Deviance is any attributes, or belief that violates a cultural norm and elicits from others a negative or positive reaction.

. Is any action that is perceived as violating some widely shared moral value or norm of a societys or groups culture . Different Elements of the definition First, when we think of deviance, we typically think of someone doing something Second, reactions to deviance are usually negative but the definition of deviance allows for positive reaction. -Nothing is inherently deviant What is deviant depends not on the act, attribute or belief itself, but on how others react to it. THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF DEVIANCE Deviance is a matter of social definition. It exists only in relation to the social norms that prevail in a particular place, time, group, and situation and it changes over time. What is deviant is not absolute, but culturally relative It depends upon: a. situational context b. historical context c. place d. subculture WHO BECOMES DEVIANT? Deviant behavior always carries the risk of punishment, whether it be social disapproval or criminal sanctions. Why do some people regularly engage in deviant acts, while others do not? Explanation of Deviance I. Non sociological Theories of Deviance A. Biological Theories -Making inferences about another persons character based on his or her appearance Deviance and Physique 1 2. Deviance and Heredity II. Sociological Theories of Deviance 1. Durkheims Normality of Deviance- Emile Durkheim observed that deviance is an inevitable part of social life. Since all societies have norms, there will always be individuals who violate those norms Deviance is normal in a society 2. Psychodynamic Theory of Sigmund Freud Freud argued that most people learn in the process of growing up how to inhibit or productively channel their innate drives toward pleasure and aggression. Some children who lack appropriate adult with whom to identify, whose moral norms and values they can adopt as their own, such children fail to develop a strong super ego. Freud believed that these people are especially prone to deviance. 3. Social learning Theory Explains that children learn deviant behavior by observing and imitating others who behave deviantly, especially those that are close to. 4. Differential Association theory This theory holds that people who engage in deviant behavior tend to form social bonds

with other deviants who reinforce deviant norms and values. 5. Robert Mertons Structural Strain theory In Mertons view, high rates of deviance are the result of discrepancy between societal expectations and opportunities, between cultural goals and the means available for achieving them. Merton wrote Some social structures, exert a definite pressure upon certain persons in the society to engage in non conforming rather than conforming behavior Mertons Five Modes of Social adaptation Conformity- Continuing to seek culturally approved goals by culturally approved means, despite the discrepancy between expectations and opportunities. Innovation - Pursuing culturally approved goals by culturally disapproved means ( including illegal activities). Ritualism - Conforming so strictly to socially prescribed means of achieving goals that the larger goals are forgotten. 2 3. Retreatism Abandoning both the goals and the means of achieving them that ones culture prescribes. Rebellion Rejecting the approved goals and means of achieving them and embracing new, socially disapproved ones instead. The Social Functions of Deviance Although deviance disrupts social systems, it also serves the positive functions of: Reinforces Existing norms Enhancing social solidarity A catalyst for social change Crime is a violation of a norm that has been entered into law and is backed by the power and authority of the state to impose formal sanctions. Crime and deviance overlap but they are not identical. Not all deviant acts are illegal. Definition of deviance is subjective, even when widely shared, but crimes are formally defined by explicit procedures of law. Types of Crimes Violent crimes crimes that cause serious harm to people or property Victimless Crimes- in this type of crime, there is usually no complainant that is, no one who feels he or she has been harmed Organized Crimes - is a self perpetuating conspiracy that operates for profit or power and that seeks to obtain immunity from the law through fear and corruption White Collar Crimes - crimes committed by a person of respectability and high status in the course of his occupation Corporate Crimes - crimes committed in behalf of a formal organization. Their primary goal is to boost company profits or avoid losses. SOCIAL CONTROL 3

4. Refers to the efforts of a group or society to regulate the behavior of its members in conformity with established norms 4 . Anomieand its manifestations in society 2. SOCIAL STRUCTUREDefinition and Concept 3. Social StructureDefinitionsRadcliffe Browndefines social structure as an arrangement of persons in institutionally controlled or defined relationships, (such as the relationship of king and subject, or that of husband and wife).Morris Ginsberg regardssocial structure as the complex of principal groups and institutions which constitute societies. 4. Social StructureDefinitionsOgburn and Nimkoff are of the opinion that In society, the organization of a group of persons is the social structure. What the group does is the function.Many sociologists have used the term social structure to refer to the enduring, orderly and patterned relationships between elements of a society. 5. Social StructureUnderstanding Social StructureThe term structure refers to some sort of ordered arrangements of parts or componentsA musical composition, a sentence, a building, a molecule or an animal have a structure.Similarly, society too has its own structure called social structure.The components or units of social structure are persons. 6. Social StructureElementsAccording to H.M John, the main elements of social structure are as follows:Subgroups of various types;Roles of various types;Regulative norms governing sub-groups and roles;Cultural values (any one of these elements a sub-group, a role, a social norm, or a value-may be called a partial structure) 7. Social StructurePartsAccording to Radcliffe Brown, the parts of a social structure are;all social relations of person to

person;different social roles of individuals;differentiated social positions 8. AnomieThe word anomie comes from the Greek root:A = withoutNomos = lawmile Durkheim1958 - 1917 9. AnomieBackgroundThe demise of traditional communities and the disruption of norms, values, and a familiar way of life were major concerns of nineteenth-century philosophers and sociologists. Hence, the concept anomie was used by early sociologists to describe changes in society produced by the Industrial Revolution.Durkheim introduced the concept of anomie as a basis of deviant behavior 10. AnomieDurkheim defined the term anomie as a condition where social and/or moral norms are confused, unclear, or simply not present. Durkheim felt that this lack of norms or preaccepted limits on behavior in a society led to deviant behaviour. Anomie = Lack of Regulation/Breakdown of Norms Anomie refers to an environmental state where society fails to exercise adequate regulation or constraint over the goals and desires of its individual members 11. AnomieDurkheim believed that anomie is common when the surrounding society has undergone significant changes in its economic fortunes, whether for good or for worse and, more generally, when there is a significant discrepancy between the ideological theories and values commonly professed and what was actually achievable in everyday life.Anomie is a breakdown of social norms and it is a condition where norms no longer control the activities of members in society. Individuals cannot find their place in society without clear rules to help guide them. Changing conditions as well as adjustment of life leads to dissatisfaction, conflict, and deviance. He observed that social periods of disruption leads to higher rates of suicide.

12. AnomieRobert King Merton also adopted the idea of anomie to develop Strain Theory to explain deviant behavior, defining it as the discrepancy between common social goals and the legitimate means to attain those goals. In other words, an individual suffering from anomie would strive to attain the common goals of a specific society yet would not be able to reach these goals legitimately because of the structural limitations in society. As a result the individual would exhibit deviant behavior.

13. AnomieMerton discussed deviance in terms of goals and means as part of his strain/anomie theory. For Merton, anomie is the state in which social goals and the legitimate means to achieve them do not correspond.

14. AnomieAnomie = Anarchy?According to Durkheim, anomie is a reaction against or a retreat from the regulatory social controls of society, and is a completely separate concept from anarchy which is an absence of effective rulers or leaders.Anarchy denotes lack of rulers, hierarchy, and commandwhereas anomie denotes lack of rules, structure, and organization.

15. Anomieand Its manifestations in Society 16. CASTEA sociologist would define caste as a hereditary, endogamous, usually localized group, having a traditional association with an occupation, and a particular position in the local hierarchy of castes. Relations between castes are governed, among other things, by the concepts of pollution and purity, and generally, maximum commensality occurs within the casteCaste in IndiaJaati is the term used to denote communities and sub-communities in India. It is a term used across religions.

17. CASTEVarnaEarly Indian texts like the Rigveda, Manusmriti and the Puranas speak of 'Varna,'

which means order, category, type, colour (of things), and groups the human society into four main types as follows Brahmin-the class of educators, law makers, scholars and preachers of Dharma in Hinduism. Kshatriya - WarriorVaishya merchants, artisans, and cultivatorsShudra - workers, farmers and service providers 18. CASTEIn Durkheim's usage, anomiereferred to a situation in which cultural norms break down because of rapid change. Merton changes the concept slightly, to refer to a situation in which there is an apparent lack of fit between the culture's norms about what constitutes success in life (goals) and the culture's norms about the appropriate ways to achieve those goals (means). 19. CASTECasteism leading to anomieDifferent ways of following and interpreting existing norms-no collective consciousnessState of norm-lessness in between normal and pathological conditions Anomie leading to casteismNeed to have a collective consciousness 20. COMMUNALISMCommunalismCommunalism is an ideology which states that society is divided into religious communities whose interests differ and are, at times even opposed to each other the antagonism practiced by the people of one community against the people of other community or religion can be termed communalism.T.K.Oommen has suggested six dimensions of communalism:Assimilationist: scheduled tribes are Hindus.Welfarist: Parsi association working for the uplift of Parsis.Retreatist: Bahai community.Retaliatory.Separatist: Bodos in Assam, Gorkhas in west Bengal.Secessionist: Sikh population demanding for Khalistan. 21. COMMUNALISMHindu Muslim Communalism.Md. Ghazni & Md. Gori. : looting. Qutubdin: first sultan of Delhi, religious dominance.After Second World War:Unity from top:

Congress party.1942 Muslim league came as strong party. M.A. Jinna: congress is a Hindu body.1940: slogan of Pakistan by Muslim League.1946: creation of Pakistan.1992-93: Ramjanam Bhoomi-babri Masjid issue. 22. COMMUNALISMHindu - Sikh Communalism. 1. Akalis: wanted the shrines to be by a body of democratically elected representative. SGPC came into existence in 1925.2. Nirankari: reformist movement against the induction of Hindu religious practices in the Sikh system of worship.3. Militant group: led by Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale started a Sikh separatist movement and began a demand for separate state of KHALISTAN.1984: Operation Blur Star.1984, October: Operation Black Thunder. 23. COMMUNALISMFeatures of communal riots:Politically motivated than fuelled by religion.Besides political interest, economic interest too plays a vigorous part.More common in north India than south and east India.Most communal riots take place on the occasion of religious festivals.The use of deadly weapons in the riots is on the ascendancy.Theories of communal violence.communalviolence is a collective violence. When a large section of people in the community fail to achieve their collective goals, or feel that they are being discriminated against and deprived of equal opportunities, they feel frustrated and disillusioned and this collective frustration leads to collective violence.1. Social Barriers Theory.2. Theory of polarisation and Cluster Effect. 24. Theories of communal violence.Communalviolence is a collective violence. When a large section of people in the community fail to achieve their collective goals, or feel that they are being discriminated against and deprived of equal opportunities, they feel frustrated and disillusioned and this collective frustration leads to collective violence.1. Social Barriers Theory.2. Theory of polarisation and Cluster Effect.COMMUNALISM

25. Anomie