JESIGN OF A TRACTOR

"'ARIA

ND ROAD V/ORK
K, T.

EVANS

ARAOUF<

iNSTlTLlTE:

OP

Ti: ;Ci-iNOLOGY

1917

621.43

i
UNIViiiiSi jj"'y LiBRi-iRIES

THE DESIGN OE A TRACTOR FOR GENERAL FARM and ROAD WORK

A THESIS
PRESENTED BY
R. T.

EVANS

TO THE

PRESIDENT AND FACULTY

OF

ARMOUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

FOR THE DEGREE OF

MECHANICAL ENGINEER

MAY

31,

1917

APPROVED:

ILLINOIS instit; :"e

of technology

.z

Professor of Mechanical EngineeriiiK

LiB PAUL V. GALViM LIBRARY STR 35 WESl 33RD STREET CHICAGO, IL 60616

>^ <^ <^. '"^^^

Dea^o;Ei,istudi,

Dean of Cultural Studies

Index to Drawings Appended.

Frame Details

No

T-l'''2

Front Axle
Shaft Details

T-161
"S.IQZ

Drive Pinions
Bevel Pinion Bevel Gear

T-180 T-174

T-175
T-176

Differential Gears
Bull Gear
Transmission Case

T-184
T-170

Transmission Assembly

T-171

General Assembly

T-162

an The above drawings are given as

were example of the various sorts which of the made for the complete construction
machine.

37191

"THE DESIGN OP A TRACTOR FOR FARM

AND ROAD USE."

It is the object of this Thesis to show

the developement of the design of a Tractor

for use on a general farm, and for limited

use on the road in hauling loaded wagons and

the like, and one which will be adaptable to

the following serwices,
1.

It is desired to design a machine

which will be capable of doing the plowing

both in the spring when the ground is soft

and spongy, and in the fall when the ground
is usually very hard and difficult for

horses to work.
2.

The machine should be capable of

fitting or smoothing the ground with harrows

of various descriptions, and any other tools

which might be used for the purpose.

3.

The tractor should also be capable

of pulling planters for seeding the ground

without a great deal of pressure under the
wheels, which woixld pack the soil and

.<1-'?^^

render it unproductive. This work of planting

however
I

consider of minor Importance as It

Is not the desire to try to design a machine

which will entirely replace horse labor on

the farm, but one which will do the heavy

work and do it economically and faster than horses are capable of doing it, with the same
amount of human labor.

The cultivation of

corn and other row crops Is another use to

which

I do

not believe the tractor which Is

adaptable to haevy work should be put. The

tractive effort necessary to the pulling of

cultivators is so light that it would not be

economical to
riin

a tractor of the weight

necessary for plowing, to do so small an

amount of useful work.
4.

The next use to which the Tractor

should lend Itself to advantage, in the

course of the season's work on the farm,
I

think is in the pulling of mowing machines

and binders for the harvesting of hay and

grain crops. This work should be done at the

speed at which the binders or mowing machines

operate most successfully and a sufficient

number of these machines should be drawn so

that the load will approach the normal

rated load of the Tractor, in order that the

work may be done economically.

The above

remarky apply also to the drawing of

com

harvesting machinery of various kinds such as

binders, pickers, and ensilage cutting machines

which operate in the field.

The tread of

the tractor wheels should be of such wiflth

that it will steer easily in the

com

rows

without the necesity of running one wheel

on the cut row.
5.

The Tractor should be equipped

with a suitable and efficient belt pulley

of sufficient size to give good belt grip

and which can be run at the speed most common
to the various farm machines such as threshers,

silo fillers,

com

shellers, feed grinders,

and husking machines. This is one of the

most important uses of the farm tractor and

from my experience and observation nearly

forty percent of all the wotk done with the

tractor Is done with the belt pulley in

driving the above mentioned machines or sawing wood, or doing other belt worfc.
This is

also one of the points which is most freq\iently overlooked by the Tractor Manufacturers

and provided for only in a makeshift manner.

6.

The balance of the machine and the

distribution of weight are two most important

features in the design of a tractor and

should be given close attention.

7.

The steering of the machine should

be easily accomplished by the operator and

short tiarning with a heavy load with a heavy

load attached to the machine is important.

This is important as it is usually necessary
to hitch the load to the Tractor at a point

near the rear end of the machine, and when

the machine in turned,
it causes a side draft

which tends to keep the machine going in a

straight line,

and causes the front wheels to

slide on the groimd and in the case of some

three wheel machines has actually

c!?.used

the

machines to turn over.

This must be taken

care of in some manner to insure satisfactory

operation.
The steering gear should be of

an irreversible pattern so that no obstacle

in the path of the front wheel can cause the

turning of the machine. This enables the

operator to set the machine to travel in a
straight line

and then give his attention to

the load he As pulling.

8.

It is my opinion that a machine

with two drive wheels in the rear and with

two steering wheels in front is the most

satisfactory pattern for the following reasons.

A machine of this pattern can be designed with sufficient road clearance. It can be easily

steered when traveling either forwards or

backwards. nThe load is attached to the

machine directly under the driving axle so

that the tendency of the bull pinions to

climb on the bull gears and thus destroy

toe balance of the machine can be exactly

equalized by the moment of the load about the

rear axle as a center.
The transmission and

other heavy parts of the machine can be carried

directly over or about the rear axle, thus

giving the correct distribution of weight.
The machine is more stable on \meven ground

than machines of other pattern. Side draft wheels may be more nearly eliminated. The rear
see are near to the operator who can thus

with more readily where the machine is worXing

relation to the furrow bant. in plowing.
constant position, The plows may be kept in more

types The machine is more rigid than other

driven when standing still and running belt

machines.
9.

It is desired that the machine

at least 10000

*ould give

houBS of satisthe

factory service and with this in view

been best of materials must be used. It has

decided to use a four cylinder Automobile

type motor for the machine, as it has proven best in actual service and for the additional

reason that the average farmer of today

feas

had some experience with automobile motors

and if he has not, ^he can readily find a

repair shop which will give him satisfactory

service in case of needed repair or adjustment.
10.

The motor must be of sturdy design

with large bearings and ample water Jackets.

The water ;Jackets must inclose the valve

chambers and the spark plxig tappings as it has

been foxmd that with the motor running at

nearly full load for continuous runs of ten
hours and longer that the spark plugs and
exhaust valves become greatly over heated

and cause trouble if they are not provided

with some cooling medium.

11.

The motor must also be equipped

with a suitable governor which will keep the

motor speed constant whet the machine is at

work under varying conditions of load.
12.
It has been thought advisable to

use gasoline as fuel as with this type of

motor a considerable degree of economy can be

attained with this fuel with the proper

carburetA and preheating of the fuel.

It has

been found unsatisfactory to use kerosine in

this
tyT)e

of motor and even in other types for

One reason Is the loss in

several reasons.

volumetric efficiency due to the extremely

high temperature to which the terosine must

be heated in order to vaporize it.

Another

reason is that the kerosine works down past

the plsttas and mixes with the oil in the

crank case of the motor and thus destroys

the proper lubriation of bearings and cylinders

causing scoring and cutting if the oil is not

renewed quite frequently.

It has been found

that with a four cylinder motor of 4-1/4" X 5-1/4" with a piston clearance of 18 thous-

andthsof an inch, fitted with three pistin

rings per piston, running at a speed of
1000 r.p.m. and pullinr 20 h.p., about a

half a gallon

oft

kerosine can be distilled

At this

from the oil in the crank case.

rate it I3 seen that it would be advisable to

change the oil in the crank case after

every day of use and this woiUd be as great

an expense as the difference In cost between

gasoline and kerosine. Aside from the cost

it woiild be

questionable whether or not the

average farmer would change the oil often

enough to insure satisfactory service from
the machine.
IS.
It was thought advisable to

design the transmission so the the machine

would have two speeds forward and one reverse.

The speeds chosen were determined by the

speeds at which the carious farm machines

should be drawn. These machines may be

divided into to classes.

The one class

requires a heavy pull at slow speed. Plows

are the most important tools in this class

and it was found by consulting various plow

Makers that a speed of 2-1/4 to 2-1/2 miles

per hour was the most satisfactory plowing
speed.

This is also a good speed for

10

heavily loaded wagong on the road and was

adopted as the low speed of the machine.
The other class of farm machinery is the

reaper and mower class, which should run at

a speed of about four

miles per hour in

order -to

gi\ie

the cutting imives sufficient

speed to do the work and at the same time

not run so fast as to cause overheating of
the cheap and Ineffective bearings usually

found in this class of machinery.

14
It is desired that the machine

should pull at least three plows of the

foiirteen inch size in and kind of soil

where plowing should be done, and four

plows where conditions for plowing are

favorable.
15.

There should be sufficient belt

or power to run the machines usually found, general used in connection with, the average This has farm or a hundred acres or more. power been found to be about thirty horse All parts of the machine must 16.

11

be inclosed and properly lubricated to

insure the desired length of life of the machine

and the lubrication must be dependable and

easily attended to.
The machine must be well

covered to exclude dust and rain. The controlls

should be at the rear end of the machine within

easy reach of the operator who should ride at
a point where he can easily manipulate the

levers on his plow or othervdrawn machine.

With these points in view it was

decided to first design the power plant of
the machine and build the rest of the machine

around it.

It

was decided that the motor

and the transmission should be bolted to-

gether to form a single unit which could then

be set into a frame carried by the wheels.
In order to assure good lubrication as many

of the moving parts as possible were put

inside the transmission case in a bath of
lubricant.

After many other designs were made

and some of them tried in actual practice

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12

and after many tests had been made

co\?ering

a period of several years the design of the

transmission shown In figtire

1.

was adopted as

being the most desirable for the purpose, and

from this the deslng of the transmission
as shown in Blue Print T-171 was worked out.

Refering to figure

1,

shaft U is

connected to the motor through a friction clutch.

Drive gear Ko
No.
3.

1,

drives No
5

2.

and No. 2 drives

Gear No.

is mounted on shaft V

and this shaft r\ms to the front of the machine

where there is a bevel gear set which drives

the belt pulley shaft which is mounted cross-

wise on the machine.

Gear No

2.

is mounted

on shaft N which also carries the change

speed plnlond 6 and 7. These plniond engage

gears Nos. 4 and 5 respectively for high and
low speed. There is a reverse gear mounted

under and meshing with Nos. 5 and

7.

Shaft M

carries gears 4 and 5 and also bevel pinion

No8.

The Bevel gear is mounted on the fiff-

erential, No. 12, which in turn is carried by

IS

bearings

and H. The differential shafts, P

and Q extend to the outside of the machine

where the bull pinions 13 and 14 are mounted

and mesh with the bull gears 16 nad 17. These

bull gears are mounted on the hubs of the rear

wheels ans the wheels are carried on the axle

on roller bearings.
The rear axle is held

in position by the transmission case easting.

In order to arrive at the proportions

for the gears and bearings it was necessary

to determine the amount of draw bar pull

required to do the work for which the machine

was intended.

Taking the plowing as the

heaviest work required on the machine It was

found with a traction dynamometer in heavy

clay soils and under usual conditions to

require about 1000 pounds pull at a speed of

2-1/4 miles per hour for pulling a fourteen

inch plow six to eight inches deep.

It

was

therefore assumed that the machine dhould

develope a

drajr

bar pull of 4000 pounds at

a speed of 2-1/4 miles per hour or 195 feet

14

per minute.

It was learned by experience that

a five foot wheel with a twelve inch face gave

good results under these conditions. It therefore would require a wheel speed of 12.6 r.p.m. 4000 X 19R -g---iH__ and would require qj. 24 horse

power at the draw bar to do the work required.

Assuming an efficience of the wheel
drive of
BOfo,

the horse power required at

the bull pinions of the machine would be

,

24
80

or 30 horse power.

Dividing this by two it

would mean a horse power of 15 on each bull

pinion.
In like manner assiiming an efficiency

of

95<jS

for each gear reduction the horse powers

at the various points were figured as given here,

Horse Power Required At Draw Bar " " Bull Pinions " " " Each " " Bevel Pinion " " Low Sp. Pinion " " " Spur Drive Pin.

MM

24 30 15 31.6 33.3 35

The next step in the design was to determine

the size and material necessary for the shafts

to do the work requited. To do this it was first necessary to select the motor for the

machine so that the speeds

and the gear

15

ratios could be figured.

It was found above

that the horse power required at the spur drive

pinion No

1 and

consequently the power

ofl

that

the motor should be capable

the transmission was 35.

delivering to

It was thought

advisable to select a

motar

which would develope

forty horse power at a speed of 900 r.p.m.

and one was found 4f suitable design and con-

struction which would exactly fit these requirements. This motor is a four cylinder 4-l/2 X
6" motor made by the Buda Co. of Harvey Ills.

The horse power and torque ciirves for this

motor are shown in Figure 4 as determined with

a Sprague Electric Dynamometer at the factory

of the Motor makers.

It is thus seen that

the total gear reduction in low speed must be

ftrom 900 r.p.m.

to 12.6 r.p.m.

or a ratio of

71.5 to 1.
The individual steps in the gear reduction

were proportioned to divide the speeds and

pressures on the bearings in such a menner


16

that bearings of the right size and capacities

could be obtained at moderate prices. These

various gear sizes are given in figure
also the speeds od the shafts. The diameters of the shafts were figured
2, as are

from the formula for the diameter of shafts

8ub;Jected to simple tors ion as given in H alsey's
.,^1, w namely , Handbook,
tr

^ = d

V ssiogoxh.p. r.p m

^"

which d is the diameter of the shaft in inches,

and
S is the

fibre stree at outer fibre in

A value of 4880 was

pounds per square inch.

assumed for S for carbon steel and twice this

value for alloy st eel. The formula thus becomes 75 X h.p. A s r ^ d = v for carb steel. y ^^

d =

"^
^'^'r.p.S;^'

for Alloy steel.

The values of the various factors were substi-

tuted in the above formulae and the results are

given in figure 3.
The next step was the calculation of the

width of face of the gears necessary for the

transmission of the power at the various points.

o
^nijp-oi^^Sf
-hh/ ll^c'^?^*^c^

The Lewis formular for the strength of gear

teeth was used in these oal^ulations.

This

formula states that W = SPf7

in which W is

the working load at the pitch line in pounds,

S is

the allowable fibre stress in pourfds per

square inch, and f is the width of face of

the gear in inches,

and y a factor depending

The

upon the number of teeth in the gear.

values of the factor y are given

"by hearts
Ir.

and

nay be found is Hal^sey'

jneohanical handbooks.

EpjmVoook or

other

The value of the allow-

able fibre stress depends

pon the speed of

the pitch line and is also given by Lewis in

tabular form.
As an example of these calculations we

will consider the spur drive pinion with a

pitch diameter of 5", rxinning at 900 r.p.m.

and transmitting 35 h.p.
The diametral pitch

is assumed to be 4 and 3-l/s^ nioiel steel

with ,25 carbon will be used.

The speed of the pitch line is
_jrL

X 5 X 90

^^^^g^

f^^jjin.

The value of

'"

^ ^ .^5_y3000__

=976

pounds.

18

The value of s for the given pitch line speed

is found, from the Lewis Table,

to be 12000

Ibs/sq. inch.

The value of y from the lewis

Table is ,102
It ts also

The circular pitch is .7854

necessary to use the factor .85 in

the denominator to increase the face width for

gears which are constantly in mesh. Substitu-

ting the above values in the formula it becomes 976 ~ ^-l^" ~ 12000 X .7854 X .102 X .85 It has been found in my experience with tractors
that gears fi|fured from this formular are not sufficiently wide for tractor servise and

therefore the foirmula is used as a guide and

the results are then increased.
In this case

the face width is increased from 1.19" to 1.5".

This is necessary to give the desitred wearing

qualities to the gears.

All other gears were

figured in like manner and the results are

given in Figure 2.
In the case of bevel gears

the same method was used escept that the factor d -g in which d is the small diameter of the

bevel gear and D the large diameter, was

19

multiplied by the actual number of tbbth to

get the equivalent number of teeth for which to select the factor 7.

The Foiection of suitable bearings was

the next step and the pressures on all bearings

were calculated from the tooth pressures and

the moments about the bearings as centers.

Taking the bull pinion bearing

as an example the pressure yras calculated in

the following manner.

The tooth pressure is The

seen from table 8 to be 5220 pounds.

distance from the center of the pinion to the

center of bearing

is 3.5"

The distance from

the eenter pf the pinion to the center of

baering
11.5
"

about which moments are taien is

The distance from the center to Center

of bearings is 8"
, ^ on bearing I is

5 280 X r o

Therefore P or the pressure 11.5 ^^ 7580 _ort lbs. IV,or

Roller bearings were decided upon and

the re o emendations of manufacturers of this

class of bearings were obatined and selection

was made from these recomendations.

20

The transmission case was then designed

to inclose the transmission and is show on

blue print No T-170 which accompanies this

Diesis.

The weight distribution was carefully-

figured and was so arranged that three fourths

of the
wei.pJit

came on the rear or driving

wheels and one fourth in front.

This has been

foimd be experience to be the most satisfactory

distribution. If more weight is put in front
the front wheels sink into soft ground and if

less weight is put in front the front wheels

have a tendence to leave the ground when the

machine is started suddenly and difficulty in

steering is experienced.
The convert ion al steering gear of
imucSfte typr was adopted except that it is

actuated by a cable with a suitable tightening

device wouftd around a drum which in turn is

moved by a worm and gear connected to the

hand steering wheel.
This was used instead

of the conventional drag link and the wheels

21

of the machine when turned to the required

angle of 45* would interfere rrith a drag lin^
if one were used.

The front axle of the machine was

hung on a shaft in such a

i^ay

that is is free

to oscilate about the longitudinal axis of

the machine.

Thus the frame is suspended from

three points only.

The frame of the na chine was

constructed of 5" steel channel as shown in

the accompanying drawings. The cooling of the motor is accomplish-

ed be means of a honeycomb radiator the size

of which was determined by experiment, under
actual working conditions both when the

machine was standing still and when it was in

motion under a tractive load.

This cooling

surface id 75 square feet and consists of 35

B & S.

gauge copper sheets

The speed of the motor in regulated

by a governor of the centrifugal type connected

to a worm and gear driven by the cam-shaft

8S

of the motor, through a small flexible shaft.

The governor mechanism is entirely inclased and

runs in oil.
It has been found that a Rayfield

carburetor with a water iJactet through which

the cooling water of the engine is circulated

and which heats the carburetor to a temperature

of about 180

P.

and the use of a hot air

stove to heat the intake air gave the best

results.

The fuel consximed has averaged about

a gallons and a

half per acre in heavy clay

soil and without the heather ans with several

other mates of carburetors

the best that could

be aocoraplised was three gallons per acre.

The draw bar of the machine was located

directly beneath the rear axle

at a r alius

equal to the radius of the bull gear.

A chain

is attached to this draw bar on each side of

the machine and pass through the draw chain

guide at the rear end of the machine. These

chains may be fixed in position at the guide

23

bar by means of pins or may be allowed to

float at that point as desired.
The top bf the transmission case

was left unobstructed so that pepairs or

adjustments could be made at any time without

disturbing any other part of the machine.

In selecting the belt pulley sixe

and speed it was necessary to consult the

amSers of harvesting and agricultural machinery,

I

regret to say that it was found that there

is no standard belt speed for machines of this

sort but it was noticed that the favored speed

ranged from S800 to 5000 feet per minute.

It was therefore decided to use a pulley of
24" diameter running aA a speed of 468 r.p.m.

thus giving a belt speed of 2940 ft per minute

at the normal speed of the motor.

The belt

pulley drive may be disconnected by operation

of the change speed lever which is located
at the rear of the

machine within easy reach

of the operat6rs seat

This gear lever operates in slots so

84

that it is Impossible for more than one gear

speed to be in mesh at the same time and also

prevents the belt pulley from running vrhen

the machine itself is in motion.

This obviates

the danget of the operator being caught in

the belt pulley while malting adjustments on

the machine or putting on the belt.

The fuel tsnt is in full view of the

operator and is supplied with a gauge to show

the gasoilne level
50 gallons

The tanfc has a capacity of

which is enough to run the machine

at full laod for a period of eighteen hours.

The machine is also equipped with a

sight feed oil glass through which the oil is

pumped in full view of the operator.

There is also a water gauge connected
to the radiator by means of brass tubing so

that the operator may see at all times the

water level in the radiator.

A small pulley is mounted on the
belt drive shaft and provision is made for

S5

'molting a small grinding head to the frame of

the machine for uee in sharpening the cutting

imives of the various machines operated.

I

high tension machine is used in

place of the customary low tension magneto so

that no batteries are needed for starting the

motor.

The spark advance lever is connected

to an automatic short circuiting device so that

in extreme retard position the ignition is

short circuited and the motor stopped. This

obviates the necessity of a separate ignition

switch.

The speed of the engine may be

regulated by means of the haild throttle which

automatically disconnects the governor when it
is used.

The seat and the operators platform

are spring mounted. It was not thought advisable
to mount the transmission on springs as at the

extremely slow wpeed there is very little

vibration and the bmups which are encoimtered

86

are of a slow heavy nature

These ^olts

would cause severe shock to the bull pinions

and any uneven ground would cause
the axes of

these to runout of line if springs were inter-

posed between them.

This would cause excessive

wear on the bull pinions and gears.

The wheels od the machine are all

punched for the attachment of either conical

or square lugs or angle cleats.

They are

regularly fitted with flat channel cleats

riveted to the rims for use when the ground

id dry and hard. The fan is mounted on inclosed ball

bearings and it is thus evident that there is

not a single working part of the machine

exposed to the air.

An air cleaner is used

in connection with the carburetor so that no

dust is taken into the motor with the air to

cause scoring of the cylinders.

The clutch is of the dry plate type and

is inclosed in a compartment cast into the

transmission case and is operated by a foot

27

pedal within easy reach of the operators

seat. This pedat is equipped with a lock
so that the pedat

may be left down and the

clutch disingaged.

Provision is made on the motor for

a small electric generator so that a light-

ing system may be installed for night work

either in the fielfl or on the belt.

In the transmission shetch will be

noticed two brake drxans 10 and 11. These are

s\irrounded by contracting brake bands

which are operated by means of foot pedals so

that the operator may apply the brake on

either wheel at a time or on both together.

The purpose of this arrangement of brakes is
to make possible short tiirning with a load.

The brake on the inside of the turn is applied

and thus the outside ivheel is forced to do the

driving and takes the load around the corner.

In conclusion
I

will say that the

machine has been constructed in all its

88

essential parts and has been In continuous

service on the farm for about three years.
It has gilDen very good service in the hands of

various inexperienced men and under various

conditions of soil.
It is now being con-

structed in every detail as shown on the

acooTTipanying drawings

and patents on the

arachine and its parts have been applied for.

Respectfully submitted
By

FRO NT -^

MFa CO. THE EVANS HUDSON. OHIO

DR/tW/NC^NO
.

srftLS

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