COLLOCATION
Class 11 English 2
Group 3
A. INTRODUCTION
For foreign language learners, knowing what other wors pair with a gi!en wor is
e"tre#el$ i#portant%
The pro&le# is that so few people are aware of the 'on'ept of 'ollo'ation% Tea'hers an
te"t&ooks on(t usuall$ pro!ie infor#ation a&out it, while wors are al#ost alwa$s
presente in isolation%
E"a#ple senten'es 'an &e useful, &ut it(s har to tell, as a language learner, the )ualit$
of the senten'es $ou(re &eing gi!en% If the person 'reating the senten'es oesn(t put a lot of
thoughts into the#, the$ 'an turn out unnatural an #isrepresent wor 'ollo'ations%
Learners of English as a foreign or se'on language ha!e &een tr$ing to #aster wors,
their pronun'iation, for#s an #eanings% *owe!er, if the$ wish to &e a&le to e"press
the#sel!es fluentl$ an a''uratel$ in spee'h an writing, the$ #ust learn to 'ope with the
'o#&ination of wors, whi'h #eans 'ollo'ation%
B. DEVELOPMENT
I. Literature Review
1% +efinition
A 'ollo'ation is a pair or group of wors that are often use together% These
'o#&inations soun natural to nati!e speakers, &ut stuents of English ha!e to #ake a
spe'ial effort to learn the# &e'ause the$ are often iffi'ult to guess%
,o#e 'o#&inations -ust soun .wrong( to nati!e speakers of English% E%g%
We say... We dont say...
fast 'ars
fast foo
quick 'ars
quick foo
a quick glan'e
a quick #eal
a fast glan'e
a fast #eal
do ho#ework make ho#ework
do har# make har#
make &reakfast
make a e'ision
do &reakfast
do a e'ision
2% Classifi'ation
a/ A-e'ti!es an nouns
Noti'e a-e'ti!es that are t$pi'all$ use with parti'ular nouns% E%g%
The o'tor orere hi# to take regular exercise%
The Titani' sank on its maiden voyage%
*e was writhing on the groun in excruciating pain%
&/ Nouns an !er&s
Noti'e how nouns an !er&s often go together% E%g%
The lion starte to roar when it hear the dog barking%
Snow was falling as our plane took off%
The bomb went off when he starte the 'ar engine%
'/ Nouns an nouns
There are a lot of 'ollo'ations with the pattern a ... of ...
E%g%
Let0s gi!e 1r% 2ones a round of applause%
The ceasefire agreement 'a#e into effe't at 11a#%
I0 like to &u$ two bars of soap please%
/ 3er&s an e"pressions with prepositions
,o#e !er&s 'ollo'ate with parti'ular prepositional e"pressions% E%g%
4e ha to return ho#e &e'ause we had run out of money%
At first her e$es filled with horror, an then she burst into tears%
Their &eha!ior was enough to drive anybody to crime%
e/ 3er&s an a!er&s
,o#e !er&s ha!e parti'ular a!er&s whi'h regularl$ 'ollo'ate with the#% E%g%
.I lo!e $ou an want to #arr$ $ou,( ,te!e whispered softly to 1aria%
The nu#&er of une#plo$e people rose slightly in 1556%
I fully understand the reason for $our e'ision%
f/ A!er&s an a-e'ti!es
A-e'ti!es often ha!e parti'ular a!er&s whi'h regularl$ 'ollo'ate with the#% E%g%
I a# fully aware that there are serious pro&le#s%
+on0t tr$ to go &a'k to work &efore $ou are physically strong enough%
The situation see#e completely hopeless%
3% ,trong, fi"e an weak 'ollo'ations
a/ ,trong 'ollo'ations
A strong 'ollo'ation is one in whi'h the wors are !er$ 'losel$ asso'iate with
ea'h other%
For e"a#ple, the a-e'ti!e mitigating al#ost alwa$s 'ollo'ates with
circumstances or factors7 it rarel$ 'ollo'ates with an$ other wor%
E%g% Although she was found guilty, the jury felt there were mitigating
circumstances. 8fa'tors or 'ir'u#stan'es that lessen the &la#e9
*ere are so#e other e"a#ples of strong 'ollo'ations:
Collocation Comment
Inclement weather
was e"pe'te%
8;!er$ for#al/ < unpleasant weather9
Inclement 'ollo'ates al#ost e"'lusi!el$ with weather%
,he has auburn hair% 8reish=&rown in 'olour9
Auburn onl$ 'ollo'ates with wors 'onne'te with hair%
;e%g% curls, locks/
I felt deliriously
happy%
8e"tre#el$ happ$9
,trongl$ asso'iate with happy% Not use with glad,
content, sad, et'%
The 'hairperson
adjourned the
8ha!e a pause or rest uring a #eeting>trial9
Adjourn is !er$ strongl$ asso'iate with meeting an
meeting% trial%
&/ Fi"e 'ollo'ations
Fi"e 'ollo'ations are 'ollo'ations so strong that the$ 'annot &e 'hange in an$
wa$%
E%g% I was walking to and fro% 8#eaning I was walking in one ire'tion an then in
the opposite ire'tion, a repeate nu#&er of ti#es9
No other wors 'an repla'e to or fro in this 'ollo'ation% It is 'o#pletel$ fi"e% The
#eaning of so#e fi"e 'ollo'ations 'annot &e guesse fro# the ini!iual wors%
These 'ollo'ations are 'alle iio#s%
'/ 4eak 'ollo'ations
4eak 'ollo'ations are #ae up of wors that 'ollo'ate with a wie range of other
wors%
For e"a#ple, $ou 'an sa$ $ou are in broad agreement with so#eone 8generall$ in
agree#ent with the#9% *owe!er, broad 'an also &e use with a nu#&er of other
wors ? a broad avenue, a broad smile, broad shoulders, a broad accent 8a
strong a''ent9, a broad hint 8a strong hint9 an so on%
These are weak 'ollo'ations, in the sense that broad 'ollo'ates with a &roa range
of ifferent nouns%
@% ,$non$#s an 'onfusa&le wors
a/ Co##on s$non$# pairs
The ;a/ an ;&/ wors in ea'h pair in the ta&le ha!e si#ilar #eanings%
,o#eti#es either wor 'an &e use in a senten'e to gi!e the sa#e #eaning, &ut in
the 'ollo'ations &elow onl$ one wor is possi&le%
Synonyms a! "#ample b! "#ample
;a/ 'lose
;&/ shut
The 'hairperson closed the
meeting at @%36% 84e 'lose
#eetings > is'ussions >
'onferen'es, et'%9
,he was !er$ rue% ,he sai .Shut
your mouthA( 8i#polite wa$ of
telling so#eone not to speak9
;a/ start
;&/ &egin
It was a 'ol #orning an I
'oul not start my car% 8Start,
NOT begin, is use for engines
an !ehi'les9
Before the uni!erse began, ti#e
an spa'e i not e"ist% 8$egin is
preferre in #ore for#al an
a&stra't 'onte"ts9
;a/ &ig
;&/ large
It was a big decision to #ake%
8There were so#e big
problems to sol!e9
I wante the sweater in the large
size &ut the$ onl$ ha #eiu#%
;a/ en
;&/ finish
The$ ended their relationship
a $ear ago% 8"nd here #eans
e'ie to stop9
I ha!en(t finished my homework
$et% 8%inish here #eans 'o#plete9
&/ Groups of wors with si#ilar #eanings
4ors #eaning .ol(
I #et an old friend the other a$% It(s a !er$ old building%
,he stuie ancient history% In ancient times, life was !er$ har%
This shop sells antique furniture% ,he 'olle'ts antique jewellery% 8ol
an !alua&le9
I helpe an elderly person who was tr$ing to 'ross the roa% 8elderly is #ore
polite than old9
4ors #eaning .with no one or nothing else or with nothing si#ilar(
+onna is a single parent7 it(s iffi'ult for her to work full ti#e%
At first I felt desperately lonely when I #o!e fro# Lonon to the
'ountr$sie%
There was -ust one solitary figure on the otherwise eserte &ea'h% 8one
person on their own9
,he was the sole survivor of the 'rash% E!er$one else ie% 8onl$ sur!i!or9
'/ Other s$non$# pairs
Synonyms a! "#ample b! "#ample
;a/ 'harge
;&/ loa
I nee to charge my phone%
8use for &atteries, ele'tri'al ite#s9
The$ loaded the lorry an ro!e
awa$% 8use for 'argoes, lorries,
!ans, ships, et'% an for weapons9
;a/ in-ure
;&/ a#age
Three injured people were taken to
hospital after the a''ient%
8'ollo'ates with wors to o with
people9
The shop trie to sell #e a
damaged sofa &ut I noti'e it -ust
in ti#e% 8'ollo'ates with wors for
things9
;a/ grow
;&/ raise
In the south the far#ers grow
crops% 8'ollo'ates with 'rops,
plants9
In the north the far#ers #ostl$
raise cattle% 8'ollo'ates with
ani#als, 'hilren9
II. Implication
1% 4h$ to learn 'ollo'ationsC
Learning 'ollo'ations is a goo iea &e'ause the$ 'an:
a/ Gi!e $ou the #ost natural an easil$ unerstoo wa$ to sa$ so#ething%
E%g% Smoking is strictly forbidden is #ore natural than Smoking is strongly
forbidden%
&/ Gi!e $ou alternati!e an ri'her wa$s of sa$ing so#ething, whi'h #a$ &e #ore
'olorful > i#pressi!e or #ore pre'ise%
E%g% Instea of repeating It was very cold and very dark, we 'an sa$ It was
bitterly cold and pitch dark%
'/ I#pro!e $our st$le in writing%
E%g% Instea of sa$ing po!ert$ causes crime, $ou 'an sa$ po!ert$ breeds crime7
instea of sa$ing a big meal, $ou 'an sa$ a substantial meal%
Dou #a$ not nee or want to use these in infor#al 'on!ersations, &ut in writing
the$ 'an gi!e $our te"t #ore !ariet$ an #ake it rea &etter%
2% *ow to learn 'ollo'ationsC
There are so#e #ethos to stu$ 'ollo'ations: fining, re'oring, learning an using
i'tionar$%
a/ Fining 'ollo'ations
There are two #ain wa$s in whi'h $ou 'an fin 'ollo'ations%
Dou 'an train $ourself to noti'e the# whene!er $ou rea or listen to an$thing in
English% Eeaing is an e"'ellent wa$ to learn !o'a&ular$ an 'ollo'ations in
'onte"t an naturall$%
TIP
&et into the habit of making a note of any good collocations
you come across in any "nglish te#t you read.
Dou 'an fin the# in an$ goo learner(s i'tionar$%
For e"a#ple, if $ou look up the wor smile $ou will fin so#e of these
'ollo'ations:
bright faint, weak cheerful, radiant, warm smile
wry, sad, shy encouraging, polite fixed, forced smile
have, wear manage, force a smile
with a smile be all smiles
TIP
When you look up a new word, make a point of
noting it down in se'eral different collocations.
&/ Ee'oring 'ollo'ations
The &est wa$ to re'or a 'ollo'ation is in a phrase or a senten'e showing how it is
use% *ighlight the 'ollo'ation &$ unerlining it or &$ using a highlighting pen%
E%g% The$ for#e a close friendship at uni!ersit$%
Or: The al&u# has &een praise in the music press%
'/ Learning 'ollo'ations
Learning 'ollo'ations is not so ifferent fro# learning an$ !o'a&ular$ ite#% The
ke$ things are to:
regularl$ re!ise what $ou want to learn
pra'ti'e using what $ou want to learn in 'onte"ts that are #eaningful for $ou
personall$
learn 'ollo'ations in groups to help $ou fi" the# in $our #e#or$% Dou #ight
group together 'ollo'ations relating to the sa#e topi'% Or $ou #ight group
'ollo'ations &ase on the sa#e wor, for e"a#ple:
(ou can)t always find the right word when you)re translating.
*is name has become a household word since he first appeared in the series.
I misheard the word +sick as +thick.
!ords fail me.
,espite his brave words, I don)t belie'e he can sa'e the factory from closure.
-nce he has made a promise, he ne'er goes back on his word.
/ Fsing i'tionar$
Goo #oern learners( i'tionaries in'lue e"a#ple senten'es whi'h #ake a
point of illustrating ea'h wor(s #ost fre)uent 'ollo'ations% Enor#ous ata&ases of
language are use to anal$Ge spee'h an te"t to ientif$ whi'h wors 'ollo'ate #ost
fre)uentl$%
Two goo i'tionaries for a!an'e learners are Cambridge Ad'anced .earners
,ictionary or -#ford Ad'anced .earners ,ictionary% In aition, a spe'ialiGe
i'tionar$ for stu$ing 'ollo'ations is -#ford Collocations ,ictionary for Students of
"nglish%
Ee#e#&er that i'tionaries toa$ are not onl$ a!aila&le on paper7 $ou 'an also
a''ess the# on C+=EO1 an online% These 'an &e parti'ularl$ helpful when $ou are
e"ploring 'ollo'ations, as the$ #ake it )ui'k an eas$ to sear'h for ite#s in ifferent
wa$s an to -u#p fro# one entr$ to another%
TIP
When you buy a dictionary, make sure it gi'es good, clear
information about collocations. When you look up words, if you
dont know the collocations, highlight them in your dictionary
or transfer them to your 'ocabulary notebook.
3% E"a#ples:
Learning 'ollo'ation is reall$ i#portan'e, an the following is 2 si#ple paragraphs
to show the ne'essit$ of 'ollo'ations
Har 1%a
I I ha!e 3 aughters% The olest one did a egree in e'ono#i's at Bir#ingha#
Fni!ersit$% ,he got her &a'helor(s egree last $ear an is now doing so#e
resear'h on enangere spe'ies in ifferent 'ountries% The se'on one is doing a
'ourse at New'astle Fni!ersit$% ,he is doing histor$% ,he lo!es it, though she
sa$s she has to o far too #an$ assign#ents% 1$ $oungest aughter is still at
s'hool% ,he is doing her s'hool=lea!ing e"a# in the su##er% ,he(ll go to
uni!ersit$ nest $ear if she gets goo enough graes in her e"a#s% ,he wants to
o so'iolog$ an then get a so'ial work )ualifi'ation% 1$ aughters are all getting
a #u'h &etter eu'ation than I e!er ha%
Har 1%&
I I ha!e 3 aughters% The olest one studied for a egree in e'ono#i's at
Bir#ingha# Fni!ersit$% ,he was awarded her &a'helor(s egree last $ear an is
now carrying out so#e resear'h on enangere spe'ies in ifferent 'ountries%
The se'on one is enrolled on a 'ourse at New'astle Fni!ersit$% ,he is taking
histor$% ,he lo!es it, though she sa$s she has to o far too #an$ assign#ents% 1$
$oungest aughter is still at s'hool% ,he is sitting her s'hool=lea!ing e"a# in the
su##er% ,he(ll go to uni!ersit$ ne"t $ear if she is given goo enough graes in
her e"a#s% ,he wants to o so'iolog$ an then acquire a so'ial work
)ualifi'ation% 1$ aughters are all receiving a #u'h &etter eu'ation than I e!er
ha%
All the uses of +do and +get in the first paragraph can be replaced with more
interesting words which makes the paragraph smoother and more appalling
Har 2%a
I E!er$one was 'o#plaining strongly when the$ hear a&out the new plan%
Heople were strongly sho'ke to hear that 'hilren woul &e strongly for&ien
to use the sports groun an #ost people were strongly oppose to the new
rules% E!en people who nor#all$ ne!er e"presse an opinion were strongly
appalle &$ the proposal%
Har 2%&
I E!er$one was 'o#plaining bitterly when the$ hear a&out the new plan%
Heople were deeply sho'ke to hear that 'hilren woul &e strictly for&ien to
use the sports groun an #ost people were strongly oppose to the new rules%
E!en people who nor#all$ ne!er e"presse an opinion were utterly appalle &$
the proposal%
/he repetition of 0strongly1 makes the paragraph monotonous and ineffecti'e.
/herefore, to a'oid this mistake, instead of repeating the word 0strongly1 we can
use other ad'erbs such as bitterly, strictly, deeply, or utterly
III. Concluion
1% Eeferen'es
a/ "nglish #ollocations in $se &$ 1i'hael 1'Carth$ an Feli'it$ O(+ell
Co!ers all the #ost useful 'ollo'ations ;'o##on wor 'o#&inations/ to help
#ake $our English #ore fluent an natural=souning% English Collo'ations in
Fse presents an pra'ti'es hunres of 'ollo'ations in t$pi'al 'onte"ts to help
$ou i#pro!e $our written an spoken English% It also in'lues tips on learning
strategies an wa$s to a!oi 'o##on learner errors%
&/ #heck your vocabulary for natural "nglish collocations &$ 2on 1arks an
Alison 4ooer
Check (our 2ocabulary work&ooks are ai#e at non=nati!e speakers who
want to &uil essential !o'a&ular$ an learn to speak fluent an natural=
souning English% Containing a range of wor ga#es, )uiGGes an e"er'ises,
this work&ook will help inter#eiate learners to e!elop 'ore language skills in
a 'hallenging, $et entertaining wa$%
'/ #ollocations "xtra% &ulti'level (ctivities for )atural "nglish &$ EliGað
4alter an Jate 4oofor
Collocations "#tra pro!ies lots of opportunities for 'o##uni'ati!e pra'ti'e
in English while helping stuents pi'k up useful 'hunks an 'ollo'ations% Ea'h
unit of the &ook 'o!ers a the#e, su'h as e!er$a$ a'ti!ities, work or tra!el,
'o##onl$ foun in 'ourse &ooks% The units all ha!e three a'ti!ities, one a'ti!it$
ea'h for ele#entar$>pre=inter#eiate, inter#eiate, an a!an'e le!els%
2% Appeni"
HANDOUT
I. COLLOCATION! IN COMMON TOPIC!
4EAT*EE
weather 'onition
;weather K a-/
goo
&eautiful, e"'ellent, fair, glorious,
ieal, lo!el$
&a
awful, atro'ious, is#al, reaful,
gloo#$, #isera&le, in'le#ent, !ile,
harsh, se!ere
weather 'hanges
;weather K !er&/
goo 'lear up, i#pro!e, let up, war# up
&a &reak, eteriorate, worsen
FA1ILD
a- K fa#il$
Low=in'o#e, wealth$, well=to=o, har=up, 'lose=
knit, nu'lear, e"tene, aopti!e, ro$al,
&erea!e, single=parent, two=parent
fa#il$ K noun
&a'kgroun, histor$, ties, 'o##it#ents,
heirloo#,
!er& K fa#il$ ha!e, start, &ring up, raise, fee, support
wors an
phrases relate to
&loo relati!e, get i!or'e, e"=hus&an>e"=wife,
sta&le ho#e, &roken ho#e, epri!e ho#e,
fa#il$
o#esti' !iolen'e, istant relati!e, e"pe't a
&a&$, gi!e &irth to a &a&$%
TEAFFIC
a- K traffi'
&us$, 'ongeste, fast=flowing, sluggish, 'it$=
'enter, rush=hour, on'o#ing
!er& K traffi'
generate, in'rease, 'ut, reu'e, hol up,
o&stru't,
traffi' K !er& &uil up, thi'ken, 'log st, flow, #o!e, roar,
traffi' K noun
a''ient, haGar, 'haos, 'ongestion, isruption,
hop=ups, pollution, !olu#e, signal, arter$, route
*EALT*
a- K health
e"'ellent, full, perfe't, e'lining, fragile, ill, poor,
se"ual, ph$si'al, o''upational
!er& K health
en-o$, ha!e, #aintain, regain, re'o!er, i#pro!e,
nurse s& &a'k to, ruin, a#age
health K !er& i#pro!e, eteriorate, worsen, fail
health K noun
'are, issue, authorit$, haGar, eu'ation, 'enter,
pro&le#
wors an
phrases relate to
health
'at'h a 'lo> the flu> a 'hill, 'ontra't isease>
#alaria> s#allpo">, ha!e an atta'k of
&ron'hitis>asth#a>ha$ fe!er, suffer>sustain
in-uries
BE*A3IOE
a- K &eha!ior
e"e#plar$, a''epta&le, antiso'ial, e!iant,
aggressi!e, !iolent, isrupti!e, 'ri#inal
!er& K &eha!ior influen'e, 'ontrol, alter, #oif$
phrases a 'oe of L, a pattern of L, stanar of L
wors an
phrases relate to
&eha!ior
pla$ a -oke> tri'k, swallow one(s prie, throw an
tantru#, lose $our patien'e, 'o#e to ter#s with,
re!eal one(s true 'hara'ter
E1OTION
a- K e#otion
eep, powerful, o!erwhel#ing, profoun, !iolent,
'o#ple", 'ontrai'tor$, negati!e, positi!e, fragile,
painful,
!er& K e#otion
e"perien'e, feel, ispla$, e"press, release, &e
e!oi of, &e raine of, 'ontrol, &etra$%
wors an
phrases relate to
e#otion
Blissfull$> genuinel$> perfe'tl$ happ$, lasting
happiness, esperatel$> i##ensel$> un&eara&l$
sa, eepl$ epresse, great saness, &itterl$
isappointe, in'reasingl$ an"ious, worrie si'k,
#ounting anger, wiesprea 'one#nation,
seething with anger, e#otional wre'k
AHHEAEANCE a- K appearan'e attra'ti!e, $outhful, istin'ti!e, ph$si'al, unke#pt,
s'ruff$, striking
!er& K
appearan'e
ha!e, take on, gi!e, alter, 'hange, enhan'e,
i#pro!e, keep up
wors an
phrases relate to
appearan'e
'hu&&$ 'heeks, roop$ #ousta'he, pointe fa'e,
slener waist, i##a'ulatel$ groo#e, u#p$
wo#an, lank$ $outh,
LA4, AN+
HFNI,*1ENT,
laws
a- K laws
a#inistrati!e, 'i!il,
'o##on, 'ri#inal, 'ontra't
!er& K laws
enfor'e, uphol, o&e$,
&reak, !iolate, interpret,
respe't, pass
laws K !er&
allow, prohi&it, re)uire,
go!ern, for&i
punish#ents
a- K punish#ent
'ruel, harsh, se!ere, 'apital,
appropriate, 'orporal,
!er& K punish#ent
hanout, a#inister, infli't,
es'ape, eser!e, i#pose
wors an
phrases relate to
laws an
punish#ents
appear in 'ourt, rea'h a !eri't, fa'e a hea!$
fine, a fair trial, harsh senten'e, win the 'ase,
CEI1E
a- K 'ri#e
-u!enile, awful, &ar&arous, &loo$, reaful,
!i'ious, &rutal, serious, perfe't, notorious,
#oti!eless, white='ollar, politi'al, war, pett$
!er& K 'ri#e 'arr$ out, 'o##it, report, ta'kle
wors an
phrases relate to
'ri#e
a't of terroris#, 'ri#inal re'or, 'on!i'tion for
ro&&er$, 'on!i'te 'ri#inal, !ehi'le theft, rug
a&use, #inless !analis#, spate of &urglaries
NE4,
;relate to #ass
#eia/
a- K news latest, raio, tele!ision, e!ening, lun'hti#e, et'
!er& K news hear, listen to, &roa'ast, wat'h, turn on, rea
wors an
phrases relate to
news
hit the healines, #ake healines, front=page
healines, run a stor$, fli'k through the
newspaper, hol talk, take hostage, keep a 'lose
wat'h on
II. "UNCTION! O" COLLOCATION
Talking a&out
su''ess an
failure
= #ake a &reakthrough, re#arka&le> 'rowning> e"traorinar$>
#a-or> outstaning> tre#enous a'hie!e#ent, ra#ati'> #assi!e>
enor#ous i#pro!e#ent, #ake goo progress, &rilliant>
pheno#enal> 'onsiera&le> #oest su''ess, en-o$ the fruit of
one(s har work
= fail #isera&l$, spe'ta'ular> 'o#plete> ine!ita&le failure, go &al$
wrong
,taring an
finishing
= #ake a pro#ising start, #ake an earl$ start, get off to a goo
start, #ark the &eginning of the en, a&solutel$ &eginner
= put the finishing tou'hes, nail=&iting finish, 'o#e to an en, raw
to a 'lose, &ring to an en, 'lose finish%
Talking a&out
'ause an
effe't
'ause 'haos> ha!o'> su&stantial> irrepara&le a#age, &ring a&out
the ownfall> 'ollapse, prou'e the opposite effe't, 'ause an
uproar, 'ause a sensation, ha!e ra#ati'> signifi'ant> a!erse>
estru'ti!e> e!astating> serious effe't on, #ake> 'reate
#isleaing> !i!i> wiesprea i#pression
Ee#e#&ering
an sensing
ha!e long=ter#> short=ter#>e"'ellent> proigious> painful #e#or$,
!aguel$> !i!il$> 'learl$ re#e#&er, 'o#pletel$> totall$> instantl$
forget, one(s #in go &lank, &ear in #in%
Agreeing an
isagreeing
= heartil$> strongl$> entirel$> &roal$ agree, enter into> rea'h>
'on'lue> &reak> go &a'k agree#ent, profoun> sharpl$>
funa#entall$ isagree
= go along with one(s !iew, share the opinion, lea to> pro!oke>
settle the ispute, agree to iffer, &e poles apart in
Talking a&out
&eliefs an
opinions
fir#l$> sin'erel$> unshakea&le> #istakenl$ &elie!e, great &elie!er
in st, ha!e reason to &elie!e that, get a sneaking> !ague> awful>
grounless suspi'ion, #ake assu#ption, 'ast ou&t on, 'onsier
opinion, ha!e serious #isgi!ing a&out, gi!e up hope, hol the
!iew> opinion
+e'iing an
'hoosing
rea'h> take> arri!e at> #ake a>an &ig> 'ru'ial> #o#entous> ke$>
wise e'ision, put off #aking e'ision, ha!e se'on thoughts, a
slight > initial hesitation, #ake a 'areful> wise> iffi'ult 'hoi'e,
'onsier all the options, fa'e iffi'ult 'hoi'e, weigh up the option
Clai#ing an
en$ing
en$ e#phati'all$> strenuousl$> fier'el$, fa'e a''usation, #ake
serious> a#aging> allegation, openl$> pra'ti'all$> wrongl$> pu&li'l$
a''use, full$ a''ept
Liking an
isliking
ha!e> e#onstrate> share great> parti'ular> spe'ial liking,
passionate a&out, great> huge pleasure, 'lear> strong preferen'e,
intense> instant> heart$> eep islike, huge> strong a!ersion, eep=
roote> &itter> a&solute hatre
Hraising an
'riti'iGing
= nothing &ut praise for, offer one(s 'ongratulations, take full 'reit
for, war#l$ 'ongratulate, win a lot of praise
= harsh> 'onstant> 'onstru'ti!e 'riti'is#, highl$> sharpl$ 'riti'al,
harsh> outspoken 'riti', wholesale> uni!ersal 'one#nation,
strongl$> strenuousl$> !ehe#entl$ o&-e't to
The spe'ifi' area of 'ollo'ation is of parti'ular i#portan'e an for#s a parti'ular pro&le#
for language learners%
Collo'ations o not follow an$ rules, an while nati!e speakers learn the# throughout
the nor#al pro'ess, foreign language learners ha!e to train the#sel!es in orer to prou'e
these 'ollo'ations in the proper 'onte"t%
Fluen'$ in the foreign language is eter#ine &$ auto#ation of 'ollo'ation%
The #ore the learner is 'apa&le of prou'ing the 'orre't 'ollo'ations, the less hesitation
pauses he #akes in long se)uen'es of wors an 'onse)uentl$ the #ore 'o#petent in the
language he &e'o#es%
T#E END
