Syllabus for

Koreas Cultural History

Hanyang University July 2nd ~ 27th, 2012 International Summer School 9-12am Room ???

Prof. David A. Mason Cultural Tourism Department, Kyung Hee University mtnwolf@gmail.com 010-9734-9753 www.san-shin.org Course Objectives
The objective of this course will be to make beginning-level students become familiar with the general themes and most interesting aspects of Korea's cultural history, from its origins until the present day. Emphasis will be placed on the cultural arts and customs that are most visible and fascinating to foreign visitors, and most useful to know. The lectures will be practical and vivid, and therefore memorable for the students.

Textbook Information
Professors Handouts will be the main text used, and exams will be based on them. Students have the option of reading Korea: a Religious History by Dr. James Huntley Grayson, Korean Buddhism by the Jogye Order, the Samguk-yusa in translation, or others. Students should read the assigned handout material before the lecture, and come prepared to ask questions and engage in active discussion.

Assessment Criteria
This course will be graded based on: 30% the First Exam 30% the Second Exam 30% the Third (final) Exam 10% Attendance Record and Professors assessment of student participation Exams will include both factual knowledge and short essay questions. They are not cumulative. The professor will present much information during his lectures that is not covered in the reading, and this material will be included on the exam therefore, students should take careful notes during the lectures, and ask for clarification of anything not understood.

Topics of Each Lecture:

00 Mon 7/02 01 Tues 7/03 02 Thurs 7/05 03 Fri 7/06 04 Mon 7/09 05 Tues 7/10 06 Thurs 7/12 07 Fri 7/13 08 Mon 7/16 09 Tues 7/17 10 Thurs 7/19 11 12 Fri 7/20 Mon 7/23

Orientation Introductions and Opening Themes Origins of Korean Culture in Myths, Legends and History Early Korean Buddhism in the Three Kingdoms part one Early Korean Buddhism in the Three Kingdoms part two First Golden Age of Korean Culture under Unified Shilla The Long Decline of Shilla, Introduction of Seon The Rise of Goryeos Buddhist Culture the Cheongja Era The Tragic Goryeo Decline The Rise and Peak of the New Joseon Order The Middle of the Joseon Dynasty Philosophy and Invasions The Late Joseon Dynasty, and its Tragic End Korea's Cultural Changes in the Early 20th Century Korea's Cultural Changes in the Middle of the 20th Century Korea's Cultural Changes in the Late 20th Century Final Discussion of Korea's Future, and Final Exam

13 Tues 7/24 14 Thurs 7/26 15 Fri 7/27

01 Tues 7/03

Introductions and Opening Themes

Introductions of Students and Professor Historical and Religious Themes of Korea, and Scholarship of its History

Geographical setting of Korea and its influence on culture

Romanization of Han-geul

02 Thurs 7/05

Origins of Korean Culture in Myths, Legends and History

Bronze-Age Pre-History (Manchuria and Peninsula); formation of identity and Shamanism

King Dan-gun and Foundation Myths of the Three Kingdoms; Samguk-yusa

The continuing influence of this story on contemporary Korean culture

Formation of the Sam-han, and Lolang Commandery 108 BC under Emp Wu-ti.

Entrance of Chinese Iron-Age culture

Basic points of Buddhism India China; Confucianism and Daoism

03 Fri 7/06

Early Korean Buddhism in the Three Kingdoms part one

Introduction of Chinese Culture, Kingship and Buddhism; 4th Cen Chinese Buddhism state-oriented character; Inwang-gyeong Benevolent King Sutra

The Three Kingdoms

early conditions and cultural formation of

Goguryeo (north)

Baekje (SW)

Shilla (SE)

Stele of Goguryeo King Gwanggaeto was erected near his tomb in 414 by his son King Jangsu, in what is today the city of Ji'an along the Yalu River. Granite, ~7 meters tall, ~4 meters wide, 1802 Classical Chinese characters. Major primary source extant for the history of Goguryeo. magic, healing, faith & rituals Missionaries Ado Hwasang

Resistance / acceptance issues story of King Beobheung and Yi Cha-don

Grey unglazed stoneware pottery remains as Shillas shamanist ceramic style. Korean monks went to north China and India to study under the greatest Masters

Great Master-Monk Won-gwang (to Ch 589, return 599, traveled through Sui) 5 Principles of Hwarang-do: Loyalty to king, parents & friends; fight w/o retreat; kill only when necessary and then with compassion (demonstrates one package theory)

Hwangryong-sa built by King Jinpyeong in 558 palace temple for Wongwang

04 Mon 7/09

Early Korean Buddhism in the Three Kingdoms part two First Golden Age Begins

Great Master-Monk Jajang-yulsa ( 590-658) young genius, but rejected office. went to China 636, returned 643

established Vinaya / yul rules of Monastic Order established Royal Office of Buddhism, registration of Monks and Temples Wutai-san met Munsu-bosal relics Odae-san Korea as Holy-Land relics in Diamond Altar at Tongdo-sa and four other temples in north-east SK gave Buddhist names to mountains along East Coast, built temples said he found Mother of Munsu-bosal on Munsu-bong Peak of holy Taebaek-san advised building of great 71-meter Pagoda at Hwangryong-sa Koreanization of Buddhism; Daoism, Confucianism and Shamanism blended in

Early transmission of culture to Japan royalty, Hyecho tutors crown prince @600 Queens Seondeok (r.632-47) and Jindeok (r.647-54) poem-letter to Tang Emp

Sui attack Goguryeo 612-16, repulsed by General Eulji Mundeok

Unification Era 663~677 created by General Kim Yu-shin under Great Kings
Taejong Muryeol (r.654-61) and Munmu (r.661-681)

China & Shilla defeat Goguryeo & Baekje in 680s, Chinese occupy Baekje but are driven out called the Unified Shilla Dynasty Tong-il Shilla (668 CE - 935 CE) the Balhae Kingdom in former Goguryeo territory lasts 699-926.

05 Tues 7/10

First Golden Age of Korean Culture under Unified Shilla

Master-Monk Uisang-josa ( 625-702) introduces the Hwa-eom-jong

(; Huyn; Jp: Kegon; Skt:Avatamsaka, Flower Garland Sutra, centered on Biro-bul) after study with Huayan master Zhiyan , friends with Fazang ). He wrote the mandala-like Haein-do (Ocean Seal diagram'), and founded up to 70 great temples.

Story of Myo-hwa Dragon-Girl and building of Buseok-sa (Floating-Rock Temple)

Master-Monk Wonhyo-daesa ( 617-686)

self-enlightened

Genius scholar, wrote Sastras, founded Haedong Sect, Harmonization of Sutras Spread Amita-bul cult (Pure Land Buddhism) to common people; Unorthodox Sex-scandal with princess Seol Chong and Idu writing, Shilla Confucianism Attributed with founding 66 temples that still exist.

Goguryeo Master Bodeok studied Daoism, rejected, fled to Baekje due to its rise Gyeongju at its peak, flowering of all arts. Nam-san and other sites.

Sinification, but Bone-Rank castes -- no social mobility, belief in bloodlines Bulguk-sa and Seokgur-am built by poor boy Prime Minister Kim Dae-seong 700-774

Emille Bell story

Gay King story

06 Thurs 7/12

The Long Decline of Shilla, Introduction of Seon

Introduction of Seon (Chan or Chn or or Zen) Buddhism in China by Bodhidharma , Ptdm or Dm. K: Dalma-josa FL. 520 CE (early 6th Cen) at Solim-sa or Shaolin Monastery Sholns at Sng Shn in Henan 477

6th Patriarch Dajian Huineng ( Hunng 638713) Korean: Yukjo Hyeneung -seonsa
Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch () Southern Chan Sect () Sudden Enlightenment Legend says that his skull was buried under Main Hall of Ssanggye-sa by founders; now in stone pagoda

Beomnang studied under 4th Patriarch, in 640 under Queen Seondeok Shinheung-sa was founded as first meditation temple in 652 by Jajang-yulsa

800s Seon gets rooted in Korea the 9 Mountain sects: Gusan-Seonmun Spontaneity, individualism, instant / complete enlightenment, meditation instead of doctrine/scriptures/statues. Tea cha / da Korean tea grown 828 at Jiri-san Ssanggye-sa

Jang Bogo or Gungbok ?-846 ruled the Yellow Sea region as naval-commander and trader, in the early 800s Late Shilla Confucianism develops institutions Gukhak and Mun-myo

Choe Chi-won (857-?) Pen-name Go-un or Hae-un genius, official career in China, returned to save his nation Shilla, in 894 submitted his "Ten Urgent Points of Reform" simu sipyeojo ( ) to Queen Jinseong (887-897), but his advice rejected. Wandered as Daoist to Jiri-san, Busan, etc, wrote histories for temples, became Shinseon at peak of Gaya-san above Haein-sa.

Rebellions by aristocrats, then farmers, then Later Baekje and Later Goguryeo

07 Fri 7/13

The Rise of Goryeos Buddhist Culture the Cheongja Era

Taejo Wang Geon (b.877, r.918-43) and his relation to Haein-sa & other Temples

Doseon-guksa ( 827-98) Koreas Pungsu-jiri Geomancy (Feng Shui / fngshu )

and first concept of Baekdu-daegan theory, left advice for Goryeo Dynasty, Taejo WG followed.

Gaeseong capital City, flowering of State-led Buddhist Culture, Guksa & Wangsa

Cheongja blue-green Celadon pottery,

giant paintings;

stone mireuk statues

Palgwan-hoe Festivals

huge wealthy temples, ceremonies, golden buddhas

Tiantai ( T'ien T'ai) Cheontae in Korea Tendai in Japan. Great Chinese Bud Sect that
systematizes all of the Sutras under Lotus Sutra Korean: Myobeom-nyeonhwa-gyeong Founder: Zhiyi (, Chih-I, 538597) in the late 500s, at Tiantai-shan in Zhejiang Province. Korean monk Payak had studied Tiantai under its greatest master in 600s

Chegwan-daesa (d.970) bought Tiantai or Cheontae Buddhism back to China

Unification of Korean Buddhism was attempted using Cheontae by Uicheon Daegak-guksa (

1055-1101) Prince toured China collecting books, built royal library

Unification of Korean Buddhism was accomplished by Jinul Bojo-guksa (1158-1210) created Jogye Order at Songgwang-sa which is at Koreas Jogye-san (named after Chinas
Caoqi-shan / Caoxi-shan , Huinengs mtn). It is mainly Seon, but includes others.

08 Mon 7/16

The Tragic Goryeo Decline

Kim Bu-shik (1075-1151) put down Myocheongs rebellion, wrote Samguk-Sagi 1145 1170 military coup starts bad time Choe military dictatorship

Iryeon (1206 - 1289) wrote Samguk-yusa in the late 1200s

1184 Goryeo conquers the Tamna Kingdom of Jeju Island, it becomes Korean Mongol conquest (1231-59) and rule (1260-1350) Koreas worldly but enslaved condition; royalty slowly becomes mongol Mongols attacked Japan with Korean labor and wood-shipbuilding from Jeju Nov 1274 and Aug 1281 (kamikaze, 4000 ships lost) population reduction, debauchery of everything

wood & metal printing innovations.

Buncheong-ware pottery.

Tripitaka Koreana / Palman-daejang-gyeong carved on Ganghwa-do 1236-51 (moved to Haein-sa 1399) 81,000 blocks! 52mil words!

The 3 Jewels Temples: Tongdo-sa (B), Haein-sa (D), Songgwang-sa (S) only in Korea!

Monk Shindon (d.1371) interferes in King Gongmins politics, then overthrown

Seon Master Po-u Taego Hwasang Wangsa (1301-82) re-establishes Chan Lineage

09 Tues 7/17

The Rise and Peak of the New Joseon Order

Han Yu around 800 in Tang, makes protest against Buddhism. Suppression of Buddhism in 845

Chu Hsi (Zh X 1130-1200) created Neo-Confucianism

Lxu / Doxu from the Four Classic Books and the teachings of the Five Sages of the 1000-1100s. Four Books: S Sh: Great Learning Dxu, Doctrine of the Mean Zhngyng, Analects of Confucius or Lny, and Mencius Mngz

Introduction to K of Seong-i-hak Neo-Confucianism by An Hyang (1243-1306) Established the Seonggyun-gwan Univ. The Sosu-seowon was built for him by Toegye

Taejo Yi Seong-gye (1335-1408) coup, Ming Relations, meaning of Joseon

Jeong Mong-ju (1337-92), Jeong Do-jeon (1337-98) were leading Neo-Confucianists

and Geomancer-Monk Jacho Muhak-daesa (1327-1405); Hanyang (Seoul) becomes capital.

Early Joseon (13901591) society and politics, the rise of the Yangban clans; Neo-Confucian doctrine & Culture established with radical social changes (strict patriarchy, clan-lineages, primogeniture and etc); King Taejong (r.1400-1418) oppressed the seoja and Buddhism King Sejong daewang (r.1418-50) Hangeul, science, good-Gov

King Sejo (r.1455-68) / (killed Danjong) became devout Buddhist, made system of Laws King constrained by advisors Wangdo ideals Sarim-pa radicals got influence, but then were purged Jo Gwang-jo (1482-1519). Factionalism!

10 Thurs 7/19

The Middle of the Joseon Dynasty Philosophy and Invasions

Toegye Yi Hwang (1501-70) Koreas greatest philosopher Orthodox, followed Chu Hsi exactly. Made 10 Diagrams of Sage Learning

rival with Yulgok Yi I (1536-84)

his mother Shin

Saimdang (1504-1551) artist, Eojin Eomeoni "Wise Mother"

Baekja white w/blue porcelain pottery, Chinese-style paintings & arts

Heo Jun (, , 1546 1615) Doctor who adapted Chinese herbal & etc medicine to Korean plants & conditions, wrote Dongui bogam the key text of Traditional Korean medicine. Influence spread to China and Japan as one of the classics of Oriental medicine, still today. Worked for royal family but also treated common people, used han-geul. Exiled to southwest.

15921630: invasions by Japan & Manchus, destruction & theft of Arts. Imjin War suddenly invasion by Hideyoshi, lasts 1592-93 and 97-98.

defence by local groups & Buddhist monks; Masters Seosan & Samyeong-dang

leads to Namhan-Sanseong 9 temples

Naval victories by Chungmu-gong Yi Sun-shin Martial Loyalty Lord

Nongye and the Cult of Loyalty.

Assistance from Ming China 1593 and 1598.

But then submission to the Manchus by 1630.

11

Fri 7/20

The Late Joseon Dynasty, and its Tragic End

under philosophy of U-am Song Shi-yeol

16301850: conservative hermit kingdom

(16071689) strict Neo-Confucianism enforced, devotion to the Ming

Oppression and Decline, but Endurance, of both Shamanism and Buddhism

Exile / Gosan Yun Seon-do (1587-1671) lived on Bogil-do.

Sijo Poetry ( haiku)

Catholicism intro and Persecutions late 1700s through 1800s. Great killing 1866, French

Shilhak Practical Learning Dasan Jeong Yak-yong (1762-1836)

progress of arts;

Construction of Suwon Hwaseong Castle by King Jeongjo / Dasan 1794-6

Choui-seonsa revived Han-guk Chado tradition, wrote book, friends with him and Chusa

18501910: first Western contacts, introduction of Protestant Christianity

All nations struggle for Korea; King Gojong and Queen Min / Minbi / Myeongseong Attempted reforms fail. the Donghak Rebellion fails 1894, leading to Cheondo-gyo

Japan defeats China in 1895, and Russia in 1905. USA just stands by. Independence & Empire declared 1897, then Japanese Colonial Occupation 1880-1910

12

Mon 7/23

Korea's Cultural Changes in the Early 20th Century

early modern nationalism with its American Christian influence the Great Revival starts in Pyeongyang 1907, spreads nationwide

Reactions to loss of sovereignty varied. Some cooperate, collaborate, others resist

Aftermath of WW-I (USpresident Wilson) & Gojongs funeral ==> 1919 March

First Movement (Sam-il-jeol)

the 1920s Cultural Nationalism under Japanese Colonial Occupation.

Japanese-style householder Buddhism imposed, but rejected after the 1950s Steady growth of Protestant Christianity. Repression in the 1930s, then WW-II.

Great Masters of 20th-Century Korean Buddhism: Gyeong-heo Man-hae Han Yong-eun Hyo-bong Gu-san Cheong-dam Seong-cheol Seung-sahn all of them revived traditions of Korean Buddhism, or modernized it, and/or internationalized it creating foreign centers and monks for the first time Temple-Stay Program created 2002 for the World Cup

13 Tues 7/24

Korea's Cultural Changes in the Middle of the 20th Century

Cultural effects of Liberation and Division 1945-49, RoK established 1948 by the UN,

and then the Korean War 1950-53.

Seoul vs. Pyeongyang; North Koreas pseudo-communist cultish dictatorship;

Kim Il-sungs Juche ideology and destruction of traditional culture in the North

American-style culture influences the South

Important ROK Presidents: 1948-1960 1961-1979 1980-1987 1988-1992 1993-1997 1998-2002 2003-2007 2008-2012 Syngman Rhee
/ Yi / I / Lee Seung-man

Park Chung-Hee / Bak Jeong-hui Chun Doo Hwan Roh Tae Woo Kim Young Sam Kim Dae Jung Roh Moo Hyun Lee Myung Bak
/ Jeon Duhwan

/ No Tae-u

/ Gim Yeong-sam

/ Gim Dae-jung

/ No Mu-hyeon

/ I Myeong-bak

14

Thurs 7/26

Korea's Cultural Changes in the Late 20th Century

Radical social changes and the cultural changes that have accompanied them; ROK military dictatorship and resistance to it relations with America, Japan & the world. Vietnam War sparks Industrialization.

South Korea's new generations and social changes the strong growth of Protestant Christianity the revival of Korean Buddhism the endurance of Korean Confucianism and Shamanism and the New Cults the 1988 Seoul Olympics

North Korea fails at attempts to open up under Kim Jong-il, despite pressures, leading to ongoing famine and nuclear weapons crisis SK splitting away from the USA and the new cultural nationalism; the 2002 World Cup Revived relationships with China and Japan Cultural aspects of Kim & Rohs Sunshine Policy towards North Korea

15

Fri 7/27

Final Discussion of Korea's Future, and Final Exam

Prospects of Koreas cultural future