tated hy) Vocabulary in Use TT UC Leh Cae CAMBRIDGE PINs amo ttyEnglish Vocabulary in Use eal Slat Felicity O’Dell CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESSThe Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom ‘The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK wwwscup.camaac.uk 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA www.cup.org 10 Stamford Road, Oakleigh, Melbourne 3166, Australia Ruiz de Alarcén 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain © Cambridge University Press 1994 ‘This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception, and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 1994 Ninth printing 1999 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge A catalogue record for this book #s available from the British Library ISBN 0 521 423961Contents Acknowledgements vi Using this book 1 Introduction 1 Learning vocabulary ~ general advice Learning vocabulary ~ aids to learning Organising a vocabulary notebook The names of English language words Using your dictionary Revising vocabulary Formal and informal words Naas Word formation 8 Suffixes (e.g. actor, permission, modernise) 9. Prefixes (c.g. over-worked, exhale) 10 Roots (e.g. impress, pressure, expression) 11 Abstract nouns (e.g. faith, hope and love) 12 Compound adjectives (e.g. well-dressed, time-consuming) 13 Compound nouns ~ combinations of two nouns (e.g. baby-sitter, youth hostel) 14 Compound nouns — combinations of verb + preposition (e.g. drawback, input) 15 Words with interesting origins ~ people and places (e.g. hooligan, denim) 16 Words with interesting origins ~ from other languages (e.g. bistro, rucksack) 17 Onomatopoeic words ~ words that sound like their meaning (e.g. grumble, smash) 18. Words commonly mispronounced (e.g. worry, cough) 19 Homonyms ~ words pronounced and/or spelt the same (e.g. row, row; bow, bough) Connecting and linking 20 Time (e.g. as soon as, while, afterwards) 21 Condition (e.g. unless, provided that) 22 Cause, reason, purpose and result (e.g. owing to, with the aim of, as a result) 23. Concession and contrast (e.g. although, on the other hand) 24 Addition (e.g. in addition, furthermore, besides) 25 Text-referring words (e.g. issue, problem) ‘Countables and uncountables 26 Uncountable words (e.g. information, advice) 27 Words that only occur in the plural (¢.g. scissors) 28 Countable and uncountable with different meanings (e.g. paper and a paper) 29 Collective nouns (e.g. a flock of sheep) 30 Making uncountable words countable (e.g, a loaf of bread) English Vocobulary in Use iiliv Topics $31 Countries, nationalit 32 The weather 33. Describing people ~ appearance 34. Describing people - character 35 Relationships 36 Achome 37 Everyday problems 38 Global problems 39 Education 40 Work 41 Sport 42 The arts 43 Food 44 The environment 45 Towns 46 The natural world 47 Clothes 48. Health and medicine 49 Travel 50 Holidays 51 Numbers and shapes 52. Science and technology 53 The press and media 54 Politics and public institutions SS Crime 56 Money ~ buying, selling and paying ies and languages Notional concepts 57 Number, quantity, degree and intensity 58 Time 59 Distances and dimensions 60 Obligation, need, possibility and probability 61 Sound and light 62 Possession, giving and lending, 63 Movement and speed 64 Texture, brightness, weight and density 65 Success, failure and difficulty 66 Containers and contents (e.g. box of matches, jar of jam) Feelings and actions 67 Belief and opinion 68 Pleasant and unpleasant feelings 69 Like, dislike and desire 70 Speaking 71 The six senses 72. What your body does 73. What animals do English Vocabulary in UseFixed expressions 74 75 76 7 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 Idioms and fixed expressions ~ general (different types; advice on their use) Everyday expressions (e.g. as | was saying, that reminds me) Similes —as...as... /like... (e.g as white as a sheet) Binomials (e.g. odds and ends, spick and span) Idioms describing people (e.g. to have a heart of gold) Idioms describing feelings or mood (e.g. to be in a black mood, to shake in your shoes) Idioms connected with problematic situations (e.g. to take the bull by the horns) Idioms connected with praise and criticism (e.g. she’s streets ahead of the other girls, the world’s worst) Idioms connected with using language (e.g. to talk behind somebody's back, to put ° in a nutshell) Idioms ~ miscellaneous Proverbs (e.g, Many hands make light work.) Phrasal verbs and verb-based expressions 85 86 87 88 89 90 ” Expressions with do and make Expressions with bring and take Expressions with get Expressions with set and put Expres Expres: ‘Miscellaneous expressions (with break, run, turn, let, etc.) Varieties of English 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 Key Headline English (e.g. boost, axe) US English (e.g. elevator, downtown) Other Englishes Slang (e.g. copper, bread) The language of notices (e.g. refrain, trespassers) ‘Words and gender (e.g. waiter/waitress, chairperson, headteacher) Abbreviations (e.g. UN, OPEC, lab) New words in English Discourse markers (e.g. Right! Mind you!) 202 List of phonetic symbols 270 Index 271 English Vocabulary in Use vvi Acknowledgements We are particularly grateful to Jeanne MeCarten and Geraldine Mark at Cambridge University Press who provided us with so much clear-sighted help and creative guidance at al stages during the writing of this book. We should also like to thank Stuart Redman for his thorough and invaluable report on the initial manuscript. We are grateful to students and staff at various institutions who assisted in piloting the materials: Jon Butt and Elaine Smith, International House, London; Nick Kenny, International Language Academy, Cambridge; Brigitte Marrec, Université Paris X, France; Suzanne Pilot, Lycée Blaise Pascal, Longuenesse, France; Tony Robinson, Eurocentre, Cambridge; lan Scott, Centre for English Language Education, University of Nottingham; Karen Thompson, International House, Toulouse, France; Clare West, English Language Centre, Hove. Lastly, we thank Noirin Burke at CUP who took over the management of the manuscript in its final stages. ‘The authors and publishers would like to thank the following for permission to reproduce copyright material in English Vocabulary in Use. While every effort has been made, it has not been possible to identify the sources of all the material used and in such cases the publishers would welcome information from the copyright holders. p.2: extract from The English Language by David Crystal (Penguin Books, 1988), copyright © David Crystal, reproduced by permission of Penguin Books Ltd.; p.10: definition of ‘malignant’ from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English, edited by A. S. Hornby (fourth edition 1989), reproduced by permission of Oxford University Press; p.10: definition of thairy’ and p.11: definition of ‘casual’ both from Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary (1987), reproduced by permission of HarperCollins Publishers; p-90: extract from Fodor's Ireland, Fodor's Travel Publication (1989); p.92: extract from ‘The Cambridge Encyclopedia by David Crystal (1991), Cambridge University Press. Illustrations by Amanda MacPhail, Kathy Baxendale and Ken Brooks, English Vocabulary in UseUsing this book ‘Why was this book written? It was written to help you to improve your English vocabulary. It will help you to learn not only the meanings of words but also how they are used. You can use this book cither with a teacher or for self-study. How is the book organised? The book has 100 two-page units. In most units, the left-hand page explains the words and expressions to be studied in that unit. Where appropriate, it gives information about how the words are used as well as their meaning. The right-hand page checks that you have understood the information on the left-hand page by giving you a series of exercises practising what you have just learnt, Occasionally the right-hand page will also teach you some more new words. There is a key at the back of the book. The key does not always simply give you one right answer. It sometimes also comments on the answers and will help you learn more about the words studied in the unit There is an index at the back of the book. This lists all the words and phrases covered in the book and refers you to the units where these words or phrases are discussed. The index also tells you how difficult and unusual words are pronounced, It uses the International Phonetic Alphabet to do this and the symbols you need to know are listed at the beginning of the index. How should I use this book? The book is divided into a number of sections. Complete the seven introductory units first. These units not only teach you some useful new vocabulary but they also help you with useful techniques for vocabulary learning in general. After completing those units, you might want to work straight through the book or you might prefer to do the units in any order that suits you ‘What else do | need in order to work ‘h this book? You need some kind of vocabulary notebook or file where you can write down the new words you are learning, (See Unit 3 for advice on how to do this.) You also need to have access to a couple of good dictionaries. This book selects the words that are most important for you to learn at your level and it gives you the most important information about those words but you will sometimes need to refer to a dictionary as well for extra information about meaning and usage. Firstly, you need an English-English dictionary for foreign learners. Good ones are The Cambridge International Dictionary of English, the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary and the Collins Cobuild English Language Dictionary, for example. Secondly, you will also find a good bilingual dictionary useful. Ask a teacher to recommend a good bilingual dictionary for you, (See Unit 5 for advice on using your dictionaries.) English Vocabulary in Use 'Learning vocabulary - general advice What do you need to learn? 1 How many words are there in English? At least: a) 10,000 'b) 100,000 c) 250,000 d) 500,000, 2 Winston Churchill was famous for his particularly large vocabulary. How many words did he use in his writing? a) 10,000 b) 60,000 c) 100,000 d) 120,000 3 How many words does the average native English speaker use in his/her everyday speech? a) 2,500 b) 5,000 ~~) 7,500) 10,000 4 How many words make up 45% of everything written in English? a)50-b)250¢) 1,000) 2,500 To sum up, there are many words you don’t need at all and there are other words that you simply need to understand when you read or hear them. Finally, there are words which you need to be able to use yourself. Clearly you need to spend most time learning this last group. In the text below mark the words you'd like to be able to use. English vocabulary has a remarkable range, flexibility and adaptability. Thanks to the periods of contact with foreign languages and its readiness to coin new words out of old elements, English seems to have far more words in its core vocabulary than other languages. For example, alongside kingly (from Anglo-Saxon) we find royal (from French) and regal (from Latin). ‘There are many such sets of words which add greatly to our opportunities to express subtle shades of meaning at various levels of style. You probably marked many words that you would like to be able to use. Unless you are studying linguistics, however, you probably need only to understand, rather than to use, the verb ‘coin’ as used in the context above. What does knowing a new word mean? * Ic is not enough just to know the meaning of a word. You also need to know: a) what words it is usually associated with b) whether it has any particular grammatical characteristics ¢) how itis pronounced * Try to learn new words not in isolation but in phrases. * Write down adjectives together with nouns they are often associated with and vice versa, e.g. royal family; rich vocabulary. * Write down verbs with the structure and nouns associated with them, e.g, to add to our knowledge of the subject; to express an opinion. * Write down nouns in phrases, e.g. in contact with; a train set; shades of opinion. * Write down words with their prepositions, e.g. at a high level; thanks to your help, * Note any grammatical characteristics of the words you are studying. For example, note when a verb is irregular and when a noun is uncountable or is only used in the plural. * Make a note of any special pronunciation problems with the words you're learning. English Vocabulary in Use1 How could you record the following? a) chilly) dissuade c) king d) up tothe ears) independent _f) get married 2. What would you record beside the following words? a) scissors b) weather ¢) teach d) advice e) lose f) trousers 3. What might you note beside the following words? a)comb—b) catastrophe _c) photograph/photographer Can you learn just by reading or listening to English? You will certainly help yourself to learn English vocabulary not only by studying with this book but also by reading and listening to English. Give each of the items on the lists below a mark from 0 to 4 describing how important this way of learning vocabulary could be for you personally. Example: newspapers 3 newspapers TV (cable / subtitled) cinema —magazines_—_video. radio (e.g. BBC World Service) academic or professional literature fiction simplified readers (with or without cassettes) music or other cassettes talking to native speakers What should you do when you come across new words? When you are reading something in English, don’t look up every new word or expression or you will soon get fed up. Only look up something that is really important for understanding the text. When you have finished reading, look back at what you have read and then perhaps look up some extra words and write down new expressions that interest you. Similarly when you listen to English don’t panic when you hear some words or expressions that you don’t know. Keep listening and the overall meaning will often become clear. When you read or listen to English it is sometimes possible to guess the meaning of a word you don’t know before you look up or ask its meaning. Decide first what part of speech the word is and then look for clues in its context or form. Before you read the text below, check whether you know what the underlined words mean. A tortoise is a shelled reptile famed for its slowness and longevity. The Giant Tortoise of the Galapagos may attain over 1.5 metres in length and have a lifespan of more than 150 years. Smaller tortoises from Southern Europe and North Africa make popular pets. They need to be tended carefully in cool climates and must have a warm place in which they can hibernate. Which of the marked words can you perhaps guess from the context or from the way the word is formed? Guess and then check whether you were correct by using a dictionary. Some words are impossible to guess from context or the structure of the word. In such cases, ask someone of go toa dictionary for help. How are you going to plan your vocabulary learning? 1 How many words and expressions do you intend to learn each week? a)S by) 10) 1S d) more than 15 2. Where and when are you going to learn them? a) on your way to school or work —b) before dinner) in bed d) other 3. How often are you going to revise your work? a)onceaweek —b) oncea month —¢) before atest) once a year English Vocabulary in Use 32. Learning vocabulary — aids to learning Zz Help yourself to learn by learning associated words together Learn words with associated meanings together. Learning words together that are associated in meaning is a popular and useful way of organising your vocabulary study. 1 Complete this network for the word CAT. Add as many other bubbles as you like. a — ( mew CO a If possible, compare your network with those done by other students. Add any of their ideas that you like to your network, Learn words with a grammatical association together. — _/ 2 Here are some groups of words, each of which has a grammatical connection. see what the connection is? What other words could you add to these groups? a) child tooth ox bj cut split burst ¢) information furniture food Learn together words based on the same root. 3. Can you add any words or expressions to these nwo groups? a) price priceless overpriced b) handy single-handed give me a hand “"B Pictures and diagrams can help you learn Here are some ways in which pictures might help you to remember vocabulary. ES WZ ° stomach intestines Can you draw any pictures that would help you remember the following vocabulary? acircle tolook a gift horse in the mouth —_ screwdriver 4 Engish Vocabulary in UseWord trees can be useful. 1 Look at the word tree for holiday. Now complete a tree for school. Word forks are good ways of learning adjectives and verbs. 2. Look at the complete word forks below. Finish the others. shoot magnificent_| unusual idea view great__| car in_ | excellent review | Matrices can also clarify collocations. This book will sometimes use matrices to help to clarify word associations. Look at the following example of a matri: aoa a motorbike | atrain Bitonene ieiclne to fly - r —_ to drive + + wo ride + + ~ | 3. Now complete the following sentences. a) She has always wanted to have the chance to ateain, b) Russian women are not allowed to passenger aircraft. ° a motorbike can be very dangerous. ‘You will do moge practice with these and other ways of writing down vocabulary in Unit 3. English Vocabulary in Use 5Organising a vocabulary notebook There is no one correct way to organise a vocabulary notebook, but it is a good idea to think about possible ways of doing so. Here are some possibilities and examples. Organising words by meaning This book divides vocabulary into a large number of different topics, probably far too many for a notebook, but you could try dividing your book into different broad sections, with sections for words for feelings, words to describe places, words for movement, words for thinking, etc. In this way you can build families of words related in meaning. Using various types of diagrams Words thar can be grouped under a heading or a more general word can be drawn as a tree- diagram. (See also Unit 2.) ee ee living roont —— kitchen 4 oIN YIN 4oN sofa bookcase lamp wardrobe stool dresser The dotted lines mean that you can add more words to the tree as you meet them. A bubble-network is also useful, since you can make it grow in whatever direction you want clon (hatchback > A Spanish learner of English, Angeles, gave us an interview on how she marks word-class in her personal notebook. This is what she said: Organising by word-class ‘What Ihave just started doing is to write them depending on if they are verbs or nouns or adjectives or phrases. if they are phrases | write them in red and also the definition. IF they are verbs, in black, and blue if they are nouns...And if | write the Spanish translation write it in another colour, 60 it’s easy to see...| draw some pictures too.” When you meet a synonym or an antonym of a word you already have in your book, enter it next to that word with a few notes: uavany rural stop = cease(inere: format) Englsh Vocabulary in Use3.8 3.2 3.3 3.4 Exercises Here is a list of words a Spanish learner of English has made in her vocabulary notebook. How could she improve them and organise them better? clock - relaj belt he ime - decir ba hore nh daose pena office - deopacha tock under Imust rush tengo prisa/tengo que corer drowry- the room uma hat and I got drawsy wristwatch ~ rele; de pulsera Whak time do you male it? nent to junto a/ak lado de hands - the minute- hand (minutero) wide- awake (fully aumke) Here is a word-map, a variation on the bubble-network. What word do you think should go in the middle of the diagram? box play comedy circle performance tragedy etalle producer 1 director programme ‘actor nae ‘One learner we interviewed said he tested himself regularly with his notebook, covering up the word and trying to guess it from the translation he had written or from any other notes he had made. This was his system: 1 If the notes and/or translation were clear but he could not get the word, he made a small red mark in the margin. If any word got three red marks, then it needed extra attention and a special effort to learn it. 2. If the notes and/or translation could not help him guess what the word might be, then the word got a blue mark. A blue mark meant ‘Write more information about this word!” What is your testing system? Try to make one if you have not got one, or ask other people what they do. Try your system out and decide whether it needs improving. ‘Making tables for word-classes is a good idea, since you can fill in the gaps over time. What do you think this learner will put in the remaining gaps in the table? noun verb adjective person production produce producer industry industrial export Englch Vocabulary in Use 74 The names of English language words A The names of basic parts of speech in English article adjective noun verb adverb preposition conjunction pronoun gerund / 7 7 ye we RF Fe Yo 4 A good student works hard at her books and she enjoys learning. Words relating to nouns Look at the sentence An artist loves beauty; artist is countable, i. it has a plural form. (artists), but beauty is uncountable; artist is the subject of the verb as it describes who does the verb; beauty is the object, ie. what is affected by the verb. Words relating to verbs infinitive (to go) ing form (going) __past participle (gone) Go (go, gone, went) is an irregular verb whereas live (live, lived, lived) is regular. Go is also intransitive because it does not need an object, ¢.g. Has Luis gone? Make is transitive because it is followed by an object — you make something. ‘Words relating to the construction of words In the word, irregularity, ir- is a prefix, regular is a root and -ity is a suffix. Fat is the . opposite or antonym of shin and plump isa synonym of ft, A word family ita st of words based on one root, e.g, word, wordy, to reword. A phrase does not include a main verb — a word isan exarnple of a phrase. A sentence has a main verb it begins witha capital letter and ends with a full stop. Words relating to pronunciation A syllable is the minimum sound unit of a language consisting of one vowel and any consonants on either side. There are three syllables in the word ‘minimum’ (the first is mi, the second is mi and the third is mum) and the stress is on the first syllable. Onomatopocia means forming words that sound like their meaning, e.g. moo, buzz. Words and their associations Register means a style of speaking or writing appropriate to a particular social situation. Thus, slang is an extremely informal register and is only used by people who know each other very well. Colloquial is an adjective referring to language that is suitable mainly for conversation, e.g. He’s a nice guy. Pejorative describes words which have a negative association, Pig-headed is pejorative whereas determined, which is very close in meaning, is not. Collocation refers to words which frequently occur together, e.g. torrential rai, auburn hair. Words describing punctuation full stop, comma 3 semi-colon > apostrophe = hyphen =~ — dash ! exclamation mark —?- question mark (.) brackets * ” inverted commas ANNE block capitals English Vocabulary in Use4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.9 Exercises Look at the paragraph about register in F opposite. the following: ind at least three examples of each of 1 nouns 2 verbs 3 adjectives 4 adverbs 5. prepositions Considering the words in their context in F opposite, mark the nouns you've written in 4.1 with a C (countable) or UC (uncountable). Mark the verbs R (regular) or IR (irregular) and T (transitive) or IT intransitive, Complete the following table. [verb infinitive -ing form past participle define 5 mean write Think about the word informal. 1 What is its root, its prefix and its suffix? 2 What is its opposite or antonym? 3 Has it got any synonyms? 4 What words are included in its word family? $. Use it in (a) a phrase and (b) a sentence Look at all the words in bold in sections E, F and G opposite. In cach case mark which syllable is stressed. Match the following colloquial words with their more formal equivalents below. 1 chat (verb) 2 loo 3 chap 4 putup with 5 fiddle (noun) man violin lavatory converse tolerate The following pairs of words are close in meaning but one word in each case is pejorative. Which? 1 terrorist /freedom-fighter 3. fluent /wordy cunning / shrewd 2 slim / skinny 4 mean/thrifty 6 generous / extravagant Give examples of collocations based on the words noun, word and colloquial. Example: uncountable noun Cover the left-hand page and write the names of the following punctuation marks. () ? , English Vocabulary in Use 95 Using your dictionary Good dictionaries can tell you a lot more about a word than just its meaning, including (among other things): + Synonyms and their differences, e.g. mislay and lose * Antonyms (opposites), e.g. friend # enemy/foe *+ Collocations (how words go together), e.g. auburn combines only with hair (or connected words, e.g. curls) * Pronunciation: this will mean learning some symbols which are different from the letters of the English alphabet. @ thin thick 8 thinthen tf chin church J shin she 45 jinjam 3 _ sin pleasure ong inring #2 ainbad p — ointop 2: inform & —uinpur 9 ainabour A winup a: iinbird Most other symbols look just like ordinary letters of the English alphabet and their pronunciation is not so hard to guess. But check the table given in the index. * Word stress: often shown by a mark before the syllable to be stressed or by underlining, e.g, ad'vent fa/, wes tan/. Make sure you know how your dictionary marks stress. + Usage: how a word is used and any special grammatical pattern that goes with it, e.g. suggest + clause (not an infinitive) ~ I suggest you ring her right away. * Whether a word is used for people and/or things. For example, look at this entry for malignant: ma-lig-nant jms'ugnant ad) 1 (of people or their ‘actions) feeling or showing great desire to harm fthers: malevolent: @ malignant slander. attack, ‘thrust. 2 (a) (of a tumour) growing uncontro lably. and likely to prove fatal: The trowth is not ‘malignant. (b) (of aseases) harmful to life S maligmancy nanst n T[U} state of being ‘malignant. 2{C) malignant ram ‘ma-ligenantly adv * Word-class (usually abbreviations n: noun, adj: adjective, ete.), whether a noun is countable or uncountable, and whether a verb is normally transitive (needs an object) or intransitive (doesn’t need an object). Don’t forget that most words have more than one meaning, In this example, only the second meaning corresponds to the way hairy is used in this sentence: Ic was a really hairy journey on the mountain road. hairy snes. hairier, hairiest 1 Someone oF ssiqucr omen thas havy i covered with rns imp hl nary legs a. Ry Ihe ea. Neu describe a stoation 8 haey, ou meat. that awguuer ius easing, worrying and raler frightening. 2 at, ‘ery iorma ise ae lf gota tle niry when we rote mm tote sation th Tes than Fo mates tospare. English Vocabulary in Use5.2 5.3 5.4 Exercises With a bilingual dictionary, try a double search: look up a word in your language: dictionary may give several possibilities in English. Look up each of those possibil English section of the dictionary to see how they translate back into your language. This may help you to separate synonyms. If you own a dictionary, make a little mark in the margin each time you look a word up. If a word gets three or more marks, it is worth an extra effort to learn it, What other learning techniques are there for dictionaries? Small, bilingual dictionaries often just give three or four translations for a word you look up, without any explanation. Here are some pictures with translations you might find in such a dictionary. Which ones fit in the sentences? You may need to use a monolingual dictionary. ot a * sofa divan boots bootees sailing boat ketch couch settee wellingtons dinghy yacht 1 Come and sit on the and relax a while, 2 She bought a huge, luxury and went off round the world. 3 If you're going to stand in the water you should take your 4 It’s nota proper yacht; it’s just a tiny litle Which definition of casual fits which sentence? casual ke, casuals. | Something that is tg wate caaly ito is room, oeataloess ss owoexon “oval (i Rgpens ors done by chase fitout svcageWitntled casos he mentened to His Econ a ana!sevtig saraly w.'s coset, exovemee ice yw at ane or sang Wangs eee Gat Suita mach terest eT fads casusleiance ashe fopTaon! STKE BU ARE Dot SEDI, Or OF ee Faves a casal ice. ¢ cual ioverme — Seumuri Siauia's cassiyes Me was Weed eioveram Pou are cama you ae. or you pretend tbe, segura Exh anne irda Soap a ee al works dne for only stort me, and not ava Sth sou are song tendo appear ala permanent or remiar tsi so They employ “as Teanted her ances casalwave©camslly”oxmwrnm Casal riers io pick eft, canal} = HN 1 Tewas quite a casual outfit, just right for such an informal occasion. (definition no. ) 2 Tonly said it casually, but it shocked her. (.......) 3 I don’e get a salary; I'm just a casual. (.......) 4 Ie was just a casual encounter, but it changed my life. (.......) Pronunciation. What English words are these? 1 Jedgu'kerfan/ 4 Mubatil 2 Mpespott! 5. fra'vigan/ 3 /eg@! 6 Mbradal In the dictionary entry for hairy opposite how many synonyms can you see for the different meanings? Englsh Vocabulary in Use "6 Revising vocabulary | Here is an extract from a psychology book on the importance of revising in an active way. 12 Probably the commonest fault among students is failure to realise that learning is essentially an active process. Too many students sit for hours passively reading and re- reading notes and textbooks, without ever attempting actively to recall what they have read. The fallacy of this method has been amply shown by experiments. The same principles apply to more advanced forms of learning: for e' memory, some form of active expression is essential. The student, therefore, should read through the material he wants to master with close attention and should then reproduce the main points aloud or produce a written summary...An hour's concentrated work of this kind is more effective than three hours’ passive reading, (From A Modern Introduction to Psychology, Rex and Margaret Knight) Revising with this book When you revise a unit, first read it through. Then look at anything you wrote in your vocabulary notebook connected with the unit. Then, and most importantly, try to do something different with the new words and expressions in that unit in order to help fix them in your memory. Here are some suggestions: * Highlight (or underline) any words and expressions that you had forgotten or were not sure about. * Look at the unit and choose ten words and expressions that you particularly want or need to learn, Write them down, '* Look up any words that you selected in an English-English dictionary. Do these words have any other uses or associations that might help you learn them? Looking up the verb, wish, for example, might lead you to wishbone or wishful thinking. Write anything that appeals to you in an appropriate phrase or sentence. * Perhaps the dictionary can also help you find some other words based on the same root. Looking up the noun, employment, will lead you to the verb, employ, to the nouns, employer and employee, and, perhaps, to the adjectives employable, unemployed and self- employed. '* Write down the words and expressions you wish to learn in phonetic script. Use a dictionary to help you. ‘* Write down the words and phrases from a unit in your notebook in a different way ~ put them into a network or a table, perhaps. © The next day, ask yourself again: How much can [ remember? © Test yourself. Cover part of a word or phrase. Can you remember the complete word or phrase? When you have done all the steps above that you feel will be useful to you, close your book and notebook and remind yourself of what you have been studying. How much can you remember? English Vocabulary in UseMaking the new words active One of the great advantages of revising vocabulary is that it should help you to make the step from having something in your passive vocabulary to having it in your active vocabulary. Encourage this process by: * writing the words and expressions you are trying to learn in a sentence relating to your life and interests at the moment. # making a point of using the new words and expressions in your next class or homework. * keeping a learning diary in which you note down things that particularly interest you about the words you have learnt. © watching out for the words and expressions you are trying to learn in your general reading of English. If you come across any of them in use, write them down in their context in your diary or notebook. © writing a paragraph or story linking the words and expressions you want to learn, What can you remember? 1 What do you remember now from the first six units in this book? Answer without looking back at the units 2. Now read through the units again. 3. How much do you remember about the units now? 4 Choose at least one word and expression from each unit and work through all the suggestions made in B and C above. It may not always be appropriate in your future study to do all the steps in B but try them now for practice. Some plans for your work with this book 1 How often are you going to revise what you have done? (Every week? Every five units?) 2 Which techniques are you going to use for revising? 3. Now write yourself some notes to remind yourself of when you are going to revise. You might like, for instance, to write revise vocabulary in your diary for the next eight Fridays, if you decided to revise every week. Alternatively you could write REVISE in capital letters after, say, every five units in the book, English Vocabulary in Use 137 Formal and informal words = * “4 Formality is all about your relationship with the person you're speaking or writing to. If you use formal language, it may be because you wish to show respect, politeness, or to put yourself at a distance (for example, ‘official’ language). Informal language can show friendliness, equality or a feeling of closeness and solidarity with someone. You should never use informal language just to sound fluent or clever. Scales of formality Some groups of words can be put on a scale from (very) formal to (very) informal. [ey formal neutral very informal offspring children ‘kids abode/residence house/flat place | alcoholic beverages drink booze Short, monosyllabic informal words Informal versions of words are often short and monosyllabic, as we can see in the right-hand column in the table in A. They include slang words. (Unit 95 has more examples.) It cost me ten quid. [pounds] Till help you peel the spuds. [potatoes] My bike's been stolen. [bicycle] Lalways go by tube. [word used for the London Underground] Come and meet my Mum and Dad. [mother and father] Hit Can’t stop; see you, bye! [hello; goodbye] The milk’s in the fridge. [refrigerator] Clippings Shortening a word tends to make it less formal, as in fridge and bye in B. Til meet you in the lab(oratory). What's on telly tonight? [television] ‘We should put an ad(vertisement) / an advert(isement) in the (news)paper. Shall I (tele)phone them? Heer sister’s a vet(erinary surgeon). Formality in notices, instructions, etc. You will often see rather formal words in notices and suchlike, Make sure you know the meaning of the words used so that you could tell someone what the notice says using less formal words. ! THIS PUBLIC HOUSE 18 CLOSED UNTIL FURTHER NOTICE DONOT ADDRESS THE DRIVER UNLESS THE BUS ISSTATIONARY DO NOT ALIGHT WHILE THE BUS IS IN MOTION " ARTICLES DEPOSITED MUST BE PAID FOR IN ADVANCE We regret we cannot | Tickets must be purchased accept cheques before boarding the train English Vocabulary in Useva 7.2 7.3 7.4 75 Exercises If you look up an informal word in a monolingual dictionary, you will often find a neutral equivalent as part of the definition or explanation. For example, the Collins COBUILD dictionary entry for kid says: A kid is a child; an informal use. Use a monolingual dictionary to find neutral or more formal words for these: 1kip 2apal 3achap 4 cheerio = Sswot 6 ta!_—7 brainy Make this conversation more informal by changing some of the words. Refer to the left- hand page if necessary. 1M: Annie, can you lend me five pounds? ANNIE: What for? jit: Well, have to go and visit my mother and father, and my bicycle’s not working, so I'll have to take a taxi. ANNrE: Can't you telephone them and say you can’t come? JM: Well, I could, except I want to go because they always have lots of food, and the refrigerator at our flat is empty, as usual. ANNiE: Can’t you go by Underground? jim: Erm... ANNIE: Anyway, the answer's no. Say whether you feel the following remarks/sentences are okay, too formal or too informal for each situation described. If the remark/sentence is unsuitable, suggest what the person might say instead. 1 (Teenage boy to teenage girl at disco): D’you fancy an appointment one night next week? 2 (Parent to another parent at a school parents meeting): How many offspring do you have at the school? 3 (Dinner-guest to hostlhostess): No thanks, I never consume alcoholic beverages when I'm driving. . 4 (Student to University Professor): Will there be lab demonstrations next week? 5 (Business letter to a newspaper office): Dear Sir/Madam, I should like to enquire about the current charges for ads in your paper. My company is considering... etc. Mini-quiz: Find words on the left-hand page for the following. 1. The opposite of stationary. 2. The opposite of to board. 3 a)tobesorry bj to buy —_c) to speak to 4 Informal versions of Greetings! and Farewell! Express these notices in neutral or informal language. : 1 2 Children are requested not to deposit litter in the play-area Expenses can only be reimbursed upon production of dated receipts (See also Units 95 and 96 for other informal and formal words and expressions.) Engl Vocabulary in Use 158 Suffixes Suffixes can change the word-class and the meaning of the word. Hi. Common noun suffixes -er Jal is used for the person who does an activity, e.g. writer, worker, shopper, teacher. You can use -er with a wide range of verbs to make them into nouns. Sometimes, the /o/ suffix is written as -or instead of -er. It is worth making a special list of these as you meet them, e.g, actor, operator, sailor, supervisor. et/-o8 are also used for things which do a particular job, e.g. pencil-sharpener, bottle- ‘opener, grater, projector. __-tr and -ce can contrast with each other meaning ‘person who does something,’ (-er) and “person who receives or experiences the action’ (-ee), e.g. employer/employee, sender/addressee, payce (e.g. of a cheque). -(t)ion /f(a)n/ is used to make nouns from verbs. donation admission complication pollution reduction —_ alter: -ist person] and -ism [activity or ideology: used for people’s polities, beliefs and ideologies, ‘and sometimes their profession (compare with -er/-or professions above), e.g. Marxism, Buddhism, journalism, anarchist, physicist, terrorist. -ist is also often used for people who play musical instruments, e.g. pianist, violinist, cellist. -ness is used to make nouns from adjectives. Note what happens to adjectives that end in -y: ‘goodness, readiness, forgetfulness, happiness, sadness, weakness. mm: Adjective suffix able/-ible /abl/ with verbs, means ‘can be done’. drinkable washable readable recognizable countable__—_ forgivable Examples with -ible: edible (can be eaten) _flexible (can be bent) ise (or -ize) makes verbs from adjectives, e.g. modernise, commercialise, industrialise. ; | Other suffixes that can help you recognise the word class (nouns) excitement enjoyment replacement (nouns) flexibility productivity _ scarcity “Food: (abstract nouns especially family terms) childhood motherhood “ship: (abstract nouns especially status) friendship partnership membership (adjectives) passive productive active legal (nouns) refusal arrival adjectives) delicious outrageous furious adjectives) forgetful hopeful useful Hess: (adjectives) useless harmless cloudless “ify: (verbs) beautify purify terrify Note: the informal suffix -ish, which can be added to most common adjectives, ages and times to make them less precise, e.g. She's thirtyish. He has reddish hair. Come about cightish. 16 English Vocabulary in Use8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 Exercises ‘The -er/-or, -ee and -ist suffixes. Use the suffixes to give the names of the following. Example: A person who plays jazz on the piano. a jazz pianist The thing that wipes rain off your car windscreen, A person who plays classical violin. A person who takes professional photographs. (N.B. pronunciation) A person who acts in amateur theatre. The person to whom a cheque is made out. ‘A machine for washing dishes. A person who donates their kidneys upon their death. The person to whom a letter is addressed. ean aene Each picture is of an object ending in -er, Can you name them? List six jobs you would like to have in order of preference. How many different suffixes are there in your list? Do any of the job names not have a suffix? (e.g. pilot, film star) Do these words mean a thing, a person, or both? b 1 a cooker 3 aticket-holder Sacleaner 7 adrinker ,, 2 atypewriter 4 arecord player ‘6 a smoker y Spelling changes. Rewrite each sentence by changing the underlined words, using a suffix from the left-hand page. Make any spelling changes needed. 1 Most of his crimes can be forgiven. Most of his crimes are The Club refuses to admit anyone not wearing a tie. The Club refuses to anyone not wearing a tie. 3. Her only fault is that she is lazy. Her only fault is : 4 This firm has produced a lot in recent years. This firm has been very in recent years. 5 I found the book very easy and pleasant to read. found the book very ; Can you think of anything in your country which should be nationalised (e.g. banks, steel works), standardised, modernised, computerised or centralised? Which word is the odd one out in each group and why? 1 brotherhood neighbourhood manhood _ priesthood 2 hair-testorer plant-holder step-ladderoven-cleaner 3 appointment involvement compliment arrangement 4 tearful spiteful dreadful handful 5 worship kinship friendship _ partnership English Vocabulary in Use 79 = Prefixes Prefixes are often used to give adjectives a negative meaning. The opposite of ‘comfortable’ is ‘uncomfortable’, the opposite of ‘convenient’ is ‘inconvenient’ and the opposite of ‘similar’ is ‘dissimilar’. Other examples are ‘unjust’, ‘inedible’, ‘disloyal’. Unfortunately, there is no easy way of knowing which prefix any adjective will use to form its opposite. When you learn a new adjective note down whether it has an opposite formed with a prefix and, if so, what itis. Note: * in- becomes im- before a root beginning with ‘m’ or ‘p’, e.g. immature, impatient, impartial, improbable. Similarly in- becomes ir- before a word beginning with ‘r’, and il- before a word beginning with ‘I e.g. irreplaceable, irreversible, illegal, illegible, illiterate. © The prefix in- does not always have a negative meaning - often it gives the idea of inside or into, e.g. internal, import, insert, income. Although it is mainly adjectives which are made negative by prefixes, un- and dis- can also form the opposites of verbs too, e.g. appear disappear. The prefix is used here to reverse the action of the verb. Here are some more examples: disagree, disapprove, disbelieve, disconnect, discredit, dislike, dismount, disprove, disqualify, unbend, undo, undress, unfold, unload, unlock, unveil, unwrap, unzip. Many other prefixes are used in English. Here is a list of prefixes which are useful in helping you to understand unfamiliar words. Some of these words are used with a hyphen. Check in a dictionary if you're not sure. prefix: meaning examples anti against anti-war antisocial antibiotic auto of or by oneself autograph auto-pilot autobiography bi two, twice bicycle bi-monthly biannual bilingual ex former ex-wife ex-student —_ex-president ex out of extract exhale excommunicate micro small micro-computer microwave microscopic mis badly/wrongly misunderstand — mistranslate — misinform mono one/single monotonous monologue monogamous multi many multi-national multi-purpose multi-racial over too much overdo overtired —oversleep overeat post after postwar postgraduate _post-revolutionary pro in favour of pro-government pro-revolutionary pseudo false pseudo-scientific pseudo intellectual re again or back retype reread replace rewind semi half semicircular semi-final semi-detached sub under subway submarine subdivision under not enough underworked underused undercooked English Vocabulary in Use9.2 9.3 9.4 95 9.6 Exercises Practise using words with negative prefixes. Contradict the following statements in the same way as the example. Not all the words you need are on the left-hand page. Example: He’s a very honest man, | don't agree. | think he's dishonest 1 I'm sure she’s discreet. 6 He's very efficient. 2 always find him very sensitive, 7 Lalways find her responsible. 3 Ir’sa convincing argument. 8 He seems grateful for our help. 4 That's a very relevant point. 9. I'm sure she’s loyal to the firm. S She's always obedient, 10 He’s a tolerant person. Which negative adjective each of the following definitions? means not having a husband or wife. means impossible to eat. means unable to read or write. means not having a job. means fair in giving judgement, not favouring one side. - means unable to be replaced. DaRene Choose a negative verb from B to fit each of the sentences below. Put it in the correct form, Example: The runner was disqualified after a blood test. 1 Children (and adults) love parcels at Christmas time. 2 Lalmost always find that I with his opinion. 3 I'm sure he’s lying but it’s going to be hard to his story. 4 After a brief speech the Queen the new statue. 5 It took the removal men an hour our things from the van, 6 His phone was because he didn’t pay his last bill. Answer the following questions. The answers are all in the table opposite. What kind of oven cooks things particularly fast? ‘What kind of drug can help somebody with an infection? What kind of company has branches in many countries? How does a passenger aeroplane normally fly? ‘What is a student who is studying for a second degree? ‘What means ‘underground railway’ in the US and ‘underground passage’ in the UK? aukone Using the table opposite construct words or phrases to replace the underlined words. Example: He's in favour of the American approach. He's pro-American. 1 The BBC tries to avoid pronouncing foreign words incorrectly. 2. Most people say they have to work too hard but are paid too little. 3 He dated his cheque with a date that was later than the real date. 4 She's stil on good terms with the man who used to be her husband. 5. He made so many mistakes in the letter that he had to write it again. Think of two more examples for each prefix in C opposite. English Vocabulary in Use 1910 =~ mm 20 Roots Many words in English are formed from a set of Latin roots with different prefixes and suffixes. Knowing the roots of such words may help you to remember or guess their meaning when you see them in context. These words are usuaily fairly formal. In their formation, they can perhaps be seen as the Latinate, formal, equivalent of phrasal verbs. Here are some examples of the more common Latin roots, with some of the verbs derived from them, In each case an example sentence is given with the meaning of the verb in brackets at the end, You'll find some easier to understand than others. spect: see, look You should respect your parents / the laws of a country. {look up to} The police suspected he was guilty but they had no proof, (had a feeling] Many pioneers travelled west in America to prospect for gold. [search] vert: turn I tried a word-processor but I soon reverted to my old typewriter. [went back] Missionaries went to Africa to convert people to Christianity. — [change beliefs| The royal scandal diverted attention from the political crisis. [took attention away] port: carry, take How are you going to transport your things to the States? [send across} Britain imports cotton and exports wool. _ [buys in, sells out] The roof is supported by the old beams. [held up] duc, duct: lead She was educated abroad. [went to school] He conducted the orchestra with great vigour. _[led} Japan produces a lot of electronic equipment. [makes] press: press, push She was impressed by his presentation. [full of admiration and respect] This weather depresses me. [makes me feel miserable] She always expresses herself very articulately. (puts her thoughts into words] pose, pone: place, put The meeting has been postponed until next week. [changed to a later date] The king was deposed by his own son. [put off the throne] I don’t want to impose my views on you. [force] Above you only have examples of verbs. Note that for all the verbs listed, there is usually at least one noun and at least one adjective as well. Here are some examples. v person noun adjecti abstract noun inspect inspector inspecting inspection | advertise advertiser advertising advertisement deport deportee deported deportation introduce introducer introductory introduction oppress oppressor oppressive oppression compose composer composite composition English Vocabulary in Use10.8 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 Exercises ‘Complete as much as possible of the table with other forms of some of the words presented in B. Use a dictionary to help you if necessary. verb person noun adjective abstract noun convert | produce conduct impress | support impose Fill in the gaps in the sentences below using words from the table in C. 1. We stayed in a town surrounded by high mountains. I found it very 2 He from the USA for having a forged passport. 3. The magazine seems to have nothing in it but for cosmetics. 4 May I you to my boss? 5 The tax decided I owed a lot of money 6 The new take-away pizza service has a very good offer. 7 Business people always say that it pays . 8 Tchaikovsky some wonderful ballet music. Can you work our the meanings of the underlined words in the sentences below? To help you, here are the meanings of the main Latin prefixes: intro: within, inward 0, ob: against in, im: in, into.__re: again, back de: down, from ex:out sub: under trans: across 1 She's a very introspective person and he’s also very introverted. 2. He always seems to oppose everything I suggest. 3. They have a very good induction programme for new staff in that company. 4. I don’t think it is healthy to repress one’s emotions too much. 5 Perhaps you can deduce what the word means from the way itis formed. 6 The documentary exposed corruption in high places. 7 She tried hard to suppress a laugh. 8 She transposed the music for the flute. ‘Think of three other words based on each of the roots listed in B opposite. Put each into an appropriate phrase. Pair the formal verbs below with their phrasal verb equivalents. support put off oppose look at cut down deposit hold up postpone turn a inspect goagainst divert reduce put down English Vocabulary in Use 2i 22 Abstract nouns ‘An abstract noun is one which is used to mean an idea, experience or quality rather than an object. Thus happiness, intention and shock are abstract nouns whereas, for example, pen, bed and trousers are not. There are a number of suffixes which are used particularly frequently in the formation of abstract nouns. Some of the most common are -ment, -ion, -ness and -ity. Note: -ment and -ion are usually used to make verbs into abstract nouns whereas -ness and ity are added to adjectives; -ion sometimes becomes -tion, -sion, -ation or Here are some examples of abstract nouns using those suffixes. achievement action aggressiveness absurdity adjustment collection attractiveness anonymity amazement combination _ bitterness complexity discouragement illusion carelessness curiosity improvement imagination __consciousness__—_generosity investment production permissiveness hostility replacement recognition tenderness prosper retirement reduction ugliness sensitivity Less common suffixes associated with abstract nouns are -ship, -dom, -th and -hood. Note: -ship and -hood are usually used in combination with other nouns whereas -th combines with an adjective to form an abstract noun and -dom can combine with either a noun or an adjective. Here are some examples of abstract nouns using those suffixes. apprenticeship boredom breadth adulthood companionship _ freedom depth brotherhood membership kingdom length childhood ownership martyrdom strength motherhood partnership stardom warmth neighbourhood relationship wisdom width (wo}manhood There are also a large number of abstract nouns which do not use any suffix at all. Here are some examples of these. anger belief calm chance faith fear humour idea luck principle rage reason sense sight speed thought You will find more examples of the use of suffixes in Units 8 and 10 and of abstract nouns in Units 68 and 69. English Vocabulary in Use11.4 11.6 Exercises What is the abstract noun related to each of the following adjectives? All the nouns are formed in ways described on the opposite page although not all are listed opposite. Example: affectionate affection 1 affectionate 5 amused 9 attentive 13 equal 2 excited 6 graceful 10 happy 14 hopeful 3 kind 7 original 11 popular 15 resentful 4 secure 8 stupid 12 weak 16 wise Find at least one more noun using each of the suffixes in B and C. Which abstract noun on the opposite page is a synonym of each of the following? Example: animosity hostility or aggressiveness 1 animosity J substitution 9 vision 2 astonishment 6 fame 10 liberty 3 inquisitiveness 7 decrease 11 fury 4 fraternity 8 area 12 wealth Complete the following table. abstract noun adjective verb adverb contentment content(ed) to content contentedly | argument em satisfaction sentiment strength ess intensity 7 Which of the words in the list below is being described in the following quotations? love permanence hope jealousy happiness. beauty ie is no more than feeling alone among smiling enemies.” oe is like coke; something you get as the by-product of making something else.” 3 is the power of being cheerful in circumstances which we know to be desperate.” 46 is a universal migraine.” 5 ‘The British love more than they love. Write your own quotations to describe the following abstract nouns. lfreedom 2 friendship 3 life 4curiosity 5 imagination English Vocabulary in Use 2312 Be x 5 Compound adjectives A compound adjective is an adjective which is made up of two parts and is usually written with a hyphen, e.g, well-dressed, never-ending and shocking-pink. Its meaning is usually clear from the words it combines. The second part of the compound adjective is frequently a present or past participle. A large number of compound adjectives describe personal appearance. Here is a rather far-fetched description of a person starting from the head down. Tom was a curly-haired, sun-tanned, blue-eyed, rosy-cheeked, thin lipped, broad-shouldered, left-handed, slim-hipped, long-leaged, flat-footed young man, wearing an open-necked shirt, brand-new, tight-fitting jeans and open-toed sandals. Another set of compound adjectives describes a person’s character. Here is a rather light- hearted description of a girl. The meanings are explained in brackets. Melissa was absent-minded [forgetful], easy-going [relaxed], good-tempered [cheerful], warm-hearted [kind] and quick-witted [intelligent] if perhaps a little big-headed [proud of herself], two-faced [hypocritical], self-centred [egotistical] and stuck-up [snobbish (colloquial)] at times. Another special group of compound adjectives are those where the second part is a preposition. Some of these adjectives are listed below with a typical noun, an all-out strike [total] a burnt-out car [nothing left in it after a fire] a broken-down bus [it won't work] a built-up area [lots of buildings in it] ahard-up student [poor] cast-off clothes [no longer wanted by the owner] worn-out shoes [can't be worn any mores of people - exhausted] a drive-in movie [you watch from your car] well-off bankers [wealthy] a run-down area [in poor condition] Here are some other useful compound adjectives. air-conditioned bullet-proof drip-dry duty-free hand-made last-minute long-distance long-standing off-peak part-time record-breaking, remote-controlled second-class so-called sugar-free time-consuming top-secret world-famous You can vary the compound adjectives listed by changing one part of the adjective, For example, curly-haired, long-haired, red-haired and straight-haired; first-hand (knowledge), first-class (ticket) and first-born (child). English Vocabulary in Use12.8 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 Exercises Fill each of the blanks to form a new compound adjective. Use a dictionary if necessary. 1 5 eyed - made 2 6 - proof - free 3 7 - minded ~ headed 4 8 ~ necked = hearted Put the words in E opposite into any categories which will help you learn them, List as many compound adjectives beginning with self, as you can, Mark them P or N for positive or negative characteristics, or write neutral. Answer the questions by using a compound adjective which is opposite in meaning to the adjective in the question. Note that the answer may or may not have the same second element as the adjective in the question. Example: \s he working full-time? No, part-time. 1 Isn’t she rather short-sighted? 4 Are her shoes high-heeled? 2. Is your brother well-off? 5 Is this vase mass-produced? 3 Would you say the boy’s well-behaved? 6 Do they live in south-east England? Think of two nouns that would frequently be associated with any ten of the compound adjectives listed in E opposite. Add a preposition from the list below to complete appropriate compound adjectives. back up out off on of 1 She's been doing the same low-paid job for so long that she’s really fed- with it now. 2. The two cars were involved in a head- collision. 3 He has a very casual, laid- approach to life in general. 4 Ie'll never happen again. It’s definitely a one~ situation. 5 He’s a smash hit here but he’s unheard. in my country. 6 She bought a cut. paper pattern and made her own dress. Which of the adjectives from this unit could you use to describe yourself and other students in your class or members of your family? Engish Vocabulary in Use 28AAT. 26 Compound nouns - combinations of two nouns + A compound noun is a fixed expression which is made up of more than one word and functions as a noun, Such expressions are frequently combinations of two nouns, e.g. address book, human being, science fiction. A number of compound nouns are related to phrasal verbs and these are dealt with in Unit 14. Compound nouns may be written as two words, e.g. tin opener, bank account, or they may be written with a hyphen instead of a space between the words, e.g. pen-name, baby-sitter. Some expressions are occasionally written with a hyphen and occasionally as two separate words. For instance, both letter box and letter-box are correct. Sometimes they may be written as one word, e.g. earring Compound nouns may be countable, uncountable or only used in either the singular or the plural. There are examples of each of these types below. Check that you understand the meanings of each of the expressions listed. If you understand both elements of the expression, the meaning will usually be clear. If the meaning is not fairly obvious, then it is provided below. Usually the main stress is on the first part of the compound but sometimes it is on the second part. The word which contains the main stress is underlined in the compound nouns below. Here are some examples of common countable compound nouns. alarm clock assembly line blood donor book token burglar alarm contact lens credit card handcuffs heart attack package holiday jedestrian crossing shoe horn tea-bag windscreen windscreen wiper youth hostel Here are some examples of common uncountable compound nouns. These are never used with an article. air-traffic control birth control blood pressure cotton wool data-processing family planning food poisoning ——_packet money income tax junk food ‘mail order hay fever {allergy to pollen) Here are some examples of common compound nouns used only in the singular. arms race (countries wanting most powerful weapons) death penalty generation gap labour force mother-tongue sound barrier greenhouse effect welfare state brain drain (highly educated people leaving country to work abroad) Here are some examples of common compound nouns used only in the plural. grass roots luxury goods human rights _kitchen scissors race relations roadworks sunglasses traffic lights English Vocabulary in Use13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 Exercises Complete these networks with any appropriate expressions from the opposite page. Add extra bubbles if you need them, ae > CD) Sec In some cases more than one compound noun can be formed from one particular clement. What, for example, are the two expressions listed opposite with blood as an element and what are the two based on control? Complete the following compound nouns with a noun other than the one suggested opposite. 1 token S tea 9 crossing 2 junk 6 mother 10 lights 3 sound, 7 tax 11 food. 4 blood 8 processing 12 race ‘What are they talking about? In cach case the answer is a compound noun opposite. Example: ‘I had it taken at the doctor’s this morning and he said it was a little high for my age.” blood pressure *You really shouldn’t cross the road at any other place.” ‘Ir’s partly caused by such things as hair sprays and old fridges.’ “She always has terrible sneezing fits in the early summer.’ ‘Tcan’t understand why they spend so much money on something so destructive.” “Working there is supposed to be much more stressful than being a pilot.” ‘The worst time was when I dropped one at the theatre and spent the interval scrabbling around on the floor.” ‘I don’t think it should ever be used under any circumstances.” 8 ‘It's much easier not to have to make your own arrangements.” 9 ‘He can’t possibly run away from the policeman with those on!” Now make up some sentences like those in exercise 13.3 relating to some of the new expressions you made in exercise 13.2. Choose any article in a magazine or newspaper and write down all the compound nouns which you find. Look at all the compound expressions you have worked with in this unit. Mark all those that you feel you need to be able to use yourself rather than just to understand when others use them. English Vocabulary in Use a14 Compound nouns - verb + preposition ; | A large number of compound nouns (see Unit 13) are based on phrasal verbs. In Sections B to E you will see a number of examples of such nouns in context. The meaning of the compound noun is indicated in brackets at the end of the sentence. To form the plural, ‘sis added to the end, e.g. pin-ups. Ee B Nouns based on phrasal verbs often have an informal feel to them and they are particularly common in newspaper reporting. Here are examples of such nouns in use. In response to the pay offer, there was a walk-out at the factory. [strike] “There is going to be a crack-down on public spending. [action against] ‘There has been a break-out from the local prison. [escape] Last month saw a tremendous shake-up in personnel. {change} Inever expected the break-up of the USSR. {collapse] | 4 © A number of these nouns have economic associations, The takeover of one of our leading hotel chains has just been announced. [purchase by another company] We're trying to find some new outlets for our products. [places to sell] Take your things to the check-out to pay for them. _[cash-desk] Cutbacks will be essential until the recession is over. [reductions] ‘We made a profit of £1000 on a turnover of £10,000. [money passing through a company] |g Some of these nouns are associated with technology and other aspects of contemporary life. What the computer produces depends on the quality of the input. [information that is put in] Output has increased thanks to new technology. [production] We have a rather rapid staff turnover. [change] Just after leaving school he went through the stage of being a dropout. [person who rejects society] It will be a long time before the consequences of fallout from Chernobyl are no longer felt. [radio-active dust in the atmosphere] Tcan easily get you a printout of the latest figures. [paper on which computer information has been printed] A breakthrough has been made in AIDS research. important discovery] Ha E Some of the words can be used in more general circumstances. Many of the problems were caused by a breakdown in communications. _ [failure] The outlook for tomorrow is good - sunny in most places. [prospect] There are drawbacks as well as advantages to every situation. _ [negative aspects] The outcome of the situation was not very satisfactory. [conclusion] TV companies always welcome feedback from viewers. [comments] It was clear from the outset that the set-up would cause problems. start; situation] We parked in a lay-by on the by-pass. [parking space at the side of a road; road avoiding the centre of a town] The outbreak of war surprised them. {start of something unpleasant, e.g. disease, violence] 28 English Vocabulary in Use14.1 14,2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 Exercises He unde are some more compound nouns based on phrasal verbs. Guess the meaning of the ined word from its context. Because of the accident there was a three-mile tailback along the motorway. Police are warning of an increased number of break-ins in this area, The papers are claiming the Prime Minister organised a cover-u Unfortunately, our plans soon suffered a setba I'm sorry I’m late. There was a terrible hold-up on the bridge. The robbers made their getaway in a stolen car. auaune Which of the words studied on the opposite page would be most likely to follow the adjectives given below? 1 radioactive. 5 final. 2 nervous. 6 sales, 3. computer 7 positive 4 annual 8 drastic Fill in the blanks with an appropriate word from those opposite. 1 Aand C Ltd. have made a bid for S and M ple. 2. The Prime Minister yesterday announced a in the Cabinet. 3. The negotiations aim to end the 10-day-old : 4 She provided some very valuable to the discussion. 5 CIRCUS LION IN HORROR . 6 There’s a terrible queue at this « Ler’s find another one. 7 There has been a disturbing of violence in prisons recently. 8 The office wall was covered in Here are some more words of this type. In each case the preposition clement of the noun is given but the other part is missing, Choose from the list of possibilities. work hand hold —clear_—write._—lie turn press 1 Their car was a -off after the accident. 2. The lecturer distributed -outs before she started speaking. 3 Jack does a daily out at the gym, starting with 20 “ups. 4. There is an interesting, -up of the match in today’s paper. 5. I'm giving my office a major -out this week. 6 Did you read about the. -up at our bank? 7 There was a surprisingly large -out at the concert. 8 I love having a -in on Sundays. Can you explain the difference between these pairs? Use a dictionary if necessary. 1 ourlook/look-out 2. set-up/upset_— 3 outlet/let-out 4 outlay/layout Choose eight of the words in this unit which you particularly want to learn and write your own sentences using them. English Vocabulary in Use 2915> Words with interesting origins — people and places E ‘AA number of words in English have originated from the names of people. biro: (ball-point pen] named after Laszlo Biro, its Hungarian inventor boycott: [refuse to deal with or a refusal to deal with} after a landlord in Ireland who made himself unpopular by his treatment of his tenants and was socially isolated braille: [name of a raised writing system used by blind people] from the name of its French inventor, Louis Braille chauvinist: [strong belief that your country or race is superior to others} after the Frenchman, Nicolas Chauvin, who was fanatically devoted to Napoleon hooligan: [a rough, lawless youth] from the Irish family name, Hooligan machiavellian: [cunning, deceitful, unscrupulous in the pursuit of a goal] from Niccolo Machiavelli, the Italian statesman who died in 1527 mentor: {loyal and wise adviser] from Mentor, friend to Odysseus pamphlet: [a small leaflet] from a character Pamphilus, in a 12th century love poem to pander: [to indulge someone’s desires] from Pandaros, a procurer or pimp in Ancient Greek mythology saxophone: [musical instrument] invented by the Belgian, Adolphe Sax tawdry: [cheap and tasteless] from St Audrey, at whose annual fair in the town of Ely, near Cambridge, cheap gaudy scarves were sold watt: [unit of power] from the 18th century Scottish inventor, James Watt Quite a few names of types of clothing, particularly hats, originate from the people who invented them or made them popular. trilby S wellingtons \ { stetson mackintosh or mac leotard cardigan busby |g A number of other words in English come from place names. bedlam: [chaos] from the name of a famous London mental hospital once situated where Liverpool Street Station now stands spartan: [severely simple] from the ancient Greek city of Sparta, famed for its austerity canter: [movement of a horse, faster than a trot but slower than a gallop] a shortening of Canterbury, a town in south-east England gypsy: [member of a particular group of travelling people] These people were once thought to have come from Egypt, hence the name, A number of names of different kinds of cloth originate from place names. The place of origin is shown in brackets ( ). angora (Ankara) cashmere (Kashmir) damask (Damascus) denim (Nimes, France) gauze (Gaza) muslin (Mosul, Iraq) satin (Qingjiang, China) _ suede (Sweden) tweed (River Tweed, Scotland) 30 English Vocabulary in Use15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 Exercises Which (if any) of the words listed on the opposite page are familiar to you because there are similar words in your own language? Complete the networks below with as many other words as you can from the words listed ‘on the opposite page. Cy nN Keen NW? Complete the sentences with appropriate words. 1 It looks like rain, Don’t forget your and your 2 I wish [ could play the 3 It's in here. Let’s go somewhere quieter. 4 The anarchist speaker urged all citizens to the elections. S What a beautiful sweater! Where did you get it? Choose two adjectives to use with the following words. Example: wellington red, muddy 1 hooligan 3 stetson 5S leotard 2 pamphlet 4 gypsy 6 biro Now give two nouns that you might expect to follow each of these adjectives. Example: denim jeans, jackes 1 suede 2 machiavellian 3 spartan 4 tawdry And now suggest how the following sentences could end, I can’t stand the way he panders... She buttoned up her cardigan because... The horse cantered... Ithas been agreed to boycott. A busby must be... whos Here are some more words of this type in English. Can you explain (a) their meaning and (b) their origin? 1 herculean effort 4 jersey 7 bottle of champagne 2 platonic friendship 5 Caesarean section 8 atlas 3 teddy bear 6 July 9 magnolia English Vocabulary in Use 316 32 Words with interesting origins - from other languages English has taken over words from most of the other languages with which it has had contact, It has taken many expressions from the ancient languages, Latin and Greek, and these borrowings usually have academic or literary associations. From French, English has taken lots of words to do with cooking, the arts, and a more sophisticated lifestyle in general. From Italian come words connected with music and the plastic arts. German expressions in English have been coined either by tourists bringing back words for new things they saw or by philosophers or historians describing German concepts or experiences. The borrowings from other languages usually relate to things which English speakers experienced for the first time abroad. ‘There are borrowings from a wide range of languages. For example, from Japanese, tycoon, karate, origami, judo, futon and bonsai. From Arabic, mattress, cipher, alcove, carafe, algebra, harem, mufti and yashmak. From Turkish, yoghurt, jackal, kiosk, bosh [nonsense (colloquial)], tulip and caftan; from Farsi, caravan, shawl, taffeta, bazaar and sherbet, and from Eskimo, kayak, igloo and anorak. The map of Europe below shows the places of origin of some English words and expressions borrowed from some other European languages. Use a dictionary to check the meanings of any words you are not sure about, OE Norway inland Russia fjord N sauna bistro floe sputnike ski Picken coor F slalom omundsmag perestroika lemming tangsten steppe und Holland . canes € ay balalaika - Germany mammoth not kindergarten cruise dachshund Sg France rottweiler . 7 © sine hamburger gateau frankfugter chauffeur delicatessen, ~ Italy 7 2 © spain boutique blitz ghetto embargo crithe waltz piano junta —g%duver oodle ~, > soprano . siesta “coup snorkel A ballerina Greeee guerrilla elite Wanderlust "confetti <2, pe Portugal macho sauté seminar fiasco psychology marmalade mosquito avant garde spaghetti Fispopotamus palaver bonanza cul de sac bandit theory dodo lasso aubergine casino pseudonym. cobra patio bidet vendetta synonym English Vocabulary in Use16.8 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8 Exercises ‘Which of the words listed opposite are also used in your language? Is your own language represented on the opposite page? If so, can you add any words to the lists opposite? If not, do you know of any words English has borrowed from your language? (There are almost sure to be some.) Do the words mean exactly the same in English as in your languag ? Are they pronounced in the same way? Look at all the words opposite and complete the following networks, DOD ODP Gene) Gowns) CO OO OO Make two or three other networks to help you to learn the words on the opposite page. Match the adjectives on the left with the noun they are most likely to be associated with, on the right. 1 right-wing kindergarten 2 prima casino 3. strawberry duvet 4 ice vendetta 5 Chinese ballerina 6 long-sleeved embargo 7 total cuisine 8 long-standing floe 9 noisy yoghurt 10 cosy coup 11 all-night caftan What verbs collocate, other words, are frequently used with the following nouns? Example: study algebra 1 karate 4 embargo 7 coup 10 cruise 2 kayak —-S guerrilla 8 confeti 11 sauna 3 mufti 6 culdesac 9 siesta 12. seminar Give three nouns likely to follow macho and avant-garde. Have some words or expressions been borrowed from English into your own language? Give some examples. Have they kept exactly the same meaning as they have in English? English Vocabulary in Use 3317 34 Onomatopoeic words Onomatopocie words are those which seem to sound like their meaning. The most obvious examples are verbs relating to the noises which animals make, e.g. cows moo and cats mew or meow. See Unit 73 for more about animal noises. If the vowel sound in a word is short, an onomatopoeic word usually signifies a short, sharp sound. If itis long (indicated in the International Phonetic Alphabet by :) then the word usually signifies a longer, slower sound. Compare pip /pip/ which is a short sound with peep Jpizp! which is a long sound. Particular combinations of letters have particular sound associations in English. gf- at the beginning of a word can suggest something unpleasant or miserable, e.g. groan [make a deep sound forced out by pain or despair], grumble [complain in a bad- tempered way], grumpy [bad-tempered], grunt [make a low, rough sound like pigs do, or people expressing disagreement or boredom, growl [make a low, threatening sound]. cl at the beginning of a word can suggest something sharp and/or metallic, e.g. click [make a short sharp sound], clang [make a loud ringing noise], clank [make a dull metallic noise, not as loud as a clang], clash [make a loud, broken, confused noise as when metal objects strike together}, clink [make the sound of small bits of metal or glass knocking together]. Horses go clip-clop on the road. sp- at the beginning of a word can have an association with water or other liquids or powders, e.g, splash [cause a liquid to fly about in drops}, spit [send liquid out from the mouth], splutter [make a series of spitting sounds}, spray (liquid sent through the air in tiny drops either by the wind or some instrument}, sprinkle [throw a shower of something onto a surface], spurt [come out in a sudden burst]. ash- at the end of a word can suggest something fast and violent, e.g. smash [break violently into small pieces}, dash [move or be moved violently], crash [strike suddenly violently and noisily], bash [strike heavily so as to break or injure], gash [a long deep cut or wound] wh- at the beginning of a word often suggests the movement of air, e.g. whistle [a high pitched noise made by forcing air or steam through a small opening], whirr [sound like a bird’s wings moving rapidly], whizz [make the sound of something rushing through air], wheeze [breathe noisily especially with a whistling sound in the chest], whip {one Of these or to hit with one of these]. aS 7 a -ckle, -ggle, or -zzle at the end of a word can suggest something light and repeated, e.g. trickle [to flow in a thin stream], crackle [make a series of short cracking sounds}, tinkle [make a succession of light ringing sounds], giggle [laugh lightly in a nervous or silly way], wriggle [move with quick short twistings), sizzle [make a hissing sound like something cooking in fat], drizzle (small, fine rain}. English Vocabulary in Use70 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.7 Exercises Which of the consonant combinations listed in C opposite exist in your language? Do they ever have similar associations? Look in your dictionary. Can you find any other examples of words beginning with gr-, cl-, sp- or wh- with the associations described opposite? Which of the words from C opposite fit best in the sentences below. 1 She heard his key as it turned in the lock. 2 The blades of the propeller noisily. 3. Llove to hear sausages in the pan! 4 They glasses and drank to each other's health. 5. There was terrible car on the motorway today. 6 Everyone with disappointment at the news. 7 The baby loves in its bath. 8 Ican feel raindrops down the back of my neck. Almost all the words in C opposite can be both nouns and regular verbs. There is, however, one irregular verb, one word which is only an adjective, one word which is both verb and noun but the noun has a rather different meaning from the verb. What are these words? Choose from the alternatives offered below. 1. The irregular verb: whip, grunt, spurt, spit or wriggle? 2. The word which is only an adjective: gash, grumpy, clip-clop, or whirr? 3. The word which is both a verb and a noun but the noun has a different meaning: trickle, spray, growl, splutter, spit, splash or crash? Can you guess the meanings of the underlined words from their sounds? The child sploshed through the puddles. Vf you have a sore throat, try gargling with some salt water. I couldn’t concentrate on the play because of the rustle of sweet papers behind me. Speak up. Don’t mumble. That step always creak: He whacked the ball into the air. aun What words on the page opposite do these pictures represent? Pair the words below so that in each case there is a noun and a matching verb. schoolchildren crackles __tinkles__a bad-tempered person or dog the bell on acat’scollar —abored child clanks ~— whistles afire giggle growls achurchbell a steamtrain—clangs_—wheezes._a prisoner's chain wriggles someone with asthma English Vocabulary in Use 3518 36 0 Words commonly mispronounced English spelling is notoriously unphonetic. This page looks at some of the words which cause most pronunciation difficulties for learners of English. The phonetic transcription is provided for some of the words below. If you are not sure of the pronunciation of any of the other words, check in the index at the back of the book, To master English pronunciation you need to learn the 20 phonetic symbols for English vowel sounds. It is not really necessary to learn the consonant symbols as it is usually not difficult to know how consonants should be pronounced, Vowels are important because the vowel letters can be pronounced in many different ways. a about /a/ wander /o/ last /a:/ late /ex/ i alive far’ give /i/ uo put/olcut/al cupid (ju ie fiend /i:/ friend /e/ ci rein /ei/ receive reinforce /izt/ e met /e/ meter fal ° sorry /p/ go/au/ love /a/ to /ur/ ca head /e/ team /ir/ react fee! ou our/au/ route /u:/ would /u/ 00 cool /u:/ cook /u/_coopt /aun/ Silent letters can be a problem. The letters below in bold are silent in the following words: psychic /sarkik/ psychiatry pneumatic receipt pseudonym psychology comb /kaum/ dumb numb tomb climb womb lamb doubt Jdaot/ subtle debt debtor could /kod/ should calm half talk palm walk salmon chalk honour /ona/ honourable honest hour hourly heir heiress whistle /wisal/ castle listen fasten soften Christmas knee /ni:/ knife know knob knowledge knot knit card Ikaxd/ park farm burn work storm tart (unless followed by a vowel) mother /mada/ sister teacher water nate oD Ina number of two-syllable words in English, the stress is on the first syllable of the word when it is a noun and the second syllable if it is a verb, e.g. ‘Wool is a major Scottish export.’ ‘Scotland exports a lot of wool.’ Here are some other words like this. conduct conflict. contest. — decrease. suspect desert import increase insult transfer permit present progress —_ protest transport record reject reprint subject upset Here are a number of other words which are often mispronounced. apostrophe /a'postrafi/ _catastrophe /ka'testrafi/ cupboard /kabad/ recipe /'resipi! hiccough /‘hikap/ sword /sord/ plough /plau! muscle /'masal! interesting /'intrastin! English Vocabulary in Use18.2 18.3 (8.4 18.5 18.6 18.7 Exercises Mark all the silent letters in each of the following sentences. 1 They sang a psalm to honour the memory of the world-famous psychologist as she was laid to rest in the family tomb. 2 The psychiatrist was knifed in the knee as he was walking home. 3. He should have whistled as he fastened his sword to his belt. 4 You should have left me half the Christmas cake on Wednesday. Which word is the odd one out in each of these groups? 1 worry sorry lorry § doubt could shout 2 sword cord word 6 plough rough tough 3 come some dome 7 land wand sand 4 head plead tread 8 soot root foot What word could a poet use to rhyme with each of the words below? 1 hiccough — £¥P. 4 through 2 bough 5 cough 3. plough 6 though Underline or highlight the stressed syllable in each of the words in bold. 1 They paid a £1 million transfer fee for transferring the player to their team. 2 Although they suspected several people were partly involved, the police decided to concentrate on Jo as the main suspect. 3. There are conflicting views as to the cause of the conflict. 4 All this upset over the wedding has really upset them, 5 The cost of living has increased while there has been a decrease in wages. 6 A work permit permits you to work for a period of six months. 7 I wish I could record a hit record! 8 Despite the disgraceful conduct of the audience, James went on conducting the orchestra, Write out the words below using the normal English alphabet. 1 /'masall 3 Phaenkotfit) 5 sata’ 7 thant 2 tka'twstrati! 4 *kemtkal/ 6 Iro'sitt) 8 restpi/ Underline the stressed syllable in each of the words below. photograph photography photographer photographically telephone _telephonist zoology zoologist zoological arithmetic arithmetical _arithmetician psychology psychologist psychological psychiatry psychiatric psychiatrist Duane Are there other words which you know you have particular problems pronouncing? You might like to ask a teacher to help you answer this question. Note any such words down with their phonetic transcription beside them, English Vocabulary in Use 719 = — Ec 38 Homonyms Homonyms can be subdivided into homographs and homophones. Homographs are words which are written in the same-way but have different meanings. Compare bow in He took a bow /bau/ at the end of the concert’ and ‘He was wearing a bow /bau/ tie’. Homophones are words which are pronounced in the same way but are spelt differently, e.g. bow as in ‘He took a bow’ and bough, ‘the bough of a tree’. Here are some more examples of homographs. live in the north of England. /hv/ Your favourite pop star is singing live on TV tonight. _/laiv/ Tread in bed each night. /rizd/ Iread War and Peace last year. /red/ The lead singer in the group is great. Mlixd! Lead pipes are dangerous. —/led/ ‘The wind blew the tree down, /wind/ Don't forget to wind your watch, /waind/ I wound my watch last night. /waund/ He suffered a terrible wound in the war. /wu:nd/ Some students at Oxford spend more time learning to row well than studying. /rou/ They shared a flat for ages until they had a row over money and split up. /rau/ This book is called English Vocabulary in Use. juss! You must know how to use words as well as their meaning, /ju:z/ ‘They lived in a large old house. /haus! ‘The buildings house a library and two concert halls as well as a theatre. /hauz/ The sow has five piglets. /sav/ The farmers sow the seeds in the spring. /sau/ I bathed the baby this morning. /ba:0t/ We bathed in the sea every day when we were on holiday. /be1dd! Here are some of the many examples of homophones in English. airheir aloud/allowed —_ dough/doe fare/fair faze/phase floe/flow flu/flew grate/great groanigrown hoarsefhorse itsli’s lays/laze might/mite mown/moan ourfhour pale/pail pane/pain peal/peel place/plaice ractise/practice pray/prey raise/rays read/reed rein/rain right/rite/write rough/ruff sale/sail scene/seen sent/scent sight/site sole/soul sought/sort steak/stake tealtee there/theirithey’re _through/threw tire/tyre toe/tow waist/waste wait/weight weather/whether _ whine/wine English Vocabulary in Use19.8 19.2 19.3 19.4 Exercises How would you pronounce each of the underlined words in the sentences below? Choose a word with a similar sound from the brackets. The girl | live with knows a good pub with live music. (divelgive) The main house houses a collection of rare stamps. (mouse/rouse) They bathed the children after they had bathed in the sea. (lathe/path) You sow the seeds while I feed the sow. (cow/glow) The violinist in the bow tie took a bow. (allow/flow) He’s the lead singer in the group ‘Lead piping’. (head/deed) What a row from the last house in the row! (plough/though) Does he still suffer from his war wound? (found/mooned) T wound the rope around the tree to strengthen it against the gale. (round/tuned) I's quite hard to wind in the sails in this wind. (find/tinned) Seowvausene i Write the word in phonetic script in the correct spelling for the context. Example: | really must do some more exercise or I'll never lose /weit/ weight. 1 Watching sport on TV is such a /werst/ of time. 2 There isa hole in the /saul/ of my shoe. 3. He broke a /pein/ of glass in the kitchen window. 4. The eldest son of the monarch is the /ea/ to the throne. $. You are not /a'laud/ to talk during the test. 6 Let’s /'pracktis/ our swimming together this evening? 7 He's going /Oru:/ a rather difficult /fetz/ at the moment. 8 Don’t throw away that orange /pi:V/. I need it for a recipe. Write one sentence us 1g both of the words corresponding to the phonetic script. Example: |peil) She was quite pale after the exertion of carrying such a heavy pail of water. 1 eo 3 pracktus) Swamy 7 /saut/ 9 Ihoss/ 2 Ats/ 4 Igrent/ 6 Iso:t/ 8 /presl 10 /reiz! Homophones and homographs are at the root of many jokes in English. Match the first part of each of these children’s jokes with the second part and then explain the play on words involved in each. 1 What did the big chimney say to Because it’s got a tender behind. the little chimney? 2 What did one lift say to the other lift? A drum takes a lot of beating. 3. What did the south wind say to the I think I’m going down with something. north wind? 4. Why did the man take his pencil to bed? A nervous wreck. 5. Why is history the sweetest lesson? He wanted to draw the curtains. 6 What's the best birthday present? Because it’s full of dates. 7 Why can’t a steam engine sit down? Let’s play draughts. 8 What's pale and trembles at the bottom You’re too young to smoke. of the sea? English Vocabulary in Use 3920 40 Time One thing before another Before I went to work I fed the cat. [or, more commonly in written English: Before going to work...) Thad written to her prior to meeting the committee. [formal/written style] It was nice to be in Venice. Previously I'd only been to Rome. [fairly formal, more informal would be before that, I...] I was in the office from 2.30. I was out earlier on, [before then, fairly informal] ‘The city is now called Thatcherville. Formerly it was Grabtown. [used when something has changed its name, state, etc,] Things happening at the same time While I waited, I read the newspaper. [or, more formal: While waiting, I read...; the waiting and reading happen together.| As was driving to work, I saw an accident. [As describes the background when something happens in the foreground.] I saw her just as she was turning the corner. [precise moment] During jhe war, I lived in Dublin. [does not specify how long] Throughout the war, food was rationed. [from beginning to end] She was entering at the very time/the very moment I was leaving. [These two are stronger and more precise than as or just as.] One thing after another After I'd locked up, I went to bed. _[or, more formal: After locking up... ; we do not usually say ‘After having locked up...’.] ‘We went to the castle, Then we caught a bus to the beach. First we went to the theatre. After that, we had a meal He fell ill and was admitted to hospital. He died soon afterwards. [In these two examples, after that and afterwards are interchangeable.] Following my visit to Peking, I bought lots of books about China, [fairly formal] Time when When I’m rich and famous, I'll buy a yacht. [Note: not When I will be rich...) As soon as we've packed we can leave. [immediately after] Once we've finished we can go and have a coffee. [less specific] The moment/the minute I saw his face I knew I'd met him before. I stayed in that hospital the time (that) I broke my leg | met Polly at Ken's wedding. On that occasion she was with a different man, Connecting two periods or events The meal will take about an hour. In the meantime, relax and have a drink. [between now and the meal] ‘The new whiteboards are arriving soon. Till then, we'll have to use the old ones. last met him in 1985, Since then I haven't set eyes on him. By the time I retire, I will have worked here 26 years. English Vocabulary in Use20.2 Exercises Look at these pages from the personal diary of Laura, a businesswoman who travels a lot, then do the exercise. Mon Faris ~ day 5 Up early. Sald goodbye to. Fri 12 Fompidou Centre then Nick andleft. Saw bad 16 theatre accident: on motorway. Tue Been away 6 daysl ‘Answered all the mail, Sat 13 Paris OK, but mise home. then felt could watch TV. 17 Wed Left Paris 10 am Lots of phone call Sun 14 Huge pile of mail waiting! Sandra, Joyce — and 18 Manchester, then Dougy ail in a row! Lazy day! Thu Glasgow. Met Maura at book tickets for Dublin Notes 15 Nick's. 24th! Fill in the blanks with connectors. An example is given. 1 Prior to going co Manchester, Laura was in Paris. 2. Her next trip after Glasgow is on 24th. she can have a quiet time at home. 3 She was in Paris for over a week. she got home there ‘was a big pile of mail waiting for her. 4 she was at Nick’s place on the 16th, she met Maura. 5 She went to the theatre in Paris on Monday. 1 she had been to the Pompidou Centre. 6 she had said goodbye to Nick, she left. 7 she had answered all her letters, she felt she could watch TV for a whil 8 she put the phone down it rang again. This time it was Dougy. ‘Make more sentences with connectors you haven’t used, based on the diary information. Think of things that are true for you in these situations and complete the sentences, Add more sentences if you can. An example has been done. 1 While I'm asleep, ! usually dream a lot. 2. After I’ve eaten too much,. 3. The moment I wake up, I. 4 Throughout my childhood I 5 I'm doing vocabulary right now. Earlier on, I was... 6 Once I've finished my language course, I'll... 7 Before I go on holiday, | always.. 8 Following an argument with someone, I always feel Follow-up: If you can, get hold of a news report in English. Underline all the time connectors and see if there are any which you can add to those on the left-hand page. If there are, write a whole sentence in your notebook showing how the connector is used. English Vocabulary in Use 4121 | a2 Condition As well as if, there are a number of other words and phrases for expressing condition. Paar] 1 You can’t come in unless you have 2. You can borrow the bike on condition a ticket. that you return it by five o’clock. 3 In case of fire, dial 999. [usually seen on 4 You can stay, as long as you don’t mind notices (see Unit 96); it means ‘when there sleeping on the sofa. [less formal than so is a fire’; don’t confuse with ‘take your long as and less formal and not so strong, mac in case it rains’; not it might rain.| as on condition that] Providing (that) or provided (that) can also be used in examples 2 and 4. They are less formal and not so strong as on condition that but stronger and more restricting than as long as, eg, Provided/Providing you don’t mind cats, you can stay with us. Note the use of supposing and what if (usually in spoken language) for possible situations in the future. What if is more direct, e.g. Supposing/What if he doesn’t turn up; what shall we do then? Conditions with -ever However you do it, it will cost'a lot of money. You'll get to the railway station, whichever bus you take. Whoever wins the General Election, nothing will really change. That box is so big it will be in the way wherever you leave it. These four sentences can also be expressed using no matter. No matter how you do it, it will cost a lot of money. You'll get to the railway station, no matter which bus you take. Some nouns which express condition Certain conditions must be met before the Peace Talks can begin. A good standard of English is a prerequisite for studying at a British University. [absolutely necessary; very formal word] What are the entry requirements for doing a diploma in Management at your college? {official conditions} I would not move to London under any circumstances. It’s awful Notice in the examples in A and B how the present tense is used in the clause with the conditional word or phrase. Don’t say: Take your umbrella in case it will rain. English Vocabulary in Use2b 21.2 21.3 21.4 Exercises Fill the gaps with a suitable word from A opposite. 1 You can come to the party you don’t bring that ghastly friend of yours. 2 ‘emergency in the machine-room, sound the alarm and notify the supervisor at once. 3 Thear from you, Pll assume you are coming. 4. A person may take the driving test again they have not already taken a test within the previous fourteen days. lent you my car, would that help? The pictures show conditions that must be met to do certain things. Make different sentences using words and phrases from the opposite page. Example: You can have a passenger on a motorbike provided they wear a helmet ot Unless you wear a helmet, you can't ride on a motorbike. CAW Tamnne \ 70% + \omiversity \68% \ pense Change the sentences with -ever to no matter, and vice-versa. Wherever she goes, she always takes that dog of hers. If anyone rings, [ don’t want to speak to them, no matter who it is. ‘No matter what I do, { always seem to do the wrong thing. Ie'll probably have meat in it, whichever dish you choose. They don’t cater for non-meat eaters here. 5 No matter how I do it, that recipe never seems to work. Rune What would your answers be to these questions? 1 Are there any prerequisites for the job you do or would like to do in the future? 2. Under what circumstances would you move from where you're living at the moment? 3. What are the normal entry requirements for university in your country? 4 On what condition would you lend a friend your house/flat? Engish Vocabulary in Use 4322 Cause, reason, purpose and result | al Cause and reason You probably know how to use words like because, since and as to refer to the cause of or reason for something. Here are some other ways of connecting clauses to express causes and reasons. Note how verbs and nouns can do the same job as conjunctions. Look at the picture of an accident, on the right. Here are several ways of talking about it. Owing to the icy conditions, the two lorries collided. The collision was due to the icy conditions. NS The collision was caused by ice on the road. I ice The cause of the collision was ice on the road. Here are some other ‘cause’ words and typical contexts they are used in. The rise in prices sparked off a lot of political protest. [often used for very strong, perhaps violent, reactions to events} ‘The President's statement gave rise to / provoked / generated a lot of criticism. [slightly less strong than spark off] ‘The new law has brought about / led to gre: political/social changel This problem stems from the inflation of recent years. [explaining the direct origins of events and states| The court-case arose out of allegations made in a newspaper. process that led to the court-case] changes in education. [often used for [the allegations started the E 5 Reasons for and purposes of doing things Her reason for not going with us was that she had no money. or The reason she didn’t go with us was that... _ [less formal] I wonder what his motives were in sending that letter? | purpose| I wonder what prompted him to send that letter? [reason/cause} She wrote to the press with the aim of exposing the scandal. [purpose] ve invited you here with a view to resolving our differences. [sounds a bit more indirect than with the aim of] He refused to answer on the grounds that his lawyer wasn’t there. [reason] ‘The purpose of her visit was to inspect the equipment. “ He did no work. As a result / As a consequence / Consequently, he failed his exams. The result/consequence of all these changes is that no-one is happy any more. [The examples with consequence/consequently sound more formal than result] His remarks resulted in everyone getting angry. [asa verb + in| The events had an outcome that no-one could have predicted. [result of a process or events, or of meetings, discussions, etc, The upshot of all these problems was that we had to start again. [less formal than outcome] ‘When the election results were announced, chaos ensued. [formal] English Vocabulary in Use22.2 22.3 22.4 Exercises Make full sentences using ‘cause’ words from A opposite. Example: closure of 20 mines -» strikes in coal industry The closure of 20 mines sparked off a lot of strikes in the coal industry. 1 announcement strong attack from opposition 2 new Act of Parliament —» great changes in industry 3. signalling faule. —————> train crash 4 violent storm = ————+> wall collapsed 5 food shortages. ————— riots in several cities 6 food shortages —> poor management of the economy Make two sentences into one, using the ‘reason and purpose’ words in brackets. Look at B opposite if you aren’t sure. Example: There was a controversial decision. She wrote to the local newspaper to protest. (prompt) The controversial decision prompted he 1 to write to the local newspaper to protest. I didn’t contact you. I'd lost your phone number. (reason) I will not sign. This contract is illegal. (grounds) The government passed a new law. It was in order to control prices. (aim) She sent everyone flowers. I wonder why? (motives) The salary was high. She applied for the job. (prompt) wees ‘The pictures show the results of events. Imagine what the causes might be and describe the events in different ways. 3 The customers got angry. 4 We had to walk hom Fill in the missing words. 1 My reasons not joining the club are personal. 2 The purpose this pedal is to control the speed. 3 Tame here the aim resolving our dispute. 4 His stupidity has resulted us having to do more work. 5 All this arose ‘one small mistake we made. 6 It was done a view lowering inflation 7 That press article has rise a lot of criticism. English Vocabulary in Use 4523 46 Concession and contrast Concession means accepting one part of a state of affairs but putting another argument or fact against it. Although they were poor, they were independent. He is a bit stupid. He’s very kind, nevertheless. Verbs of concession example paraphrase and comments Tacknowledge/accept that he has. —> 1 agree bu worked hard but it isn’t enough [accept is less formal than acknowledge] Ladmit I was wrong, but I still —> — Laccept I'm guilty of what I’m accused of. think we were right to doubt her. Tconcede that you are right —> You have won this point about the goal, but not the method. in our argument. [formal] Adverbs and other phrases for concession OK, you're sorry. That's all well and good, but how are you going to pay us back? You shouldn’t seem so surprised. After all, I did warn you, I's all very well saying you love dogs, but who'll take it for walks if we do get one? He és boring, and he is rather cold and unfriendly, but, for all that, he is your uncle and we should invite him. Admittedly, she put a lot of effort in, but it was all wasted. Contrast K asf} \ hed Texpected Mr Widebody to be ‘We're not almost there at all; fat. The reverse was true. quite the opposite. We've got five miles to go yet. Everywhere in Europe they use metric measures. In contrast, Britain still uses non-metric. Ie’s not actually raining now. On the other hand, it may rain later, so take the umbrella. Remember: On the other hand means ‘that is true and this is true’; On the contrary means ‘that is not true, but this is true’, e.g. John, quiet? On the contrary, he’s the noisiest person I know or John is rather arrogant. On the other hand, he can be very kind. Note also these collocating phrases for contrast. When it comes to politics, Jim and Ann are poles apart There's a world of difference between being a friend and a lover. There’s a great divide between left and right wing in general, ‘A yawning gap divides rich and poor in many countries. There's a huge discrepancy between his ideals and his actions. English Vocabulary in Use23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 Exercises Rewrite these sentences using the most likely verb from A opposite (there is usually more than one possibility). 1 I know that you weren’t solely to blame, but you must take some responsibility 2 Okay, I was wrong, you were right; he is a nice guy. 3. The company is prepared to say that you have suffered some delay, but we do not accept liability. 4 She didn’t deny that we had done all we could, but she was still not content. Write a beginning for these sentences, as in the example. 1 lexpected Macy ta be. all and dark, The reverse was true; she was short, with fair hair. 2 On the other hand, it does have a big garden, so I think we should rent it. 3 Jim: ? Mary: On the contrary, it’s one of the cheapest hotels in town, 4 In contrast, the traffic in Britain drives on the left 5 quite the opposite. I feel quite full. I had a huge breakfast. Try to do this word puzzle from memory. _ | If you can’t, look at C opposite. Across La gap F 3a of difference Sa discrepancy 7 apart . Down ___ | | 2 poles Lif 4 a great [ 6 a yawning ] Now use the phrases from the word puzzle to make comments on these statements. 1 Some people believe in the nuclear deterrent, some in world disarmament. 2. She says one thing. She does quite the opposite. 3 Jim believes in God. Sandra’s a total atheist. 4 Being a student's one thing; being a teacher’s quite another. Complete the sentences with phrases from B opposite. 1 Okay, you've cleaned the kitchen, , but what about the mess in the dining-room. 2. No need to panic. 1 it doesn’t start till six. 3 She’s bossy and sly, but 1 she is a friend. 4 saying you'll pay me back soon; when is what I want to know! Choose between on the other hand and on the contrary. 1 P'mnot worried; +H feel quite calm. 2. Ie’s expensive, but s we do need it. English Vocabulary in Use 4724 48 Addition ‘There are a number of ways of adding one idea to another in English. You probably already know words like and, also and too. Words for linking sentences/clauses sentence/clause 1 and sentence/clause 2 For this job you need a degree. In addition ‘you need some experience. Video cameras are becoming Furthermore they're becoming cheaper. easier to use. Moreover What's more It'll take ages to get there Besides** we'll have to change trains | | and ie'l cost a fortune. three times at least. Children should respect Equally they should respect their their parents. Likewise teachers. We'll have all the stress of going On top of we'll have to pay to court and giving evidence. (all) thae*** the lawyers’ bills * furthermore and moreover are normally interchangeable; what's more is informal; what is more is more formal. a more emphatic way of adding; similar in meaning to anyway. even more emphatic; used mostly in informal spoken English. Note also: To keep fit you need a good diet plus regular exercise. [normally used to connect noun phrases, but can connect clauses in informal speech] | Adding words at the end of clauses/sentences They sell chairs, tables, beds, and so on / ete, /et'setra! Irll go to the committee, then to the board, then to another committee, and so on and so forth. [suggests a long continuation] He was a good sportsman and an excellent musician into the bargain / to boot. [emphasises the combination of items] Adding words that begin or come in the middle of clauses/sentences Further to my letter of 18/9/92, Lam writing to... _ [formal opening for a letter] In addition to his BA in History he has a Ph.D. in Sociology. He's on the schoo! board, as well as being a local councillor. Besides / Apart from having a salary, he also has a private income, Alongside her many other hobbies she restores old racing, cars. Jo Evans was there, along with a few other people who I didn’t know. Note: This last group are followed by nouns or by -ing. Do ot say: As well as she speaks French, she also speaks Japanese. (You can say: As well as speaking French, she...) English Vocabulary in Use24.1 24.2 24.3 Exercises Fill the gaps in this letter with suitable adding words and phrases. Try to do it without looking at the opposite page. Dear Mr Stoncheart (1) my letter of 16:3.94, | should like ‘to give you more Information concerning my qualifications ard experience, @ holding a Dipioma in Catering, | also have an Advanced Certificate in Hotel Management, The course covered the usual areas: finance, front services, publicity, space alloca 3) | aloo wish to point out that, : @ holding these qual ‘ave now been working in the hotel trade for five years. vss (5). my experience prior to that was aloe connected with Tourer and hosp Thope yw give my application ave consideration, ‘Youre sincerely Nowa. Hope Nora Hope Rewrite the sentences using the word or phrase in brackets at the end. 1 Physical labour can exhaust the body very quickly. Excessive study can rapidly reduce mental powers too. (equally) My cousin turned up and some schoolmates of his came with him. (along with) He owns a big chemical factory and he runs a massive oil business in the USA. (as well as) She was my teacher and she was a good friend, (into the bargain) I'm their scientific adviser and act as consultant to the Managing Director. (in addition to) wun Correct the mistakes in the use of addition words and phrases in these sentences. IT work part-time as well as I am a student, so I have a busy life. Besides to have a good job, my ambition is to meet someone nice to share my life with. Alongside I have many other responsibilities, | now have to be in charge of staff training. In addition has a degree, she also has a diploma. Likewise my father won’t agree, my mother’s sure to find something to object to. To boot she is a good footballer, she’s a good athlete. He said he'd have to first consider the organisation, then the system, then the finance and so forth so on. Nauaune 24.4 What adding words/phrases can you associate with these pictures? Rane EN Tearor® English Vocabulary in Use 4925 50 Text-referring words Text-referring words are ones that pick up their content from the surrounding text. This sentence in isolation does not mean much: ‘We decided to look at the problem again and try to find a solution, What problem? We need to refer to some other sentence or to the context to find out. Problem and solution help organise the argument of the text, but they do not tell us the topic of the text. They refer to something somewhere else. Here are some examples. What the word in bold refers to is underlined, Pollution is increasing. The problem is getting worse each day. Should taxes be raised or lowered? This was the biggest issue in the causing great argument and controversy] Whether the war could have been avoided is a question that continues to interest historians. Let’s discuss crime. It’s always an interesting topic. [subject to argue about or discuss, e.g. in a debate or in an essay] Punishment is only one aspect of crime. [part of the topic] ction. [topic Problem-solution words Text-referring words are often associated with common patterns in text, such as the ‘problem-solution’ type of text. Note the words in bold connected with problems and solutions here and try to learn them as a family. The situation in our cities with regard to traffic is going from bad to worse. Congestion is, a daily feature of urban life. The problem is now beginning to affect our national economies. Unless a new approach is found to controlling the number of cars, we will never find a solution to the dilemma. In this dialogue, two politicians are arguing on the radio. Note how the words in bold refer to parts of the argument. A: Your claim that we are doing nothing to invest in industry is false. We invested £10 billion last year. You have ignored this fact. &: But the investment has all gone to service industries. The real point is that we need to invest in manufacturing. A: That argument is out of date in a modern technological society. Our position has always been that we should encourage technology. 8: But that view will not help to reduce unemployment. a: Rubbish. Utter rubbish. Here are some more words associated with problem-solution texts. They are grouped in families associated with the key-words in bold. The prepositions which are normally used with these words are given in brackets situation: state of affairs position (with regard to) problem: difficulty [more formal] crisis matter response: reaction (to) attitude (to) solution: answer (to) resolution (to) key (to) way out (of) evaluation [of the solution|: assessment judgement English Vocabulary in Use25.0 25.2 25.3 25.4 Exercises Draw lines from the left-hand column to the righthand column joining each sentence with a suitable label, as in the example. oN 1. The earth is in orbit around the sun. 2. World poverty and overpopulation. 3. God exists and loves everybody. 4 T've run out of cash, 5. Ithas proved to be most efficient. 6 They should get married, to my mind. problem evaluation fact belief issue Fill the gaps with an appropriate word to refer to the underlined parts of the sentences. 1 So you were talking about animal rights? That's quite a big in Britain nowadays. 2. We are running shost of funds. How do you propose we should deal with the ? 3. Isthere life on other planets? This is a answer. nobody has yet been able to 4 (Teacher to the class) You can write your essay on ‘My best holiday ever’. If you don’t like that , T'll give you another one. 5. She thinks we should all fly around in tiny little helicopters. This to the traffic problem in cities is rather new and unusual. I wonder if it is viable? These newspaper headlines have got separated from their texts. Put each one with a suitable text. NEW APPROACH TO NEW ARGUMENT OVER CANCER TREATMENT ECONOMIC RECESSION PRIME MINISTER SETS OUT VIEWS ON EUROPEAN UNION 1 SOLUTION TO AGE-OLD MYSTERY IN KENYA __Abe said if the worldy 2 [community failed to respond, |thousands of children could ‘carried out to {new drug really did Answer these questions with regard to yourself. 1 What's your approach to learning vocabulary? 5 ___ he bones proved beyond doubt that human| beings had inhabited the) Legion during, (At all that such things} _Aere was no proof) lwere harmful, and ll {had _a similar vision of 6 SCIENTIST REJECTS CLAIMS OVER FAST FOOD SITUATION IN SAHEL WORSENING DAILY 3 _Aiso said thar he {believed that most people Mr Wallis denied that this was true and said Jinstead that all the evi- | dence pointed to 2 What aspect of your work/studies do you find most interesting? 3. Which topics in this book are most useful? English Vocabulary in Use 5126 Uncountable words Uncountable nouns are not normally used with a(n) or the plural, e.g. information, not an information, or some informations. It is a good idea to learn uncountable nouns in groups associated with the same subject or area. Here are some possible headings. Travel ( Ss zé owe es luggage accommodation —_money equipment information. baggage (Am. Eng.) currency (e.g. for skiing) Travel is also an uncountable noun, e.g. Travel broadens the mind. Day-to-day household items 17 a Pe Dy a / soap toothpaste washing powder ~washing-up liquid _polish paper Food The word food is uncountable. Try adding more uncountable words to this list. sugar rice spaghetti butter flour soup Some rather abstract words are uncountable She gave me some advice on how to study for the exam. I picked up some interesting knowledge on that course. She’s made a lot of progress in a very short time. She has done some research on marine life. They've done a lot of work on the project. Materials and resources For making clothes, etc.: cloth (e.g. cotton, silk) leather wool For buildings: stone brick plastic wood/timber concrete For energy: coal oil petrol gas Typical mistakes Don’t say: What a terrible weather! She has long hairs. Ihave a news for you. ‘We bought some new furnitures. Say: What terrible weather! She has long hair. I have some news for you. We bought some new furniture. (See also Unit 27.) Tip: always mark an uncountable noun with (U) in your vocabulary notebook, or write or ‘a lot of...” before it. English Vocabulary in Use26.8 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5 26.6 Exercises Say whether these sentences need a(t) or not. Some of the nouns are not on the left-hand page. Use a dictionary that tells you whether the nouns are uncountable. 1 He gave usall........ advice on what to take with us. 2. I'm sorry. [can’t come. I have........ homework to do. 3. She's doing ....... investigation of teenage slang in English for her university project. 4 You'll need rice if you want to make a Chinese meal. 5 Paula getting divorced? That's interesting news! 6 Thave to buy....... film for the holiday. I think I'll get about five rolls. 7 We saw........ beautiful silk and ....... cotton in Thailand. Sort these words into two columns side by side, one for uncountables and one for countables. Then join the words which have similar meaning. tip clothing case_— information job_— advice. travel-—_garment trip work — baggage —fact Imagine you are going away for a week’s holiday and you pack a suitcase with a number of things. Make a list of what you would pack and consider how many of the items on your list are uncountable nouns in English. Correct the mistakes in these sentences. 1 We had such a terrible weather that we left the camp-site and got an accommodation in town instead, 2. In the North of England, most houses are made of stones, but in the South, bricks are more common. 3 Tlove antique furnitures, but 1 would need an advice from a specialist before I bought any. My knowledges in that area are very poor. 4 Her researches are definitely making great progresses these days. She has done a lot of original works recently. Another area that has a number of uncountable words is personal qualities and skills. For example, we might say that a secretary should have intelligence, reliability, charm and enthusiasm. These are all uncountable nouns. Choose from the list and say what qualities these people should have. Say whether they need some, a lot or a bit of the quality. Use a dictionary for any difficult words. Jobs: soldier nurse teacher _~— explorer actor__— athlete writer surgeon receptionist Qualities: patience courage determination goodwill charm stamina reliability loyalty energy experience. commitment talent creativity intelligence training Could I have...? Practise asking for these everyday items and decide whether you must say @ or some. vinegar duster _—_needle_—thread_—sellotape_—tea-bag__ polish English Vocabulary in Use 5327 Words that only occur in the plural i Tools, instruments, pieces of equipment Some of these are always plural. scissors pliers = tweezers of 9 Hp binoculars, A. RP scales shears = slasses/spectacles SS handcuffs | Things we wear } knickers/underpants dungarees _clothes tights jem Nan leggings i (Ih HI 1 Bone mM pyiamas na ; Some other useful words When I move to London, I'll have to find lodgings. _[e.g. a room| When will the goods be delivered? _[articles/items] The architect inspected the foundations before declaring that the premises were safe. The military authorities have established their headquarters in the old Town Hall. ‘The acoustics in the new opera-house are near-perfect. The contents of the house were sold after her death, Looks are less important than personality in a partner. [As you come to the outskirts of the village, there are traffic-lights. Turn left there. The stairs are a bit dangerous; be careful. The proceeds of the concert are going to the children’s fund, A terrorist has escaped from prison. Her whereabouts are unknown. , | Words with plural form but used mostly with singular verbs Names of some gam: Names of subjects/acti athletics _ maths billiards dominoes draughts darts bowls s: physics economics classics gymnastics aerobics Note: some words look plural but are not, e.g. series, means, news, spaghetti There was a series of programmes on TV about Japan. Is there a cheap means of transport I could use to get there? 54 English Vocabulary in Use27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.5 27.6 Exercises Make a list of (a) subjects you studied at school or elsewhere, and (b) your leisure interests. How many of the words are plural? Check the left-hand page or in a dictionary. What things which are always plural can be used to: 1 cut a hedge? shears J get a splinter out of your skin? 2. weigh something? 6 look at distant objects? 3 cut paper? 7 get a nail out of a piece of wood? 4 hold your trousers up? 8 keep a prisoner's hands together? How many articles on the clothes line are plural nouns? Fill the gaps with an appropriate plural-form noun, 1 (Toa child) Come on! Get your ‘on! It’s time to go to bed. 2 The of the rock concert are going to the international ‘Save the Children fund’, 3 The in the new concert hall are superb. I've never heard such clear sound. 4 The escaped prisoner is tall, dark and has a beard. His are unknown, but the search is continuing. 5. You don’t have to wear to ride, but it’s much more comfortable, 6 The have forbidden the import of all foreign Odd one out. In each of these groups, one of the nouns is always used in the plural. Which one? 1 wellington trouser slipper 3-knife scissor razor 2 billiard squash archery 4 tracksuit costume dungaree In this little story, there are some nouns that should be plural but are not. Change the text where appropriate. I decided that if I wanted to be a pop star I'd have to leave home and get lodging in London. I finally got a room, but it was on the outskirt of the city. The owner didn’t live on the premise, so I could make as much noise as I liked. The acoustic in the bathroom was fantastic, so I practised there. | made so much noise I almost shook the foundation! I went to the headquarter of the Musicians’ Union, but a guy there said I just didn’t have a good enough look to be famous. Oh well, never mind! English Vocabulary in Use 5528 Countable and uncountable with different meanings | When we use a noun countably we are thinking of specific things; when we use it uncountably we are thinking of stuff or material or the idea of a thing in general. stuffimaterials things | | glass sa a glass / glasses U ar acloth a a fish << a work Ss cloth fish Be careful! there’s broken glass on the road. I need a cloth to wipe the table. [We had fish for dinner. Hamlet is one of Shakespeare's most famous works. Here are some more nouns used in both ways. Make sure you know the difference between the uncountable and the countable meaning, drink/adrink hair /ahair paper /apaper land /a land people /a people home/ahome policy /apolicy trade /a trade Drink was the cause of all his problems. {alcohol} There’s a hair in my sandwich, a dark one; it must be yours. Did you buy a paper this morning? [a newspaper} love meeting people from different countries. _ individuals} ‘The different peoples of Asia. [races / national groups} Her grandmother lives in a home. [an institution] T've lost my car insurance policy. [a document} ‘Trade with China has increased. [imports and exports} ; ‘The names of food items often have a different shade of meaning when used countably and uncountably (see fish above). coffee/tea © ED —+ a coffee and two teas 955 potato 2 — _ just ewo potatoes, please! vould you like LE you like a chocolat mi -- salt and pepper — > apepper TAY a hot dog with onion — — > — anonion 56 Engloh Vocobuloryin Use28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 Exercises Would you normally expect to find the following things in most people’s houses/flats or garages/gardens? Where in those places would you expect to find them? Example: an iron Yes, most people have an iron to iron their clothes; they might keep It in the kitchen somewhere. 1 acloth 3 iron S pepper 7 paper 9 drink 2 awood 4 afish 6 glass 8 atape 10 a rubber Which question would you ask? Can I have/borrow a...? or Can I have/borrow some. Example: cake Can have some cake? 1 iron 3 chocolate Answer these remarks using the word in brackets, as in the example. Use a(n) if the meaning is countable. Example: Oh dear! I've spilt water on the floor! (cloth) Never mind, Here's @ cloth just wipe i up. 1 How did you get thar puncture in your tyre? (glass) 2 Iwas surprised to hear that old Mrs Jones doesn’t live with her family any more. (home) 3. What do you think my son should do? He's just left school and he’s not really academic. He needs a job. (trade) 4 Why did you choose this house in the end? (land) 5 Mum, what’s the Mona Lisa? (work) 6 How can I find out what the restrictions are on this car insurance? (policy) What is the difference between (a) and (b) in each pair? 1a) Have some sauce with your hot dog, b) Shall I make a sauce with the fish? a) PLANT AND HEAVY MACHINERY CROSSING (road sign) b) I've bought you a house plant. 3a) Can T have some light? b) Can T have a light? English Vocabulary in Use 35729 Collective nouns Collective nouns are used to describe a group of the same things. mm ~- Poe a group of people a crowd of people a gang of football fans (small group) (large number) (rather negative) me Words associated with certain animals {A flock of sheep or birds, e.g. geese/pigeons; a herd of cows, deer, goats; a shoal of fish (or any particular fish, e.g. a shoal of herring/mackerel ~ note the use of singular here); a swarm of insects (or any particular insect, most typically flying ones, e.g. a swarm of bees/gnats) Note: a pack of... can be used for dogs or hyenas, wolves, etc. as well as for (playing) cards. | People involved in the same job/activity A team of surgeons/doctors/experts/reporters/scientists/rescue-workers/detectives arrived at the scene of the disaster. ‘The crew were all saved when the ship sank. [workers on a ship] he company are rehearsing a new production. [group of actors] The cast were all amateurs, [actors in a particular production] The staff are on strike. [general word for groups who share a place of work, e.g. teachers in a school, people in an office] Ez D Physical features of landscapes In the picture we can see a row of cottages near a clump of trees with a range of hills in the background, Out on the lake there is a small group of islands. |g Things in general , / a pile/heap of a bunch of flowers a stack of chairs a set of tools papers (or clothes, (or grapes, bananas, _ (or tables, boxes, (or pots and pans, dishes,toys, etc.) berries, etc.) logs, etc.) etc.) 58 English Vocabulary in Use29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 29.5 Exercises Fill cach gap with a suitable collective noun. 1 There are ‘of mosquitoes in the forests in Scandinavia in the summer. 2. As we looked over the side of the boat, we saw a of brightly coloured fish swimming just below the surface. 3. There was a of youths standing on the corner; they didn’t look at all friendly. 4 You'll see a of cards on the bookshelf, Will you fetch them for me, please? 5. The government has appointed a of biologists to look into the problem. In each case, one of the examples is wrong. Which one? Company is often used for: actors opera singers swimmers Cast is often used for people in: a play a book a film ww is often used for the staff of: an ambulance a plane a hospital Pack is often used for: cats hyenas wolves Elock is often used for: sheep starlings pigs Draw a line from the left-hand column to the right-hand column joining collective words with appropriate nouns, as in the example. 1 achump of —— houses Dearne tor oo midges acres fir-trees 4a swarm of elephants, 5 arow of bed-linen 6 aheap of mountains 7 aherd of schoolkids Rewrite these sentences using collective words. Don’t forget to make the verb singular where necessary. There are some tables on top of one another in the next room There are a large number of people waiting outside The people who work there are very well-paid A large number of sheep had escaped from a field. She gave me six identical sherry glasses. She gave me five or six beautiful roses. Aun Some collective nouns are associated with words about using language. Underline any you can see in this news text and make a note of them in your vocabulary notebook. HE JOURNALISTS raised a co replied that he was not [ whole host of questions _ prepared to listen to a string about the actions of the of wild allegations without police during the demon- any evidence. In the end, he stration. There had been a just gave a series of short barrage of complaints about answers that left everyone police violence. The Chief of dissatisfied. English Vocabulary in Use 5960 Making uncountable words countable You can make many uncountable nouns singular by adding a bit of or a piece of. Similarly you can make such nouns plural with bits of or pieces of. (Bit is less formal than piece.) She bought an attractive old piece of furniture at the auction sale. How many pieces of luggage have you got with you? Theard a really useful bit of information yesterday. Chopin wrote some wonderful pieces of music. Before you go to England I should give you two bits of advice... He spends all his money buying new bits of computer equipment. Although bit and piece can be used with the majority of uncountable nouns there are also a number of other words which can be used with specific uncountable nouns. Weather We have certainly had a good spell of summer weather this year. Did you hear that rumble of thunder? Yes, I did. It came almost immediately after the flash of lightning. Theard a sharp clap of thunder, then a few rumbles in the distance. A sudden gust of wind turned my umbrella inside out. There was a sudden shower of rain this morning. Did you feel a spot of rain? i oo Groceries “Can [have a loaf of bread, a slice _J of cake", ewo bars of chocolate, a tube of toothpaste, wo cartons of { milk and three bars of so: “Slice can also be used with toast, bread, meat and cheese. Nature Look at the ladybird on that blade of grass! What's happened? Look at that cloud of smoke hanging over the town! She blew little puffs of smoke out of her cigarette straight into my face. Let’s go out and get a breath of fresh air. Put another lump of coal on the fire, please. [lump can also be used with ‘sugat’] Other Thad an amazing stroke of luck this morning. Pve never seen him do a stroke of work. [only in negative sentences} ve never seen him in such a fit of temper before. The donkey is the basic means of transport on the island, Tights must be the most useful article/item of clothing ever invented, There was an interesting item of news about France on TV last night. The phrase a state of can serve to make uncountable nouns singular. The nouns used with state are usually abstract and include chaos, emergency, tension, confusion, health, disorder, uncertainty, poverty, agitation, disrepair and flux, e.g. a state of emergency. English Vocabulary in Use30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 30.5 Exercises Match the words in the list on the left with their partner on the right. 1 astroke lightning, 2 ashower. —— coal Banaricle gp sass 4 alump news 5 aflash I 6 a blade clothing 7 anitem thunder 8 a rumble luck Change the uncountable nouns to countable nouns in the following sentences by using either a bit/piece of or one of the more specific words listed in B opposite. Example: Could you buy me some bread, please? Could you buy me a loaf of bread, pleas My mother gave me some advice which I have always remembered. Suddenly the wind almost blew him off his feet. ‘We had some terribly windy weather last winter. ‘Would you like some more toast? He never does any work at all in the house. Let’s go into the garden — I need some fresh air. can give you some important information about that. ‘We could see smoke hovering over the city from a long way away. ‘There is some interesting new equipment in that catalogue. I need to get some furniture for my flat. Seovansene 1 Use words from C opposite to fit the clues for the puzzle below. 1 The government announced a state of after the earthquake. 2. My granny wouldn't be in such a bad state of rT now if she hadn’t smoked all her life. 3. We fell in love with the house although it F was in a dreadful state of 5 4 We are still in a state of as to who has won the election. 5 Although this is supposed to be an : affluent society, more people are living in LI a state of here now than for [ the last 50 years. oi J ‘Make up a puzzle of your own like the one above using the language practised in this unit, If possible, test a friend. Now decide who or what might be in the following states and write your own sentences using these expressions. chaos 2 flux 3 confusion 4 tension, (See also Unit 32 for more weather words.) English Vocabulary in Use 6131 | | Countries, nationalities and languages Using ‘the’ Most names of countries are used without ‘the’, but some countries and other names have ‘the’ before them, e.g. The USA, The United Kingdom / UK, The Commonwealth. Some countries may be referred to with or without ‘the’ (the) Lebanon, (the) Gambia, (the) Ukraine, (the) Sudan. Adjectives referring to countries and languages With -ish: British Irish Flemish Danish Turkish Spanish With Canadian Brazilian American Russian Australian With -ese: Japanese Chinese Guyanese Burmese Maltese Taiwanese With -i: Israeli Iragi Kuwaiti Pakistani Yemeni Bangladeshi With -ic: Icelandic Arabic Some, adjectives are worth learning separately e.g, Swiss, Thai, Greek, Dutch, Cypriot. Nationalities Some nationalities have nouns for referring to people, e.g. a Finn, a Swede, a Turk, a Spaniard, a Dane, a Briton, an Arab. For most nationalities we can use the adjective as a noun, g. a German, an Italian, a Belgian, a Catalan, a Greek, an African. Some need woman/man/person added to them (you can’t say ‘a Dutch’), so if in doubt, use them, e.g, a Dutch man, a French woman, an Irish person, an Icelandic man. World regions PR eee sean Asia -v = S ‘Eyropeys The The Amerien * See Middle Fir 3 The The North Africa” Face Eat pte Caribbean , _ Neocontral Africa of Lati The atin ? . . Americaf’ The Southern Indian Atlantic Africa Ocean Australasia. f Ne The Antarctic Peoples and races People belong to ethnic groups and regional groups such as Afro-Caribbeans, Asians and Orientals and Latin Americans. What are you? (e.g. North African, Southern African, European, Melanesian) They speak dialects as well as languages. Everyone has a/mother tongue or first language; many have second and third languages. Some people are perfect in more than one language and are bilingual or multilingual. name: Wanija Krishnamurthan second/third languages: English, Malay nationality: Malaysian type or dialect of English: Malaysian mother tongue: Tamil (S. India) _ethnic group: Asian (Tamil Indian) English Vocabulary in Use3h 31.5 Exercises Ways of learning nationality and language adjectives. Some adjectives can form regiona’ groups, e.g. Latin American countries are almost all described by -(iJan adjectives. 1 Complete this list of Latin American adjectives. Look at a world map if you have t Brazilian, Chilean... 2 The same applies to former European socialist countries and parts of the former So Union. Complete the list. Hungarian, Armenian,... 3. What other regional groupings can you sce on the left-hand page? (e.g. many -ish adjectives are European) Famous names. Can you name a famous... Example: Argentinian sportsman or woman? Diego Maradona 1 Chinese politician? 2 Black Southern African political figure? 3 Polish person who became a world religious leader? 4 Ikalian opera singer? 5 Irish rock-music group? All these nationality adjectives have a change in stress and/or pronunciation from the. 1e of the country. Make sure you can pronounce them. Use a dictionary for any you don + know. Use phonetic script if possible (see Unit 5). Example: Iran > Iranian /t'reintan/ (US = /i'renran/) 1 Panama -> Panamanian 4 Jordan -» Jordanian 2 Cyprus > Cypriot 5S Egypt. > Egyptian 3 Ghana = Ghanaian 6 Fi = > Fijian Correct the mistakes in these newspaper headlines. ; 1 3 Madonna to marry a French?) ——___— ‘ POLICE ARREST DANISH Hollywood sensation! Vietnamian SMUGGLING CHARGE refugees ee Britains have highest ) leave Hong ¢ ° tragian delegation met i =~ tax rate in EC Kong camps Pakistanian Presiden —. eS World quiz What are the main ethnic groups in Malaysia? Which countries, strictly speaking, are in Scandinavia? What are the five countries with the highest population? How many languages are there in the world? Where is Kiribati? Where do people speak Inuit? ‘What are the five most widely spoken languages? Maueune Follow-up: Make sure you can describe your nationality, country, region, ethnic group, language(s), etc. in English. English Vocobulay in Use 6332 | l The weather Cold weather In Scandinavia, the chilly (3) days of autumn soon change to the cold days of winter. The first frosts (2) arrive and the roads become icy. Rain becomes sleet (3) and then snow, at first turning to slush (4) in the streets, but soon settling (5), with severe blizzards (6) and snowdrifts (7) in the far north. Freezing weather often continues in the far north until May or even June, when the ground starts to thaw (8) and the ice melts (9) again. (2) cold, but not very (2) thin white coat of ice on everything (3) rain and snow mixed (4) dirty, brownish, half-snow, half-water (5) staying as a white covering (6) snow blown by high winds (7) deep banks of snow against walls, etc. (8) change from hard, frozen state to normal _ (9) change from solid to liquid under heat Warmihot weather close /klaus/ [warm and uncomfortable] _ stifling (hot, uncomfortable, you can hardly breathe] humid {hot and damp, makes you sweat a lot] scorching [very hor, often used in positive contexts} _ boiling [very hot, often used in negative contexts] _ mild [warm at atime when it is normally cold] Note also: We had a heatwave last month. [very hot, dry period] Wet weather This wet weather scale gets stronger from left to right. damp + drizzle + pour down / downpour — torrential rain > flood Autumn in London is usually chilly and damp with rain and drizzle. Iwas absolutely pouring down, or There was a real downpour. In the Tropics there is usually torrential rain most days, and the roads often get flooded. or There are floods on the roads. This rain won't last long; it’s only a shower. [short duration} The storm damaged several houses. {high winds and rain together] ‘We got very wet in the thunderstorm, [thunder and heavy rain] Hailstones were battering the roof of our car. [small balls of ice falling from the sky]. ‘Note also hail (uncountable). The sky’s a bit overcast; I think it’s going to rain. {very cloudy! ‘We had a drought /draut/ last summer. It didn’t rain for six weeks. Mist and fog Nouns and adjectives: haze/hazy [light mist, usually caused by heat] _mist/misty [light fog, often on the sea, or caused by drizzle] fog/foggy [quite thick, associated with cold weather] smog [mixture of fog and pollution (smoke + fog)] Wind ‘There was a gentle breeze on the beach, just enough to cool us. There’s a good wind today; fancy going sailing? It’s a very blustery day; the umbrella will just blow away. There's been a gale warning; it would be crazy to go sailing. People boarded up their windows when they heard there was a hurricane on the way. English Vocabulary in Use32.5 32.2 | 32.3 32.4 32.5 Exercises Match each word with a word from the box. Athunder 2 torrential 3down 4heat Shail 6snow 7 gale 8 Be the gaps with words from the left-hand page. My first experience of real winter weather was when I went to Northern Canada. I was used to the sort of snow that falls in London, which quickly turns into brown a) with all the people walking on it. In fact, most of the time I was in London, it didn’t really snow properly, it was mostly (2). Apart from that, British winters meant a bit of white (3) on my garden and occasionally having to drive very carefully on icy roads early in the morning. Thad never experienced the (4) and (5) that can paralyse a whole city in less than an hour and close roads completely. However, when the earth finally (6) and all the snow (7) away in spring, everything comes to life again and looks more beautiful than ever. What kinds of weather do you think caused the following to happen? Write a sentence which could go before each of these, ‘We had to sit in the shade every afternoon, The sweat was pouring out of us. Ican hardly breathe; | wish it would rain to cool us down. Cars were skidding out of control. Even the postman had to use a boat to get around. They had to close the airport; the snow was a metre deep. ‘We were able to sit in the garden in the middle of winter. The earth became rock-hard and a lot of plants died. It blew the newspaper clean out of my hands. A row of big trees had been uprooted like matchsticks. Icould hardly see my hand in front of my face. ES en yansene I 1 ‘What types of weather are bad and good for doing these things? Example: Skiing bad: mild weather which makes the snow melt good: cold, clear days 1 Planting flowers in a garden 4 A day of sightseeing in a big city 2 Having an evening barbecue 5 Camping out in a tent 3 Going out ina small sailing boat 6 Looking at ships through binoculars This chart shows anyone who wants to visit the West of Ireland what weather to expect at different times of the year. Make a similar chart for your country or home region. [ Dec Mar ‘April-June July-Aug Sep-Nov coldest months; generally warmest months; often mild usually quite cool, often bright with becoming wet; snow on wet and windy showers; cool cold mist [ Bish eround but improving sea breezes and fog English Vocabulary in Use 6533 Describing people - appearance ) eS Hair, face, skin and complexion > © & “ee ce straight hair wavy hair curly hair a crew-cut and thin-faced and round-faced and dark-skinned ory = ee bald beard and moustache receding hair with freckles with a chubby face and a few wrinkles He us’ to have black hair but now it’s gone grey, almost white. What sort of person would you like to go out with? Blonde, fair, dark or ginger-haired / red-haired? She has such beautiful auburn hair, [red-brown] Fair and dark can be used for hair, complexion or skin. 2 is arather plump or slim woman —_an obese person stout man [positive] Inegative, very fat] Height and build Fat may sound impolite. Instead we often say a bit overweight. If someone is broad and solid, we can say they are stocky. A person with good muscles can be well-built or muscular, If someone is terribly thin and refuses to eat, they may be anorexic. Ha General appearance She’s a very smart and elegant woman, always well-dressed; her husband is quite the opposite, very scruffy and untidy-looking. He's very good-looking, but his friend’s rather unattractive. Do you think beautiful women are always attracted to handsome men? I don’t. I think first impressions matter most. Tip: The suffix -ish is useful for describing people: (see Unit 8) She's tallish, He has brownish hair. He must be thirtyish. 66 English Vocabulary in Use33.1 33.2 33.3 33.4 33.5 Exercises Answer these remarks with the opposite description. Example: a: | thought you said he was the short, chubby one. B: No, quite the opposite, he's the tall, thin-faced one : Was that his brother, the dark-skinned, wavy-hairéd one? : No, quite the opposite, his brother's 2 She's always quite well-dressed, so I've heard. What! Who told you that? Every time I see her, she’s... : So Charlene’s that rather plump fair-haired woman, is she? : No, you're looking at the wrong one. Charlene’s... + So, tell us about the new boss; good looking? : No, I'm afraid not; rather... I don’t know why, but I expected the tour-guide to be middle-aged or elderly. : No, apparently she’s only... 1 Write one sentence to describe each of these people, giving information about their hair and face, their height and build and general appearance. 1 you yourself 3 a neighbour 2 your best friend 4 your ideal of a handsome mar/a beautiful woman Now, in the same way, describe somebody very famous, give some extra clues about them, 4. pop star/politician, and see if someone else can guess who you are describing. From these jumbled words, find combinations for describing people, as in the example. Not all of the words are on the left-hand page. Some of the combinations are hyphenated. Use a dictionary if necessary. Example: good-looking 4 A 6 10nd Oey Pinay, oot Gey ares ay chy root saced Pomp Lexi, wal rac0 middle owe Hey eit? fey woiah® tanned WANTED! MISSING! Complete the gaps in these police posters. WANTED FOR Wanted for Missing Want ji ed MURDER Robbery dead or alive “y | | aia} L Meal Drowzes ‘Sandra King Louise Fox Jake ‘Dagger’ height height St 4, age 7, Asian Flagstone, 6ft “faced, hair, : ith hit, build, and skin “faced | hair bud Make a collection of descriptions of people from newspapers and magazines. Court/crime reports, celebrity and gossip pages of magazines, and the ‘personal’ columns where people are secking partners are good places to start. English Vocabulary in Use 67b Describing people — character Intellectual ability Ability: intelligent bright clever smart shrewd able gifted talented brainy (colloquial) Lacking ability: stupid foolish half-witted simple silly brainless. daft dumb dim (the last four are predominantly colloquial words) Clever, in a negative way, using brains to trick or deceive: cunning crafty sly Attitudes towards life Looking on either the bright or the black side of things: optimistic pessimistic Outward-looking or inward-looking (i.e. to the world around one or to one’s own inner world): extroverted introverted Calm or not calm with regard to attitude to life: relaxed tense Practical, not dreamy in approach to life: sensible down-to-earth Feeling things very intensely: sensitive Attitudes towards other people Enjoying others’ company: sociable gregarious Disagreeing with others: quarrelsome argumentative Taking pleasure in others’ pain: cruel sadistic Relaxed in attitude to self and others: easy-going _even-tempered Not polite to others: impolite rude illemannered —discourteous Telling the truth to others: honest trustworthy reliable sincere Unhappy if others have what one does not have oneself: jealous envious One person’s meat is another person’s poison Some characteristics can be either positive or negative depending on your point of view. The words in the right-hand column mean roughly the same as the words in the left-hand column except that they have negative rather than positive connotations. determined —+ obstinate stubborn _pig-headed thrifty/economical —> miserly mean _tight-fisted self-assured —= self-important arrogant full of oneself (colloquial) assertive ——+ aggressive bossy (colloquial) original ——+ peculiar weird eccentric odd frank/direct/open —> blunt abrupt brusque curt broad-minded —+ —unprincipled _ permissive inquiring — _inguisitive _ nosy (colloquial) generous —+ extravagant innocent — naive ambitious — pushy (colloquial) (See also Units 12, 73 and 78.) English Vocabulary in Use34.6 34.2 34.3 34.4 34.5 34.6 34.7 Exercises Match these words with their opposites. 1 clever introverted 2 extroverted tight-fisted 3 rude courteous 4 cruel gregarious 5 generous kind-hearted 6 unsociable half-witted Do you think that the speaker likes or dislikes the people s/he is talking about? 1 Di’s very thrifty. 5 Dick’s quite bossy. 2. Molly’s usually frank. 6 find Dave self-important. 3 Liz’s quite broad-minded 7 Don’t you think Jim’s nosy? 4 Sam can be aggressive. 8 Jill is very original. Reword the sentences above to give the opposite impression, Example: Dis very stingy. ‘Magazines often publish questionnaires which are supposed to analyse your character for you. Look at the words below and then match them to the question which aims to decide whether a person is like that. Example: If you arrange to meet at 7 p.m., do you arrive at 7 p.m.? Reliable pessimistic argumentative sensitive sociable extravagant assertive inquisitive Do you prefer to be in the company of other people? Look at the picture. Do you think ‘my glass is half empty’? Do you find it easy to tell your boss if you feel he or she has treated you badly? Do you always look out of the window if you hear a car draw up? Do you often buy your friends presents for no particular reason? Do you frequently disagree with what other people say’ Do you lie awake at night if someone has said something unkind to you? Naneene What questions like those in 34.4 could you ask to try to find out whether a person is the following: 1 thrifty 3 sensible 5 even-tempered 7 obstinate 2 blunt 4 intelligent 6 original Can you complete each of these word forks? 1 self. 2 stempered 3 -minded Write a sentence to illustrate the meanings of each of your words. Choose five or six adjectives from the opposite page which you think best describe either your own or a friend’s character. How do you or your friend demonstrate these characteristics? Example: Sociable ~| am sociable because | love being with other people. English Vocabulary in Use 6935 Relationships | = Types of relationships Here is a scale showing closeness and distance in relationships in different contexts. Ri ero friendship: best friend good friend friend acquaintance work: close colleague colleague/workmate lovelromance: lover steady boy/girlfriend marriage: wife/husband/partner * ex- can be used with or without (informally) another word: She’s my ex. (girlfriend, etc.) ‘Mate is a colloquial word for a good friend. It can also be used in compounds to describe a person you share something with, e.g. classmate, shipmate, workmate, flatmate. Workmate is usual in non-professional contexts; colleague is more common among professional people. Fiancé/ée can still be used for someone you are engaged to, but a lot of people feel it is dated nowadays. You will sometimes see husband-/wife-to-be in journalistic style. English has no universally accepted word for ‘person I live with but am not married to’, but partner is probably the commonest. = Liking and not I ing someone core verb positive negative like love adore dislike hate worship _idolise can'tstand loathe respect look upto admire_—look down on despise attract turn s.b. on repel turn s.b. off be attracted to. fancy She doesn’t just like Bob she idolises him! I can’t stand him. I really fancy Lisa, but her friend just turns me off. Fancy and turn off are informal. Repel is very strong and rather formal. | Phrases and idioms for relationships Jo and I get on well with each other. {have a good relationship] ‘Adrian and Liz don’t see eye to eye. [often argue/disagree] ve fallen out with my parents again. (had arguments] Tony and Jane have broken up / split up. _ [ended their relationship] George is having an affair with his boss. [a sexual relationship, usually secret] Children should respect their elders. [adults/parents, etc.] Let’s try and make it up. [be friends again after a row] She’s my junior / I'm her senior / I'm senior to her, so she does what she’s told, [refers to position/length of service at work] (See Unit 69 for more words relating to likes and dislikes.) 70 Engish Vocabulary in Use