TUGAS BAHASA PRANCIS
SMAN 34 Jakarta
Nama: Gani Nugrahanto (11) Kelas: 12 IPS 1
The Pass Compos
The pass compos (compound past tense), also referred to as the past indefinite, is made up of two parts, a helping verb and a past participle It is formed by using the present tense of the helping verb avoir ( j'ai, tu as, il/elle a, nous avons, vous avez, ils/elles ont) or tre ( je suis, tu es, il/elle est, nous sommes, vous tes, ils/elles sont) and adding a past participle.
The pass compos with avoir
The past participle of regular verbs is formed by dropping the infinitive ending and adding - for -er verbs, i for -ir verbs, and u for -re verbs. The past participles of irregular verbs must be memorized. J'ai travaill hier. (I worked yesterday.) Il a choisi un bon livre. (He chose a good book.) Ils ont vendu leur maison. (They sold their house.) Past participles of verbs that use avoir as their helping verb agree in number and gender with a preceding direct-object noun or pronoun. This is done by adding an -e to indicate a feminine noun or pronoun and an -s to indicate a plural noun or pronoun. No -s is added to a participle that already ends in -s: La mousse Je l'ai prpare hier. (The mousse? I prepared it yesterday.) Voici les trophes que mon fils a reus. (Here are the trophies that my son received.) Je ne me rappelle pas les bus que nous avons pris. (I don't remember the buses we took.)
The pass compos with tre
Only 17 verbs use tre as their helping verb. These verbs generally, but not always, express motion or a change of place, state, or condition, such as going up, going down, going in, going out, or remaining. The verbs are: descendre (to go down) rester (to remain) mourir (to die) retourner (to return) sortir (to go out) venir (to come) arriver (to arrive) natre (to be born) devenir (to become) entrer (to enter) rentrer (to return)
tomber (to fall) revenir (to come back) aller (to go) monter (to go up) partir (to leave) passer (to pass by) When tre is the helping verb, the past participle must agree in number and gender with the subject; this is done by adding -e for a feminine subject and -s for a plural subject: Il est rentr. (He returned home.) Elle est ne en juin. (She was born in June.) Nous sommes revenus hier. (We came back yesterday.) Elles sont tombes. (They fell.)
Verbs that use tre or avoir
The verbs descendre (to go down), monter (to go up), passer (to pass by), rentrer (to return home), retourner (to return), and sortir (to go out) generally use tre as their helping verb. They may use avoir when the sentence contains a direct object. In these cases, their meaning changes: descendre (to take down), monter (to take up), passer (to spend time), rentrer (to bring in), retourner (to turn over), and sortir (to take out): Je suis descendu. (I went downstairs.) Je suis descendu du train. (I got off the train.) J'ai descendu le livre. (I took the book down.) Il est mont. (He went upstairs.) Il a mont ses bagages. (He took his luggage upstairs.) Il est pass par l'cole. (He passed by the school.) Il a pass une heure l-bas. (He spent an hour there.) Ils sont rentrs tard. (They came home late.) Ils ont rentr le chien. (They brought in the dog.) Elle est retourne ` Nice. (She returned to Nice.) Elle a retourn la lettre. (She turned over the letter.) Je suis sortie. (I went out.) J'ai sorti mon argent. (I took out my money.)
The pass compos with reflexive verbs
Reflexive verbs use tre as their helping verb. When the reflexive pronoun is also the direct object, the past participle agrees with the reflexive pronoun. When the reflexive pronoun is the indirect object (and, thus, the direct object comes after the verb), there is no agreement of the past participle with the reflexive pronoun. Il s'est lev six heures. (He got up at six o'clock.) Elle s'est lave. (She washed herself.) Elle s'est lav la figure. (She washed her face.)
Negating in the pass compos
To negate a sentence in the pass compos, put the negative expression around the conjugated helping verb and any pronouns that precede it: Je n'ai pas fini mon dner. (I haven't finished my dinner.) Il n'a rien dcouvert. (He discovered nothing.) Elle n'y est pas reste longtemps. (She didn't stay there a long time.) Elles ne se sont jamais maquilles. (They never put on makeup.)
Questions in the pass compos
To form a question in the pass compos, invert the conjugated helping verb (with any pronouns related to it preceding it) with the subject pronoun, and add a hyphen. In general, avoid inverting with je; instead, use est-ce que to form the question. With avoir, a -t- must be added when the subject is il or elle. Negatives surround the hyphenated inverted forms: As-tu oubli? (Did you forget?) Lui a-t-elle parl? (Did she speak to him?) Y est-elle arrive? (Did she arrive there?) Est-ce que j'ai tort? (Am I wrong?) N'a-t-il pas vu ce film? (Hasn't he seen this movie?) Vous tes-vous prpar( e)( s) ? (Did you prepare yourself [yourselves]?) Ne s'est-elle pas leve? (Didn't she get up?) Kesimpulan: Passe compose mengunakan 2 kata bantu yaitu avoir dan tre untuk kata kerja avoir dapat dibuat dengan menggantikan kata akhir untuk kata berakhiraner, i untuk kata berakhiranir, dan u untuk kata berakhiran re. Hanya ada 17 kata bantu untuk kata kerja yang menggunakan tre yaitu:
descendre (to go down) rester (to remain) mourir (to die) retourner (to return) sortir (to go out) venir (to come) arriver (to arrive) natre (to be born) devenir (to become) entrer (to enter) rentrer (to return) tomber (to fall) revenir (to come back) aller (to go) monter (to go up) partir (to leave) passer (to pass by)
Les Franais et les repas
Quest-ce quon mange en France? Voici les rsultats dun sondage. Le petit djeuner 5% des Franais ne prennent pas de petit djeuner. La plupart des Franais boivent du caf (36%). On aime aussi le chocolat chaud (23%) et le th (14%). 11% boivent un jus de fruits et 5% mangent un fruit le matin. Seulement 7% mangent des crales. 59% mangent des tartines avec du beurre et/ou de la confiture. Le week-end, 17% des Franais mangent des croissants, des pains au chocolat ou pains aux raisins. 3 millions de Franais mangent en regardant la tlvision. Le djeuner midi, 73% des Franais mangent la maison en semaine. 81% mangent la maison le week-end. La plupart des Franais mangent de la viande buf, porc, poulet, etc. (66%) Une personne sur dix mange du poisson. 38% mangent des lgumes. Seulement 3% mangent un sandwich. Trois personnes sur quatre mangent du pain avec le repas. 59% prennent un dessert. Le dner Le soir, les Franais mangent un repas plus lger qu midi. Les personnes de plus de 50 ans mangent souvent de la soupe et du fromage. 27% mangent de la viande et 6% de la charcuterie. 17% mangent des pommes de terre. Un Franais sur dix mange des ufs le soir. Normalement on mange du fromage et un dessert. On boit de leau ou du vin. Le repas prfr des jeunes, cest le steak-frites. Kesimpulan: Menurut hasil survey pada pagi hari orang prancis banyak yang makan roti dengan butter atau selai, lalu kebanyakan orang prancis minum kopi pada pagi hari. Sebanyak 3 juta orang prancis sarapan sambil menonton TV. Pada siang hari kebanyakan orang prancis makan di rumah. 66% dari orang prancis makan daging pada siang hari. 38% orang prancis suka makan sayur-sayuran. Pada malam hari orang prancis yang sudah berumur lebih dari 50 tahunm lebih sering makan sop dan keju. Orang yang lebih muda kebanyakan lebih suka makan steak dan keripik. Kebanyakan dari mereka meminum wine atau air putih.
