
(FM 3-0)
OPLAN operations plans
OPLAW operational law
OPORD operations order
OPSEC operations security
OSD Office of the Secretary of Defense
OST order ship times
PA public affairs
parallel command nations (of a multinational force) retain control of their deployed
forces (FM 3-0)
PARC principle assistant responsible for contracting
PEO program executive officer
PERSCOM personnel command

Glossary-11
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

physical network quantity and capability of fixed structures and established facilities;
includes factories, warehouses, airfields, seaports, roads, railroads,
inland waterways, pipelines, terminals, bridges, tunnels, and
buildings (FM 3-0)
PIT process improvement teams
PLL prescribed load list
PLP premobilization legal preparations
PLS palletized loading system
PM program manager
PMCS preventive maintenance checks and services
POD port of debarkation
POE port of embarkation
POL petroleum, oils, and lubricants
PRAMS passenger reservation and manifesting system
PSB personnel services battalion
PSYOP psychological operations
PVNTMED preventive medicine
PVO private voluntary organizations
RAA redeployment assembly areas
RCEM regional contingency engineering manager
RD replacement directorate
RDL Rucksack Deployable Law Office and Library
relevant all information of importance to commanders and staffs in the
information exercise of command and control (FM 3-0)
religious support provision and performance of operations for the commander to
protect the free exercise of religion for soldiers, family members, and
authorized civilians (paragraph 1-29)
resource network the people, materiel, and machines operating within and over the
physical network (FM 3-0, paragraph 12-50)
responsiveness right support in the right quantity in the right place at the right
time (JP 4-0)
RF radio frequency
RFDC radio frequency data collection
RFID radio frequency identification device
RM resource manager
ROE rules of engagement
ROPU reverse osmosis purification unit
RPMA real property maintenance activity
RS religious support
RSA religious support annex

Glossary-12
_________________________________________________________________________________ Glossary

RSE religious support estimate

RSO&I reception, staging, onward movement, and integration
RTD return to duty
RX repairable exchange
S&S supply and service
S&T supply and transportation
SA Secretary of the Army
SAAS-MOD Standard Army Ammunition System—Modified
SACEUR Supreme Allied Commander Europe
SAMS Standard Army Maintenance System
SARSS-O Standard Army Retail Supply System—Objective
SATCOM satellite communications
SBCT Stryker brigade combat team
SCC small-scale contingency
SECDEF Secretary of Defense
SIDPERS standard installation/division personnel system
SIMLM single integrated medical logistics manager
simplicity reflects the need to reduce complexity and often fosters efficiency in
both the planning and execution of national and theater logistic
operations (JP 4-0)
SIPRNET secret internet protocol router network
SIT site improvement team
SITLM single integrated theater logistics manager
SJA staff judge advocate
SLOC sea lines of communications
SME subject matter expert
SMFT semitrailer mounted fabric tanks
SO special operations
SOF special operations forces
SOFA status of forces agreement
SOP standing operating procedure
SOR source of repair
SOSCOM Special Operations Support Command
SOTSE special operations theater support element
split-based performing certain combat service support administrative and
operations management functions outside the joint operations area, whether in
a secure location in the communications zone, at an intermediate
staging base, or at home station (paragraph 1-38)
SPM single port manager

Glossary-13
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

SPOD seaport of debarkation

SPOE seaport of embarkation
SRA special repair activities
SRP soldier readiness processing
SSA supply support activity
SSC small-scale continguency
SSF single stock fund
STAMIS Standard Army Management Information System
STANAG standardization agreement
SU situational understanding
supply acquiring, managing, receiving, storing, and issuing all classes of
supply except class VIII (paragraph 6-1)
survivability being able to protect support functions from destruction or
degradation; function of force protection that consists of those actions
to prevent or mitigate hostile actions against personnel, resources,
facilities, and critical information (paragraph 1-16)
sustainability ability of the force to conduct operations over time (paragraph 3-18)
SWA Southwest Asia
TACON tactical control
tactics (Army) employment of units in combat; ordered arrangement and
maneuver of units in relation to each other, the terrain, and the
enemy to translate potential combat power into victorious battles
and engagements (FM 3-0)
(DOD) employment of units in combat; ordered arrangement and
maneuver of units in relation to each other and/or to the enemy in
order to use their full potentialities (JP 1-02)
TAMMIS The Army Medical Management Information System
TAT to accompany troops
TAV total asset visibility
TC-ACCIS transportation coordinators—automated command and control
information system
TC-AIMS II transportation coordinators automated information movement
system II
TCC transportation component command
TCF tactical combat force
TCMD transportation control and movement document
TDA table of distribution and allowances
TDD time-definite delivery
TFE tactical field exchange
TFEO tactical field exchange officer

Glossary-14
_________________________________________________________________________________ Glossary

TFOM theater force opening module

TFOP theater force opening package
throughput flow of sustainability assets in support of military operations, at all
levels of war, from point of origin to point of use (paragraph 1-41)
TJAG The Judge Advocate General
TMDE test measurement and diagnostic equipment
TMEDCOM theater medical command
TO theater of operations
TOC tactical operations center
TOE table of organization and equipment
TPFDD time-phased force deployment data
TPMRC theater patient movement center
transportation moving and transferring units, personnel, equipment, and supplies
to support the concept of operations (paragraph 1-22)
TSA theater storage area
TSC theater support command
TSOP tactical standing operating procedure
TTP tactics, techniques, and procedures
TWV tactical wheeled vehicle
UBL unit basic load
UCL unit configured loads
UCMJ Uniform Code of Military Justice
UDL unit deployment list
UGR unitized group ration
UGR-A unitized group ration-A
UGR-H&S unitized group ration-heat and serve
UJTL universal joint task list
ULLS unit-level logistics system
UMT unit ministry team
UN United Nations
UNAAF United Action Armed Forces
unit loading allows troop units to move with their equipment and accompanying
supplies on the same conveyance (paragraph 3-55)
unitized cargo single item or a number of items packaged, packed, or arranged in a
specified manner that can be handled as a unit (paragraph 3-32)
urban operations offensive, defensive, stability, and support operations conducted in a
topographical complex and adjacent natural terrain where manmade
construction and high population density are the dominant features
(FM 3-0)

Glossary-15
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

USACE U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

USAF United States Air Force
USALSA U.S. Army Legal Services Agency
USAMC U.S. Army Materiel Command
USAMEDCOM U.S. Army Medical Command
USAMMA U.S. Army Medical Materiel Agency
USAMRMC U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command
USARC U.S. Army Reserve Command
USARCS U.S. Army Claims Services
USAREUR U.S. Army Europe
USASOC U.S. Army Special Operations Command
USC United States Code
USPS U.S. Postal Service
USTAPERSCOM U.S. Total Army Personnel Command
USTRANSCOM U.S. Transportation Command
UXO unexploded ordnance
VA Veterans Administration
velocity strives to provide world-class logistics support while providing a
management hedge against unforeseen interruptions in the logistics pipeline by
leveraging information technologies and optimizing its processes
(paragraph 1-46)
VM velocity management
WIN warfighter information network
WIN-T warfighter information network-tactical
WPS worldwide port system
WRSA war reserve stocks for allies
WRAS-K war reserve stocks for allies-Korea

Glossary-16
 Bibliography

JOINT AND MULTISERVICE PUBLICATIONS

JP 0-2. Unified Action Armed Forces (UNAAF). 10 July 2001
JP 1-0. Doctrine for Personnel Support to Joint Operations. 19 November 1998
JP 1-02. DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms. 12 April 2001
JP 1-05. Religious Ministry Support for Joint Operations. 26 August 1996
JP 1-06. Joint Tactics, Techniques and Procedures for Financial Management During
Joint Operations. 22 December 1999
JP 3-0. Doctrine for Joint Operations. 10 September 2001
JP 3-05.1. Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Joint Special Operations Task
Force Operations, 19 December 2001
JP 3-07.6. Joint Tactics, Techniques and Procedures for Foreign Humanitarian
Assistance. 15 August 2001
JP 3-16. Joint Doctrine for Multinational Operations. 5 April 2000
JP 3-35. Joint Deployment and Redeployment operations. 7 September 1999
JP 4-0. Doctrine for Logistics Support of Joint Operations. 6 April 2000
JP 4-01. Joint Doctrine for the Defense Transportation System. 19 March 2003
JP 4-01.3. Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Movement Control. 9 April 2002
JP 4-01.4. Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Joint Theater Distribution.
22 August 2000
JP 4-01.7. JTTP for Use of Intermodal Containers in Joint Operations. 7 January 1997
JP 4-01.8. Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Joint Reception, Staging,
Onward Movement, and Integration. 13 June 2000
JP 4-02. Doctrine for Health Service Support in Joint Operations. 30 July 2001
JP 4-02.1. JTTP for Health Services Support Logistic Support in Joint Operations.
6 October 1997
JP 4-05. Joint Doctrine for Mobilization Planning. 22 June 1995
JP 4-05.1. Joint Tactics, Techniques and Procedures for Manpower Mobilization and
Demobilization Operations: Reserve Component (RC) Callup. 11 November 1998
JP 4-06. JTTP for Mortuary Affairs Operations. 28 August 1996
JP 4-07. JTTP for Common-User Logistics During Joint Operations. 11 June 2001
JP 4-08. Joint Doctrine for Logistics Support of Multinational Operations.
25 September 2002
JP 4-09. Joint Doctrine for Global Distribution. 14 December 2001
JP 5-0. Doctrine for Planning Joint Operations. 13 April 1995
JP 5-00.2. Joint Task Force (JTF) Planning Guidance and Procedures. 13 January 1999
UCMJ. Uniform Code of Military Justice.

Bibliography-1
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE POLICY

DODD 1315.6. Responsibilities for Military Troop Construction Support of the
Department of the Air Force Overseas. 26 August 1978
DODD 2310.1. DOD Program for Enemy Prisoners of War (POW) and Other Detainees.
18 August 1994
DODD 4140.25. DOD Management Policy for Energy Commodities and Related Services.
20 April 1999
DODD 4500.9. Transportation and Traffic Management. 26 January 1989
DODD 4525.6. Single Manager for Military Postal Service., 5 May 1980
DODD 4705.1. Management of Land-Based Water Resources in Support of Joint
Contingency Operations. 9 July 1992
DODD 5030.49. DOD Customs Inspection Program. 6 January 1984
DODD 5100.1. Functions of the Department of Defense and its Major Components.
1 August 2002
DODD 5160.65. Single Manager for Conventional Ammunition (SMCA). 8 March 1995
DODD 5500.7. Standards of Conduct. 30 August 1993
DODD 5515.8. Single Service Assignment of Responsibility for Processing of Claims.
9 June 1990
DODI 4140.50. Management of DOD Locomotives. 9 December 1982
DOD Memo. Mortuary Affairs
NATO MC 319/1. NATO Principles and Policies for Logistics (http://www.nato.int)
NATO MCD 389. Combined Joint Task Force Concept (http://www.nato.int)

ARMY REGULATIONS
AR 25-51. Official Mail and Distribution Management. 30 November 1992
AR 27-10. Military Justice. 6 September 2002
AR 75-15. Responsibilities and Procedures for Explosive Ordnance Disposal.
1 November 1978
AR 165-1. Chaplain Activities in the United States Army. 27 February 1998
AR 220-90. Army Bands. 27 November 2000
AR 360-1. The Army Public Affairs Program. 15 September 2000
AR 700-136. Tactical Land Based Water Resources Management in Contingency
Operations. 1 April 1993
AR 710-2. Inventory Management Supply Policy Below the Wholesale Level.
31 October 1997
AR 750-1. Army Materiel Maintenance Policy and Retail Maintenance Operations.
1 August 1994

ARMY FIELD MANUALS

FM 1 (FM 100-1). The Army. 14 June 2001
FM 1-05 (FM 16-1). Religious Support. 18 April 2003
FM 3-0 (FM 100-5). Operations 14 June 2001
FM 3-04.500 (FM 1-500). Army Aviation Maintenance. 26 September 2000

Bibliography-2
______________________________________________________________________________ Bibliography

FM 3-05.103. Multiservice Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Special Operations

Forces in Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Environments (NTTP 3-11.30;
AFTTP(I) 3-2.35; USSOCOM PUB 3-11). 28 September 2001
FM 3-07 (FM 100-19 and FM 100-20). Stability Operations and Support Operations.
20 February 2003
FM 3-4. NBC Protection (will be revised as FM 3-11.4). 29 May 1992
FM 3-5. NBC Decontamination (will be revised as FM 3-11.5). 28 July 2000
FM 3-11 (FM 3-100). Multiservice Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Nuclear,
Biological, and Chemical Defense Operations. 10 March 2003
FM 3-19.1 (FM 19-1). Military Police Operations. 22 March 2001
FM 3-19.4 (FM 9-4). Military Police Leader’s Handbook. 4 March 2002
FM 3-19.40 (FM 19-40). Military Policy Internment/Resettlement Operations.
1 August 2001
FM 3-35.4. Deployment Fort-to-Port. 18 June 2002
FM 3-90 (FM 100-40). Tactics. 4 July 2001
FM 3-100.2 (FM 100-103-1). ICAC2 Multiservice Procedures for Integrated Combat
Airspace Command and Control. 30 June 2000
FM 3-100.21 (FM 100-21). Contractors on the Battlefield. 3 January 2003
FM 4-01.011 (FM 55-65). Unit Movement Operations. 31 October 2002
FM 4-02 (FM 8-10). Force Health Protection in a Global Environment. 13 February 2003
FM 4-02.1. Combat Health Logistics. 28 September 2001
FM 4-02.6 (FM 8-10-1). The Medical Company Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures.
1 August 2002
FM 4-02.10. Theater Hospitalization. 29 December 2000
FM 4-02.17. Preventive Medicine Services. 28 August 2000
FM 4-02.19 (FM 8-10-19). Dental Service Support in a Theater of Operations.
1 March 2001
FM 4-30.3 (FM 9-43-1). Maintenance Operations and Procedures. 1 September 2000
FM 4-93.4 (FM 63-4). Theater Support Command. 15 April 2003
FM 4-93.51 (FM 63-21-1). Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for the Division Support
Battalion. 26 May 2002
FM 4-93.53 (FM 63-21-1). Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for the Division Aviation
Support Battalion. 2 May 2002.
FM 5-100. Engineer Operations (will be revised as FM 3-34). 27 February 1996
FM 5-116. Engineer Operations: Echelon above Corps (will be revised as FM 3-34.211).
9 February 1999
FM 6-22.5 (FM 22-9). Combat Stress. 23 June 2000
FM 8-10-6. Medical Evacuation in a Theater of Operations Tactics, Techniques, and
Procedures (will be revised as FM 4-02.2). 14 April 2000
FM 8-10-18. Veterinary Services Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (will be revised as
FM 4-02.18). 22 August 1997
FM 8-42. Combat Health Support in Stability Operations and Support Operations (will
be revised as FM 4-02.42). 27 October 1997

Bibliography-3
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

FM 8-51. Combat Stress Control in a Theater of Operations (will be revised as

FM 4-02.51). 29 September 1994
FM 8-55. Planning for Health Service Support (will be revised as FM 4-02.55).
9 September 1994
FM 9-6. Munitions Support in the Theater of Operations (will be revised as FM 4-30.1).
20 March 1998
FM 9-15. Explosive Ordnance Disposal Service and Unit Operations (will be revised as
FM 4-30.5). 8 May 1996
FM 10-1. Quartermaster Principles (will be revised as FM 4-20). 11 August 1994
FM 10-23. Basic Doctrine for Army Field Feeding and Class I Operations Management
(will be revised as FM 4-20.2). 18 April 1996
FM 10-52. Water Supply in Theaters of Operations (will be revised as FM 4-20.21).
11 July 1990
FM 10-52-1. Water Supply Point Equipment and Operations (will be revised as
FM 4-20.23). 18 June 1991
FM 10-64. Mortuary Affairs Operations (will be revised as FM 4-20.64).
16 February 1999
FM 10-67-1. Concepts and Equipment of Petroleum Operations (will be revised as
FM 4-20.12). 2 April 1998
FM 10-500-1. Airdrop Support Operations in a Theater of Operations (will be revised as
FM 4-20.41). 19 June 1991
FM 12-6. Personnel Doctrine (will be revised as FM 1-0). 9 September 1994
FM 12-50. U.S. Army Bands (will be revised as FM 1-19). 15 October 1999
FM 14-100. Financial Management Operations (will be revised as FM 1-06). 7 May 1997
FM 22-51. Leaders’ Manual For Combat Stress Control (will be revised as FM 4-02.22).
29 September 1994
FM 24-1. Signal Support in the Airland Battle (will be revised as FM 6-02).
15 October 1990
FM 24-7. Tactical Local Area Network (LAN) Management (will be revised as FM 6-02.7).
8 October 1999
FM 27-100. Legal Support to Operations (will be revised as FM 1-04.0). 1 March 2000
FM 34-130. Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield (will be revised as FM 2-01.3).
8 July 1994
FM 54-30. Corps Support Groups (will be revised as FM 4-93.30). 17 June 1993
FM 54-40. Area Support Group (will be revised as FM 4-93.40). 3 October 1995
FM 55-1. Transportation Operations (will be revised as FM 4-01). 3 October 1995
FM 55-10. Movement Control (will be revised as FM 4-01.30). 9 February 1999
FM 55-17. Cargo Specialists’ Handbook (will be revised as FM 4-01.5). 16 February 1999
FM 55-20. Rail Transport in a Theater of Operations (will be revised as FM 4-01.41).
1 June 2000
FM 55-30. Army Motor Transport Units and Operations (will be revised as FM 4-01.40).
27 June 1997
FM 55-50. Army Water Transport Operations (will be revised as FM 4-01.50).
30 September 1993

Bibliography-4
______________________________________________________________________________ Bibliography

FM 55-60. Army Terminal Operations (will be revised as FM 4-01.50). 15 April 1996

FM 55-80. Army Container Operations (will be revised as FM 4-01.50). 13 August 1997
FM 63-2-1. Division Support Command Light Infantry, Airborne, and Air Assault
Division (will be revised as FM 4-93.25). 16 November 1992
FM 63-11. Logistics Support Element Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (will be
revised as FM 4-93.41). 8 October 1996
FM 63-20. Forward Support Battalion (will be revised as FM 4-93.20). 26 February 1990
FM 63-21. Main Support Battalion (will be revised as FM 4-93.21). 7 August 1990
FM 63-23. Aviation Support Battalion (will be revised as FM 4-93.23). 6 June 1996
FM 90-10. Military Operations on Urbanized Terrain (MOUT) (will be revised as
FM 3-06). 15 August 1979.
FM 100-6. Information Operations (will be revised as FM 3-13). 2 August 1996
FM 100-7. Decisive Force: The Army in Theater Operations (will be revised as FM 3-93).
31 May 1995
FM 100-8. The Army in Multinational Operations (will be revised as FM 3-16).
24 November 1997
FM 100-10-1. Theater Distribution (will be revised as FM 4-01.4). 1 October 1999
FM 100-10-2. Contracting Support on the Battlefield (will be revised as FM 4-100.2).
4 August 1999
FM 100-14. Risk Management (will be revised as FM 5-19). 23 April 1998
FM 100-17. Mobilization, Deployment, Redeployment, Demobilization (will be revised as
FM 3-35). 28 October 1992
FM 100-17-1. Army Pre-Positioned Afloat Operations (will be revised as FM 3-35.1).
27 July 1996
FM 100-17-2. Army Pre-Positioned Land (will be revised as FM 3-35.2).
16 February 1999
FM 100-17-3. Reception, Staging, Onward Movement, and Integration (will be revised as
FM 4-01.8). 17 March 1999
FM 100-17-5. Redeployment (will be revised as FM 3-35.5). 29 September 1999
FM 100-25. Doctrine for Army Special Forces Operations (will be revised as FM 3-05).
1 August 1999
FM 101-5. Staff Organization and Operations (will be revised as FM 5-0). 31 May 1997
FM 101-5-1. Operational Terms and Graphics (will be revised as FM 1-02).
30 September 1997

OTHER PUBLICATIONS
AAFES Reg 8-4. Army and Air Force Exchange Service Regulation
AAFES Reg 8-6 . Army and Air Force Exchange Service Operating Procedures
AJP 4. Allied Joint Logistic Doctrine
ALP 4.2. Land Forces Logistics
ALP 9. Land Forces Logistics Doctrine
CGSCM 3500.04B. Universal Joint Task List, Version 4.0. 01 October 1999.

Bibliography-5
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

Federal Acquisition Regulation. September 2001

SECDEF Memo. Veterinary Support: October 1990
SECDEF Memo. Joint Mortuary Affairs Program

PROJECTED PUBLICATIONS
FM 4-01.30. Movement Control
FM 4-30. Munitions Distribution in Theater of Operations
FM 4-93.55. DASB (Force XXI)
FM 4-93.7. Combat Service Support to the Interim Brigade Combat Team
FM 6-0. Command and Control
FM 7-15. The Army Universal Task List.
ST 9-11-X. Army Automation Support Procedures

Bibliography-6
 Index

A authorized stockage list (ASL), combatant command

1-12 (command authority)
acquisition (COCOM), 2-3
barriers to, 5-13 automation, 12-8
bulk fuel, 6-6 aviation command, 12-1
contract law, 12-5 combat role, 7-7 command and control (C2), 12-
DOD system, 4-3, 4-4 deploying forces, 3-23 9
DOD, from other countries, maintenance, 4-20, 8-7 communications zone
2-10 maintenance battalion, 4-23 (COMMZ), 1-10, 2-7, 3-19,
engineer command, 4-16 special operations, 3-27 3-22, 4-4, 8-16, 9-5, 13-4, A-
General Services tactical, 3-20 1
Administration (GSA), 4- transportation, 7-7
community support, 10-7
10
information systems, 8-8
B continuity of support, 3-2
materiel, 4-7 band, 1-8, 14-1 contract law, 12-5
program office, 4-4 banking and currency support, contract support, 11-2
real estate, 4-16, A-2 11-2
support requirements, 5-13 contractable functions on the
battle command brigade and battlefield, 5-24
U.S. Army Materiel
below system (FBCB2), 12-9
Command, 4-7 contracting
U.S. Total Army Personnel brigade external, 5-23
Command, 4-8 aviation, 4-23 field services, 1-2
direct support, 4-19 financial management, 1-8,
acquisition and cross-servicing
Force XXI, 5-4 11-1
agreements (ACSA), 2-3, 2-
forward support battalion, 4- host nation, 3-16
10, 12-5
22 managing, 5-23
Air Mobility Command (AMC), health service support, 3-24 negotiating agreements, 5-
3-14, 4-9, 7-2, 7-6 maneuver, 4-24, 8-17 13
airdrop, 2-9, 3-26, 4-23, 6-13, medical, 4-16, 9-5 system, 5-23
7-7 prepositioned sets, 5-6 tactical finance support, 11-
American Red Cross, 10-3, 10- separate, 4-23 2
7 supply support, 4-19 theater support, 5-23
support area, 6-3, 8-17, 10-
anticipation, 1-4, 1-16, 5-10, 5- contracting officers, 11-3
3
21, 10-2 support company, 4-22 controlled exchange, 8-10
Army and Air Force Exchange bulk fuel, 6-6 core legal discipline
Service (AAFES), 3-23, 4- administrative law, 12-4, 12-
10, 4-20, 5-22, 6-5, 6-7, 6-8, C 5
10-7 cannibalization, 8-10 civil law, 12-5
Army Battle Command System claims, 12-2, 12-7
casualty management, 9-2, 10-
(ABCS), 12-9 international law, 12-2, 12-
4
3, 12-4, 12-5
Army Claims Service, 12-7 characteristics legal assistance, 12-2, 12-7,
Army of Excellence, 12-4, 12-5, force projection, 3-7 12-8
12-6, 12-7, 12-8 characteristics, CSS, 1-4 military justice, 12-2, 12-3
Army service component civil affairs, 5-12 Corps of Engineers, 5-23
command (ASCC), 4-13, 4-
civilian personnel, 5-21 corps support battalion, 4-20,
14, 4-15, 5-5, 5-9, 5-13, 5-
civilians 4-24
17, 5-19, 6-9, 7-2, 8-16, 12-
3, 13-2, 13-3 Department of the Army, 5- corps support command
22 (COSCOM), 3-16, 4-17, 4-19
Army special operations forces
host nation, 7-5 customer wait time (CWT), 1-
(ARSOF), 3-26
pay support, 11-2 13
risk assessment, 5-24

Index-1
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

D laundry, shower, and human resource support (HRS)

Defense Finance and clothing, 6-14 DA civilians, 1-8
Accounting Service (DFAS), locations and sources, 6-9
mortuary affairs, 6-11 I
4-5, 11-1, 11-2, 11-4
water purification, 6-10 improvisation, 1-5, 2-5
Defense Logistics Agency
(DLA), 2-5, 2-8, 3-18, 4-2, 4- finance group, 4-16 information network
3, 5-16, 6-1, 6-9, 9-1 finance service, 4-18 legal, 12-8
seamless, 1-13
Defense Security Cooperation food preparation, 3-5, 6-4, 6-9, tactical, 5-19
Agency (DSCA), 4-5 6-10
information systems, 12-8
defensive operations, 3-2, 8-14 force projection, 2-7, 3-6
characteristics, 3-7 integration, 1-4, 1-6, 4-18, 7-2
dental services, 5-24, 9-4, 9-5,
9-8, 9-9 information technology, 3-7 international law, 12-3
maintenance units, 8-3
Department of Justice (DOJ), operational project stocks, J
12-6 5-6 Joint Force Commander (JFC),
deployment stock planner processes, 3-8 12-3
(DSP), 1-12 strategic level support joint logistics, 2-1
development, CSS, 1-14, 5-19 element, 4-2 coordinating, 4-17
terminal operations, 7-4
digitization, 5-3, 8-8 joint logistics and personnel
force protection, 5-8 operations, 2-3
disbursing, 11-2
force provider, 3-23, 3-24, 5- joint logistics and personnel
distribution
11, 6-14, 10-7 planning, 2-5
based CSS, 1-2, 1-10, 3-6
management, 3-5 Force XXI, 12-4, 12-5, 12-6, Joint Logistics Center (MJLC),
network, 3-5, 3-6, 3-9 12-7, 12-8, 12-9 2-13
plan, 3-16, 3-17, 3-24 forward logistics base, 6-3 joint logistics over-the-shore
system, 1-9, 3-5, 3-6, 3-7 forward support battalion (JLOTS), 3-14
division aviation support (FSB), 1-16, 4-21, 4-22, 8-17 joint support, 3-20
battalion (DASB), 4-23 forward surgical team (FST), 3- Judge Advocate General
division support area, 8-17 24, 4-22, 9-4 Corps, 12-1, 12-8
division support command functional areas, 12-1
(DISCOM), 4-17, 4-21, 5-19 L
G laundry and shower support, 1-
E general order, 12-1 7, 3-5, 3-23, 4-20, 5-24, 6-9,
engineer General Services 6-11, 6-14
command, 2-8, 4-16 Administration (GSA), 4-10 law of war, 12-1
distribution, 3-5
H Legal Automated Army-Wide
multinational force, 2-13
staging area, 3-24 System (LAAWS), 12-8
health service logistics (HSL),
supply, 6-7 legal service, 12-7, 12-8
9-4, 9-6
support, 1-8, 3-17, A-1 legal support, 12-1
transportation, 4-9, 7-2 health service support (HSS),
3-24, 4-21, 4-22, 4-23, 5-24, levels of war, 1-15, 4-1, 6-1, 7-
water, 6-10 2, 8-1, 8-14, 9-1, 10-1, 13-2
9-1
environmental considerations, blood, 1-7 logistics civil augmentation
1-8, 1-12, 4-16, 6-14, 12-2, continuity, 9-3 program (LOGCAP), 3-16, 6-
A-2 information systems, 9-11 9, 6-14, 12-5
environmental law, 12-5, 12-6 medical evacuation, 9-5 logistics preparation of the
equipment downtime analyzer operational, 9-2 theater, 3-9, 3-16, 4-6, 5-9,
(EDA), 1-12 principles, 9-3 7-3
rear areas, 9-3
F strategic, 9-1 logistics support element
tactical, 9-2 (LSE), 1-9, 1-17, 3-16
field services, 1-7, 3-2, 4-20, 6-
9 hospitalization, 1-7, 9-5 M
aerial delivery, 6-13 host nation support, 3-4, 3-6, 6- main support battalion (MSB),
food preparation, 6-9 1, 6-12, 7-7, 8-6, 11-3 4-21, 4-22
force provider, 6-14

Index-2
 ____________________________________________________________________________________ Index

maintenance, 1-7, 4-20, 5-11 military operations other than predeployment activities, 3-11
aviation, 8-7 war (MOOTW), 6-12 principal assistant responsible
AVIM, 8-7 military police (MP), 4-22, 7-3, for contracting (PARC), 3-16
AVUM, 8-7 10-3, 11-1
civilian assets, 3-3 R
contract, 11-2 Military Postal Service Agency
(MPSA), 4-10, 10-1, 10-6 real property maintenance
corps support, 4-22 activities (RPMA), 4-16, A-2
defensive operations, 3-2 Military Sealift Command
(MSC), 4-9, 7-1, 8-8, 9-5 religious support, 13-1
depot, 8-6, 8-7
direct supply, 4-22 Military Traffic Management replacement management, 10-
direct support, 4-15, 4-20, Command (MTMC), 3-15, 4- 2
4-22, 4-25, 8-5 9, 4-15, 7-1 resource management, 11-3
division aviation support, 4- responsiveness, 1-2, 1-4, 1-11
mission, enemy, terrain and
23
weather, troops and support Rucksack Deployable Law
equipment, 1-11
available, time available, civil Office and Library, 12-8, 12-
forward company, 4-24
considerations (METT-TC), 9
forward element, 1-16
1-9, 1-13, 1-15, 3-6, 3-20, 4-
forward supply, 4-21 rules of engagement (ROE),
19, 4-23, 5-2, 5-10, 7-3, 8-5,
future initiatives, 1-16 12-2
10-3
general support, 4-15, 8-6,
8-10 mobility, 12-9 S
information network, 1-14 mode operations, 7-6 Security Assistance Program,
levels, 8-4 modularity, 8-14 4-7
levels of war, 8-1 security environment, 1-2
light division, 4-23 morale, welfare, and recreation
medical, 9-6, 9-7 (MWR), 3-3, 3-5, 6-14, 10-7 security objectives, 4-1
national program, 1-17 mortuary affairs, 4-20, 6-11, security planning, 3-12
NBC environment, 8-9 10-5 situational awareness, 5-20
offensive operations, 3-1, 3- multinational support, 1-4, 1-6, soldier readiness processing,
2 3-4, 4-24 12-8
operational support, 8-1
principles, 8-2 N special operations
prognostic information, 1-16 airborne support command,
national maintenance manager
recovery, 3-1 4-25
(NMM), 4-7
repair parts, 8-9, 8-10 Army, 3-26, 4-25
national maintenance program aviation, 3-27
signal-peculiar equipment,
(NMP), 1-15, 4-7 civil affairs unit, 5-12
8-8
stability operations, 3-3 O joint force, 3-26, 4-25
strategic support, 8-1 medical care, 9-4
offensive operations, 3-1, 5-10 operations security, 3-27
support battalion, 4-23
sustainment, 8-5, 8-9, 8-10 operational level, 1-9, 4-1, 4- religious support, 13-2
system, 8-3 13, 4-15, 5-13, 5-14, 5-15, 6- sustaining, 3-27
tactical support, 8-2 2, 6-5, 6-8, 6-13, 7-2, 8-1, 9- special operations forces
unit, 8-9 2 (SOF), 3-26
unit/operator, 8-5 operational-level roles, 4-12 Special Operations Support
watercraft, 8-8 operations law, 12-2, 12-6 Command (Airborne)
maintenance support teams (SOSCOM), 4-25
(MST), 3-23 P
special operations theater
manning, 1-8, 8-16, 10-2 personnel accounting, 1-8 support element (SOTSE),
medical support, 3-4 personnel and logistics system, 3-26
area, 9-10 1-3 split-based operations, 1-2, 1-
corps area, 4-21 personnel management, 4-8, 5- 6, 1-9, 1-10, 1-15, 3-21, 3-
division aviation support 22 22, 4-2, 5-9, 6-3, 9-6, 10-4
battalion, 4-23 personnel operations, 2-1 stability operations, 3-3
laboratory, 9-10
support battalion, 4-23 personnel planning, 2-5 Staff Judge Advocate (SJA),
water supply, 6-11 petroleum 12-3, 12-4, 12-5, 12-6, 12-8,
packaged products, 6-7 12-9

Index-3
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) __________________________________________________________________

Standard Army Maintenance considerations, 6-1 tactical-level roles, 4-17

System (SAMS), 1-13 containerization, 5-8 tactical-level supply, 6-3
strategic-level commands, 4-6, distribution-based, 1-10
host nation support, 5-8 tactical-level support, 1-11
4-7
offensive operations, 3-1 trial defense service, 12-3
strategic-level elements, 3-10, operational considerations,
4-2 Trial Judiciary, 12-3
6-2
strategic-level religious system, 6-1 U
support, 13-2 tactical considerations, 6-3 U.S. Army Legal Services
strategic-level roles, 4-2 water, 6-8 Agency, 12-6
strategic-level services, 4-2 supply and field services, 1-6, U.S. Army Materiel Command
5-24, 6-1 (USAMC), 1-9, 2-8, 3-16
Stryker brigade combat team
(SBCT), 1-14, 3-21 support group logistics support element
support battalion, 4-24 area, 2-8, 3-23, 4-15, 8-13, (LSE), 1-17, 3-16
A-1, A-2 Uniform Code of Military
supply, 1-6, 4-19, 5-11
corps, 3-23, 4-20, 4-21, 8- Justice (UCMJ), 12-2
Class I, 6-4
13 urban operations, 3-24
Class II, 6-5
Class III, 6-6 T
Class IV, 6-7 V
tactical-level operations, 2-7 velocity management (VM), 1-
Class VI, 6-7
Class VII, 6-8 tactical-level religious support, 12
classes of, 6-3 13-2

Index-4
 FM 4-0 (FM 100-10)
29 August 2003

By order of the Secretary of the Army:

PETER J. SCHOOMAKER
General, United States Army
Chief of Staff

Official:

JOEL B. HUDSON
Administrative Assistant to the
Secretary of the Army
0321204

DISTRIBUTION:
Active Army, Army National Guard, and U.S. Army Reserve: To be distributed in
accordance with the initial distribution number 110406, requirements for FM 4-0.
PIN: 080971-000