IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN- Historical perspective

The Allahabad Address, notable for o!ceptio! o" Pa#ista!, was the Presidential Address by Allama Iqbal to the 25th Session of the All-India Muslim League on 2 !e"ember # $%, at Allahabad, India& I would li'e to see the Pun(ab, )orth-*est +rontier Pro,in"e, Sind and -alu"histan amalgamated into a single State& Self-go,ernment within the -ritish .m/ire, or without the -ritish .m/ire, the formation of a "onsolidated )orth-*est Indian Muslim State a//ears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of )orth-*est India& The /rin"i/le of .uro/ean demo"ra"y "annot be a//lied to India without re"ogni0ing the fa"t of "ommunal grou/s& The Muslim demand for the "reation of a Muslim India within India is, therefore, /erfe"tly (ustified& 1indus should not fear that the "reation of autonomous Muslim states will mean the introdu"tion of a 'ind of religious rule in su"h states& I ha,e already indi"ated to you the meaning of the word religion, as a//lied to Islam& The truth is that Islam is not a 2hur"h& +or India, it means se"urity and /ea"e resulting from an internal balan"e of /ower3 for Islam, an o//ortunity to rid itself of the stam/ that Arabian Im/erialism was for"ed to gi,e it, to mobili0e its law, its edu"ation, its "ulture, and to bring them into "loser "onta"t with its own original s/irit and with the s/irit of modern times& Te$t o" I%bal&s letter to The Ti'es Sir,4 *riting in your issue of 5"tober $ last, !r& .& Thom/son has torn the following /assage from its "onte6t in my /residential address to the All-India Moslem League of last !e"ember, in order to ser,e as e,iden"e of 7PanIslami" /lotting89 I would li'e to see the Pun(ab, )orth-*est +rontier Pro,in"e, Sind, and -alu"histan amalgamated into a single State& Self-go,ernment within the -ritish .m/ire or without the -ritish .m/ire, the formation of a "onsolidated )orth-*est Indian Moslem State a//ears to me to be the final destiny of the Moslems, at least of )orth-*est India& May I tell !r& Thom/son that in this /assage I do not /ut forward a 7demand8 for a Moslem state outside the -ritish .m/ire, but only a guess at the /ossible out"ome in the dim future of the mighty for"es now sha/ing the destiny of the Indian sub-"ontinent& )o Indian Moslem with any /reten"e to sanity "ontem/lates a Moslem state or series of States in )orth-*est India outside the -ritish "ommonwealth of )ations as a /lan of /ra"ti"al /oliti"s& Although I would o//ose the "reation of another "o"'/it of "ommunal strife in the 2entral Pun(ab, as suggested by some enthusiasts, I am all for a redistribution of India into /ro,in"es with effe"ti,e ma(orities of one "ommunity or another on lines ad,o"ated both by the )ehru and the Simon :e/orts& Indeed, my suggestion regarding Moslem /ro,in"es merely "arries forward this idea& A series of "ontented and well-organi0ed Moslem /ro,in"es on the )orth-*est +rontier of India would be the bulwar' of India and of the -ritish .m/ire against the hungry generations of the Asiati" highlands& ;ours faithfully, Muhammed Iqbal St& <ames=s "ourt, S&*&#, 5"t& #%&

The name was "oined by 2ambridge student and Muslim nationalist 2houdhary :ahmat Ali, and was /ublished on 2> <anuary # $$ in the /am/hlet Now or Never& After naming the "ountry, he noti"ed that there is an a"ronym formed from the names of the ?homelands? of Muslims in northwest India 4 ?P? for Pun(ab, ?A? for the Afghan areas of the region, ?@? for @ashmir, ?S? for Sindh and ?tan? for -alo"histan, thus forming ?Pa'stan?&An ?i? was later added to the .nglish rendition of the name to ease /ronun"iation, /rodu"ing ?Pa'istan?& InArdu and Persian the name en"a/sulates the "on"e/t of pak B?/ure?C and stan B?land?C and hen"e a ?Pure Land?

Lahore (esol)tio! +rom Mar"h 22 to Mar"h 2D, # D%, the All India Muslim League held its annual session at Minto Par', Lahore& This session /ro,ed to be histori"al& 5n the first day of the session, Euaid-i-A0am Muhammad Ali <innah narrated the e,ents of the last few months& In an e6tem/ore s/ee"h he /resented his own solution of the Muslim /roblem& 1e said that the /roblem of India was not of an inter-"ommunal nature, but manifestly an international one and must be treated as su"h& To him the differen"es between 1indus and the Muslims were so great and so shar/ that their union under one "entral go,ernment was full of serious ris's& They belonged to two se/arate and distin"t nations and therefore the only "han"e o/en was to allow them to ha,e se/arate states& In the words of Euaid-i-A0am9 71indus and the Muslims belong to two different religions, /hiloso/hies, so"ial "ustoms and literature& They neither inter-marry nor inter-dine and, indeed, they belong to two different "i,ili0ations that are based mainly on "onfli"ting ideas and "on"e/tions& Their "on"e/ts on life and of life are different& It is quite "lear that 1indus and Muslims deri,e their ins/iration from different sour"es of history& They ha,e different e/i"s, different heroes and different e/isodes& Fery often the hero of one is a foe of the other, and li'ewise, their ,i"tories and defeats o,erla/& To yo'e together two su"h nations under a single state, one as a numeri"al minority and the other as a ma(ority, must lead to growing dis"ontent and final destru"tion of any fabri" that may be so built u/ for the go,ernment of su"h a state8&

1e further said, 7Mussalmans are a nation a""ording to any definition of nation& *e wish our /eo/le to de,elo/ to the fullest s/iritual, "ultural, e"onomi", so"ial and /oliti"al life in a way that we thin' best and in "onsonan"e with our own ideals and a""ording to the genius of our /eo/le8& 5n the basis of the abo,e mentioned ideas of the Euaid, A& @& +a0l-ul-1aq, the then 2hief Minister of -engal, mo,ed the histori"al resolution whi"h has sin"e "ome to be 'nown as Lahore :esolution or Pa'istan :esolution& The :esolution de"lared9 7)o "onstitutional /lan would be wor'able or a""e/table to the Muslims unless geogra/hi"al "ontiguous units are demar"ated into regions whi"h should be so "onstituted with su"h territorial read(ustments as may be ne"essary& That the areas in whi"h the Muslims are numeri"ally in ma(ority as in the )orth-*estern and .astern 0ones of India should be grou/ed to "onstitute inde/endent states in whi"h the "onstituent units shall be autonomous and so,ereign8& It further reads, 7That adequate, effe"ti,e and mandatory safeguards shall be s/e"ifi"ally /ro,ided in the "onstitution for minorities in the units and in the regions for the /rote"tion of their religious, "ultural, e"onomi", /oliti"al, administrati,e and other rights of the minorities, with their "onsultation& Arrangements thus should be made for the se"urity of Muslims where they were in a minority8& The :esolution re/udiated the "on"e/t of Anited India and re"ommended the "reation of an inde/endent Muslim state "onsisting of Pun(ab, )& *& +& P&, Sindh and -alu"histan in the northwest, and -engal and Assam in the northeast& The :esolution was se"onded by Maulana Gafar Ali @han from Pun(ab, Sardar Aurang0eb from the )& *& +& P&, Sir Abdullah 1aroon from Sindh, and Ea0i .sa from -alu"histan, along with many others& The :esolution was /assed on Mar"h 2D& It laid down only the /rin"i/les, with the details left to be wor'ed out at a future date& It was made a /art of the All India Muslim League=s "onstitution in # D#& It was on the basis of this resolution that in # DH the Muslim League de"ided to go for one state for the Muslims, instead of two& 1a,ing /assed the Pa'istan :esolution, the Muslims of India "hanged their ultimate goal& Instead of see'ing allian"e with the 1indu "ommunity, they set out on a /ath whose destination was a se/arate homeland for the Muslims of India&