PHARMACOLOGY DRUG CHART EXAM #2

ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENTS

Drug Name

Disorder/Disease Treated

Therapeutic Effects and Action

Side Effects and Contraindications

NSAIDs (Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Agents)

Affect inflammatory process Pain and inflammation Fever and headaches

Relieve pain, reduce elevated body temperature, inhibit platelet aggregation Inhibit biosynthesis of prostaglandin

Gastric irritation if taken without food Sodium and water retention Alcoholic beverages should be avoided Peptic ulcers and gastric bleeding

Salicylates

Inflammation Used as an anti-platelet drug

Decreases inflammatory process by inhibiting prostaglandin Relieve pain by inhibiting enzyme COX

Should not be taken with other NSAIDs Risk for stroke and heart attack (makes blood thinner) so make sure not to take with other anticoagulants Do not take in last trimester of pregnancy Gastric irritation Sodium and water retention

Selective Cox-2 Inhibitors (Second Generation NSAIDs)

Decrease inflammation and pain Severe arthritic conditions Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis Relieves dysmenorrhea Antiinflammatory agents (prednisone, prednisolone, dexamethasone) used in arthritis and control of arthritic flareups (not drug of choice)

Inhibits COX-2 (which normally promotes prostaglandin synthesis) but does not inhibit COX-1

Headaches, dzziness, sinusitis, nausea, flatulence, diarrhea, rash Peripheral edema

Corticosteroids

Suppressing various components of inflammatory process at injured site

Numerous serious side effects associated with prolonged use

Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs)

Alleviate symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis; palliative rather than curative effects; results may take up weeks or months to see

Gold Therapy Depressed migration of leukocytes and suppresses prostaglandin activity Inhibits lysosomal enzymes contained in leukocytes

Dermatitis, urticarial, erythema, alopecia, stomatitis, pharyngitis, gastritis, colitis, hepatitis, severe blood dyscrasias, anaphylactic shock; contraindicated in hemorrhagic conditions and lupus

Antigout Drugs Colchicine

Treats acute symptoms of gout, not effective in decreasing inflammation occurring in other disorders

Inhibits migration of leukocytes to the inflamed site

Gastric irritation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain; contraindicated in renal, cardiac or GI problems

Uric Acid Inhibitor

Used for gout prevention Helpful for patients with uric acid stones or with blood disorders like leukemia and polycythemia vera

Lowers uric acid levels

Diuresis, alkaline urine, anorexia, nausea, vomitin, diarrhea, stomatitis, dizziness, headache, rash, pruritis, malaise, metallic taste

Uricosurics

Used for gout

Flushed skin, sore gums, headache Increase the rate of uric acid excretion Avoid aspririn because it causes uric by inhibiting reabsorption acid retention

NONOPIOID AND OPIOID ANALGESICS

Drug Name

Disorder/Disease Treated

Therapeutic Effects and Action

Side Effects

NSAIDs

Pain Inflammation Transient ischemic attacks (preventative)

Inhibit prostaglandin synthesis by different forms of COX

Stomach and ulcer bleeding may occur because COX-1 inhibition decreases protection of stomach lining, severe GI problems may also occur, tinnitus, bronchospasm, urticarial (with hypersensitivity) Anorexia, nausea and vomiting as well as rash, severe hypoglycemia, oliguria and urticarial; could cause hemorrhage, hepatotoxicity, hemolytic anemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia; contraindicated in severe hepatic or renal disease, alcoholism GI distress, drowsiness, dizziness, sedation, urinary retention, bradycardia, euphoria, hypotension

Acetaminophen

Nonprescription reliever of pain

Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and inhibition of hypothalamic heatregulator center

Morphine

Relieves severe pain

Depression of CNS and pain impulses because of binding to opiate receptor

Meperidine

synthetic opioid used for pain, used in pregnancy

CNS depressant

Decrease in blood pressure Contraindicated in patients with chronic pain, severe liver dysfunction, sickle cell, history of seizures, CAD and cardiac dysrhythmias Make sure to watch respiration and provide adequate hydration Oversedation

Hydromorphone

Relief of moderate to severe pain

Depressant

Patient-Controlled Analgesia (PCA)

Self-administration of pain medication

Same as morphine Transdermal patch that is used during the skin, more potent than morphine Act on peripheral nerves and CNS by inhibiting spontaneous neuronal firing Used in the hopes of decreasing abuse

Transdermal Opioid Analgesics

Treats chronic pain

Irritation of skin, dependence, etc. Low dosages kept especially if in combination with other drugs CNS toxicity from high doses

Adjuvant Analgesics

Relief of pain in neuropathy

Opioid Agonists-Antagonists

Pain relief

ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS

Drug Name

Disorder/Disease Treated

Therapeutic Effects and Action

Side Effects
Sedation, dizziness, headache, dry mouth, nasal congestion, blurred vision, photosensitivity, nausea, constipation, urinary retention, polyuria and peripheral edema Sedation and EPS may occur Drowsiness and anticholinergic effects Weight gain, tremors, and occasional rigidity, orthostatic hypotension, EPS, ECG changes, convulsions, headache, dry mouth, photosensitivity, sexual dysfunction

Phenothiazines

Treats psychotic behavior

Blocks dopamine receptors in the brain and controls psychotic symptoms

Nonphenothiazines

Antipsychotic drug

Blocks dopamine receptors

Atypical Serotonin/Dopamine Antagonists

Treat both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Interferes with binding of dopamine to dopamine (D2) and serotonin receptors

Anxiolytics

Treat anxiety and insomnia

Potentiate gamma-aminobutryic (GABA) effects by binding to specific benzodiazepine receptors and inhibit GABA neurotransmission

Drowsiness, dizziness, weakness, confusion, blurred vision, nausea, V, anorexia, sleep disturbance, restlessness, hallucinations

ANTIDEPRESSANTS AND MOOD STABILIZERS

Drug Name

Disorder/Disease Treated

Therapeutic Effects and Action

Side Effects

Herbal Supplements

Treat depression, manage mild depression

St. Johns Wort decrease reuptake of neurotransmitters serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine

May interfere with SSRIs which cause serotonin syndromedizziness, headache, sweating, agitation Orthostatic hypotension, sedation, anticholinergic effects, cardiac toxicity and seizures Dry mouth, blurred vision, insomnia, headache, nervousness, anorexia, N, D, suicidal ideation, sexual dysfunction Hypertensive crisis from food-drug interactions, do not take with TCAs, CNS stimulation, agitation, orthostatic hypotension and anti cholinergic effects

Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs)

Treat major depression

Block uptake o the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin Block reuptake of serotonin into the nerve terminal of CNS, do not block uptake of dopamine or norepinephrine

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

Major depressive disorders, anxiety, disorders like OC, panic, phobias, PTSD and other anxiety

Monamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)

Treatment of depression

Inactivates norepinephrine, dopamine, epinephrine and serotonin

Lithium (Mood Stabilizer)

Bipolar affective disorder

Calming effect without impairing intellectual activity, controls evidence of flight of ideas and hyperactivity, manic behavior may return of the person stops taking lithium. Alters ion transport in muscle and nerve cells and increases receptor sensitivity to serotonin

Headache, lethargy, drowsiness, dizziness, etc; urinary incontinence, hyponatremia, clonic movements, stupor, azotemia, leukocytosis, nephrotoxicity

ANTITUBERCULARS, ANTIFUNGALS, PEPTIDES AND METRONIDAZOLE

Drug Name

Disorder/Disease Treated

Therapeutic Effects and Action

Side Effects
Drowsiness, tremors, rash, blurred vision, photosensitivity, tinnitus, dry mouth, constipation, N, V, psychotic behavior, peripheral neuropathy, etc. Anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach cramps, headache, rash and burning sensation in vagina No adverse reactions known High serum levels cause nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity and parasethesias, redness, rash, nausea and vomiting

Antitubercular Drugs

Tuberculosis

Inhibits tubercle cell wall synthesis and blocks pyridoxine which is used for intracellular enzyme production

Antifungal Drugs

Fungal infections; fungistatic or fungicidal depending on dose and susceptibility

Increase permeability of fungal cell membrane (fluconazole)

Peptides

Treat bacterial infections (Polymixin B)

Interfering with cell membrane of bacterium and cause cell death

ANTIVIRALS, ANTIMALARIALS AND ANTIHELMINTICS

Drug Name

Disorder/Disease Treated

Therapeutic Effects and Action

Side Effects

Antiviral Non-HIV Drugs

Prevent or delay the spread of a viral infection

Interference with the synthesis of viral DNA

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, tremors, lethargy, rash, increased bleeding at IV site, urticarial, anemia, gingival hyperplasia, neuropathy, seizures, nephrotoxicity and leukopenia

Antiviral HIV Drugs

Reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors Treats acute malaria; prophylaxis for malaria

Prevents synthesis of DNA and allows T4 lymphocytes to increase initially Increased pH in the malaria parasite inhibits parasitic growth

None noted Anorexia, N, V, D, abdominal cramps, fatigue, ECG changes, hypotension, psychosis

Antimalarial Drugs

Antihelmintic Drugs

Treat parasitic worms

Expels them, I suppose

GI distress and neurologic problems like dizziness, weakness, headache and drowsiness

DRUGS FOR URINARY TRACT DISORDERS

Drug Name

Disorder/Disease Treated

Therapeutic Effects and Action

Side Effects

Urinary Antiseptics and Antiinfectives and Antibiotics

Treat acute and chronic UTIs

Inhibits bacterial enzymes and metabolism

Anorexia, N, V, D discoloration of urine, diarrhea, rash pruritus, dizziness, headache, superinfection, peripheral neuropathy, hemolytic anemia, agranulocytosis GI disturbances, hemolytic anemia, nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity

Urinary Analgesics

Relieves urinary pain and burning

Frequency and urgency of urination are relieved Increase tone of detrusor urinal muscle which produces a strong enough contraction strong enough to stimulate urination

Urinary Stimulants

Helps with neurogenic bladders and when bladder function is decreased

None noted

Urinary Antispasmodics/Antimuscarinics

Relief of urinary tract spasms resulting from infection or injury

Antimuscarinic block parasympathetic nerve impulses Antispasmodics direct action of smooth muscle of urinary tract

Contraindicated in urinary or GI obstruction or glaucoma Dry mouth, increased heart rate, dizziness, intestinal distension, constipation