CASE 1:

Commission on Human Rights Employees' Association (CHREA) vs. Commission on Human Rights
[GR 155336, 25 November 2004]
Second Division, Cico!N"#"rio $%&: 4 conc'r
Facts: (n 14 )ebr'"r* 1++,, Con-ress ."ssed Re.'b/ic Ac0 ,522, o0er1ise 2no1n "s 0e Gener"/ A..ro.ri"0ions
Ac0 o3 1++,4 50 .rovided 3or S.eci"/ 6rovisions A../ic"b/e 0o A// Cons0i0'0ion"/ (33ices En7o*in- )isc"/ A'0onom*4 8e
/"s0 .or0ion o3 Ar0ic/e 999555 covers 0e "..ro.ri"0ions o3 0e Commission on :'m"n Ri-0s $C:R&4 8ese s.eci"/
.rovisions 0"c2/es (r-"ni#"0ion"/ S0r'c0're "nd 0e ;se o3 S"vin-s4 (n 0e s0ren-0 o3 0ese s.eci"/ .rovisions, 0e
C:R, 0ro'- i0s 0en C"ir.erson A'ror" 64 N"v"re00e!Reci<" "nd Commissioners N"sser A4 ="rooms"/ic,
=ercedes >4 Con0rer"s, >icen0e 64 Sib'/o, "nd %or-e R4 Co?'i", .rom'/-"0ed Reso/'0ion A+,!04@ n 04 Se.0ember
1++,, "do.0in- "n '.-r"din- "nd rec/"ssi3ic"0ion sceme "mon- se/ec0ed .osi0ions in 0e Commission4 AnneAed 0o
s"id reso/'0ion is 0e .ro.osed cre"0ion o3 0en "ddi0ion"/ ./"n0i//" .osi0ions, n"me/*: one Direc0or 5> .osi0ion, 1i0
S"/"r* Gr"de 2, 3or 0e C"r"-" Re-ion"/ (33ice, 3o'r Sec'ri0* (33icer 55 1i0 S"/"r* Gr"de 15, "nd 3ive 6rocess
Servers, 1i0 S"/"r* Gr"de 5 'nder 0e (33ice o3 0e Commissioners4 (n 1+ (c0ober 1++,, C:R iss'ed Reso/'0ion
No4 A+,!055 .rovidin- 3or 0e '.-r"din- or r"isin- o3 s"/"r* -r"des o3 cer0"in .osi0ions in 0e Commission4 50, /i2e1ise,
.rovided 3or 0e cre"0ion "nd '.-r"din- o3 o0er .osi0ions4 8o s'..or0 0e im./emen0"0ion o3 s'c sceme, 0e C:R,
in 0e s"me reso/'0ion, "'0ori#ed 0e "'-men0"0ion o3 " commens'r"0e "mo'n0 -ener"0ed 3rom s"vin-s 'nder
6ersonne/ Services4 B* vir0'e o3 Reso/'0ion A+,!062 d"0ed 1@ November 1++,, 0e C:R Cco//".sedD 0e v"c"n0
.osi0ions in 0e bod* 0o .rovide "ddi0ion"/ so'rce o3 3'ndin- 3or s"id s0"33in- modi3ic"0ion4 Amon- 0e .osi0ions
co//".sed 1ere: one A00orne* 555, 3o'r A00orne* 5>, one Cemis0 555, 0ree S.eci"/ 5nves0i-"0or 5, one C/er2 555, "nd one
Acco'n0in- C/er2 554 8e C:R 3or1"rded s"id s0"33in- modi3ic"0ion "nd '.-r"din- sceme 0o 0e De."r0men0 o3
B'd-e0 "nd ="n"-emen0 $DB=& 1i0 " re?'es0 3or i0s "..rov"/, b'0 0e 0en DB= secre0"r* Ben7"min Dio2no denied
0e re?'es04 5n /i-0 o3 0e DB=Es dis"..rov"/ o3 0e .ro.osed .ersonne/ modi3ic"0ion sceme, 0e Civi/ Service
Commission $CSC&!N"0ion"/ C".i0"/ Re-ion (33ice, 0ro'- " memor"nd'm d"0ed 2+ ="rc 1+++, recommended 0o
0e CSC!Cen0r"/ (33ice 0"0 0e s'b7ec0 "..oin0men0s be re7ec0ed o1in- 0o 0e DB=Es dis"..rov"/ o3 0e ./"n0i//"
rec/"ssi3ic"0ion4 =e"n1i/e, 0e o33icers o3 0e Commission on :'m"n Ri-0s Em./o*eesE Associ"0ion $C:REA&, in
re.resen0"0ion o3 0e r"n2 "nd 3i/e em./o*ees o3 0e C:R, re?'es0ed 0e CSC!Cen0r"/ (33ice 0o "33irm 0e
recommend"0ion o3 0e CSC!Re-ion"/ (33ice4 C:REA s0ood i0s -ro'nd in s"*in- 0"0 0e DB= is 0e on/* "-enc* 1i0
"..ro.ri"0e "'0ori0* m"nd"0ed b* /"1 0o ev"/'"0e "nd "..rove m"00ers o3 rec/"ssi3ic"0ion "nd '.-r"din-, "s 1e// "s
cre"0ion o3 .osi0ions4 8e CSC!Cen0r"/ (33ice denied C:REAEs re?'es0 in " Reso/'0ion d"0ed 16 December 1+++, "nd
reversed 0e recommend"0ion o3 0e CSC!Re-ion"/ (33ice 0"0 0e '.-r"din- sceme be cens'red4 C:REA 3i/ed "
mo0ion 3or reconsider"0ion, b'0 0e CSC!Cen0r"/ (33ice denied 0e s"me on + %'ne 20004 Given 0e c"co.on* o3
7'd-men0s be01een 0e DB= "nd 0e CSC, C:REA e/ev"0ed 0e m"00er 0o 0e Co'r0 o3 A..e"/s4 8e Co'r0 o3 A..e"/s
"33irmed 0e .rono'ncemen0 o3 0e CSC!Cen0r"/ (33ice "nd '.e/d 0e v"/idi0* o3 0e '.-r"din-, re0i0/in-, "nd
rec/"ssi3ic"0ion sceme in 0e C:R on 0e 7's0i3ic"0ion 0"0 s'c "c0ion is 1i0in 0e "mbi0 o3 C:REs 3isc"/ "'0onom*4
8e C:REA 3i/ed 0e .e0i0ion 3or revie14
Issue: $1&Fe0er or no0 C:REA is " .ro.er ."r0* 0o brin- 0e s'i0 in Co'r04
$2&Fe0er or no0 C:R is " cons0i0'0ion"/ Commission "nd "s s'c en7o*s 3isc"/ "'0onom*4
Held: (1) 50 "s been e/d in " m'/0i0'de o3 c"ses 0"0 " .ro.er ."r0* is one 1o "s s's0"ined or is in immedi"0e
d"n-er o3 s's0"inin- "n in7'r* "s " res'/0 o3 0e "c0 com./"ined o34 :ere, C:REA, 1ic consis0s o3 r"n2 "nd 3i/e
em./o*ees o3 C:R, .ro0es0s 0"0 0e '.-r"din- "nd co//".sin- o3 .osi0ions bene3i0ed on/* " se/ec0 3e1 in 0e '..er
/eve/ .osi0ions in 0e Commission res'/0in- 0o 0e demor"/i#"0ion o3 0e r"n2 "nd 3i/e em./o*ees4 8is s'33icien0/*
mee0s 0e in7'r* 0es04 5ndeed, 0e C:REs '.-r"din- sceme, i3 3o'nd 0o be v"/id, .o0en0i"//* en0"i/s e"0in- '. 0e
CommissionEs s"vin-s or 0"0 .or0ion o3 i0s b'd-e0"r* .ie o0er1ise "//oc"0ed 3or 6ersonne/ Services, 3rom 1ic 0e
bene3i0s o3 0e em./o*ees, inc/'din- 0ose in 0e r"n2 "nd 3i/e, "re derived4 )'r0er, 0e .erson"/i0* o3 0e C:REA 0o
3i/e 0is c"se 1"s reco-ni#ed b* 0e CSC 1en i0 0oo2 co-ni#"nce o3 0e C:REAEs re?'es0 0o "33irm 0e
recommend"0ion o3 0e CSC!N"0ion"/ C".i0"/ Re-ion (33ice4 C:REAEs .erson"/i0* 0o brin- 0e s'i0 1"s " non!iss'e in
0e Co'r0 o3 A..e"/s 1en i0 ."ssed '.on 0e meri0s o3 0is c"se4 8's, nei0er so'/d o'r "nds be 0ied b* 0is
0ecnic"/ concern4 5ndeed, i0 is se00/ed 7'ris.r'dence 0"0 "n iss'e 0"0 1"s nei0er r"ised in 0e com./"in0 nor in 0e
co'r0 be/o1 c"nno0 be r"ised 3or 0e 3irs0 0ime on "..e"/, "s 0o do so 1o'/d be o33ensive 0o 0e b"sic r'/es o3 3"ir ./"*,
7's0ice, "nd d'e .rocess4
$2& 8e Co'r0 o3 A..e"/s incorrec0/* re/ied on 0e .rono'ncemen0 o3 0e CSC!Cen0r"/ (33ice 0"0 0e C:R is "
cons0i0'0ion"/ commission, "nd "s s'c en7o*s 3isc"/ "'0onom*4
20
6"/."b/*, 0e Co'r0 o3 A..e"/sG Decision 1"s b"sed on 0e mis0"2en .remise 0"0 0e C:R be/on-s 0o 0e s.ecies o3
cons0i0'0ion"/ commissions4 B'0, Ar0ic/e 59 o3 0e Cons0i0'0ion s0"0es in no 'ncer0"in 0erms 0"0 on/* 0e CSC, 0e
Commission on E/ec0ions, "nd 0e Commission on A'di0 s"// be 0"--ed "s Cons0i0'0ion"/ Commissions 1i0 0e
"..'r0en"n0 ri-0 0o 3isc"/ "'0onom*4 A/on- 0e s"me vein, 0e Adminis0r"0ive Code, in C".0er 5, Sec0ions 24 "nd 26
o3 Boo2 55 on Dis0rib'0ion o3 6o1ers o3 Governmen0, 0e cons0i0'0ion"/ commissions s"// inc/'de on/* 0e Civi/ Service
Commission, 0e Commission on E/ec0ions, "nd 0e Commission on A'di0, 1ic "re -r"n0ed inde.endence "nd 3isc"/
"'0onom*4 5n con0r"s0, C".0er 5, Sec0ion 2+ 0ereo3, is si/en0 on 0e -r"n0 o3 simi/"r .o1ers 0o 0e o0er bodies
inc/'din- 0e C:R4 )rom 0e 1+,@ Cons0i0'0ion "nd 0e Adminis0r"0ive Code, i0 is "b'nd"n0/* c/e"r 0"0 0e C:R is no0
"mon- 0e c/"ss o3 Cons0i0'0ion"/ Commissions4 As eA.ressed in 0e o30!re.e"0ed m"Aim eA.ressio 'ni's es0 eAc/'sio
"/0eri's, 0e eA.ress men0ion o3 one .erson, 0in-, "c0 or conse?'ence eAc/'des "// o0ers4 S0"0ed o0er1ise,
eA.ressi'm 3"ci0 cess"re 0"ci0'm H 1"0 is eA.ressed .'0s "n end 0o 1"0 is im./ied4
CASE 2:
JELBERT B. GALCT!
vs.
H.E. "RE#$E%T BE%G%! #&E!% C. A'(%! ) in his capacity as "*esi+ent o, the Repu-lic o, the
"hilippines. ATT/. "A'(T! %. !CH!A) JR.) in his capacity as E0ecutive #ec*eta*y. an+ 1L!RE%C! B.
ABA$) in his capacity as #ec*eta*y o, the $epa*tment o, Bu+get an+ &anagement)
G.R. %o. 234356) )ebr'"r* 2,, 2012
E% BA%C
)AC8S:
6e0i0ioner is " )i/i.ino ci0i#en "nd "n em./o*ee o3 0e 6i/i..ine :e"/0 5ns'r"nce Cor.or"0ion
$PhilHealth&4 :e is c'rren0/* o/din- 0e .osi0ion o3 Co'r0 A00orne* 5> "nd is "ssi-ned "0 0e 6i/:e"/0 Re-ion"/
(33ice CARAGA4
Res.onden0 Beni-no Simeon C4 A?'ino 555 is 0e 6residen0 o3 0e Re.'b/ic o3 0e 6i/i..ines $Pres.
Aquino&4
B"sed on 3indin-s 0"0 Co33ici"/s "nd -overnin- bo"rds o3 v"rio's [G(CCs] "nd [G)5s] A A A "ve been
-r"n0in- 0emse/ves 'n1"rr"n0ed "//o1"nces, bon'ses, incen0ives, s0oc2 o.0ions, "nd o0er bene3i0s ["s 1e// "s o0er]
irre-'/"r "nd "b'sive .r"c0ices, 0e Sen"0e iss'ed Sen"0e Reso/'0ion No4 1@ C'r-in- 0e 6residen0 0o order 0e
immedi"0e s's.ension o3 0e 'n's'"//* /"r-e "nd ".."ren0/* eAcessive "//o1"nces, bon'ses, incen0ives "nd o0er
.er2s o3 members o3 0e -overnin- bo"rds o3 [G(CCs] "nd [G)5s]4D
:eedin- 0e c"// o3 Con-ress, 6res4 A?'ino, on Se.0ember ,, 2010, iss'ed E( @, en0i0/ed CDirecting the
Rationalization of the Compensation and Position Classification System in the [GCCs! and [G"#s!$ and for ther
Purposes4D :e iss'ed E( @ "nd "s 0e d'0* o3 im./emen0in- i04 E( @ .rovided 3or 0e -'idin- .rinci./es "nd
3r"me1or2 0o es0"b/is " 3iAed com.ens"0ion "nd .osi0ion c/"ssi3ic"0ion s*s0em 3or G(CCs "nd G)5s4
E( @ 1"s .'b/ised on Se.0ember 10, 20104 50 0oo2 e33ec0 on Se.0ember 25, 2010 "nd .rec/'ded 0e
Bo"rd o3 Direc0ors, 8r's0ees "ndIor (33icers o3 G(CCs 3rom -r"n0in- "nd re/e"sin- bon'ses "nd "//o1"nces 0o
members o3 0e bo"rd o3 direc0ors, "nd 3rom incre"sin- s"/"r* r"0es o3 "nd -r"n0in- ne1 or "ddi0ion"/ bene3i0s "nd
"//o1"nces 0o 0eir em./o*ees4
Res.onden0 6"?'i0o N4 (co", %r4 is 0e inc'mben0 EAec'0ive Secre0"r* "nd, "s 0e alter ego o3 6res4
A?'ino, is 0"s2ed 1i0 0e im./emen0"0ion o3 E( @4 Res.onden0 )/orencio B4 Ab"d is 0e inc'mben0 Secre0"r* o3 0e
De."r0men0 o3 B'd-e0 "nd ="n"-emen0 $D%&& c"r-ed 1i0 0e im./emen0"0ion o3 E( @4
8e .e0i0ioner con0ends 0"0 "s "n em./o*ee o3 6i/:e"/0 , e C s0"nds 0o be .re7'diced b* E( @ , 1ic
s's.ends or im.oses " mor"0ori'm on 0e -r"n0s o3 s"/"r* incre"ses or ne1 or incre"sed bene3i0s 0o o33icers "nd
em./o*ees o3 G(CCS "nd c'r0"i/s 0e .rero-"0ive o3 0ose o33icers 1o "re 0o 3iA "nd de0ermine is com.ens"0ion4
8e .e0i0ioner "/so c/"ims 0"0 e "s s0"ndin- "s " member o3 0e b"r in -ood s0"ndin- "s " member o3 0e b"r in
-ood s0"ndin- 1o "s "n in0eres0 in ens'rin- 0"0 /"1s "nd orders o3 0e 6i/i..ine -overnmen0 "re /e-"//* "nd
v"/id/* iss'ed "nd im./emen0ed4
8e res.onden0s me"n1i/e "r-'e 0"0 0e .e0i0ioner is no0 " re"/ ."r0*!in!in0eres0 since 3'0're incre"ses
in s"/"ries "nd o0er bene3i0s "re mere/* con0in-en0 even0s or eA.ec0"ncies4 8e .e0i0ioner, 0oo, is no0 "sser0in- "
.'b/ic ri-0 3or 1ic e is en0i0/ed 0o see2 7'dici"/ .ro0ec0ion4
8e* c/"im 0"0 0e 6residen0 eAercises con0ro/ over 0e -overnin- bo"rds o3 0e G(CCs "nd G)5sJ 0's,
e c"n 3iA 0eir com.ens"0ion ."c2"-es4 5n "ddi0ion, E( @ 1"s iss'ed in "ccord"nce 1i0 /"1 3or 0e .'r.ose o3
con0ro//in- 0e -r"n0 o3 eAcessive s"/"ries, "//o1"nces, incen0ives "nd o0er bene3i0s 0o G(CC "nd G)5 em./o*ees4
=e"n1i/e, on %'ne 6, 2011, Con-ress en"c0ed Re.'b/ic Ac0 $R4A4& No4 1014+, o0er1ise 2no1n "s 0e
CG(CC Govern"nce Ac0 o3 20114D Sec0ion 11 o3 RA 1014+ eA.ress/* "'0ori#es 0e 6residen0 0o 3iA 0e com.ens"0ion
3r"me1or2 o3 G(CCs "nd G)5s4

5SS;E:
Fe0er or no0 0e 6e0i0ioner /"c2s /oc's s0"ndi4
Fe0er or no0 6e0i0ion "s been moo0ed b* s'.ervenin- even0s4 $En"c0men0 o3 RA1014+&
1
:EKD:
7e *esolve to $#&## the petition ,o* its patent ,o*mal an+ p*oce+u*al in,i*mities) an+ ,o* having -een
moote+ -y su-se8uent events.
!n ssue 92 Locus #tan+i: ;;; GALCT! HA# %! L!C(# #TA%$.
C'ocus standi or /e-"/ s0"ndin- "s been de3ined "s " pe*sonal an+ su-stantial inte*est in " c"se s'c
0"0 0e ."r0* "s s's0"ined or 1i// s's0"in direc0 in7'r* "s " res'/0 o3 0e -overnmen0"/ "c0 0"0 is bein- c"//en-ed4

8's, "s " -ener"/ r'/e, " ."r0* is "//o1ed 0o Cr"ise " cons0i0'0ion"/ ?'es0ionD 1en $1& e c"n so1 0"0
e 1i// .erson"//* s'33er some "c0'"/ or 0re"0ened in7'r* bec"'se o3 0e "//e-ed/* i//e-"/ cond'c0 o3 0e -overnmen0J
$2& 0e in7'r* is 3"ir/* 0r"ce"b/e 0o 0e c"//en-ed "c0ionJ "nd $3& 0e in7'r* is /i2e/* 0o be redressed b* " 3"vor"b/e
"c0ion4

%'ris.r'dence de3ines in0eres0 "s Lm"0eri"/ in0eres0, "n in0eres0 in iss'e "nd 0o be "33ec0ed b* 0e decree,
"s dis0in-'ised 3rom mere in0eres0 in 0e ?'es0ion invo/ved, or " mere inciden0"/ in0eres04 B* re"/ in0eres0 is me"n0
" p*esent su-stantial inte*est, "s dis0in-'ised 3rom " me*e e0pectancy or " ,utu*e) contingent) su-o*+inate) o*
conse8uential inte*est4L

5n 0e .resen0 c"se, 1e "re no0 convinced 0"0 0e .e0i0ioner "s demons0r"0ed 0"0 e "s " .erson"/ s0"2e or
m"0eri"/ in0eres0 in 0e o'0come o3 0e c"se bec"'se is in0eres0, i3 "n*, is s.ec'/"0ive "nd b"sed on " mere
eA.ec0"nc*4 5n 0is c"se, 0e c'r0"i/men0 o3 3'0're incre"ses in is s"/"ries "nd o0er bene3i0s c"nno0 b'0 be
c"r"c0eri#ed "s con0in-en0 even0s or eA.ec0"ncies4 8o be s're, e "s no ves0ed ri-0s 0o s"/"r* incre"ses "nd,
0ere3ore, 0e "bsence o3 s'c ri-0 de.rives 0e .e0i0ioner o3 /e-"/ s0"ndin- 0o "ss"i/ E( @4
(n 5ss'e M 2: =oo0 "nd Ac"demic !!! 8:E 6E8585(N :AS BEEN =((8ED BN S;6ER>EN5NG E>EN8S4
Fi0 0e en"c0men0 o3 0e G(CC Govern"nce Ac0 o3 2011, 0e 6residen0 is no1 "'0ori#ed 0o 3iA 0e
com.ens"0ion 3r"me1or2 o3 G(CCs "nd G)5s4
8e ne1 /"1 "mended R4A4 No4 @,@5 "nd o0er /"1s 0"0 en"b/ed cer0"in G(CCs "nd G)5s 0o 3iA 0eir
o1n com.ens"0ion 3r"me1or2sJ 0e /"1 no1 "'0ori#es 0e 6residen0 0o 3iA 0e com.ens"0ion "nd .osi0ion
c/"ssi3ic"0ion s*s0em 3or "// G(CCs "nd G)5s, "s 1e// "s o0er en0i0ies covered b* 0e /"14 8is me"ns 0"0, 0e
6residen0 c"n no1 reiss'e "n E( con0"inin- 0ese s"me .rovisions 1i0o'0 "n* /e-"/ cons0r"in0s4

A moo0 c"se is Cone 0"0 ce"ses 0o .resen0 " 7's0ici"b/e con0rovers* b* vir0'e o3 s'.ervenin- even0s, so
0"0 " dec/"r"0ion 0ereon 1o'/d be o3 no .r"c0ic"/ 'se or v"/'e4D C[A]n "c0ion is considered Omoo0E 1en i0 no /on-er
.resen0s " 7's0ici"b/e con0rovers* bec"'se 0e iss'es invo/ved "ve become "c"demic or de"d[,] or 1en 0e m"00er
in dis.'0e "s "/re"d* been reso/ved "nd ence, one is no0 en0i0/ed 0o 7'dici"/ in0erven0ion 'n/ess 0e iss'e is /i2e/* 0o
be r"ised "-"in be01een 0e ."r0ies A A A4 Sim./* s0"0ed, 0ere is no0in- 3or 0e A A A co'r0 0o reso/ve "s [i0s]
de0ermin"0ion A A A "s been over0"2en b* s'bse?'en0 even0s4D

8is is 0e .resen0 si0'"0ion ere4 Con-ress, 0r' R4A4 No4 1014+, "s eA.ress/* em.o1ered 0e
6residen0 0o es0"b/is 0e com.ens"0ion s*s0ems o3 G(CCs "nd G)5s4 )or 0e Co'r0 0o s0i// r'/e '.on 0e s'..osed
'ncons0i0'0ion"/i0* o3 E( @ 1i// mere/* be "n "c"demic eAercise4 An* 3'r0er disc'ssion o3 0e cons0i0'0ion"/i0* o3 E(
@ serves no 'se3'/ .'r.ose since s'c iss'e is moot in its ,ace in /i-0 o3 0e en"c0men0 o3 R4A4 No4 1014+4 5n 0e
1ords o3 0e eminen0 cons0i0'0ion"/ /"1 eA.er0, )r4 %o"?'in Bern"s, S4%4, C0e Co'r0 norm"//* [1i// no0] en0er0"in "
.e0i0ion 0o'cin- on "n iss'e 0"0 "s become moo0 bec"'se A A A 0ere 1o'/d [be] no /on-er A A A " O3/es "nd
b/oodE c"se 3or 0e Co'r0 0o reso/ve4D

CASE 3:
&anila "*ince Hotel vs. G##
1acts: 8e con0rovers* "rose 1en res.onden0 Governmen0 Service 5ns'r"nceS*s0em $GS5S&, .'rs'"n0 0o 0e
.riv"0i#"0ion .ro-r"m o3 0e 6i/i..ine Governmen0 'nder 6roc/"m"0ion No4 50 d"0ed , December 1+,6, decided 0o
se// 0ro'- .'b/ic biddin- 30P 0o 51P o3 0e iss'ed "nd o'0s0"ndin- s"res o3 res.onden0 ="ni/" :o0e/ Cor.or"0ion4
5n " c/ose biddin- e/d on 1, Se.0ember 1++5 on/* 01o $2& bidders ."r0ici."0ed: .e0i0ioner ="ni/" 6rince
:o0e/ Cor.or"0ion, " )i/i.ino cor.or"0ion, 1ic o33ered 0o b'* 51P o3 0e =:C or 15,300,000 s"res "0 64145, .er
s"re, "nd Renon- Ber"d, " ="/"*si"n 3irm, 1i0 588!Ser"0on "s i0s o0e/ o.er"0or, 1ic bid 3or 0e s"me n'mber
o3 s"res "0 644400 .er s"re, or 62442 more 0"n 0e bid o3 .e0i0ioner4
6endin- 0e dec/"r"0ion o3 Renon- Ber"d "s 0e 1innin- bidderIs0r"0e-ic ."r0ner "nd 0e eAec'0ion o3 0e necess"r*
con0r"c0s, m"0ced 0e bid .rice o3 644400 .er s"re 0endered b* Renon- Ber"d4
(n 1@ (c0ober 1++5, .er".s "..reensive 0"0 res.onden0 GS5S "s disre-"rded 0e 0ender o3 0e m"0cin- bid
"nd 0"0 0e s"/e o3 51P o3 0e =:C m"* be "s0ened b* res.onden0 GS5S "nd cons'mm"0ed 1i0 Renon- Ber"d,
.e0i0ioner c"me 0o 0is Co'r0 on .roibi0ion "nd m"nd"m's4
5n 0e m"in, .e0i0ioner invo2es Sec4 10, second ."r4, Ar04 955, o3 0e 1+,@Cons0i0'0ion "nd s'bmi0s 0"0 0e ="ni/"
:o0e/ "s been iden0i3ied 1i0 0e )i/i.ino n"0ion "nd "s .r"c0ic"//* become " is0oric"/ mon'men0 1ic re3/ec0s 0e
vibr"nc* o3 6i/i..ine eri0"-e "nd c'/0're4 50 is " .ro'd /e-"c* o3 "n e"r/ier -ener"0ion o3 )i/i.inos 1o be/ieved in 0e
nobi/i0* "nd s"credness o3 inde.endence "nd i0s .o1er "nd c"."ci0* 0o re/e"se 0e 3'// .o0en0i"/ o3 0e )i/i.ino .eo./e4
8o "// in0en0s "nd .'r.oses, i0 "s become " ."r0 o3 0e n"0ion"/ ."0rimon*4 6 6e0i0ioner "/so "r-'es 0"0 since 51P o3
0e s"res o3 0e =:C c"rries 1i0 i0 0e o1nersi. o3 0e b'siness o3 0e o0e/ 1ic is o1ned b* res.onden0 GS5S,
" -overnmen0!o1ned "nd con0ro//ed cor.or"0ion, 0e o0e/ b'siness o3 res.onden0 GS5S bein- " ."r0 o3 0e 0o'rism
ind's0r* is 'n?'es0ion"b/* " ."r0 o3 0e n"0ion"/ econom*4
ssue: Fe0er or No0 0e s"/e o3 ="ni/" :o0e/ 0o Renon- Ber"d is vio/"0ive o3 0e Cons0i0'0ion"/ .rovision o3 )i/i.ino
)irs0 .o/ic* "nd is 0ere3ore n'// "nd void4
Hel+: 8e ="ni/" :o0e/ or, 3or 0"0 m"00er, 51P o3 0e =:C, is no0 7's0 "n* commodi0* 0o be so/d 0o 0e i-es0 bidder
so/e/* 3or 0e s"2e o3 .riv"0i#"0ion4 8e ="ni/" :o0e/ "s ./"*ed "nd con0in'es 0o ./"* " si-ni3ic"n0 ro/e "s "n
"'0en0ic re.osi0or* o3 01en0ie0 cen0'r* 6i/i..ine is0or* "nd c'/0're4 8is is 0e ./"in "nd sim./e me"nin- o3 0e
)i/i.ino )irs0 6o/ic* .rovision o3 0e 6i/i..ine Cons0i0'0ion4 And 0is Co'r0, eedin- 0e c/"rion c"// o3 0e
Cons0i0'0ion "nd "cce.0in- 0e d'0* o3 bein- 0e e/der/* 1"0cm"n o3 0e n"0ion, 1i// con0in'e 0o res.ec0 "nd .ro0ec0
0e s"nc0i0* o3 0e Cons0i0'0ion4 50 1"s 0's ordered 0"0 GS5S "cce.0s 0e m"0cin- bid o3 .e0i0ioner =AN5KA 6R5NCE
:(8EK C(R6(RA85(N 0o .'rc"se 0e s'b7ec0 51P o3 0e s"res o3 0e ="ni/" :o0e/ Cor.or"0ion "0 644400 .er
s"re "nd 0ere"30er 0o eAec'0e 0e necess"r* c/e"r"nces "nd 0o do s'c o0er "c0s "nd deeds "s m"* be necess"r*
3or .'r.ose4
8e S'.reme Co'r0 direc0ed 0e GS5S "nd o0er res.onden0s 0o ce"se "nd desis0 3rom se//in- 0e 51P s"res o3 0e
=:C 0o 0e ="/"*si"n 3irm Renon- Ber"d, "nd ins0e"d 0o "cce.0 0e m"0cin- bid o3 0e .e0i0ioner ="ni/" 6rince
:o0e/4
Accordin- 0o %'s0ice Be//osi//o, .onen0e o3 0e c"se "0 b"r, Sec0ion 10, second ."r"-r"., Ar0ic/e 11 o3 0e 1+,@
Cons0i0'0ion is " m"nd"0or* .rovision, " .osi0ive comm"nd 1ic is com./e0e in i0se/3 "nd needs no 3'r0er -'ide/ines
or im./emen0in- /"1s 0o en3orce i04 8e Co'r0 En B"nc em."si#ed 0"0 ?'"/i3ied )i/i.inos s"// be .re3erred over
3orei-ners, "s m"nd"0ed b* 0e .rovision in ?'es0ion4
8e ="ni/" :o0e/ "d /on- been " /"ndm"r2, 0ere3ore, m"2in- 0e 51P o3 0e e?'i0* o3 s"id o0e/ 0o 3"// 1i0in 0e
.'rvie1 o3 0e cons0i0'0ion"/ se/0er 3or i0 em.rises 0e m"7ori0* "nd con0ro//in- s0oc24 8e Co'r0 "/so rei0er"0ed o1
m'c o3 n"0ion"/ .ride 1i// v"nis i3 0e n"0ionEs c'/0'r"/ eri0"-e 1i// 3"// on 0e "nds o3 3orei-ners4
5n is dissen0in- o.inion, %'s0ice 6'no s"id 0"0 0e .rovision in ?'es0ion so'/d be in0er.re0ed "s .ro!)i/i.ino "nd, "0
0e s"me 0ime, no0 "n0i!"/ien in i0se/3 bec"'se i0 does no0 .roibi0 0e S0"0e 3rom -r"n0in- ri-0s, .rivi/e-es "nd
concessions 0o 3orei-ners in 0e "bsence o3 ?'"/i3ied )i/i.inos4 :e "/so "r-'ed 0"0 0e .e0i0ioner is es0o..ed 3rom
"ss"i/in- 0e 1innin- bid o3 Renon- Ber"d bec"'se 0e 3ormer 2ne1 0e r'/es o3 0e biddin- "nd 0"0 0e 3orei-ners
"re ?'"/i3ied, 0oo4
CASE 4:
Kilosbayan v Guingona Jr.
G.R. No. 113!" #ay !$ 1%%&
1acts: 6'rs'"n0 0o Sec4 1 o3 i0s c"r0er, 0e 6i/i..ine C"ri0* S1ee.s0"2es (33ice $6CS(& decided 0o es0"b/is "n
on/ine /o00er* s*s0em 3or 0e .'r.ose o3 incre"sin- i0s reven'e b"se "nd diversi3*in- i0s so'rces o3 3'nds4 8e o33ice o3
0e .residen0 "..roved CCon0r"c0 o3 Ke"seD 1i0, res.onden0 6i/i..ine -"min- ="n"-emen0 Cor.or"0ion $6G=C& 3or
0e ins0"//"0ion, es0"b/ismen0 "nd 0e o.er"0ion o3 on/ine /o00er* "nd 0e/ecomm'nic"0ion s*s0ems re?'ired "ndIor
"'0ori#ed 'nder 0e s"id con0r"c04
2
6e0i0ioners ?'es0ioned 0e /e-"/i0* "nd v"/idi0* o3 0e Con0r"c0 o3 Ke"se in 0e /i-0 o3 Sec0ion 1 o3 RA
116+, "s "mended b* B6 42 1ic .roibi0s 0e 6CS( 3rom o/din- "nd cond'c0in- /o00eries Cin co//"bor"0ion,
"ssoci"0ion or 7oin0 ven0're 1i0 "n* .erson, "ssoci"0ion, com."n* or en0i0*, 1e0er domes0ic or 3orei-nD4 6e0i0ioners
3'r0er con0end 0"0 6G=C is " @5P 3orei-n or con0ro//ed cor.or"0ion "nd 0ere3ore c"nno0 be -r"n0ed " 3r"ncise 0o
es0"b/is " 0e/ecomm'nic"0ions ne01or2 .'rs'"n0 0o Ar0ic/e 955 o3 0e Cons0i0'0ion4
##(E: 7hethe* o* not petitione* have legal stan+ing to ,ile the petition at -ench.
HEL$: /E#. 5n /ine 1i0 0e /iber"/ .o/ic* o3 0e co'r0 on /o"ns s0"ndJ ordin"r* 0"A."*ers, members o3 con-ress, "nd
even "ssoci"0ion o3 ./"n0ers "nd non .ro3i0 civic or-"ni#"0ions 1ere "//o1ed 0o ini0i"0e "nd .rosec'0e "c0ions be3ore
0e co'r0 0o ?'es0ion 0e cons0i0'0ion"/i0* or v"/idi0* o3 /"1s, "c0s, decisions, r'/in-s or orders o3 v"rio's -overnmen0
"-encies or ins0r'men0"/i0ies4 8e .e0i0ion "0 benc is o3 0r"nscenden0"/ im.or0"nce 0o 0e .'b/icJ 0e iss'es r"ised
"re o3 ."r"mo'n0 .'b/ic in0eres0 "nd o3 c"0e-or* even i-er 0"n 0ose invo/ved in o0er c"se4
CASE 5:
Re: C!A !pinion on the Computation o, the App*aise+ <alue o, the "*ope*ties "u*chase+ -y the Reti*e+
Chie,=Associate Justices o, the #up*eme Cou*t.
1ACT#: A00*4 Eden 84 C"nde/"ri", De.'0* C/er2 o3 Co'r0 "nd Cie3 Adminis0r"0ive (33icer, (33ice o3 Adminis0r"0ive
Services, 0o 0e (33ice o3 0e Cie3 %'s0ice s'bmi00ed 2 memor"nd" "s2in- 0e Co'r0 0o de0ermine 0e .ro.er 3orm'/"
0o be 'sed in com.'0in- 0e "..r"is"/ v"/'e 0"0 " re0ired Cie3 %'s0ice "nd sever"/ Associ"0e %'s0ices o3 0e
S'.reme Co'r0 "ve 0o ."* 0o "c?'ire 0e -overnmen0 .ro.er0ies 0e* 'sed d'rin- 0eir 0en're4
8is iss'e "s i0s roo0s in 0e %'ne ,, 2010 (.inion iss'ed b* 0e Ke-"/ Services Sec0or, (33ice o3 0e Gener"/
Co'nse/ o3 0e Commission on A'di0 $C(A&, 1ic 3o'nd 0"0 "n 'nder."*men0 "mo'n0in- 0o 6221,021450 res'/0ed
1en 3ive $5& re0ired S'.reme Co'r0 7's0ices .'rc"sed 3rom 0e S'.reme Co'r0 0e .erson"/ .ro.er0ies "ssi-ned 0o
0em d'rin- 0eir inc'mbenc* in 0e Co'r04
8e C(A "00rib'0ed 0is 'nder."*men0 0o 0e 'se b* 0e 6ro.er0* Division o3 0e S'.reme Co'r0 o3 0e 1ron- 3orm'/"
in com.'0in- 0e "..r"is"/ v"/'e o3 0e .'rc"sed veic/es4 Accordin- 0o 0e C(A, 0e 6ro.er0* Division erroneo's/*
"..r"ised 0e s'b7ec0 mo0or veic/es b* "../*in- Cons0i0'0ion"/ )isc"/ A'0onom* Gro'. $C)AG& %oin0 Reso/'0ion No4
35 d"0ed A.ri/ 23, 1++@ "nd i0s -'ide/ines, in com./i"nce 1i0 0e Reso/'0ion o3 0e Co'r0 En B"nc d"0ed ="rc 23,
2004 in A4=4 No4 03!12!01,
3
1en i0 so'/d "ve "../ied 0e 3orm'/" 3o'nd in C(A =emor"nd'm No4 +,!56+!
A
4
d"0ed A'-'s0 5, 1++,4
A00*4 C"nde/"ri" recommended 0"0 0e Co'r0 "dvise 0e C(A 0o res.ec0 0e in!o'se com.'0"0ion b"sed on 0e
C)AG 3orm'/" c/"imin- 0"0 e Cons0i0'0ion i0se/3 -r"n0s 0e %'dici"r* 3isc"/ "'0onom* in 0e "nd/in- o3 i0s b'd-e0
"nd reso'rces4
##(E: 1e0er or no0 C(A m's0 res.ec0 0e 3isc"/ "'0onom* "nd 7'dici"/ inde.endence o3 0e S'.reme Co'r0Q
HEL$: 8e co'r0 3o'nd A00*4 C"nde/"ri"Es recommend"0ion 0o be 1e//!0"2en4 50 is 0r'e 0"0 C(AEs "'0ori0* 0o cond'c0
.os0!"'di0 eA"min"0ions on cons0i0'0ion"/ bodies -r"n0ed 3isc"/ "'0onom* is .rovided 'nder Sec0ion 2$1&, Ar0ic/e 59!D
o3 0e 1+,@ Cons0i0'0ion, 1ic s0"0es:
Sec0ion 24 $1& 8e Commission on A'di0 s"// "ve 0e .o1er, "'0ori0*, "nd d'0* 0o eA"mine, "'di0, "nd se00/e "//
"cco'n0s .er0"inin- 0o 0e reven'e "nd recei.0s o3, "nd eA.endi0'res or 'ses o3 3'nds "nd .ro.er0*, o1ned or e/d in
0r's0 b*, or .er0"inin- 0o, 0e Governmen0, or "n* o3 i0s s'bdivisions, "-encies, or ins0r'men0"/i0ies, inc/'din-
-overnmen0!o1ned or con0ro//ed cor.or"0ions 1i0 ori-in"/ c"r0ers, "nd on " .os0!"'di0 b"sis: $"& cons0i0'0ion"/
bodies, commissions "nd o33ices 0"0 "ve been -r"n0ed 3isc"/ "'0onom* 'nder 0is Cons0i0'0ion4 B'0 0is "'0ori0*,
o1ever, m's0 be re"d no0 on/* in /i-0 o3 0e Co'r0Es 3isc"/ "'0onom*, b'0 "/so in re/"0ion 1i0 0e cons0i0'0ion"/
.rovisions on 7'dici"/ inde.endence "nd 0e eAis0in- 7'ris.r'dence "nd Co'r0 r'/in-s on 0ese m"00ers4
:o1ever co'r0 em."si#ed "nd disc'ssed 0e Se."r"0ion o3 6o1ers "mon- 0e 3 br"nces o3 0e -overnmen0 "nd
%'dici"/ 5nde.endence o3 0e S'.reme Co'r04
8e sepa*ation o, po>e*s is " 3'nd"men0"/ .rinci./e in o'r s*s0em o3 -overnmen04 50 ob0"ins no0 0ro'- eA.ress
.rovision b'0 b* "c0'"/ division in o'r Cons0i0'0ion4 E"c de."r0men0 o3 0e -overnmen0 "s eAc/'sive co-ni#"nce o3
m"00ers 1i0in i0s 7'risdic0ion, "nd is s'.reme 1i0in i0s o1n s.ere4 B'0 i0 does no0 3o//o1 3rom 0e 3"c0 0"0 0e 0ree
.o1ers "re 0o be 2e.0 se."r"0e "nd dis0inc0 0"0 0e Cons0i0'0ion in0ended 0em 0o be "bso/'0e/* 'nres0r"ined "nd
inde.enden0 o3 e"c o0er4 8e Cons0i0'0ion "s .rovided 3or "n e/"bor"0e s*s0em o3 cec2s "nd b"/"nces 0o sec're
coordin"0ion in 0e 1or2in-s o3 0e v"rio's de."r0men0s o3 0e -overnmen04 And 0e 7'dici"r* in 0'rn, 1i0 0e
S'.reme Co'r0 "s 0e 3in"/ "rbi0er, e33ec0ive/* cec2s 0e o0er de."r0men0s in 0e eAercise o3 i0s .o1er 0o de0ermine
0e /"1, "nd ence 0o dec/"re eAec'0ive "nd /e-is/"0ive "c0s void i3 vio/"0ive o3 0e Cons0i0'0ion4
8e conce.0 o3 0e inde.endence o3 0e 0ree br"nces o3 -overnmen0, on 0e o0er "nd, eA0ends 3rom 0e no0ion
0"0 0e .o1ers o3 -overnmen0 m's0 be divided 0o "void concen0r"0ion o3 0ese .o1ers in "n* one br"nc4 ;nder 0e
%'dici"r*Es 'ni?'e circ'ms0"nces, inde.endence encom."sses 0e ide" 0"0 individ'"/ 7'd-es c"n 3ree/* eAercise
0eir m"nd"0e 0o reso/ve 7's0ici"b/e dis.'0es, 1i/e 0e 7'dici"/ br"nc, "s " 1o/e, so'/d 1or2 in 0e disc"r-e o3 i0s
cons0i0'0ion"/ 3'nc0ions 3ree o3 res0r"in0s "nd in3/'ence 3rom 0e o0er br"nces, s"ve on/* 3or 0ose im.osed b* 0e
Cons0i0'0ion i0se/34 8's, 7'dici"/ inde.endence c"n be Lbro2en do1n in0o 01o dis0inc0 conce.0s: decision"/
inde.endence "nd ins0i0'0ion"/ inde.endence4L $ecisional in+epen+ence Lre3ers 0o " 7'd-eEs "bi/i0* 0o render
decisions 3ree 3rom .o/i0ic"/ or .o.'/"r in3/'ence b"sed so/e/* on 0e individ'"/ 3"c0s "nd "../ic"b/e /"14 (n 0e o0er
"nd, institutional in+epen+ence Ldescribes 0e se."r"0ion o3 0e 7'dici"/ br"nc 3rom 0e eAec'0ive "nd /e-is/"0ive
br"nces o3 -overnmen04 Sim./* .'0, ins0i0'0ion"/ inde.endence re3ers 0o 0e Lco//ec0ive inde.endence o3 0e 7'dici"r*
"s " bod*4
5ndivid'"/ 7'dici"/ inde.endence 1ic 3oc'ses on e"c ."r0ic'/"r 7'd-e "nd see2s 0o ins're is or er "bi/i0* 0o
decide c"ses 1i0 "'0onom* 1i0in 0e cons0r"in0s o3 0e /"14 A 7'd-e "s 0is 2ind o3 inde.endence 1en e c"n do
is 7ob 1i0o'0 "vin- 0o e"r H or "0 /e"s0 1i0o'0 "vin- 0o 0"2e i0 serio's/* i3 e does e"r H cri0icisms o3 is
.erson"/ mor"/i0* "nd 3i0ness 3or 7'dici"/ o33ice4 8e second conce.0 is ins0i0'0ion"/ 7'dici"/ inde.endence4 50 3oc'ses
on 0e inde.endence o3 0e 7'dici"r* "s " br"nc o3 -overnmen0 "nd .ro0ec0s 7'd-es "s " c/"ss4
Accordin- 0o 0e co'r0 " 0r'/* inde.enden0 7'dici"r* is .ossib/e on/* 1en bo0 conce.0s o3 inde.endence "re
.reserved ! 1erein .'b/ic con3idence in 0e com.e0ence "nd in0e-ri0* o3 0e 7'dici"r* is m"in0"ined, "nd 0e .'b/ic
"cce.0s 0e /e-i0im"c* o3 7'dici"/ "'0ori0*4 ('r Cons0i0'0ion .rovides " n'mber o3 s"3e-'"rds 0o ens're 0"0 7'dici"/
inde.endence is .ro0ec0ed "nd m"in0"ined4 A// o3 0ese cons0i0'0ion"/ .rovisions 1ere .'0 in ./"ce 0o s0ren-0en
7'dici"/ inde.endence, no0 on/* b* c/e"r/* s0"0in- 0e Co'r0Es .o1ers, b'0 "/so b* .rovidin- eA.ress /imi0s on 0e
.o1er o3 0e 01o o0er br"nces o3 -overnmen0 0o in0er3ere 1i0 0e Co'r0Es "33"irs4
Co'r0 "dded 0"0 1iscal Autonomy is one o3 0e mos0 im.or0"n0 "s.ec0s o3 7'dici"/ inde.endence is 0e cons0i0'0ion"/
-r"n0 o3 3isc"/ "'0onom*4 %'s0 "s 0e EAec'0ive m"* no0 .reven0 " 7'd-e 3rom disc"r-in- is or er 7'dici"/ d'0* "nd
7's0 "s 0e Ke-is/"0're m"* no0 en"c0 /"1s removin- "// 7'risdic0ion 3rom co'r0s, 0e co'r0s m"* no0 be obs0r'c0ed 3rom
0eir 3reedom 0o 'se or dis.ose o3 0eir 3'nds 3or .'r.oses -erm"ne 0o 7'dici"/ 3'nc0ions4 Fi/e, "s " -ener"/
.ro.osi0ion, 0e "'0ori0* o3 /e-is/"0'res 0o con0ro/ 0e .'rse in 0e 3irs0 ins0"nce is 'n?'es0ioned, "n* 3orm o3
in0er3erence b* 0e Ke-is/"0ive or 0e EAec'0ive on 0e %'dici"r*Es 3isc"/ "'0onom* "mo'n0s 0o "n im.ro.er cec2 on "
co!e?'"/ br"nc o3 -overnmen04
Fen i0 comes 0o sco.e "nd eA0en0 o3 3isc"/ "'0onom*, 0e 3isc"/ "'0onom* en7o*ed b* 0e %'dici"r*, 0e Civi/ Service
Commission, 0e Commission on A'di0, 0e Commission on E/ec0ions, "nd 0e (33ice o3 0e (mb'dsm"n
con0em./"0es " -'"r"n0ee o3 3'// 3/eAibi/i0* 0o "//oc"0e "nd '0i/i#e 0eir reso'rces 1i0 0e 1isdom "nd dis."0c 0"0
0eir needs re?'ire4 50 reco-ni#es 0e .o1er "nd "'0ori0* 0o /ev*, "ssess "nd co//ec0 3ees, 3iA r"0es o3 com.ens"0ion
no0 eAceedin- 0e i-es0 r"0es "'0ori#ed b* /"1 3or com.ens"0ion "nd ."* ./"ns o3 0e -overnmen0 "nd "//oc"0e
"nd disb'rse s'c s'ms "s m"* be .rovided b* /"1 or .rescribed b* 0em in 0e co'rse o3 0e disc"r-e o3 0eir
3'nc0ions4
8e im.osi0ion o3 res0ric0ions "nd cons0r"in0s on 0e m"nner 0e inde.enden0 cons0i0'0ion"/ o33ices "//oc"0e "nd '0i/i#e
0e 3'nds "..ro.ri"0ed 3or 0eir o.er"0ions is "n"0em" 0o 3isc"/ "'0onom* "nd vio/"0ive no0 on/* o3 0e eA.ress
m"nd"0e o3 0e Cons0i0'0ion b'0 es.eci"//* "s re-"rds 0e S'.reme Co'r0, o3 0e inde.endence "nd se."r"0ion o3
.o1ers '.on 1ic 0e en0ire 3"bric o3 o'r cons0i0'0ion"/ s*s0em is b"sed4 5n 0e in0eres0 o3 comi0* "nd coo.er"0ion,
0e S'.reme Co'r0, Cons0i0'0ion"/ Commissions, "nd 0e (mb'dsm"n "ve so 3"r /imi0ed 0eir ob7ec0ions 0o cons0"n0
reminders4
B* 1"* o3 " /on- s0"ndin- 0r"di0ion, ."r0/* b"sed on 0e in0en0ion 0o re1"rd /on- "nd 3"i03'/ service, 0e s"/e 0o 0e
re0ired %'s0ices o3 s.eci3ic"//* desi-n"0ed .ro.er0ies 0"0 0e* 'sed d'rin- 0eir inc'mbenc* "s been reco-ni#ed bo0
"s " .rivi/e-e "nd " bene3i04 8is "s become "n es0"b/ised .r"c0ice 1i0in 0e %'dici"r* 0"0 even 0e C(A "s
.revio's/* reco-ni#ed4 8e En B"nc Reso/'0ion "/so deems 0e -r"n0 o3 0e .rivi/e-e "s " 3orm o3 "ddi0ion"/
re0iremen0 bene3i0 0"0 0e Co'r0 c"n -r"n0 i0s o33ici"/s "nd em./o*ees in 0e eAercise o3 i0s .o1er o3 "dminis0r"0ive
s'.ervision4 ;nder 0is "dminis0r"0ive "'0ori0*, 0e Co'r0 "s 0e .o1er 0o "dminis0er 0e %'dici"r*Es in0ern"/ "33"irs,
"nd 0is inc/'des 0e "'0ori0* 0o "nd/e "nd m"n"-e 0e re0iremen0 "../ic"0ions "nd en0i0/emen0s o3 i0s .ersonne/ "s
.rovided b* /"1 "nd b* i0s o1n -r"n0s4
8e co'r0 r'/ed 0"0 0e 'se o3 0e 3orm'/" .rovided in C)AG %oin0 Reso/'0ion No4 35 is " ."r0 o3 0e Co'r0Es eAercise
o3 i0s discre0ion"r* "'0ori0* 0o de0ermine 0e m"nner 0e -r"n0ed re0iremen0 .rivi/e-es "nd bene3i0s c"n be "v"i/ed o34
An* 2ind o3 in0er3erence on o1 0ese re0iremen0 .rivi/e-es "nd bene3i0s "re eAercised "nd "v"i/ed o3, no0 on/*
vio/"0es 0e 3isc"/ "'0onom* "nd inde.endence o3 0e %'dici"r*, b'0 "/so encro"ces '.on 0e cons0i0'0ion"/ d'0* "nd
.rivi/e-e o3 0e Cie3 %'s0ice "nd 0e S'.reme Co'r0 En B"nc 0o m"n"-e 0e %'dici"r*Es o1n "33"irs4 8ere3ore 0e in!
o'se com.'0"0ion o3 0e "..r"is"/ v"/'e m"de b* 0e 6ro.er0* Division, (33ice o3 RAdminis0r"0ive Services, o3 0e
.ro.er0ies .'rc"sed b* 0e re0ired Cie3 %'s0ice "nd Associ"0e %'s0ices o3 0e S'.reme Co'r0, b"sed on C)AG %oin0
Reso/'0ion No4 35 d"0ed A.ri/ 23, 1++@, "s direc0ed 'nder 0e Co'r0 Reso/'0ion d"0ed ="rc 23, 2004 in A4=4 No4 03!
12!01, is C(N)5R=ED 0o be /e-"/ "nd v"/id4 Co'r0 re"soned 0"0 )'// "'0onom*, "mon- o0ers, con0em./"0es 0e
-'"r"n0ee o3 3'// 3/eAibi/i0* in 0e "//oc"0ion "nd '0i/i#"0ion o3 0e %'dici"r*Es reso'rces, b"sed on i0s o1n de0ermin"0ion
o3 1"0 i0 needs4 8e Co'r0 0's "s 0e reco-ni#ed "'0ori0* 0o "//oc"0e "nd disb'rse s'c s'ms "s m"* be .rovided
3
or re?'ired b* /"1 in 0e co'rse o3 0e disc"r-e o3 i0s 3'nc0ions4 8o "//o1 0e C(A 0o s'bs0i0'0e 0e Co'r0Es .o/ic* in
0e dis.os"/ o3 i0s .ro.er0* 1o'/d be 0"n0"mo'n0 0o "n encro"cmen0 in0o 0is 7'dici"/ .rero-"0ive4
CASE 6:
#ani+a+ vs. Comelec
1ACT#: (n Se.0ember 2, 1+@6, 6residen0 )erdin"nd E4 ="rcos iss'ed 6residen0i"/ Decree No4 ++1 c"//in- 3or "
n"0ion"/ re3erend'm on (c0ober 16, 1+@6 3or 0e Ci0i#ens Assemb/ies $Lb"r"n-"*sL& 0o reso/ve, "mon- o0er 0in-s,
0e iss'es o3 m"r0i"/ /"1, 0e n"0ion"/ "ssemb/*, i0s re./"cemen0, 0e .o1ers o3 s'c re./"cemen0, 0e .eriod o3 i0s
eAis0ence, 0e /en-0 o3 0e .eriod 3or 0i/e eAercise b* 0e 6residen0 o3 is .resen0 .o1ers4
81en0* d"*s "30er or on Se.0ember 22, 1+@6, 0e 6residen0 iss'ed "no0er re/"0ed decree, 6residen0i"/ Decree No4
1031, "mendin- 0e .revio's 6residen0i"/ Decree No4 ++1, b* dec/"rin- 0e .rovisions o3 .residen0i"/ Decree No4 22+
.rovidin- 3or 0e m"nner o3 vo0in- "nd c"nv"ssin- o3 vo0es in Lb"r"n-"*sL "../ic"b/e 0o 0e n"0ion"/ re3erend'm!
./ebisci0e o3 (c0ober 16, 1+@64 S'i0e re/ev"n0/*, 6residen0i"/ Decree No4 1031 re.e"/ed Sec0ion 4, o3 6residen0i"/
Decree No4 ++1, 0e 3'// 0eA0 o3 1ic is ?'o0ed in 0e 3oo0no0e be/o14
(n 0e s"me d"0e o3 Se.0ember 22, 1+@6, 0e 6residen0 iss'ed 6residen0i"/ Decree No4 1033, s0"0in- 0e ?'es0ions
0o be s'bmi00ed 0o 0e .eo./e in 0e re3erend'm!./ebisci0e on (c0ober 16, 1+@64 8e Decree reci0es in i0s L1ere"sL
c/"'ses 0"0 0e .eo./eGs con0in'ed o..osi0ion 0o 0e convenin- o3 0e N"0ion"/ Assemb/* evinces 0eir desire 0o "ve
s'c bod* "bo/ised "nd re./"ced 0r' " cons0i0'0ion"/ "mendmen0, .rovidin- 3or " /e-is/"0ive bod*, 1ic 1i// be
s'bmi00ed direc0/* 0o 0e .eo./e in 0e re3erend'm!./ebisci0e o3 (c0ober 164
8e ?'es0ions "s2, 0o 1i0:
$1& Do *o' 1"n0 m"r0i"/ /"1 0o be con0in'edQ
$2& Fe0er or no0 *o' 1"n0 m"r0i"/ /"1 0o be con0in'ed, do *o' "..rove 0e 3o//o1in- "mendmen0s 0o 0e
Cons0i0'0ionQ )or 0e .'r.ose o3 0e second ?'es0ion, 0e re3erend'm s"// "ve 0e e33ec0 o3 " ./ebisci0e 1i0in 0e
con0em./"0ion o3 Sec0ion 2 o3 Ar0ic/e 9>5 o3 0e Cons0i0'0ion4
(n Se.0ember 2@, 1+@6, 6ABK( C4 SAN5DAD "nd 6ABK58( >4 SAN5DAD, commenced 6roibi0ion 1i0 6re/imin"r*
5n7'nc0ion see2in- 0o en7oin 0e Commission on E/ec0ions 3rom o/din- "nd cond'c0in- 0e Re3erend'm 6/ebisci0e on
(c0ober 16J 0o dec/"re 1i0o'0 3orce "nd e33ec0 6residen0i"/ Decree Nos4 ++1 "nd 1033, inso3"r "s 0e* .ro.ose
"mendmen0s 0o 0e Cons0i0'0ion, "s 1e// "s 6residen0i"/ Decree No4 1031, inso3"r "s i0 direc0s 0e Commission on
E/ec0ions 0o s'.ervise, con0ro/, o/d, "nd cond'c0 0e Re3erend'm!6/ebisci0e sced'/ed on (c0ober 16, 1+@64
6e0i0ioners con0end 0"0 'nder 0e 1+35 "nd 1+@3 Cons0i0'0ions 0ere is no -r"n0 0o 0e inc'mben0 6residen0 0o
eAercise 0e cons0i0'en0 .o1er 0o .ro.ose "mendmen0s 0o 0e ne1 Cons0i0'0ion4 As " conse?'ence, 0e Re3erend'm!
6/ebisci0e on (c0ober 16 "s no cons0i0'0ion"/ or /e-"/ b"sis4
##(E#:
14 Fe0er or no0 0e .residen0 "s 0e "'0ori0* 0o .ro.ose "mendmen0s 0o 0e Cons0i0'0ionQ
24 5s 0e s'bmission 0o 0e .eo./e o3 0e .ro.osed "mendmen0s 1i0in 0e 0ime 3r"me "//o1ed 0ere3or " s'33icien0 "nd
.ro.er s'bmissionQ
HEL$:
Issue 1 ' ()et)er or not t)e *resident )as t)e aut)ority to *ro*ose a+end+ents to t)e ,onstitution-
As e"r/ier .oin0ed o'0, 0e .o1er 0o /e-is/"0e is cons0i0'0ion"//* consi-ned 0o 0e in0erim N"0ion"/ Assemb/* d'rin- 0e
0r"nsi0ion .eriod4 :o1ever, 0e ini0i"/ convenin- o3 0"0 Assemb/* is " m"00er 3'//* "ddressed 0o 0e 7'd-men0 o3 0e
inc'mben0 6residen04 And, in 0e eAercise o3 0"0 7'd-men0, 0e 6residen0 o.0ed 0o de3er convenin- o3 0"0 bod* in
'00er reco-ni0ion o3 0e .eo./eGs .re3erence4 Ki2e1ise, in 0e .eriod o3 0r"nsi0ion, 0e .o1er 0o .ro.ose "mendmen0s 0o
0e Cons0i0'0ion /ies in 0e in0erim N"0ion"/ Assemb/* '.on s.eci"/ c"// b* 0e 6residen04 A-"in, "r2in- 0o 0e dic0"0es
o3 0e soverei-n 1i//, 0e 6residen0 decided no0 0o c"// 0e in0erim N"0ion"/ Assemb/*4 Fo'/d i0 0en be 1i0in 0e
bo'nds o3 0e Cons0i0'0ion "nd o3 /"1 3or 0e 6residen0 0o "ss'me 0"0 cons0i0'en0 .o1er o3 0e in0erim Assemb/* vis!
"!vis is "ss'm.0ion o3 0"0 bod*Gs /e-is/"0ive 3'nc0ionsQ 8e "ns1er is *es4 53 0e 6residen0 "s been /e-i0im"0e/*
disc"r-in- 0e /e-is/"0ive 3'nc0ions o3 0e in0erim Assemb/*, 0ere is no re"son 1* e c"nno0 v"/id/* disc"r-e 0e
3'nc0ion o3 0"0 Assemb/* 0o .ro.ose "mendmen0s 0o 0e Cons0i0'0ion, 1ic is b'0 "d7'nc0, "/0o'- .ec'/i"r, 0o i0s
-ross /e-is/"0ive .o1er4 8is, o3 co'rse, is no0 0o s"* 0"0 0e 6residen0 "s conver0ed is o33ice in0o " cons0i0'en0
"ssemb/* o3 0"0 n"0're norm"//* cons0i0'0ed b* 0e /e-is/"0're4 R"0er, 1i0 0e in0erim N"0ion"/ Assemb/* no0
convened "nd on/* 0e 6residenc* "nd 0e S'.reme Co'r0 in o.er"0ion, 0e 'r-es o3 "bso/'0e necessi0* render i0
im.er"0ive '.on 0e 6residen0 0o "c0 "s "-en0 3or "nd in be"/3 o3 0e .eo./e 0o .ro.ose "mendmen0s 0o 0e
Cons0i0'0ion4
Issue . / Is t)e sub+ission to t)e *eo*le o0 t)e *ro*osed a+end+ents 1it)in t)e ti+e 0ra+e allo1ed t)ere0or
a su00icient and *ro*er sub+ission-
50 is 1or0* 0o no0e 0"0 Ar0ic/e 9>5 o3 0e Cons0i0'0ion m"2es no .rovision "s 0o 0e s.eci3ic d"0e 1en 0e ./ebisci0e
s"// be e/d, b'0 sim./* s0"0es 0"0 i0 Ls"// be e/d no0 /"0er 0"n 0ree mon0s "30er 0e "..rov"/ o3 s'c "mendmen0
or revision4L
CASE @:
KAFNERS AGA5NS8 =(N(6(KN AND 6(>ER8N $KA=6&, e0 "/4 vs4 8:E SECRE8ARN () B;DGE8 AND
=ANAGE=EN8, e0 "/4
G4R4 No4 164+,@ A.ri/ 24, 2012
=END(TA, (.) EN BANC
)AC8S: 8e GAA o3 2004 con0"ins 0e 3o//o1in- .rovision s'b7ec0 o3 0is .e0i0ion:
6R5(R58N DE>EK(6=EN8 ASS5S8ANCE );ND
)or 3'nd re?'iremen0s o3 .riori0* deve/o.men0 .ro-r"ms "nd .ro7ec0s, "s indic"0ed ere'nder H 6 ,,32@,000,000400
9 A A A A
Special Pro*ision
+. ,se and Release of the "und. -he amount herein appropriated shall .e used to fund priority programs
and pro/ects or to fund the required counterpart for foreign0assisted programs and pro/ects) PR1#D2D$
-hat such amount shall .e released directly to the implementing agency or 'ocal Go*ernment ,nit
concerned) PR1#D2D$ ",R-H2R$ -hat the allocations authorized herein may .e realigned to any
e3pense class$ if deemed necessary) PR1#D2D ",R-H2R&R2$ -hat a ma3imum of ten percent
4+567 of the authorized allocations .y district may .e used for procurement of rice and other .asic
commodities 8hich shall .e purchased from the 9ational "ood Authority.
Accordin- 0o KA=6, 0e "bove .rovision is si/en0 "nd, 0ere3ore, .roibi0s "n "'0om"0ic or direc0 "//oc"0ion o3 /'m.
s'ms 0o individ'"/ sen"0ors "nd con-ressmen 3or 0e 3'ndin- o3 .ro7ec0s4 50 does no0 em.o1er individ'"/ =embers o3
Con-ress 0o .ro.ose, se/ec0 "nd iden0i3* .ro-r"ms "nd .ro7ec0s 0o be 3'nded o'0 o3 6DA)4 )or KA=6, 0is si0'"0ion
r'ns "3o'/ "-"ins0 0e .rinci./e o3 se."r"0ion o3 .o1ers bec"'se in receivin- "nd, 0ere"30er, s.endin- 3'nds 3or 0eir
cosen .ro7ec0s, 0e =embers o3 Con-ress in e33ec0 in0r'de in0o "n eAec'0ive 3'nc0ion4 5n o0er 1ords, 0e* c"nno0
direc0/* s.end 0e 3'nds, 0e "..ro.ri"0ion 3or 1ic 1"s m"de b* 0em4 >eri/*, 0e .o1er o3 "..ro.ri"0ion -r"n0ed 0o
Con-ress "s " co//e-i"/ bod*, Ldoes no0 inc/'de 0e .o1er o3 0e =embers 0ereo3 0o individ'"//* .ro.ose, se/ec0 "nd
iden0i3* 1ic .ro7ec0s "re 0o be "c0'"//* im./emen0ed "nd 3'nded ! " 3'nc0ion 1ic essen0i"//* "nd eAc/'sive/*
.er0"ins 0o 0e EAec'0ive De."r0men04L B* "//o1in- 0e =embers o3 Con-ress 0o receive direc0 "//o0men0 3rom 0e
3'nd, 0o .ro.ose "nd iden0i3* .ro7ec0s 0o be 3'nded "nd 0o .er3orm 0e "c0'"/ s.endin- o3 0e 3'nd, 0e im./emen0"0ion
o3 0e 6DA) .rovision becomes /e-"//* in3irm "nd cons0i0'0ion"//* re.'-n"n04
5SS;E: 1e0er or no0 0e im./emen0"0ion o3 6riori0* Deve/o.men0 Assis0"nce )'nd 4PDA"7 "s .rovided 3or in
Re.'b/ic Ac0 4R.A.7 +206 or 0e Gener"/ A..ro.ri"0ions Ac0 3or 2004 4GAA of :55;7 b* 0e =embers o3 Con-ress is
'ncons0i0'0ion"/ "nd i//e-"/4
R;K5NG: N(4 5n de0erminin- 1e0er or no0 " s0"0'0e is 'ncons0i0'0ion"/, 0e Co'r0 does no0 /ose si-0 o3 0e
.res'm.0ion o3 v"/idi0* "ccorded 0o s0"0'0or* "c0s o3 Con-ress4 5n "ari<as *. -he 23ecuti*e Secretary, 0e Co'r0 e/d
0"0:
4
Ever* s0"0'0e is .res'med v"/id4 8e .res'm.0ion is 0"0 0e /e-is/"0're in0ended 0o en"c0 " v"/id, sensib/e "nd 7's0
/"1 "nd one, 1ic o.er"0es no 3'r0er 0"n m"* be necess"r* 0o e33ec0'"0e 0e s.eci3ic .'r.ose o3 0e /"14 Ever*
.res'm.0ion so'/d be ind'/-ed in 3"vor o3 0e cons0i0'0ion"/i0* "nd 0e b'rden o3 .roo3 is on 0e ."r0* "//e-in- 0"0
0ere is " c/e"r "nd 'ne?'ivoc"/ bre"c o3 0e Cons0i0'0ion4
8o 7's0i3* 0e n'//i3ic"0ion o3 0e /"1 or i0s im./emen0"0ion, 0ere m's0 be " c/e"r "nd 'ne?'ivoc"/, no0 " do'b03'/,
bre"c o3 0e Cons0i0'0ion4 5n c"se o3 do'b0 in 0e s'33icienc* o3 .roo3 es0"b/isin- 'ncons0i0'0ion"/i0*, 0e Co'r0 m's0
s's0"in /e-is/"0ion bec"'se L0o inv"/id"0e [" /"1] b"sed on A A A b"se/ess s'..osi0ion is "n "33ron0 0o 0e 1isdom no0
on/* o3 0e /e-is/"0're 0"0 ."ssed i0 b'0 "/so o3 0e eAec'0ive 1ic "..roved i04L 8is .res'm.0ion o3 cons0i0'0ion"/i0*
c"n be overcome on/* b* 0e c/e"res0 so1in- 0"0 0ere 1"s indeed "n in3r"c0ion o3 0e Cons0i0'0ion, "nd on/* 1en
s'c " conc/'sion is re"ced b* 0e re?'ired m"7ori0* m"* 0e Co'r0 .rono'nce, in 0e disc"r-e o3 0e d'0* i0 c"nno0
esc".e, 0"0 0e c"//en-ed "c0 m's0 be s0r'c2 do1n4
8e .e0i0ion is miser"b/* 1"n0in- in 0is re-"rd4
UU;nder 0e Cons0i0'0ion, 0e .o1er o3 "..ro.ri"0ion is ves0ed in 0e Ke-is/"0're, s'b7ec0 0o 0e re?'iremen0 0"0
"..ro.ri"0ion bi//s ori-in"0e eAc/'sive/* in 0e :o'se o3 Re.resen0"0ives 1i0 0e o.0ion o3 0e Sen"0e 0o .ro.ose or
conc'r 1i0 "mendmen0s4 Fi/e 0e b'd-e0"r* .rocess commences 3rom 0e .ro.os"/ s'bmi00ed b* 0e 6residen0 0o
Con-ress, i0 is 0e /"00er 1ic conc/'des 0e eAercise b* cr"30in- "n "..ro.ri"0ion "c0 i0 m"* deem bene3ici"/ 0o 0e
n"0ion, b"sed on i0s o1n 7'd-men0, 1isdom "nd .'r.oses4 Ki2e "n* o0er .iece o3 /e-is/"0ion, 0e "..ro.ri"0ion "c0
m"* 0en be s'sce.0ib/e 0o ob7ec0ion 3rom 0e br"nc 0"s2ed 0o im./emen0 i0, b* 1"* o3 " 6residen0i"/ ve0o4
8ere"30er, b'd-e0 eAec'0ion comes 'nder 0e dom"in o3 0e EAec'0ive br"nc, 1ic de"/s 1i0 0e o.er"0ion"/
"s.ec0s o3 0e c*c/e inc/'din- 0e "//oc"0ion "nd re/e"se o3 3'nds e"rm"r2ed 3or v"rio's .ro7ec0s4 Sim./* .'0, 3rom 0e
re-'/"0ion o3 3'nd re/e"ses, 0e im./emen0"0ion o3 ."*men0 sced'/es "nd '. 0o 0e "c0'"/ s.endin- o3 0e 3'nds
s.eci3ied in 0e /"1, 0e EAec'0ive 0"2es 0e 1ee/4
CASE ,:
#antiago v. C!&ELEC
?5@ #CRA 2@A
&a*ch 23) 2335
1acts: 6riv"0e res.onden0 De/3in 3i/ed 1i0 0e C(=EKEC " C6e0i0ion 0o "mend 0e cons0i0'0ion, 0o /i30 0erm /imi0s o3
E/ec0ive o33ici"/s, b* 6eo./eEs "mendmen0s 0o 0e cons0i0'0ion -r"n0ed 'nder Sec0ion 2, Ar04 9>55 o3 0e 1+,@
Cons0i0'0ion4 R4A4 6@35 "nd C(=EKEC Reso/'0ion No4 23004 8e .ro.osed "mendmen0s consis0 o3 0e s'bmission
o3 0is .ro.osi0ion 0o 0e .eo./eVCDo *o' "..rove 0e /i30in- o3 0e 0erm /imi0s o3 "// e/ec0ive o33ici"/s, "mendin- 3or 0e
.'r.ose sec0ion 4 "nd @ o3 Ar04 >5, Sec0ion 4 o3 Ar04 >55, "nd sec0ion , o3 Ar04 9 o3 0e 6i/i..ine Cons0i0'0ionQD
8e C(=EKEC iss'ed "n order direc0in- 0e .'b/ic"0ion o3 0e .e0i0ion "nd 0e no0ice o3 e"rin- "nd
0ere"30er se0 0e c"se 3or e"rin-4 A0 0e e"rin-, Sen"0or R"'/ Roco, 8e 5B6, Demo2r"s*"!5."-0"n--o/ "n-
Wons0i0's*on $D5W&, 6'b/ic 5n0eres0 K"1 Cen0er, "nd K"b"n n- Demo2r"0i2on- 6i/i.ino $KABAN& "..e"red "s
in0ervenors!o..osi0ors4 Sen"0or Roco moved 0o dismiss 0e De/3in 6e0i0ion on 0e -ro'nd 0"0 i0 is no0 0e ini0i"0or*
."r0* co-ni#"b/e b* 0e C(=EKEC4
6e0i0ioners 3i/ed " s.eci"/ civi/ "c0ion direc0in- res.onden0s C(=EKEC "nd De/3inEs 6e0i0ion 0o direc0/*
.ro.ose "mendmen0s 0o 0e cons0i0'0ion 0ro'- 0e s*s0em o3 ini0i"0ive 'nder sec4 2 o3 Ar04 9>55 o3 0e 1+,@
Cons0i0'0ion4 6e0i0ioners r"ise 0e 3o//o1in- "r-'men0sJ
14 8e Cons0i0'0ion"/ .rovision on .eo./eEs ini0i"0ive 0o "mend 0e cons0i0'0ion c"n on/* be im./emen0ed b*
/"1 0o be ."ssed b* con-ress4 No s'c /"1 "s been ."ssed4
24 R4A4 6@35 3"i/ed 0o .rovide s'b0i0/e ini0i"0ive on 0e Cons0i0'0ion, 'n/i2e in 0e o0er modes o3 ini0i"0ive4 50
on/* .rovides 3or 0e e33ec0ivi0* o3 0e /"1 "30er 0e .'b/ic"0ion in .rin0 medi" indic"0in- 0"0 0e Ac0 covers
on/* /"1s "nd no0 cons0i0'0ion"/ "mendmen0s bec"'se 0e /"00er 0"2es e33ec0 on/* '.on r"0i3ic"0ion "nd no0
"30er .'b/ic"0ion4
34 C(=EKEC Reso/'0ion No4 2300, "do.0ed on %"n'"r* 16, 1++1 0o -overn 0e Ccond'c0 o3 ini0i"0ive on 0e
cons0i0'0ion "nd ini0i"0ive "nd re3erend'm on n"0ion"/ "nd /oc"/ /"1sD, is '/0r" vires inso3"r "s ini0i"0ive or
"mendmen0s 0o 0e Cons0i0'0ion "re concerned since 0e C(=EKEC "s no .o1er 0o .rovide r'/es "nd
re-'/"0ion 3or 0e eAercise o3 0e ri-0 o3 ini0i"0ive 0o "mend 0e Cons0i0'0ion4 (n/* 0e Con-ress is
"'0ori#ed b* 0e Cons0i0'0ion 0o ."ss 0e im./emen0in- /"14
44 8e .eo./eEs ini0i"0ive is /imi0ed 0o "mendmen0s 0o 0e Cons0i0'0ion, 0o 0e revision 0ereo34 EA0endin- or
/i30in- o3 0e 0erm /imi0s cons0i0'0es " revision "nd is 0ere3ore o'0side 0e .o1er o3 0e .eo./eEs ini0i"0ive4
54 )in"//*, Con-ress "s no0 *e0 "..ro.ri"0ed 3'nds 3or .eo./eEs ini0i"0ive, nei0er 0e C(=EKEC nor "n*
o0er de."r0men0, "-enc* or o33ice o3 0e -overnmen0 "s re"/i-ned 3'nds 3or 0e .'r.ose4
8e S'.reme Co'r0 -"ve d'e co'rse 0o 0is .e0i0ion "nd -r"n0ed 0e =o0ions 3or 5n0erven0ion 3i/ed b*
6e0i0ioners!5n0ervenors D5W, =AB5N5, 5B6, KABAN, "nd Sen"0or Roco4
##(E: 14 Fe0er Sec4 2, Ar04 9>55 o3 0e 1+,@ Cons0i0'0ion is " se/3!eAec'0in- .rovisionQ
24 Fe0er R4A4 6@35 is " s'33icien0 s0"0'0or* im./emen0"0ion o3 0e s"id cons0i0'0ion"/ .rovisionQ
34 Fe0er 0e C(=EKEC reso/'0ion is v"/idQ
44Fe0er 0e /i30in- o3 0e 0erm /imi0s o3 e/ec0ive n"0ion"/ "nd /oc"/ o33ici"/s "s .ro.osed 1o'/d cons0i0'0e
" revision, or "n "mendmen0 0o 0e Cons0i0'0ionQ
HEL$: N(4 A/0o'- 0e mode o3 "mendmen0 1ic b*."sses con-ression"/ "c0ion, in 0e /"s0 "n"/*sis, i0 is s0i//
de.enden0 on con-ression"/ "c0ion4 Fi/e 0e Cons0i0'0ion "s reco-ni#ed or -r"n0ed 0"0 ri-0, 0e .eo./e c"nno0
eAercise i0 i3 0e Con-ress 3or 1"0ever re"son, does no0 .rovide 3or i0s im./emen0"0ion4
14 N(4 R4A4 6@35 is ins'33icien0 "nd incom./e0e 0o 3'//* com./* 1i0 0e .o1er "nd d'0* o3 0e
Con-ress 0o en"c0 0e s0"0'0or* im./emen0"0ion o3 sec4 2, Ar04 9>55 o3 0e Cons0i0'0ion4 A/0o'-
s"id Ac0 in0ended 0o inc/'de 0e s*s0em o3 ini0i"0ive on "mendmen0s 0o 0e Cons0i0'0ion, i0 is
deemed in"de?'"0e 0o cover 0"0 s*s0em "nd "ccordin-/* .rovide 3or " /oc"/ ini0i"0ive re?'ired 3or
.ro.osin- 0e Cons0i0'0ion"/ c"n-es4
24 N(4 0e C(=EKEC Reso/'0ion inso3"r "s i0 .rescribes r'/es "nd re-'/"0ions on 0e cond'c0 o3
ini0i"0ive on "mendmen0s 0o 0e cons0i0'0ion is void, "s eA.ressed in 0e K"0in m"Aim C6o0es0"s
de/e-"0e non de/"-"ri .o0es0D4 5n ever* c"se o3 .ermissib/e de/e-"0ion, i0 m's0 be so1n 0"0 0e
de/e-"0ion i0se/3 is v"/id4
34 8e reso/'0ion o3 0is iss'e is e/d 0o be 'nnecess"r*, i3 no0 "c"demic, "s 0e .ro.os"/ 0o /i30 0e
0erm /imi0s o3 e/ec0ive /oc"/ "nd n"0ion"/s is "n "mendmen0 0o 0e Cons0i0'0ion "nd no0 " revision4
8's, 0e .e0i0ion 1"s -r"n0ed, "nd 0e C(=EKEC is .erm"nen0/* en7oined 3rom 0"2in-
co-ni#"nce o3 "n* .e0i0ion 3or ini0i"0ive on "mendmen0s 0o 0e Cons0i0'0ion 'n0i/ " s'33icien0/* /"1
s"// "ve been v"/id/* en"c0ed 0o .rovide 3or 0e im./emen0"0ion o3 0e s*s0em4
CASE +:
%ovi0o S"/on-" vs4 :on4 Ern"ni 6"<o e0c4
G4R4 No4 K!5+524
)ebr'"r* 1,, 1+,5
G'0ierre#, %r4, (.)
)AC8S:
A r"s o3 bombin-s occ'rred in 0e =e0ro ="ni/" "re" in 0e mon0s o3 A'-'s0, Se.0ember "nd (c0ober o3 1+,04 (ne
>ic0or B'rns Kove/* %r4, " 6i/i..ine!born Americ"n ci0i#en 3rom Kos An-e/es, C"/i3orni", "/mos0 2i//ed imse/3 "nd
in7'red is *o'n-er bro0er, Romeo, "s " res'/0 o3 0e eA./osion o3 " sm"// bomb inside is room in ="ni/"4 6o/ice "nd
mi/i0"r* "'0ori0ies 3o'nd in Kove/*Es .ossession sever"/ .ic0'res 0"2en some0ime in ="* 1+,0, "0 0e bir0d"* ."r0* o3
3ormer Con-ressm"n R"'/ D"#" e/d in 0e /"00erEs residence in Kos An-e/es4 6e0i0ioner %ovi0o S"/on-" "nd is 1i3e
1ere "mon- 0ose 1ose /i2enesses "..e"red in 0ose .ic0'res, 1ic "/so inc/'des, Kove/*4
As " res'/0 o3 0e serio's in7'ries e s'33ered, Kove/* 1"s bro'-0 0o A)6 =edic"/ Cen0er $>4 K'n" :os.i0"/& 1ere e
1"s ./"ced in 0e c's0od* "nd de0en0ion o3 Co/4 Rom"n ="de//", 'nder 0e over!"// direc0ion o3 Gener"/ )"bi"n >er,
e"d o3 0e N5SA4 Sor0/* "30er1"rds, =r4 >ic0or B'rns Kove/* "nd is 01o bro0ers, Romeo "nd B"/0"#"r 1ere
c"r-ed 1i0 s'bversion, i//e-"/ .ossession o3 eA./osives "nd d"m"-e 0o .ro.er0*4
Se.0ember, 1+,0 1en bombs once "-"in eA./oded in =e0ro ="ni/" c"'sin- in7'ries 0o " n'mber o3 .ersons "nd
.ro.er0ies4 (n s"me mon0, 0e 6residen0Es "nnivers"r* 0e/evision r"dio con3erence 1"s bro"dc"s04 8e *o'n-er
bro0er o3 >ic0or B'rns Kove/*, Romeo 1"s .resen0ed d'rin- 0e con3erence4 5n is in0ervie1, Romeo s0"0ed 0"0 e
"d driver is e/der bro0er, >ic0or 0o %ovi0o S"/on-"Es residence in Greeni//s on 01o occ"sions4 8e 3irs0 0ime 1"s on
A'-'s0 20, 1+,0 "nd 0e second 0ime 1"s in 0e "30ernoon o3 A'-'s0 31, 1+,04
8e neA0 d"*, ne1s.".ers c"me o'0 1i0 "/mos0 iden0ic"/ e"d/ines s0"0in- 0"0 .e0i0ioner "d been /in2ed 0o 0e
v"rio's bombin-s in =e0ro ="ni/"4
(n 0e ni-0 o3 (c0ober 4, 1+,0, more bombs 1ere re.or0ed 0o "ve eA./oded "0 0ree bi- o0e/s in =e0ro ="ni/",
n"me 6i/i..ine 6/"#", Cen0'r* 6"r2 Ser"0on "nd ="ni/" 6enins'/"4 8e bombs in7'red nine .eo./e4 Ano0er bomb
"s eA./oded on (c0ober 1+, 1+,0, min'0es "30er 0e 6residen0 "d 3inised de/iverin- is s.eec "0 0e 65CC4 Fi0in
0e neA0 24!o'rs, "rres0, se"rc "nd sei#'re orders $ASS(s& 1ere iss'ed "-"ins0 .ersons 1o "re ".."ren0/*
5
im./ic"0ed b* >ic0or Kove/* in 0e series o3 bombin-s in =e0ro ="ni/"4 (ne o3 0em 1"s erein .e0i0ioner, %ovi0o
S"/on-"4 >ic0or Kove/* o33ered imse/3 0o be " Cs0"0e 1i0nessD4
(n (c0ober 21, 1+,0, e/emen0s o3 0e mi/i0"r* 1en0 0o 0e os.i0"/ room o3 0e .e0i0ioner "0 0e ="ni/" =edic"/ Cen0er,
1ere e 1"s con3ined d'e 0o is rec'rren0 "nd cronic "i/men0 o3 bronci"/ "s0m" "nd ./"ced im 'nder "rres04 8e
"rres0in- o33icer so1ed 0e .e0i0ioner 0e ASS( 3orm 1ic o1ever did no0 s.eci3* 0e c"r-e or c"r-es "-"ins0
im4
(n November 2, 1+,0, 0e .e0i0ioner 1"s 0r"ns3erred "-"ins0 is ob7ec0ions 3rom is os.i0"/ "rres0 0o "n iso/"0ion
room 1i0o'0 1indo1s in "n "rm* .rison c"m. "0 )or0 Boni3"cio, ="2"0i4 S'bse?'en0/*, on November 2@, 1+,0, 0e
.e0i0ioner 1"s re/e"sed 3or 'm"ni0"ri"n re"sons 3rom mi/i0"r* c's0od* "nd ./"ced C'nder o'se "rres0 in 0e c's0od*
o3 =rs4 K*di" S"/on-"D s0i// 1i0o'0 0e bene3i0 o3 "n* inves0i-"0ion or c"r-es4
(n December 10, 1+,0, 0e %'d-e Advoc"0e Gener"/ sen0 0e .e0i0ioner " CNo0ice o3 6re/imin"r* 5nves0i-"0ionD s0"0in-
0e d"0e "nd 0ime o3 is inves0i-"0ion4 8e .e0i0ioner s0"0es 0"0 '. 0o 0e 0ime m"r0i"/ /"1 1"s /i30ed on %"n'"r* 1@,
1+,1, "nd des.i"e "ss'r"nce 0o 0e con0r"r*, e "s no0 received "n* co.ies o3 0e c"r-es "-"ins0 im nor "n*
co.ies o3 0e so!c"//ed s'..or0in- evidence4 (n )ebr'"r* +, 1+,1, 0e records o3 0e c"se 1ere 0'rned over b* %'d-e
Advoc"0e Gener"/Es (33ice 0o 0e =inis0r* o3 %'s0ice4
(n )ebr'"r* 24, 1+,1, 0e res.onden0 Ci0* )isc"/ 3i/ed " com./"in0 "cc'sin- .e0i0ioner, "mon- o0ers o3 "vin-
vio/"0ed RA No4 1@00, "s "mended b* 6D ,,5 "nd B6 B/- 31, in re/"0ion 0o Ar0ic/e 142 o3 0e R6C4
(n ="rc 6, 1+,1, 0e .e0i0ioner 1"s "//o1ed 0o /e"ve 0e co'n0r* 0o "00end " series o3 c'rc con3erence "nd
'nder-o com.reensive medic"/ eA"min"0ions o3 0e e"r0, s0om"c, /iver, e*e "nd e"r inc/'din- " .ossib/e remov"/
o3 is /e30 e*e 0o s"ve is ri-0 e*e4
6e0i0ioner %ovi0o S"/on-" "/mos0 died "s one o3 0e .rinci."/ vic0ims o3 0e d"s0"rd/* bombin- o3 " Kiber"/ 6"r0* r"//*
"0 6/"#" =ir"nd" on A'-'s0 20, 1+@14 Since 0e, e "s s'33ered serio's dis"bi/i0ies4
(n (c0ober, 15, 1+,1, 0e co'nse/ 3or .e0i0oner 3i/ed " mo0ion 0o dismiss 0e c"r-ed "-"ins0 .e0i0ioner 3or 3"i/'re o3
0e .rosec'0ion 0o es0"b/is " .rim" 3"cie c"se "-"ins0 im4 :o1ever, 0e res.onden0 7'd-e denied 0e mo0ion4
(n %"n'"r* 4, 1+,2, 0e res.onden0 7'd-e iss'ed " reso/'0ion orderin- 0e 3i/in- o3 "n in3orm"0ion 3or vio/"0ion o3 0e
Revised An0i!S'bversion Ac0, "s "mended, "-"ins0 40 .eo./e, inc/'din- erein .e0i0ioner4 50 is 0e con0en0ion o3 0e
.e0i0ioner 0"0 0e .rosec'0ion 0o 7's0i3* 0e 3i/in- o3 in3orm"0ion "-"ins0 im "s es0"b/ised no .rim" 3"cie c"se4 :e
s0"0es 0"0 0o s"nc0ion is 3'r0er .rosec'0ion des.i0e 0e /"c2 o3 evidence "-"ins0 im 1o'/d be 0o "dmi0 0"0 no r'/e
o3 /"1 eAis0s in 0e 6i/i..ines4
8e res.onden0 c"// 0o "derence 0o 0e consis0en0 r'/e 0"0 0e deni"/ o3 " mo0ion 0o ?'"s or 0o dismiss, bein-
in0er/oc'0or* in c"r"c0er, c"nno0 be ?'es0ioned b* cer0ior"ri4
5SS;E:
Fere 0e evidences "-"ins0 0e .e0i0ioner 'ncon0r"dic0ed "nd i3 0e* 1ere 'neA./"ined or 'ncon0r"dic0ed, 1o'/d 0e*,
s0"ndin- "/one, s'33icien0/* over 0e .res'm.0ion o3 innocence "nd 1"rr"n0 is convic0ionQ
:EKD:
8e Co'r0 3inds 0e evidence o33ered b* 0e .rosec'0ion '00er/* ins'33icien0 0o es0"b/is " .rim" 3"cie c"se "-"ins0 0e
.e0i0ioner4
8e records reve"/ 0"0 in 3indin- " c"se "-"ins0 0e .e0i0ioner, 0e res.onden0 7'd-e re/ied on/* on 0e 0es0imonies o3
Co/4 B"/bino Die-o "nd >ic0or Kove/*4 Amb"ss"dor Arm"ndo )ern"nde#, 1en c"//ed '.on 0o 0es0i3* on s'bversive
or-"ni#"0ions in 0e ;ni0ed S0"0es no1ere men0ioned 0e .e0i0ioner "s "n or-"ni#er, o33icer or member o3 0e
=ovemen0 3or )ree 6i/i..ines $=)6&, or "n* o3 0e or-"ni#"0ions men0ioned in 0e com./"in04 Co/4 Die-o, on 0e
o0er "nd, 1en "s2ed 1"0 evidence e 1"s "b/e 0o -"0er "-"ins0 0e .e0i0ioner de.ended on/* on 0e s0"0emen0
o3 Kove/* L0"0 i0 1"s 0e residence o3 eA!Sen"0or S"/on-" 1ere 0e* me0 0o-e0er 1i0 Ren"0o 8"<"d", one o3 0e
br"ins o3 0e bombin- cons.ir"c* 444 "nd 0e 3"c0 0"0 Sen4 S"/on-" "s been mee0in- 1i0 sever"/ s'bversive
.ersonne/ b"sed in 0e ;4S4A4 1"s "/so reve"/ed 0o me b* >ic0or B'rns Kove/*J 11 "nd on 0e -ro'. .ic0'res 0"2en "0
3ormer Con-ressm"n R"'/ D"#"Gs bir0d"* ."r0*4 5n conc/'din- 0"0 " cons.ir"c* eAis0s 0o over0ro1 b* vio/en0 me"ns
0e -overnmen0 o3 0e 6i/i..ines in 0e ;ni0ed S0"0es, is on/* b"ses 1ere Ldoc'men0"r* "s 1e// "s .*sic"/ "nd
s1orn s0"0emen0s 0"0 1ere re3erred 0o me or 0"2en b* me .erson"//*,L 1ic o3 co'rse ne-"0e .erson"/ 2no1/ed-e
on is ."r04
S'c 0es0imon*, bein- b"sed on "33id"vi0s o3 o0er .ersons "nd .'re/* e"rs"*, c"n "rd/* ?'"/i3* "s .rim" 3"cie
evidence o3 s'bversion4 50 so'/d no0 "ve been -iven credence b* 0e co'r0 in 0e 3irs0 ./"ce4
5n 0e iss'e .resen0ed b* 0e .rosec'0ion 3or 0e .roced'r"/ iss'e, in3ini0e/* more im.or0"n0 0"n conven0ion"/
"derence 0o -ener"/ r'/es o3 crimin"/ .roced're is res.ec0 3or 0e ci0i#enGs ri-0 0o be 3ree no0 on/* 3rom "rbi0r"r*
"rres0 "nd .'nismen0 b'0 "/so 3rom 'n1"rr"n0ed "nd veA"0io's .rosec'0ion4 8e in0e-ri0* o3 " democr"0ic socie0* is
corr'.0ed i3 " .erson is c"re/ess/* inc/'ded in 0e 0ri"/ o3 "ro'nd 3or0* .ersons 1en on 0e ver* 3"ce o3 0e record no
evidence /in2in- im 0o 0e "//e-ed cons.ir"c* eAis0s4 EA!Sen"0or %ovi0o S"/on-", imse/3 " vic0im o3 0e s0i//
'nreso/ved "nd eino's 6/"#" =ir"nd" bombin-s, 1"s "rres0ed "0 0e ="ni/" =edic"/ Cen0er 1i/e os.i0"/i#ed 3or
bronci"/ "s0m"4 Fen "rres0ed, e 1"s no0 in3ormed o3 0e n"0're o3 0e c"r-es "-"ins0 im4 Nei0er 1"s co'nse/
"//o1ed 0o 0"/2 0o im 'n0i/ 0is Co'r0 in0ervened 0ro'- 0e iss'"nce o3 "n order direc0in- 0"0 is /"1*ers be
.ermi00ed 0o visi0 im4 (n/* "30er 3o'r mon0s o3 de0en0ion 1"s 0e .e0i0ioner in3ormed 3or 0e 3irs0 0ime o3 0e n"0're o3
0e c"r-es "-"ins0 im4
)'r0ermore, 0e res.onden0 7'd-e 1"n0ed 0o .'0 0in-s in .ro.er .ers.ec0ive b* /imi0in- 0e .e0i0ionerGs "//e-ed
L."r0ici."0ionL in 0e bombin- mission on/* 0o 0e 3"c0 0"0 .e0i0ionerGs o'se 1"s 'sed "s " Lcon0"c0 .oin0L be01een
Kove/* "nd 8"<"d", 1ic 1"s "// 0"0 Kove/* re"//* s0"0ed in is 0es0imon*4
:o1ever, in 0e ?'es0ioned reso/'0ion d"0ed December 2, 1+,1, 0e res.onden0 7'd-e s'dden/* inc/'ded 0e
L"c0ivi0iesL o3 .e0i0ioner in 0e ;ni0ed S0"0es "s is b"sis 3or den*in- 0e mo0ion 0o dismiss:
(n 0e "c0ivi0ies o3 S"/on-" in 0e ;ni0ed S0"0es, 0e 1i0ness, Kove/*, in one o3 is
s0"0emen0s dec/"red: G8o 0e bes0 o3 m* reco//ec0ion e men0ioned o3 some 2ind o3 vio/en0
s0r'--/e in 0e 6i/i..ines bein- mos0 /i2e/* so'/d re3orms be no0 ins0i0'0ed b* 6residen0
="rcos immedi"0e/*4
50 is 0ere3ore c/e"r 0"0 0e .rosec'0ionGs evidence "s es0"b/ised 3"c0s "nd circ'ms0"nces
s'33icien0 3or " 3indin- 0"0 eAc/'des " =o0ion 0o Dismiss b* res.onden0 S"/on-"4 8e
=ovemen0 3or )ree 6i/i..ines is 'ndo'b0ed/* " 3orce born on 3orei-n soi/ i0 "..e"rs 0o re/*
on 0e reso'rces o3 3orei-n en0i0ies, "nd is bein- $sic& on -"inin- "scend"nc* in 0e
6i/i..ines 1i0 0e 'se o3 3orce "nd 3or 0"0 .'r.ose i0 "s /in2ed i0se/3 1i0 even comm'nis0
or-"ni#"0ions 0o "cieve i0s end4 50 "..e"rs 0o re/* on "/iens 3or i0s s'..or0ers "nd 3in"nciers4
8e 7'm. 3rom 0e Lcon0"c0 .oin0L 0eor* 0o 0e conc/'sion o3 invo/vemen0 in s'bversive "c0ivi0ies in 0e ;ni0ed S0"0es
is no0 on/* ineA./ic"b/e b'0 1i0o'0 3o'nd"0ion4
8e Lcon0"c0 .oin0L 0eor* or 1"0 0e .e0i0ioner c"//s 0e -'i/0 b* visi0 or -'i/0 b* "ssoci"0ionL 0eor* is 0oo 0en'o's "
b"sis 0o conc/'de 0"0 Sen"0or S"/on-" 1"s " /e"der or m"s0ermind o3 0e bombin- inciden0s4 8o indic0 " .erson
sim./* bec"'se some ./o00ers, m"s?'er"din- "s visi0ors, "ve someo1 me0 in is o'se or o33ice 1o'/d be 0o
es0"b/is " d"n-ero's .receden04 8e ri-0 o3 ci0i#ens 0o be sec're "-"ins0 "b'se o3 -overnmen0"/ .rocesses in
crimin"/ .rosec'0ions 1o'/d be serio's/* 'ndermined4
8e .resence o3 Kove/* in " -ro'. .ic0're 0"2en "0 =r4 R"'/ D"#"Gs bir0d"* ."r0* in Kos An-e/es 1ere Sen"0or
S"/on-" 1"s " -'es0 is no0 .roo3 o3 cons.ir"c*4 As s0"0ed b* 0e .e0i0ioner, in is m"n* *e"rs in 0e 0'rb'/en0 1or/d o3
.o/i0ics, e "s .osed 1i0 "// 2inds o3 .eo./e in v"rio's -ro'.s "nd v"rio's ./"ces "nd co'/d no0 .ossib/* vo'c 3or
0eir cond'c04 Commen0in- on 0e m"00er, ne1s.".er co/'mnis0 8eodoro >"/enci" s0"0ed 0"0 )i/i.inos /ove 0o .ose
1i0 im.or0"n0 visi0ors "nd 0e .ic0're .roves no0in-4
50 is /i2e1ise .rob"b/e 0"0 " n"0ion"/ 3i-'re "nd 3ormer .o/i0ici"n o3 Sen"0or S"/on-"Gs s0"0're c"n eA.ec0 -'es0s "nd
visi0ors o3 "// 2inds 0o be visi0in- is ome or o33ice4 53 " rebe/ or s'bversive "..ens 0o .ose 1i0 0e .e0i0ioner 3or "
-ro'. .ic0're "0 " bir0d"* ."r0* "bro"d, or even visi0 im 1i0 o0ers in is ome, 0e .e0i0ioner does no0 0ereb*
become " rebe/ or s'bversive, m'c /ess " /e"der o3 " s'bversive -ro'.4 =ore credib/e "nd s0ron-er evidence is
necess"r* 3or "n indic0men04 None0e/ess, even i3 1e disco'n0 0e 3/"1s in Kove/*Gs 0es0imon* "nd dismiss 0e
re3'0"0ions "nd "r-'men0s o3 0e .e0i0ioner, 0e .rosec'0ion evidence is s0i// in"de?'"0e 0o es0"b/is " .rim" 3"cie
3indin-4
8e .rosec'0ion "s no0 come '. 1i0 even " sin-/e io0" o3 evidence 1ic co'/d .osi0ive/* /in2 0e .e0i0ioner 0o "n*
.roscribed "c0ivi0ies o3 0e =ovemen0 3or )ree 6i/i..ines or "n* s'bversive or-"ni#"0ion men0ioned in 0e com./"in04
6
Kove/* "d "/re"d* 0es0i3ied 0"0 d'rin- 0e ."r0* o3 3ormer Con-ressm"n R"'/ D"#" 1ic 1"s "//e-ed 0o "ve been
"00ended b* " n'mber o3 members o3 0e =)6, no .o/i0ic"/ "c0ion 1"s 0"2en b'0 on/* .o/i0ic"/ disc'ssion4 )'r0ermore,
0e "//e-ed o.inion o3 0e .e0i0ioner "bo'0 0e /i2e/iood o3 " vio/en0 s0r'--/e ere in 0e 6i/i..ines i3 re3orms "re no0
ins0i0'0ed, "ss'min- 0"0 e re"//* s0"0ed 0e s"me, is no0in- b'0 " /e-i0im"0e eAercise o3 3reedom o3 0o'-0 "nd
eA.ression4 No m"n deserves .'nismen0 3or is 0o'-0s4
Fe "ve "do.0ed 0e conce.0 0"0 3reedom o3 eA.ression is " L.re3erredL ri-0 "nd, 0ere3ore, s0"nds on " i-er
/eve/ 0"n s'bs0"n0ive economic or o0er /iber0ies4 8e .rim"c*, 0e i- es0"0e "ccorded 3reedom o3 eA.ression is "
3'nd"men0"/ .os0'/"0e o3 o'r cons0i0'0ion"/ s*s0em4 $Gon#"/es v4 Commission on E/ec0ions, 2+ SCRA ,35&4 As
eA./"ined b* %'s0ice C"rdo#o in Pal=o *. Connecticut $302 ;4S4 31+& 0is m's0 be so bec"'se 0e /essons o3 is0or*,
bo0 .o/i0ic"/ "nd /e-"/, i//'s0r"0e 0"0 3reedom o3 0o'-0 "nd s.eec is 0e indis.ens"b/e condi0ion o3 ne"r/* ever*
o0er 3orm o3 3reedom4 6ro0ec0ion is es.eci"//* m"nd"0ed 3or .o/i0ic"/ disc'ssions4 8is Co'r0 is ."r0ic'/"r/* concerned
1en "//e-"0ions "re m"de 0"0 res0r"in0s "ve been im.osed '.on mere cri0icisms o3 -overnmen0 "nd .'b/ic
o33ici"/s4 6o/i0ic"/ disc'ssion is essen0i"/ 0o 0e "scer0"inmen0 o3 .o/i0ic"/ 0r'04 50 c"nno0 be 0e b"sis o3 crimin"/
indic0men0s4
F:ERE)(RE, 0e .e0i0ion is D5S=5SSED 3or "vin- become moo0 "nd "c"demic4
CASE 10:
TaBa+a vs. Anga*a) ?5? #CRA 26
1ACT#
(n A.ri/ 15, 1++4, Ri#"/ino N"v"rro, 0en Secre0"r* o3 8e De."r0men0 o3 8r"de "nd 5nd's0r*, re.resen0in- 0e
Governmen0 o3 0e Re.'b/ic o3 0e 6i/i..ines, si-ned in ="rr"2es, =orocco, 0e )in"/ Ac0 Embod*in- 0e Res'/0s o3
0e ;r'-'"* Ro'nd o3 ='/0i/"0er"/ Ne-o0i"0ions, "-reein- on be"/3 o3 0e R6, 0o s'bmi0 0e F8( A-reemen0 3or 0e
consider"0ion o3 0eir res.ec0ive com.e0en0 "'0ori0ies4 (n December 14, 1++4, 0e 6i/i..ine Sen"0e "do.0ed
Reso/'0ion No4 +@, conc'rrin- in 0e r"0i3ic"0ion b* 0e 6residen0 o3 0e 6i/i..ines o3 0e A-reemen0 Es0"b/isin- 0e
For/d 8r"de (r-"ni#"0ion4
##(E#
2. $o the p*ovisions o, the 7T! Ag*eement an+ its 4 anne0es cont*avene #ection 23) A*ticle an+
#ections 2@ an+ 2?) A*ticle C) o, the "hilippine ConstitutionD
6e0i0ionersG "r-'e 0"0 0e Ln"0ion"/ 0re"0men0L "nd L."ri0* .rovisionsL o3 0e F8( A-reemen0 L./"ce n"0ion"/s
"nd .rod'c0s o3 member co'n0ries on 0e s"me 3oo0in- "s )i/i.inos "nd /oc"/ .rod'c0s,L in con0r"ven0ion o3 0e
L)i/i.ino )irs0L .o/ic* o3 0e Cons0i0'0ion4
B* i0s ver* 0i0/e, Ar0ic/e 55 o3 0e Cons0i0'0ion is " Ldec/"r"0ion o3 .rinci./es "nd s0"0e .o/icies4L 8ese .rinci./es in
Ar0ic/e 55 "re no0 in0ended 0o be se/3!eAec'0in- .rinci./es re"d* 3or en3orcemen0 0ro'- 0e co'r0s4 8e* "re
'sed b* 0e 7'dici"r* "s "ids or "s -'ides in 0e eAercise o3 i0s .o1er o3 7'dici"/ revie1, "nd b* 0e /e-is/"0're in
i0s en"c0men0 o3 /"1s4 As e/d in 0e /e"din- c"se o3 >ilos.ayan$ #ncorporated *s. &orato$ 0e .rinci./es "nd
s0"0e .o/icies en'mer"0ed in Ar0ic/e 55 "nd some sec0ions o3 Ar0ic/e 955 "re no0 Lse/3!eAec'0in- .rovisions, 0e
disre-"rd o3 1ic c"n -ive rise 0o " c"'se o3 "c0ion in 0e co'r0s4
Economic N"0ion"/ism So'/d Be Re"d 1i0 (0er Cons0i0'0ion"/ ="nd"0es 0o A00"in B"/"nced Deve/o.men0 o3
Econom*
(n 0e o0er "nd, Secs4 10 "nd 12 o3 Ar0ic/e 955, "."r0 3rom mere/* /"*in- do1n -ener"/ .rinci./es re/"0in- 0o
0e n"0ion"/ econom* "nd ."0rimon*, so'/d be re"d "nd 'nders0ood in re/"0ion 0o 0e o0er sec0ions in s"id
"r0ic/e, es.eci"//* Secs4 1 "nd 13 0ereo34
Fi/e 0e Cons0i0'0ion indeed m"nd"0es " bi"s in 3"vor o3 )i/i.ino -oods, services, /"bor "nd en0er.rises, "0 0e
s"me 0ime, i0 reco-ni#es 0e need 3or b'siness eAc"n-e 1i0 0e res0 o3 0e 1or/d on 0e b"ses o3 e?'"/i0* "nd
reci.roci0* "nd /imi0s .ro0ec0ion o3 )i/i.ino en0er.rises on/* "-"ins0 3orei-n com.e0i0ion "nd 0r"de .r"c0ices 0"0
"re 'n3"ir4 5n o0er 1ords, 0e Cons0i0'0ion did no0 in0end 0o .'rs'e "n iso/"0ionis0 .o/ic*4 50 did no0 s'0 o'0
3orei-n inves0men0s, -oods "nd services in 0e deve/o.men0 o3 0e 6i/i..ine econom*4 Fi/e 0e Cons0i0'0ion
does no0 enco'r"-e 0e 'n/imi0ed en0r* o3 3orei-n -oods, services "nd inves0men0s in0o 0e co'n0r*, i0 does no0
.roibi0 0em ei0er4 5n 3"c0, i0 "//o1s "n eAc"n-e on 0e b"sis o3 e?'"/i0* "nd reci.roci0*, 3ro1nin- on/* on
3orei-n com.e0i0ion 0"0 is 'n3"ir4
Cons0i0'0ion Does No0 R'/e ('0 )orei-n Com.e0i0ion
)'r0ermore, 0e cons0i0'0ion"/ .o/ic* o3 " Lse/3!re/i"n0 "nd inde.enden0 n"0ion"/ econom*L does no0 necess"ri/*
r'/e o'0 0e en0r* o3 3orei-n inves0men0s, -oods "nd services4 50 con0em./"0es nei0er Leconomic sec/'sionL nor
Lmendic"nc* in 0e in0ern"0ion"/ comm'ni0*4L
?. $o the "*ovisions o, sai+ ag*eement an+ its anne0es limit) *est*ict o* impai* the e0e*cise o, legislative
po>e* -y the Cong*essD
Fi/e soverei-n0* "s 0r"di0ion"//* been deemed "bso/'0e "nd "//!encom."ssin- on 0e domes0ic /eve/, i0 is
o1ever s'b7ec0 0o res0ric0ions "nd /imi0"0ions vo/'n0"ri/* "-reed 0o b* 0e 6i/i..ines, eA.ress/* or im./ied/*, "s
" member o3 0e 3"mi/* o3 n"0ions4
B* 0e doc0rine o3 incor.or"0ion, 0e co'n0r* is bo'nd b* -ener"//* "cce.0ed .rinci./es o3 in0ern"0ion"/ /"1,
1ic "re considered 0o be "'0om"0ic"//* ."r0 o3 o'r o1n /"1s4 (ne o3 0e o/des0 "nd mos0 3'nd"men0"/ r'/es in
in0ern"0ion"/ /"1 is pactasuntser*anda V in0ern"0ion"/ "-reemen0s m's0 be .er3ormed in -ood 3"i04 4 LA 0re"0*
en-"-emen0 is no0 " mere mor"/ ob/i-"0ion b'0 cre"0es " /e-"//* bindin- ob/i-"0ion on 0e ."r0ies 4 4 4 A s0"0e
1ic "s con0r"c0ed v"/id in0ern"0ion"/ ob/i-"0ions is bo'nd 0o m"2e in i0s /e-is/"0ions s'c modi3ic"0ions "s
m"* be necess"r* 0o ens're 0e 3'/3i//men0 o3 0e ob/i-"0ions 'nder0"2en4L
B* 0eir ineren0 n"0're, 0re"0ies re"//* /imi0 or res0ric0 0e "bso/'0eness o3 soverei-n0*4 B* 0eir vo/'n0"r* "c0,
n"0ions m"* s'rrender some "s.ec0s o3 0eir s0"0e .o1er in eAc"n-e 3or -re"0er bene3i0s -r"n0ed b* or derived
3rom " conven0ion or ."c04
8e soverei-n0* o3 " s0"0e 0ere3ore c"nno0 in 3"c0 "nd in re"/i0* be considered "bso/'0e4 Cer0"in res0ric0ions
en0er in0o 0e .ic0're: $1& /imi0"0ions im.osed b* 0e ver* n"0're o3 membersi. in 0e 3"mi/* o3 n"0ions "nd $2&
/imi0"0ions im.osed b* 0re"0* s0i.'/"0ions4
4. $o sai+ p*ovisions un+uly impai* o* inte*,e*e >ith the e0e*cise o, Eu+icial po>e* -y the #C in
p*omulgating *ules on evi+enceD
6e0i0ioners "ver 0"0 ."r"-r". 1, Ar0ic/e 34 o3 0e Gener"/ 6rovisions "nd B"sic 6rinci./es o3 0e A-reemen0 on
8r"de!Re/"0ed As.ec0s o3 5n0e//ec0'"/ 6ro.er0* Ri-0s $8R56S& 4+ in0r'des on 0e .o1er o3 0e S'.reme Co'r0
0o .rom'/-"0e r'/es concernin- ./e"din-, .r"c0ice "nd .roced'res4
8e re?'iremen0 o3 Ar0ic/e 34 0o .rovide " dis.'0"b/e .res'm.0ion "../ies on/* i3 $1& 0e .rod'c0 ob0"ined b* 0e
."0en0ed .rocess in NEF or $2& 0ere is " s'bs0"n0i"/ /i2e/iood 0"0 0e iden0ic"/ .rod'c0 1"s m"de b* 0e
.rocess "nd 0e .rocess o1ner "s no0 been "b/e 0ro'- re"son"b/e e33or0 0o de0ermine 0e .rocess 'sed4
Fere ei0er o3 0ese 01o .rovisos does no0 ob0"in, members s"// be 3ree 0o de0ermine 0e "..ro.ri"0e
me0od o3 im./emen0in- 0e .rovisions o3 8R56S 1i0in 0eir o1n in0ern"/ s*s0ems "nd .rocesses4
B* "nd /"r-e, 0e "r-'men0s "dd'ced in connec0ion 1i0 o'r dis.osi0ion o3 0e 0ird iss'e V dero-"0ion o3
/e-is/"0ive .o1er V 1i// "../* 0o 0is 3o'r0 iss'e "/so4 S'33ice i0 0o s"* 0"0 0e reci.roci0* c/"'se more 0"n
7's0i3ies s'c in0r'sion, i3 "n* "c0'"//* eAis0s4 Besides, Ar0ic/e 34 does no0 con0"in "n 'nre"son"b/e b'rden,
consis0en0 "s i0 is 1i0 d'e .rocess "nd 0e conce.0 o3 "dvers"ri"/ dis.'0e se00/emen0 ineren0 in o'r 7'dici"/
s*s0em4
So 0oo, since 0e 6i/i..ine is " si-n"0or* 0o mos0 in0ern"0ion"/ conven0ions on ."0en0s, 0r"dem"r2s "nd
co.*ri-0s, 0e "d7's0men0 in /e-is/"0ion "nd r'/es o3 .roced're 1i// no0 be s'bs0"n0i"/4
F. 7as the concu**ence o, the #enate in the 7T! Ag*eement an+ its anne0es su,,icient) an+=o* vali+)
consi+e*ing that it +i+ not inclu+e the ,inal act) ministe*ial +ecla*ations an+ +ecisions) an+ the
un+e*stan+ing on commitments in ,inancial se*vicesD
7
$-he ?- Agreement ratified .y the President of the Philippines is composed of the Agreement Proper and
@the associated legal instruments included in Anne3es one 4+7$ t8o 4:7 and three 4A7 of that Agreement 8hich
are integral parts thereof.@ -he "inal Act signed .y Secretary 9a*arro em.odies not only the ?- Agreement
4and its integral anne3es aforementioned7 .ut also 4+7 the &inisterial Declarations and Decisions and 4:7 the
,nderstanding on Commitments in "inancial Ser*ices.&
6e0i0ioners "//e-e 0"0 0e Sen"0e conc'rrence in 0e F8( A-reemen0 "nd i0s "nneAes V b'0 no0 in 0e o0er
doc'men0s re3erred 0o in 0e )in"/ Ac0, n"me/* 0e =inis0eri"/ Dec/"r"0ion "nd Decisions "nd 0e ;nders0"ndin-
on Commi0men0s in )in"nci"/ Services V is de3ec0ive "nd ins'33icien0 "nd 0's cons0i0'0es "b'se o3 discre0ion4
LA final act, some0imes c"//ed protocol de cloture, is "n ins0r'men0 1ic records 0e 1indin- '. o3 0e
.roceedin-s o3 " di./om"0ic con3erence "nd 's'"//* inc/'des " re.rod'c0ion o3 0e 0eA0s o3 0re"0ies,
conven0ions, recommend"0ions "nd o0er "c0s "-reed '.on "nd si-ned b* 0e ./eni.o0en0i"ries "00endin- 0e
con3erence4L 50 is no0 0e 0re"0* i0se/34 50 is r"0er " s'mm"r* o3 0e .roceedin-s o3 " .ro0r"c0ed con3erence
1ic m"* "ve 0"2en ./"ce over sever"/ *e"rs4
8e "ss"i/ed Sen"0e Reso/'0ion No4 +@ eA.ressed conc'rrence in eA"c0/* 1"0 0e )in"/ Ac0 re?'ired 3rom i0s
si-n"0ories, n"me/*, conc'rrence o3 0e Sen"0e in 0e F8( A-reemen04
CASE 11
#A%LAGA# v. ECEC(T<E #ECRETAR/
G4R No4 15+0,5
1ACT#: 5n 0e 1"2e o3 0e ("21ood occ'."0ion on %'/* 2@, 2003, 0e 6residen0 iss'ed 6roc/"m"0ion No4 42@,
dec/"rin- " s0"0e o3 rebe//ion "nd Gener"/ (rder No4 4, direc0in- 0e Armed )orces o3 0e 6i/i..ines "nd 0e
6i/i..ine N"0ion"/ 6o/ice 0o s'..ress rebe//ion4 8e ("21ood occ'."0ion ended on 0e evenin- o3 0e s"me d"* b'0
0e 6residen0 did no0 /i30 0e S0"0e o3 Rebe//ion4 Se on/* did on A'-'s0 1, 20030ro'- 6roc/"m"0ion No4 4354 Sever"/
.e0i0ioners ?'es0ioned 6roc/"m"0ion No4 42@ on 0e -ro'nd 0"0 s'c "c0 o3 0e 6residen0 1"s "n 'n1"rr"n0ed, i//e-"/,
"nd "b'sive eAercise o3 " m"r0i"/ /"1 .o1er4 8e .e0i0ioners inc/'de S"n/"2"s "nd 6"r0ido="n--"-"1", Soci"/
%'s0ice Socie0*, Re.4S'/.ico "nd Sen4 6imen0e/48e So/ici0or Gener"/ "r-'es 0"0 0e .e0i0ions "ve been rendered
moo0 b* 0e /i30in- o3 0e dec/"r"0ion4
##(E: Fe0er or no0 0e 6residen0 vio/"0ed 0e Cons0i0'0ion 1en se iss'ed 6roc/"m"0ion No4 42@ "nd Gener"/
(rder No4 4
HEL$: No48e .e0i0ions do no0 ci0e " s.eci3ic ins0"nce 1ere 0e 6residen0 "s "00em.0ed 0o or "s eAercised .o1ers
be*ond er .o1ers "s Cie3 EAec'0ive or "s Comm"nder!in!Cie34 8e 6residen0, in dec/"rin- " s0"0e o3 rebe//ion "nd
in c"//in- o'0 0e "rmed 3orces, 1"s mere/* eAercisin- " 1eddin- o3 er Cie3 EAec'0ive "nd Comm"nder!in!Cie3
.o1ers4 8ese "re pu*ely e0ecutive .o1ers, ves0ed on 0e 6residen0 b* Sec0ions 1 "nd 1,, Ar0ic/e >554
Sec0ion 1,, Ar0ic/e >55 does not eA.ress/* .roibi0 0e 6residen0 3rom dec/"rin- " s0"0e o3 rebe//ion4 No0e 0"0 0e
Cons0i0'0ion ves0s 0e 6residen0 no0 on/* 1i0 Commander0in0Chief .o1ers b'0, 3irs0 "nd 3oremos0,
1i0 23ecuti*e .o1ers4
8e Comm"nder!in!Cie3 .o1ers "re bro"d eno'- "s i0 is "nd become more so 1en 0"2en 0o-e0er 1i0 0e
.rovision on eAec'0ive .o1er "nd 0e .residen0i"/ o"0 o3 o33ice4 8's, 0e ./eni0'de o3 0e .o1ers o3 0e .residenc*
e?'i.s 0e occ'."n0 1i0 0e me"ns 0o "ddress eAi-encies or 0re"0s 1ic 'ndermine 0e ver* eAis0ence o3
-overnmen0 or 0e in0e-ri0* o3 0e S0"0e4
8's, 0e 6residen0Gs "'0ori0* 0o dec/"re " s0"0e o3 rebe//ion s.rin-s in 0e m"in 3rom er .o1ers "s cie3 eAec'0ive
"nd, "0 0e s"me 0ime, dr"1s s0ren-0 3rom er Comm"nder!in!Cie3 .o1ers4 5ndeed, "s 0e So/ici0or Gener"/
"cc'r"0e/* .oin0s o'0, s0"0'0or* "'0ori0* 3or s'c " dec/"r"0ion m"* be 3o'nd in Sec0ion 4, C".0er 2 $(rdin"nce
6o1er&, Boo2 555 $(33ice o3 0e 6residen0& o3 0e Revised Adminis0r"0ive Code o3 1+,@
CASE 12:
$ETALE$ $GE#T: $Sorr* "n- "b" 2"si n- c"se sobr", .ero m"* m"i2/in- version "2o s" d'/o4 4&
"R!1. RA%$!L1 #. $A<$ et. al. vs. GL!RA &ACA"AGAL;ARR!/! et. al.
G.R. 25243A
&ay 4) ?@@A
1ACT#:
14 (n )ebr'"r* 24, 2006, "s 0e n"0ion ce/ebr"0ed 0e 200 Annivers"r* o3 0e 2dsa People Po8er #, 6res4 Arro*o
iss'ed 66 101@ dec/"rin- " s0"0e o3 n"0ion"/ emer-enc* "s "ccorded in 0e 6i/i..ine Cons0i0'0ion 1ic s0"0es 0"0:
L8e 6res44 4 4 1enever i0 becomes necess"r*, 4 4 4 m"* c"// o'0 $0e& "rmed 3orces 0o .reven0 or s'..ress4 4
4rebe//ion4 4 4,L "nd in m* c"."ci0* "s 0eir Comm"nder!in!Cie3 "s .rovided in Sec4 1@, Ar0ic/e 12 o3 0e Cons0i0'0ion
do ereb* dec/"re " S0"0e o3 N"0ion"/ Emer-enc*4 Accordin-/*, b* vir0'e o3 0e .o1ers ves0ed 0o er 'nder 0e
Cons0i0'0ion "s 6res4 o3 0e Re.'b/ic o3 0e 6i/i..ines, "nd Comm"nder!in!Cie3 o3 0e Re.'b/ic o3 0e 6i/i..ines,
"nd .'rs'"n0 0o 6roc/"m"0ion No4 101@ d"0ed )ebr'"r* 24, 2006, se ereb* call upon 0e Armed )orces o3 0e
6i/i..ines $A)6& "nd 0e 6i/i..ine N"0ion"/ 6o/ice $6N6&, to p*event an+ supp*ess acts o, te**o*ism an+
la>less violence in the count*yJ 6G=A $0ro'- 0e So/Gen& ci0ed 0"0 0e .roAim"0e c"'se beind 0e dec/"r"0ion
1"s 0e circ'ms0"nces "nd in0erce.0ed in3orm"0ion 0"0 0ere "re cons.ir"c* "mon- some mi/i0"r* o33icers $="-d"/o
Gro'.&, /e30is0 ins'r-en0s o3 0e Ne1 6eo./eEs Arm* $N6A&, "nd some members o3 0e .o/i0ic"/ o..osi0ion in " ./o0 0o
'nse"0 "ndIor "ss"ssin"0e 6res4 Arro*o4 They consi+e*e+ the aim to oust o* assassinate the "*es. an+ taHe;ove*
the *eigns o, gove*nment as a clea* an+ p*esent +ange*.
24 (n ="rc 3, 2006, eA"c0/* one 1ee2 "30er "nd "30er "// 0ese .e0i0ions "d been 3i/ed, 0e 6res4 /i30ed 66 101@ b*
iss'in- 6roc/"m"0ion No4 10214
34 8ere"30er, @ .e0i0ions 1ere 3i/ed c"//en-in- 0e cons0i0'0ion"/i0* 0e s"id 66 "nd G4(4 6e0i0ioners ci0ed 0e even0s
0"0 3o//o1ed "30er 0e iss'"nce o3 66 101@ "nd G4(4 No4 5:
"& 8e (33ice o3 0e 6res4 "nno'nced 0e c"nce//"0ion o3 "// .ro-r"ms "nd "c0ivi0ies re/"0ed 0o 0e 200
"nnivers"r* ce/ebr"0ion o3 2dsa People Po8er #J "nd revo2ed 0e .ermi0s 0o o/d r"//ies4 As s'c,
=embers o3 Wi/'s"n- ="*o ;no $W=;& "nd N"0ion"/ )eder"0ion o3 K"bor ;nions!>ilusang &ayo
,no $NA)K;!W=; 1i/e s0"-in- " r"//* ne"r 0e EDSA si0e 1ere vio/en0/* dis.ersed b* '-e c/'s0ers o3
"n0i!rio0 .o/ice, ci0in- 66 101@ "s 0e -ro'nd 3or 0e dis.ers"/ o3 0eir "ssemb/ies4
b& 6o/ice "/so "rres0ed 1i0o'0 1"rr"n0 .e0i0ioner R"ndo/3 S4 D"vid, " .ro3essor "0 0e ;niversi0* o3 0e
6i/i..ines "nd ne1s.".er co/'mnis0, "nd o0er 2no1n /e30ies "nd .o/i0ic"/ o..osi0ions s'c "s Cris.in
Be/0r"n $An"2."1is&, S"0'r (c"m.o $B"*"n='n"& Re0ired Gen4 =on"0"no $6i/ Cons0"b'/"r*& 8edd*
C"si<o, e0c4
c& (.er"0ives o3 0e C5DG o3 0e 6N6, on 0e b"sis o3 66 101@ "nd G4(4 No4 5, r"ided 0e Daily -ri.une$
.ro!o..osi0ion .".er, ="/"*" "nd i0s sis0er .'b/ic"0ion, 0e 0"b/oid Ab"n0e4 8e r"idin- 0e"m con3isc"0ed
ne1s s0ories b* re.or0ers, doc'men0s, .ic0'res, "nd moc2!'.s o3 0e S"0'rd"* iss'e4 Accordin- 0o 0em,
0e r"id is meant to sho8 a Bstrong presence$C to tell media outlets not to conni*e or do anything that
8ould help the re.els in .ringing do8n this go*ernment.@
"etition G*oun+ ,o* ,iling:
G.R. %o. 25243A
)i/ed b* R"ndo/3 S4 D"vid
$1& i0 encro"ces on 0e emer-enc* .o1ers o3 Con-ressJ $2& i0is "
s'b0er3'-e 0o "void 0e cons0i0'0ion"/ re?'iremen0s 3or 0e im.osi0ion o3
m"r0i"/ /"1J "nd $3& i0 vio/"0es 0e cons0i0'0ion"/ -'"r"n0ees o3 3reedom o3
0e .ress, o3 s.eec "nd o3 "ssemb/*4
G.R. %o. 252F@3
)i/ed b* Nine# C"co!(/iv"res
"nd -ri.une 6'b/isin- Co4
$1& c"//en-ed 0e C5DGEs "c0 o3 r"idin- 0e Daily -ri.une o33ices "s "
c/e"r c"se o3 Lcensorsi.L or L.rior res0r"in04L $2& 0e* "/so c/"imed 0"0
0e 0erm Lemer-enc*L re3ers on/* 0o 0s'n"mi, 0*.oon, 'rric"ne "nd
simi/"r occ'rrences,
G.R. %o. 252F6I
)i/ed b* )r"ncis %ose. G4 Esc'dero,
"nd 01en0* one $21& o0er Con-ressmen
$1& ;s'r."0ion o3 /e-is/"0ive .o1ers, $2& >io/"0ion o3 3reedom o3
eA.ression $3& 0e "c0 1"s " dec/"r"0ion o3 m"r0i"/ /"1, "nd $4& 6G=A
-r"ve/* "b'sed er discre0ion in c"//in- o'0 0e "rmed 3orces 1i0o'0 c/e"r
"nd veri3i"b/e 3"c0'"/ b"sis4
G.R. %o. 252F64
)i/ed b* W=; "nd NA)K;!W=; G.R.
%o. 252F@@
)i/ed b* A/0ern"0ive K"1 Gro'.s, 5nc4
$1& 6G=A eAercised 0e .o1er 0o en"c0 /"1s "nd decreesJ $2& 0eir
iss'"nce 1"s 1i0o'0 3"c0'"/ b"sisJ "nd $3& 0e* vio/"0e 3reedom o3
eA.ression "nd 0e ri-0 o3 0e .eo./e 0o .e"ce"b/* "ssemb/e 0o redress
0eir -riev"nces4
8
$AKG5&
G.R. %o. 252F63
)i/ed b* %ose C"di# et al.
$1& 66 101@ is "n L"rbi0r"r* $2& 'n/"13'/ eAercise b* 0e 6res4 o3 er
="r0i"/ K"1 .o1ers4 $3& "r-'endo i0 is no0 re"//* " dec/"r"0ion o3 ="r0i"/
K"1, i0 "mo'n0s 0o "n eAercise b* 0e 6res4 o3 emer-enc* .o1ers 1i0o'0
con-ression"/ "..rov"/4
G.R. %o. 252F?F
)i/ed b* Koren B4 Ke-"rd"
$1& >io/"0ive o3 0e 3reedom o3 eA.ression, inc/'din- i0s co-n"0e ri-0s
s'c "s 3reedom o3 0e .ress "nd 0e ri-0 0o "ccess 0o in3orm"0ion on
m"00ers o3 .'b/ic concern
44 So/Gen on is Conso/id"0ed Commen0 co'n0ered 0"0:
"& 8e .e0i0ions so'/d be dismissed 3or bein- moo0 "s 0ere 1"s no "c0'"/ c"se since 0e "c0 1"s "/re"d*
/i30ed b* 66 1021J
b& 6e0i0ioners in GR Nos4 1@14,5 $Esc'dero et al.& 1@14,3 $W=; et al4&, 1@1400 $AKG5&, 1@14,+ $C"di# et
al4& "nd 1@1424 $Ke-"rd"& "ve /e-"/ s0"ndin-J
c& 66 101@ "s cons0i0'0ion"/ "nd /e-"/ b"sisJ
d& 66 101@ does no0 vio/"0e 0e .eo./eEs ri-0 0o 3ree eA.ression "nd redress o3 -riev"nces4
##(E#:
14 6R(CED;RAK:
"& F(N 0e iss'"nce o3 66 1021 renders 0e .e0i0ions moo0 "nd "c"demic4
b) F(N .e0i0ioners in GR Nos4 1@14,5 $Esc'dero et al.& 1@14,3 $W=; et al4&, 1@1400 $AKG5&, 1@14,+
$C"di# et al4& "nd 1@1424 $Ke-"rd"& "ve /e-"/ s0"ndin-J
24 S;BS8AN85>E:
"& F(N 0e dec/"r"0ion "nd iss'"nce o3 66 101@ "ve 3"c0'"/ b"ses4
b& F(N 66 101@ "nd G4(4 No4 5 "re 'ncons0i0'0ion"/4
o )"ci"/ C"//en-e
o Cons0i0'0ion"/ B"sis
o As A../ied C"//en-e
HEL$:
2. "R!CE$(RAL
A. &!!T an+ ACA$E&C
8e Co'r0 o/ds 0"0 6res4 Arro*oEs iss'"nce o3 66 1021 did no0 render 0e .resen0 .e0i0ions moo0 "nd
"c"demic4 D'rin- 0e ei-0 $,& d"*s 0"0 66 101@ 1"s o.er"0ive, 0e .o/ice o33icers, "ccordin- 0o .e0i0ioners,
commi00ed i//e-"/ "c0s in im./emen0in- i04
8e .o1er o3 7'dici"/ revie1 does no0 re.ose '.on 0e co'r0s " Lse/3!s0"r0in- c"."ci0*4L Co'r0s m"*
eAercise s'c .o1er on/* 1en 0e 3o//o1in- re?'isi0es "re .resen0:
a7 0ere m's0 be "n "c0'"/ c"se or con0rovers*J
.7 .e0i0ioners "ve 0o r"ise " ?'es0ion o3 cons0i0'0ion"/i0*J
c7 0e cons0i0'0ion"/ ?'es0ion m's0 be r"ised "0 0e e"r/ies0 o..or0'ni0*J "nd
d7 0e decision o3 0e cons0i0'0ion"/ ?'es0ion m's0 be necess"r* 0o 0e de0ermin"0ion o3 0e c"se i0se/34
24
8e res.onden0 con0ended 0"0 since 0e "c0 com./"ined o3 1"s "/re"d* /i30ed b* 66 1021, 0e 3irs0
re?'isi0e is /"c2in-, 0"0 0ere ce"se 0o be "n "c0'"/ c"se or con0rovers* "nd 0e c"se m's0 be 0re"0ed "s moo0 "nd
"c"demic4
8e Lmoo0 "nd "c"demicL .rinci./e is no0 " m"-ic"/ 3orm'/" 0"0 c"n "'0om"0ic"//* diss'"de 0e co'r0s in
reso/vin- " c"se4 Co'r0s 1i// decide c"ses, even moo0 "nd "c"demic, i3:
"& 8ere is " -r"ve vio/"0ion o3 0e Cons0i0'0ionJ
b& 8e eAce.0ion"/ c"r"c0er o3 0e si0'"0ion "nd 0e ."r"mo'n0 .'b/ic in0eres0 is invo/vedJ
c& Fen cons0i0'0ion"/ iss'e r"ised re?'ires 3orm'/"0ion o3 con0ro//in- .rinci./es 0o -'ide 0e benc, 0e
b"r, "nd 0e .'b/icJ
d& 8e c"se is c"."b/e o3 re.e0i0ion *e0 ev"din- revie14
A// 0e 3ore-oin- eAce.0ions "re .resen0 ere "nd 7's0i3* 0is Co'r0Es "ss'm.0ion o3 7'risdic0ion over 0e ins0"n0
.e0i0ions4
U An "c0'"/ c"se or con0rovers* invo/ves " con3/ic0 o3 /e-"/ ri-0, "n o..osi0e /e-"/ c/"ims s'sce.0ib/e o3
7'dici"/ reso/'0ion4 50 is Lde3ini0e "nd concre0e, 0o'cin- 0e /e-"/ re/"0ions o3 ."r0ies "vin- "dverse /e-"/ in0eres0J
UA moo0 "nd "c"demic c"se is one 0"0 ce"ses 0o .resen0 " 7's0ici"b/e con0rovers* b* vir0'e o3
s'.ervenin- even0s,
26
so 0"0 " dec/"r"0ion 0ereon 1o'/d be o3 no .r"c0ic"/ 'se or v"/'e4 Gener"//*, co'r0s dec/ine
7'risdic0ion over s'c c"se or dismiss i0 on -ro'nd o3 moo0ness4
B. LEGAL #TA%$%G
8e Co'r0 o/ds 0"0 "// 0e .e0i0ioners erein "ve locus standi, 0e iss'e bein- o3 C0r"nscenden0"/
im.or0"nceD4
Koc's s0"ndi is de3ined "s L" ri-0 o3 "..e"r"nce in " co'r0 o3 7's0ice on " -iven ?'es0ion4L
3@
5n .riv"0e
s'i0s, s0"ndin- is -overned b* 0e Lre"/!."r0ies!in in0eres04 Accordin-/*, 0e Lre"/!."r0*!in in0eres0L is L 0e ."r0* 1o
s0"nds 0o be bene3i0ed or in7'red b* 0e 7'd-men0 in 0e s'i0 or 0e ."r0* en0i0/ed 0o 0e "v"i/s o3 0e s'i04L
:o1ever, in m"n* c"ses "/re"d* decided b* 0is Co'r0, locus standi bein- " mere .roced'r"/ 0ecnic"/i0*,
0e re?'iremen0 m"* be 1"ived b* 0e Co'r0 in 0e eAercise o3 i0s discre0ion4 8is 1"s done in 0e 1+4+ Emer-enc*
6o1ers C"ses, Araneta *. Dinglasan,
4+
1ere 0e L0r"nscenden0"/ im.or0"nceL o3 0e c"ses .rom.0ed 0e Co'r0 0o "c0
/iber"//*4 8's, 0e Co'r0 "s "do.0ed " r'/e 0"0 even 1ere 0e .e0i0ioners "ve 3"i/ed 0o so1 direc0 in7'r*, 0e*
"ve been "//o1ed 0o s'e 'nder 0e .rinci./e o3 L0r"nscenden0"/ im.or0"nce4L
:o1ever, b* 1"* o3 s'mm"r*, 0e 3o//o1in- r'/es m"* be c'//ed 3rom 0e c"ses decided b* 0is Co'r04
8"A."*ers, vo0ers, concerned ci0i#ens, "nd /e-is/"0ors m"* be "ccorded s0"ndin- 0o s'e, .rovided 0"0 0e 3o//o1in-
re?'iremen0s "re me0:
(2) 0e c"ses invo/ve constitutional issuesJ
(?) 3or ta0paye*s, 0ere m's0 be " c/"im o3 i//e-"/ disb'rsemen0 o3 .'b/ic 3'nds or 0"0 0e 0"A me"s're is
'ncons0i0'0ion"/J
(4) 3or vote*s, 0ere m's0 be " so1in- o3 obvio's in0eres0 in 0e v"/idi0* o3 0e e/ec0ion /"1 in ?'es0ionJ
(F) 3or conce*ne+ citiJens, 0ere m's0 be " so1in- 0"0 0e iss'es r"ised "re o3 0r"nscenden0"/
im.or0"nce 1ic m's0 be se00/ed e"r/*J "nd
(I) 3or legislato*s, 0ere m's0 be " c/"im 0"0 0e o33ici"/ "c0ion com./"ined o3 in3rin-es '.on 0eir
.rero-"0ives "s /e-is/"0ors4
8's even0o'-, C"di# e0 "4/ $1o "ve 3"i/ed 0o "//e-e "n* direc0 or .o0en0i"/ in7'r* 1ic 0e 5B6 "s
ins0i0'0ion or i0s member m"* s'33er&, "nd Ke-"rd" $no .erson"/i0* "s 0"A."*er "s 0ere "re no "//e-"0ion o3 i//e-"/
disb'rsemen0 o3 .'b 3'nds& -ener"//* "ve no .erson"/i0* 0o 3i/e 0e .e0i0ion, -iven 0e 0r"nscenden0"/ im.or0"nce o3
0e iss'es invo/ved, 0e Co'r0 m"* re/"A 0e s0"ndin- re?'iremen0s "nd "//o1 0e s'i0 0o .ros.er des.i0e 0e /"c2 o3
direc0 in7'r* 0o 0e ."r0ies see2in- 7'dici"/ revie14 Hence) this Cou*t hol+s that all the petitione*s he*ein
have locus standi.
?. #(B#TA%T<E
A. 1ACT(AL BA#E#
6e0i0ioners 3"i/ed 0o so1 0"0 6res4 Arro*oEs eAercise o3 0e c"//in-!o'0 .o1er, b* iss'in- 66 101@, is
0o0"//* bere30 o3 3"c0'"/ b"sis4
A re"din- o3 0e So/GenEs Conso/id"0ed Commen0 "nd =emor"nd'm so1s " de0"i/ed n"rr"0ion o3 0e
even0s /e"din- 0o 0e iss'"nce o3 66 101@, 1i0 s'..or0in- re.or0s 3ormin- ."r0 o3 0e records4 =en0ioned "re 0e
esc".e o3 0e ="-d"/o Gro'., 0eir "'d"cio's 0re"0 o3 0e &agdalo D0Day, 0e de3ec0ions in 0e mi/i0"r*, ."r0ic'/"r/*
in 0e 6i/i..ine ="rines, "nd 0e re.rovin- s0"0emen0s 3rom 0e comm'nis0 /e"ders4 8ere 1"s "/so 0e =in'0es o3
0e 5n0e//i-ence Re.or0 "nd Sec'ri0* Gro'. o3 0e 6i/i..ine Arm* so1in- 0e -ro1in- "//i"nce be01een 0e N6A "nd
0e mi/i0"r*4 6e0i0ioners .resen0ed no0in- 0o re3'0e s'c even0s4 8's, "bsen0 "n* con0r"r* "//e-"0ions, 0e Co'r0 is
convinced 0"0 0e 6res4 1"s 7's0i3ied in iss'in- 66 101@ c"//in- 3or mi/i0"r* "id4
%'d-in- 0e serio'sness o3 0e inciden0s, 6res4 Arro*o 1"s no0 eA.ec0ed 0o sim./* 3o/d er "rms "nd do
no0in- 0o .reven0 or s'..ress 1"0 se be/ieved 1"s /"1/ess vio/ence, inv"sion or rebe//ion4
B. C!%#TT(T!%ALT/
1acial Challenge:
A 3"ci"/ revie1 o3 66 101@, 'sin- 0e overbre"d0 doc0rine, is 'nc"//ed 3or4
)"ci"/ inv"/id"0ion o3 /"1s is considered "s Lm"ni3es0/* s0ron- medicine,L 0o be 'sed Ls."rin-/* "nd on/*
"s " /"s0 resor0,L "nd is L-ener"//* dis3"vored4 A 3"ci"/ c"//en-e on 0e -ro'nd o3 overbre"d0 is 0e mos0 di33ic'/0
c"//en-e 0o mo'n0 s'ccess3'//*, since 0e c"//en-er m's0 es0"b/is 0"0 0ere c"n be no ins0"nce 1en 0e "ss"i/ed
/"1 m"* be v"/id4 :ere, .e0i0ioners did no0 even "00em.0 0o so1 1e0er 0is si0'"0ion eAis0s4
6e0i0ioners /i2e1ise see2 " 3"ci"/ revie1 o3 66 101@ on 0e -ro'nd o3 v"-'eness, 1ic o/ds 0"0 L" /"1
is 3"ci"//* inv"/id i3 men o3 common in0e//i-ence m's0 necess"ri/* -'ess "0 i0s me"nin- "nd di33er "s 0o i0s
"../ic"0ion4L :o1ever, //i2e overbre"d0, i0 is s"id 0"0 " /i0i-"n0 m"* c"//en-e " s0"0'0e on i0s 3"ce on/* i3 i0 is v"-'e in
"// i0s .ossib/e "../ic"0ions4 A-"in, .e0i0ioners did no0 even "00em.0 0o so1 0"0 66 101@ is v"-'e in "// i0s
9
"../ic"0ion4 8e* "/so 3"i/ed 0o es0"b/is 0"0 men o3 common in0e//i-ence c"nno0 'nders0"nd 0e me"nin- "nd
"../ic"0ion o3 66 101@4
Constitutional Basis:
8e o.er"0ive .or0ion o3 66 101@ m"* be divided in0o 0ree $3& im.or0"n0 .rovisions, 0's:
i. 1i*st p*ovision: Calling;out "o>e* (Constitutional)
Lb* vir0'e o3 0e .o1er ves0ed '.on me b* Sec0ion 1,, Ar0i/ce >55 X do ereb* comm"nd 0e Armed )orces o3 0e
6i/i..ines, 0o m"in0"in /"1 "nd order 0ro'-o'0 0e 6i/i..ines, .reven0 or s'..ress "// 3orms o3 /"1/ess vio/ence "s
1e// "n* "c0 o3 ins'rrec0ion or rebe//ionL
Hel+: Some o3 0e .e0i0ioners veemen0/* m"in0"in 0"0 66 101@ is "c0'"//* " dec/"r"0ion o3 ="r0i"/ K"14 50 is no so4
F"0 de3ines 0e c"r"c0er o3 66 101@ "re i0s 1ordin-s4 50 is ./"in 0erein 0"0 1"0 0e 6residen0 invo2ed 1"s er
c"//in-!o'0 .o1er4
ii. #econ+ p*ovision: KTaHe Ca*eL "o>e* ((nconstitutional)
L"nd 0o en3orce obedience 0o "// 0e /"1s "nd 0o "// decrees, orders "nd re-'/"0ions .rom'/-"0ed b* me .erson"//* or
'.on m* direc0ionJL
Hel+: 8e .e0i0ioners "ss"i/ 0e c/"'se L0o en3orce obedience 0o "// 0e /"1s "nd 0o "// decrees, orders "nd
re-'/"0ions .rom'/-"0ed b* me .erson"//* or '.on m* direc0ion4L 8is Co'r0 r'/es 0"0 0e "ss"i/ed 66 101@ is
'ncons0i0'0ion"/ inso3"r "s i0 -r"n0s 6residen0 Arro*o 0e "'0ori0* 0o .rom'/-"0e Ldecrees4L Sec0ion 1, Ar0ic/e >5
c"0e-oric"//* s0"0es 0"0 /e-is/"0ive .o1er s"// be ves0ed in 0e Con-ress o3 0e 6i/i..ines 1ic s"// consis0 o3 "
Sen"0e "nd " :o'se o3 Re.resen0"0ives4 8o be s're, nei0er ="r0i"/ K"1 nor " s0"0e o3 rebe//ion nor " s0"0e o3
emer-enc* c"n 7's0i3* 6residen0 Arro*oEs eAercise o3 /e-is/"0ive .o1er b* iss'in- decrees4
iii. Thi*+ p*ovision: "o>e* to TaHe !ve* ((nconsitutional)
K5n 0imes o3 n"0ion"/ emer-enc*, 1en 0e .'b/ic in0eres0 so re?'ires, 0e S0"0e m"*, d'rin- 0e emer-enc* "nd 'nder
re"son"b/e 0erms .rescribed b* i0, 0em.or"ri/* 0"2e over or direc0 0e o.er"0ion o3 "n* .riv"0e/*!o1ned .'b/ic '0i/i0* or
b'siness "33ec0ed 1i0 .'b/ic in0eres04D
Hel+: 6e0i0ioners, ."r0ic'/"r/* 0e members o3 0e :o'se o3 Re.resen0"0ives, c/"im 0"0 6residen0 Arro*oEs inc/'sion o3
Sec0ion 1@, Ar0ic/e 955 in 66 101@ is "n encro"cmen0 on 0e /e-is/"0'reEs emer-enc* .o1ers4 A dis0inc0ion m's0 be
dr"1n be01een 0e 6residen0Es "'0ori0* 0o $1& +ecla*e L" s0"0e o3 n"0ion"/ emer-enc*L "nd $2& 0o
e0e*cise emer-enc* .o1ers4 8o 0e 3irs0, no /e-i0im"0e cons0i0'0ion"/ ob7ec0ion c"n be r"ised4 B'0 0o eAercise o3
emer-enc* .o1ers, s'c "s 0e 0"2in- over o3 .riv"0e/* o1ned .'b/ic '0i/i0* or b'siness "33ec0ed 1i0 .'b/ic in0eres0, is
" di33eren0 m"00er4 8is re?'ires " de/e-"0ion 3rom Con-ress4
8's, 1en Sec0ion 1@ s0"0es 0"0 0e @the State may$ during the emergency and under reasona.le terms
prescri.ed .y it$ temporarily ta=e o*er or direct the operation of any pri*ately o8ned pu.lic utility or .usiness affected
8ith pu.lic interest$@ i0 re3ers 0o Con-ress, no0 0e 6residen04 No1, 1e0er or no0 0e 6residen0 m"* eAercise s'c
.o1er is de.enden0 on 1e0er Con-ress m"* de/e-"0e i0 0o im .'rs'"n0 0o " /"1 .rescribin- 0e re"son"b/e 0erms
0ereo34
Hel+: 6e0i0ioner Cacho0li*ares, et al. $G4R4 No4 1@140+& "/so con0ends 0"0 0e 0erm Lemer-enc*L re3ers 0o
L0s'n"mi,L L0*.oon,L L'rric"neL "nd simi/"r occ'rrences4 Co'r0 r'/e 0"0 0is " /imi0ed vie1 o3 Lemer-enc*D4
Emer-enc*, "s " -eneric 0erm, conno0es 0e eAis0ence o3 condi0ions s'dden/* in0ensi3*in- 0e de-ree o3 eAis0in-
d"n-er 0o /i3e or 1e//!bein- be*ond 0"0 1ic is "cce.0ed "s norm"/4 Emer-encies, "s .erceived b* /e-is/"0're or
eAec'0ive in 0e ;ni0ed S"0es since 1+33, "ve been occ"sioned b* " 1ide r"n-e o3 si0'"0ions, c/"ssi3i"b/e 'nder
0ree $3& .rinci."/ e"ds: "&economic, b& n"0'r"/ dis"s0er, "nd c& n"0ion"/ sec'ri0*4
As applie+ Challenge
6residen0 Arro*o iss'ed G4(4 No4 5 0o c"rr* in0o e33ec0 0e .rovisions o3 66 101@4 50 m"nd"0es 0e A)6
"nd 0e 6N6 0o immedi"0e/* c"rr* o'0 0e Lnecess"r* "nd "..ro.ri"0e "c0ions "nd me"s'res 0o s'..ress "nd .reven0
"c0s o3 0errorism "nd /"1/ess vio/ence4L Si-ni3ic"n0/*, 0ere is no0in- in G4(4 No4 5 "'0ori#in- 0e mi/i0"r* or .o/ice 0o
commi0 "c0s be*ond 1"0 "re necess"r* "nd "..ro.ri"0e 0o s'..ress "nd .reven0 /"1/ess vio/ence , 0e /imi0"0ion o3
0eir "'0ori0* in .'rs'in- 0e (rder4 (0er1ise, s'c "c0s "re considered i//e-"/4 8e ri-0 o3 0e .e0i0ioners "-"ins0
'nre"son"b/e se"rc "nd sei#'reJ 0e ri-0 "-"ins0 1"rr"n0/ess "rres0J "nd 0e 3reedom o3 s.eec, o3 eA.ression, o3
0e .ress, so'/d no0 be vio/"0ed4 D'rin- emer-enc*, -overnmen0"/ "c0ion m"* v"r* in bre"d0 "nd in0ensi0* 3rom
norm"/ 0imes, *e0 0e* so'/d no0 be "rbi0r"r* "s 0o 'nd'/* res0r"in o'r .eo./eEs /iber0*4
G4(4 No4 5 is C(NS858;85(NAK since i0 .rovides " s0"nd"rd b* 1ic 0e A)6 "nd 0e 6N6 so'/d
im./emen0 66 101@, i4e4 1"0ever is Lnecess"r* "nd "..ro.ri"0e "c0ions "nd me"s'res 0o s'..ress "nd .reven0 "c0s
o3 /"1/ess vio/ence4L Considerin- 0"0 L"c0s o3 0errorismL "ve no0 *e0 been de3ined "nd m"de .'nis"b/e b* 0e
Ke-is/"0're, s'c .or0ion o3 G4(4 No4 5 is dec/"red ;NC(NS858;85(NAK4
8e 1"rr"n0/ess "rres0 o3 R"ndo/3 S4 D"vid "nd Ron"/d K/"m"sJ 0e dis.ers"/ "nd 1"rr"n0/ess "rres0 o3
0e W=; "nd NA)K;!W=; members d'rin- 0eir r"//ies, in 0e "bsence o3 .roo3 0"0 0ese .e0i0ioners 1ere
commi00in- "c0s cons0i0'0in- /"1/ess vio/ence, inv"sion or rebe//ion "nd vio/"0in- B6 ,,0J 0e im.osi0ion o3 s0"nd"rds
on medi" or "n* 3orm o3 .rior res0r"in0 on 0e .ress, "s 1e// "s 0e 1"rr"n0/ess se"rc o3 0e -ri.une o33ices "nd
1imsic"/ sei#'re o3 i0s "r0ic/es 3or .'b/ic"0ion "nd o0er m"0eri"/s, "re dec/"red ;NC(NS858;85(NAK4
$GE#T !1 $GE#T: $6"n-!-"*" 2on- 0"m"d &
1ACT#:
14 (n )ebr'"r* 24, 2006, 6G=A iss'ed 66 101@ dec/"rin- " s0"0e o3 n"0ion"/ emer-enc* "s 0ere 1ere
circ'ms0"nces "nd in0erce.0ed in3orm"0ion 0"0 0ere "re cons.ir"c* "mon- some mi/i0"r* o33icers $="-d"/o Gro'.&,
/e30is0 ins'r-en0s o3 0e Ne1 6eo./eEs Arm* $N6A&, "nd some members o3 0e .o/i0ic"/ o..osi0ion in " ./o0 0o 'nse"0
"ndIor "ss"ssin"0e 6res4 Arro*o4
24 8e @ .e0i0ions 1ere 3i/ed "-"ins0 cons0i0'0ion"/i0* o3 66 101@4
34 (ne 1ee2 "30er "nd "30er "// 0e @ .e0i0ions "d been 3i/ed, 0e 6res4 iss'ed 66 1021 0"0 dec/"rin- 0"0 s0"0e
n"0ion"/ emer-enc* "d ce"sed "nd so 66 101@ /i30ed4
##(E#:
14 F(N 0e iss'"nce o3 66 1021 renders 0e .e0i0ions moo0 "nd "c"demic4
24 F(N .e0i0ioners "ve /oc's s0"ndi 0o 3i/e 0e c"se4
34 F(N 0e dec/"r"0ion "nd iss'"nce o3 66 101@ "ve 3"c0'"/ b"ses4
44 F(N 66 101@ "nd G4(4 No4 5 'ncons0i0'0ion"/4
HEL$:
14 8e Co'r0 o/ds 0"0 6res4 Arro*oEs iss'"nce o3 66 1021 did no0 render 0e .resen0 .e0i0ions moo0 "nd "c"demic4
8e Lmoo0 "nd "c"demicL .rinci./e is no0 " m"-ic"/ 3orm'/" 0"0 c"n "'0om"0ic"//* diss'"de 0e co'r0s in reso/vin- "
c"se4 Co'r0s 1i// decide c"ses, even moo0 "nd "c"demic, i3:
"& 8ere is " -r"ve vio/"0ion o3 0e Cons0i0'0ionJ
b& 8e eAce.0ion"/ c"r"c0er o3 0e si0'"0ion "nd 0e ."r"mo'n0 .'b/ic in0eres0 is invo/vedJ
c& Fen cons0i0'0ion"/ iss'e r"ised re?'ires 3orm'/"0ion o3 con0ro//in- .rinci./es 0o -'ide 0e benc, 0e
b"r, "nd 0e .'b/icJ
d& 8e c"se is c"."b/e o3 re.e0i0ion *e0 ev"din- revie14
A// 0e 3ore-oin- eAce.0ions "re .resen0 ere "nd 7's0i3* 0is Co'r0Es "ss'm.0ion o3 7'risdic0ion over 0e ins0"n0
.e0i0ions4
24 Even0o'-, C"di# e0 "4/ $1o "ve 3"i/ed 0o "//e-e "n* direc0 or .o0en0i"/ in7'r* 1ic 0e 5B6 "s ins0i0'0ion or i0s
member m"* s'33er&, "nd Ke-"rd" $no .erson"/i0* "s 0"A."*er "s 0ere "re no "//e-"0ion o3 i//e-"/ disb'rsemen0 o3
.'b 3'nds& -ener"//* "ve no .erson"/i0* 0o 3i/e 0e .e0i0ion, -iven 0e 0r"nscenden0"/ im.or0"nce o3 0e iss'es
invo/ved, 0e Co'r0 m"* re/"A 0e s0"ndin- re?'iremen0s "nd "//o1 0e s'i0 0o .ros.er des.i0e 0e /"c2 o3 direc0 in7'r*
0o 0e ."r0ies see2in- 7'dici"/ revie1
34 6e0i0ioners 3"i/ed 0o so1 0"0 6res4 Arro*oEs eAercise o3 0e c"//in-!o'0 .o1er, b* iss'in- 66 101@, is 0o0"//* bere30
o3 3"c0'"/ b"sis4 A re"din- o3 0e So/GenEs Conso/id"0ed Commen0 "nd =emor"nd'm so1s " de0"i/ed n"rr"0ion o3
0e even0s /e"din- 0o 0e iss'"nce o3 66 101@, 1i0 s'..or0in- re.or0s 3ormin- ."r0 o3 0e records4 =en0ioned "re 0e
esc".e o3 0e ="-d"/o Gro'., 0eir "'d"cio's 0re"0 o3 0e &agdalo D0Day, 0e de3ec0ions in 0e mi/i0"r*, ."r0ic'/"r/*
in 0e 6i/i..ine ="rines, "nd 0e re.rovin- s0"0emen0s 3rom 0e comm'nis0 /e"ders4 8ere 1"s "/so 0e =in'0es o3
0e 5n0e//i-ence Re.or0 "nd Sec'ri0* Gro'. o3 0e 6i/i..ine Arm* so1in- 0e -ro1in- "//i"nce be01een 0e N6A "nd
0e mi/i0"r*4 6e0i0ioners .resen0ed no0in- 0o re3'0e s'c even0s4 8's, "bsen0 "n* con0r"r* "//e-"0ions, 0e Co'r0 is
convinced 0"0 0e 6res4 1"s 7's0i3ied in iss'in- 66 101@ c"//in- 3or mi/i0"r* "id4%'d-in- 0e serio'sness o3 0e
10
inciden0s, 6res4 Arro*o 1"s no0 eA.ec0ed 0o sim./* 3o/d er "rms "nd do no0in- 0o .reven0 or s'..ress 1"0 se
be/ieved 1"s /"1/ess vio/ence, inv"sion or rebe//ion4
44 8e Co'r0 r'/es 0"0 66 101@ is C(NS858;85(NAK inso3"r "s i0 cons0i0'0es " c"// b* 6residen0 G/ori" ="c"."-"/!
Arro*o on 0e A)6 0o .reven0 or s'..ress /"1/ess vio/ence4 :o1ever, 0e .rovisions o3 66 101@ comm"ndin- 0e A)6
0o en3orce /"1s no0 re/"0ed 0o /"1/ess vio/ence, "s 1e// "s decrees .rom'/-"0ed b* 0e 6residen0, "re
dec/"red ;NC(NS858;85(NAK4
5n "ddi0ion, 0e .rovision in 66 101@ dec/"rin- n"0ion"/ emer-enc* 'nder Sec0ion 1@, Ar0ic/e >55 o3 0e
Cons0i0'0ion is C(NS858;85(NAK, b'0 s'c dec/"r"0ion does no0 "'0ori#e 0e 6residen0 0o 0"2e over .riv"0e/*!
o1ned .'b/ic '0i/i0* or b'siness "33ec0ed 1i0 .'b/ic in0eres0 1i0o'0 .rior /e-is/"0ion4
G4(4 No4 5 is C(NS858;85(NAK since i0 .rovides " s0"nd"rd b* 1ic 0e A)6 "nd 0e 6N6 so'/d
im./emen0 66 101@, i4e4 1"0ever is Lnecess"r* "nd "..ro.ri"0e "c0ions "nd me"s'res 0o s'..ress "nd .reven0 "c0s
o3 /"1/ess vio/ence4L Considerin- 0"0 L"c0s o3 0errorismL "ve no0 *e0 been de3ined "nd m"de .'nis"b/e b* 0e
Ke-is/"0're, s'c .or0ion o3 G4(4 No4 5 is dec/"red ;NC(NS858;85(NAK4
8e 1"rr"n0/ess "rres0 o3 R"ndo/3 S4 D"vid "nd Ron"/d K/"m"sJ 0e dis.ers"/ "nd 1"rr"n0/ess "rres0 o3
0e W=; "nd NA)K;!W=; members d'rin- 0eir r"//ies, in 0e "bsence o3 .roo3 0"0 0ese .e0i0ioners 1ere
commi00in- "c0s cons0i0'0in- /"1/ess vio/ence, inv"sion or rebe//ion "nd vio/"0in- B6 ,,0J 0e im.osi0ion o3 s0"nd"rds
on medi" or "n* 3orm o3 .rior res0r"in0 on 0e .ress, "s 1e// "s 0e 1"rr"n0/ess se"rc o3 0e -ri.une o33ices "nd
1imsic"/ sei#'re o3 i0s "r0ic/es 3or .'b/ic"0ion "nd o0er m"0eri"/s, "re dec/"red ;NC(NS858;85(NAK4
CASE 13: )(R8;N $FAKA 6A &
CASE 14:
G.R. %o. 2A3646 Ap*il ?I) ?@@A
BA/A% vs #ec. E*mita
AJcuna) J.
1ACT#: 8e 3irs0 .e0i0ioners, Bayan, et al4, in G4R4 No4 16+,3,, "//e-e 0"0 0e* "re ci0i#ens "nd 0"A."*ers o3 0e
6i/i..ines "nd 0"0 0eir ri-0s "s or-"ni#"0ions "nd individ'"/s 1ere vio/"0ed 1en 0e r"//* 0e* ."r0ici."0ed in on
(c0ober 6, 2005 1"s vio/en0/* dis.ersed b* .o/icemen im./emen0in- B"0"s 6"mb"ns" $B464& No4 ,,04
8e second -ro'. consis0s o3 26 individ'"/ .e0i0ioners, Jess +el "*a+o, et al4, in G4R4 No4 16+,4,, 1o "//e-e 0"0
0e* 1ere in7'red, "rres0ed "nd de0"ined 1en " .e"ce3'/ m"ss "c0ion 0e* e/d on Se.0ember 26, 2005 1"s
.reem.0ed "nd vio/en0/* dis.ersed b* 0e .o/ice4 8e* 3'r0er "sser0 0"0 on (c0ober 5, 2005, " -ro'. 0e*
."r0ici."0ed in m"rced 0o ="/"c"<"n- 0o .ro0es0 iss'"nces o3 0e 6"/"ce 1ic, 0e* c/"im, .'0 0e co'n0r* 'nder "n
L'ndec/"redL m"r0i"/ r'/e, "nd 0e .ro0es0 1"s /i2e1ise dis.ersed vio/en0/* "nd m"n* "mon- 0em 1ere "rres0ed "nd
s'33ered in7'ries4
8e 0ird -ro'., Gilusang &ayo (no (G&()) et al, c/"im 0"0 on (c0ober 4, 2005, " r"//* W=; co!s.onsored 1"s 0o
be cond'c0ed "0 0e =endio/" brid-e b'0 .o/ice b/oc2ed 0em "/on- C4=4 Rec0o "nd Ke."n0o S0ree0s "nd 3orcib/*
dis.ersed 0em, c"'sin- in7'ries 0o sever"/ o3 0eir members4 8e* 3'r0er "//e-e 0"0 on (c0ober 6, 2005, " m'/0i!
sec0or"/ r"//* 1ic W=; "/so co!s.onsored 1"s sced'/ed 0o .roceed "/on- Es."<" Aven'e in 3ron0 o3 0e ;niversi0*
o3 S"n0o 8om"s "nd -oin- 0o1"rds =endio/" brid-e4 6o/ice o33icers b/oc2ed 0em "/on- =or"*0" S0ree0 "nd .reven0ed
0em 3rom .roceedin- 3'r0er4 8e* 1ere 0en 3orcib/* dis.ersed, c"'sin- in7'ries on one o3 0em4 8ree o0er r"//*is0s
1ere "rres0ed4
A// .e0i0ioners "ss"i/ B"0"s 6"mb"ns" No4 ,,0, some o3 0em in toto "nd o0ers on/* Sec0ions 4, 5, 6, 12, 13$"&, "nd
14$"&, "s 1e// "s 0e .o/ic* o3 C6R4 8e* see2 0o s0o. vio/en0 dis.ers"/s o3 r"//ies 'nder 0e Lno .ermi0, no r"//*L .o/ic*
"nd 0e C6R .o/ic* recen0/* "nno'nced4
6e0i0ioners Bayan) et al4, con0end 0"0 B"0"s 6"mb"ns" No4 ,,0 is c/e"r/* " vio/"0ion o3 0e Cons0i0'0ion "nd 0e
5n0ern"0ion"/ Coven"n0 on Civi/ "nd 6o/i0ic"/ Ri-0s "nd o0er 'm"n ri-0s 0re"0ies o3 1ic 0e 6i/i..ines is "
si-n"0or*4
8e* "r-'e 0"0 B464 No4 ,,0 re?'ires " .ermi0 be3ore one c"n s0"-e " .'b/ic "ssemb/* re-"rd/ess o3 0e .resence or
"bsence o3 " c/e"r "nd .resen0 d"n-er4 50 "/so c'r0"i/s 0e coice o3 ven'e "nd is 0's re.'-n"n0 0o 0e 3reedom o3
eA.ression c/"'se "s 0e 0ime "nd ./"ce o3 " .'b/ic "ssemb/* 3orm ."r0 o3 0e mess"-e 3or 1ic 0e eA.ression is
so'-04 )'r0ermore, i0 is no0 con0en0!ne'0r"/ "s i0 does no0 "../* 0o m"ss "c0ions in s'..or0 o3 0e -overnmen04 8e
1ords L/"13'/ c"'se,L Lo.inion,L L.ro0es0in- or in3/'encin-L s'--es0 0e eA.osi0ion o3 some c"'se no0 es.o'sed b* 0e
-overnmen04 A/so, 0e .r"se Lm"Aim'm 0o/er"nceL so1s 0"0 0e /"1 "../ies 0o "ssemb/ies "-"ins0 0e -overnmen0
bec"'se 0e* "re bein- 0o/er"0ed4 As " con0en0!b"sed /e-is/"0ion, i0 c"nno0 ."ss 0e s0ric0 scr'0in* 0es04
6e0i0ioners Jess +el "*a+o) et al4, in 0'rn, "r-'e 0"0 B464 No4 ,,0 is 'ncons0i0'0ion"/ "s i0 is " c'r0"i/men0 o3 0e ri-0
0o .e"ce3'//* "ssemb/e "nd .e0i0ion 3or redress o3 -riev"nces bec"'se i0 .'0s " condi0ion 3or 0e v"/id eAercise o3 0"0
ri-04 50 "/so c"r"c0eri#es .'b/ic "ssemb/ies 1i0o'0 " .ermi0 "s i//e-"/ "nd .en"/i#es 0em "nd "//o1s 0eir dis.ers"/4
8's, i0s .rovisions "re no0 mere re-'/"0ions b'0 "re "c0'"//* .roibi0ions4
)in"//*, .e0i0ioners G&() et al.) "r-'e 0"0 0e Cons0i0'0ion se0s no /imi0s on 0e ri-0 0o "ssemb/* "nd 0ere3ore B464
No4 ,,0 c"nno0 .'0 0e .rior re?'iremen0 o3 sec'rin- " .ermi04 And even "ss'min- 0"0 0e /e-is/"0're c"n se0 /imi0s 0o
0is ri-0, 0e /imi0s .rovided "re 'nre"son"b/e: )irs0, "//o1in- 0e ="*or 0o den* 0e .ermi0 on c/e"r "nd convincin-
evidence o3 " c/e"r "nd .resen0 d"n-er is 0oo com.reensive4 Second, 0e 3ive!d"* re?'iremen0 0o "../* 3or " .ermi0
is 0oo /on- "s cer0"in even0s re?'ire ins0"n0 .'b/ic "ssemb/*, o0er1ise in0eres0 on 0e iss'e 1o'/d .ossib/* 1"ne4
As 0o 0e C6R .o/ic*, 0e* "r-'e 0"0 i0 is .reem.0ive, 0"0 0e -overnmen0 0"2es "c0ion even be3ore 0e r"//*is0s c"n
.er3orm 0eir "c0, "nd 0"0 no /"1, ordin"nce or eAec'0ive order s'..or0s 0e .o/ic*4 )'r0ermore, i0 con0r"venes 0e
m"Aim'm 0o/er"nce .o/ic* o3 B464 No4 ,,0 "nd vio/"0es 0e Cons0i0'0ion "s i0 c"'ses " ci//in- e33ec0 on 0e eAercise
b* 0e .eo./e o3 0e ri-0 0o .e"ce"b/* "ssemb/e4
Res.onden0s "r-'ed 0"0 .e0i0ioners "ve no s0"ndin-4 B6 ,,0 en0"i/s 0r"33ic re!ro'0in- 0o .reven0 -r"ve .'b/ic
inconvenience "nd serio's or 'nd'e in0er3erence in 0e 3ree 3/o1 o3 commerce "nd 0r"de4 50 is con0en0!ne'0r"/
re-'/"0ion o3 0e 0ime, ./"ce "nd m"nner o3 o/din- .'b/ic "ssemb/ies4 Accordin- 0o A0ien#" RA4 @160 -ives 0e ="*or
.o1er 0o den* " .ermi0 inde.enden0/* o3 B464 No4 ,,04 "nd 0"0 0e .ermi0 is 3or 0e 'se o3 " .'b/ic ./"ce "nd no0 3or
0e eAercise o3 ri-0sJ "nd 0"0 B464 No4 ,,0 is no0 " con0en0!b"sed re-'/"0ion bec"'se i0 covers "// r"//ies4
##(E: F(N B464 ,,0 is 'ncons0i0'0ion"/
HEL$: B464 No4 ,,0 is no0 "n "bso/'0e b"n o3 .'b/ic "ssemb/ies b'0 " res0ric0ion 0"0 sim./* re-'/"0es 0e 0ime, ./"ce
"nd m"nner o3 0e "ssemb/ies4 8is 1"s "dver0ed 0o in sme<a *. Comelec$ 1ere 0e Co'r0 re3erred 0o i0 "s "
Lcon0en0!ne'0r"/L re-'/"0ion o3 0e 0ime, ./"ce, "nd m"nner o3 o/din- .'b/ic "ssemb/ies4
A 3"ir "nd im."r0i"/ re"din- o3 B464 No4 ,,0 0's re"di/* so1s 0"0 i0 re3ers 0o all 2inds o3 .'b/ic "ssemb/ies 0"0
1o'/d 'se .'b/ic ./"ces4 8e re3erence 0o L/"13'/ c"'seL does no0 m"2e i0 con0en0!b"sed bec"'se "ssemb/ies re"//*
"ve 0o be 3or /"13'/ c"'ses, o0er1ise 0e* 1o'/d no0 be L.e"ce"b/eL "nd en0i0/ed 0o .ro0ec0ion4 Nei0er "re 0e
1ords Lo.inion,L L.ro0es0in-L "nd Lin3/'encin-L in 0e de3ini0ion o3 .'b/ic "ssemb/* con0en0 b"sed, since 0e* c"n re3er
0o "n* s'b7ec04 8e 1ords L.e0i0ionin- 0e -overnmen0 3or redress o3 -riev"ncesL come 3rom 0e 1ordin- o3 0e
Cons0i0'0ion, so i0s 'se c"nno0 be "voided4 )in"//*, m"Aim'm 0o/er"nce is 3or 0e .ro0ec0ion "nd bene3i0 o3 "// r"//*is0s
"nd is inde.enden0 o3 0e con0en0 o3 0e eA.ressions in 0e r"//*4
)'r0ermore, 0e .ermi0 c"n on/* be denied on 0e -ro'nd o3 c/e"r "nd .resen0 d"n-er 0o .'b/ic order, .'b/ic s"3e0*,
.'b/ic convenience, .'b/ic mor"/s or .'b/ic e"/04
A0 "n* r"0e, 0e Co'r0 r'/es 0"0 in vie1 o3 0e m"Aim'm 0o/er"nce m"nd"0ed b* B464 No4 ,,0, i0 rei0er"0es 0e b"sic
.o/ic* o3 '.o/din- 0e 3'nd"men0"/ ri-0s o3 o'r .eo./e, es.eci"//* 3reedom o3 eA.ression "nd 3reedom o3 "ssemb/*4
5n sever"/ .o/ic* "ddresses, Cie3 %'s0ice Ar0emio >4 6"n-"nib"n "s re.e"0ed/* vo1ed 0o '.o/d 0e /iber0* o3 o'r
.eo./e "nd 0o n'r0're 0eir .ros.eri0*4 :e s"id 0"0 Lin c"ses invo/vin- /iber0*, 0e sc"/es o3 7's0ice so'/d 1ei-
e"vi/* "-"ins0 0e -overnmen0 "nd in 3"vor o3 0e .oor, 0e o..ressed, 0e m"r-in"/i#ed, 0e dis.ossessed "nd 0e
1e"24 5ndeed, /"1s "nd "c0ions 0"0 res0ric0 3'nd"men0"/ ri-0s come 0o 0e co'r0s 1i0 " e"v* .res'm.0ion "-"ins0
0eir v"/idi0*4 8ese /"1s "nd "c0ions "re s'b7ec0ed 0o heightene+ scr'0in*4L
)or 0is re"son, 0e so!c"//ed c"/ibr"0ed .reem.0ive res.onse .o/ic* "s no ./"ce in o'r /e-"/ 3irm"men0 "nd m's0 be
s0r'c2 do1n "s " d"r2ness 0"0 sro'ds 3reedom4 50 mere/* con3'ses o'r .eo./e "nd is 'sed b* some .o/ice "-en0s 0o
7's0i3* "b'ses4 (n 0e o0er "nd, B464 No4 ,,0 c"nno0 be condemned "s 'ncons0i0'0ion"/J i0 does no0 c'r0"i/ or 'nd'/*
res0ric0 3reedomsJ i0 mere/* re-'/"0es 0e 'se o3 .'b/ic ./"ces "s 0o 0e 0ime, ./"ce "nd m"nner o3 "ssemb/ies4 )"r
3rom bein- insidio's, Lm"Aim'm 0o/er"nceL is 3or 0e bene3i0 o3 r"//*is0s, no0 0e -overnmen04 8e de/e-"0ion 0o 0e
m"*ors o3 0e .o1er 0o iss'e r"//* L.ermi0sL is v"/id bec"'se i0 is s'b7ec0 0o 0e cons0i0'0ion"//*!so'nd Lc/e"r "nd
.resen0 d"n-erL s0"nd"rd4
CASE 15:
R!'(E) JR. vs. C!&&##!% !% ELECT!%#
G4R4 No4 1,,456 Se.0ember 10, 200+
>EKASC(, %R4, %4:
1ACT#: 6e0i0ioners :4 :"rr* K4 Ro?'e, %r4, e0 "/4, s'in- "s 0"A."*ers "nd concerned ci0i#ens, see2 0o n'//i3*
res.onden0 Come/ecEs "1"rd o3 0e 2010 E/ec0ions A'0om"0ion 6ro7ec0 $"'0om"0ion .ro7ec0& 0o 0e 7oin0 ven0're o3
8o0"/ 5n3orm"0ion ="n"-emen0 Cor.or"0ion $85=& "nd Sm"r0m"0ic 5n0ern"0ion"/ Cor.or"0ion $Sm"r0m"0ic& "nd 0o
.erm"nen0/* .roibi0 0e Come/ec, 85= "nd Sm"r0m"0ic 3rom si-nin- "ndIor im./emen0in- 0e corres.ondin- con0r"c0!
"1"rd4
(n December 22, 1++@, Con-ress en"c0ed RA ,436 "'0ori#in- 0e "do.0ion o3 "n "'0om"0ed e/ec0ion s*s0em $AES&
in 0e ="* 11, 1++, n"0ion"/ "nd /oc"/ e/ec0ions "nd on1"rds4 8e 1++,, 2001, "nd 2004 n"0ion"/ "nd /oc"/ .o//s,
o1ever, c"me "nd 1en0 "nd 1ere cond'c0ed s0i// 'sin- .'re/* m"n'"/ e/ec0ions4 (n %"n'"r* 23, 200@, 0e
11
"mend"0or* RA +36+ 1"s ."ssed "'0ori#in- "ne1 0e Come/ec 0o 'se "n AES4 8e AES 1"s no0 '0i/i#ed in 0e ="*
10, 200@ e/ec0ions, "s 3'nds 1ere no0 "..ro.ri"0ed 3or 0"0 .'r.ose b* Con-ress "nd d'e 0o 0ime cons0r"in0s4
RA +36+ c"//s 3or 0e cre"0ion o3 0e Come/ec Advisor* Co'nci/ $CAC&4 CAC is 0o recommend 0e mos0 "..ro.ri"0e,
"../ic"b/e "nd cos0!e33ec0ive 0ecno/o-* 0o be "../ied 0o 0e AES4 8o be cre"0ed b* Come/ec 0oo is 0e 8ecnic"/
Ev"/'"0ion Commi00ee $8EC& 1ic is 0"s2ed 0o cer0i3*, 0ro'- "n es0"b/ised in0ern"0ion"/ cer0i3ic"0ion commi00ee,
no0 /"0er 0"n 0ree mon0s be3ore 0e e/ec0ions, b* c"0e-oric"//* s0"0in- 0"0 0e AES, inc/'sive o3 i0s "rd1"re "nd
so301"re com.onen0s, is o.er"0in- .ro.er/* "nd "cc'r"0e/* b"sed on de3ined "nd doc'men0ed s0"nd"rds4
5n A'-'s0 200,, Come/ec m"n"-ed 0o "'0om"0e 0e re-ion"/ .o//s in 0e A'0onomo's Re-ion o3 ='s/im =ind"n"o
$AR==&, 'sin- direc0 recordin- e/ec0ronics $DRE& 0ecno/o-* in 0e .rovince o3 ="-'ind"n"oJ "nd 0e o.0ic"/ m"r2
re"derIrecordin- $(=R& s*s0em, ."r0ic'/"r/* 0e Cen0r"/ Co'n0 (.0ic"/ Sc"n $CC(S&, in 0e res0 o3 AR==4 F"0
scores "i/ed "s s'ccess3'/ "'0om"0ed AR== 200, e/ec0ions ."ved 0e 1"* 3or Come/ec, 1i0 some .roddin- 3rom
sen"0ors, 0o .re."re 3or " n"0ion1ide com.'0eri#ed r'n 3or 0e 2010 n"0ion"/I/oc"/ .o//s, 1i0 0e m"n* /essons
/e"rned 3rom 0e AR== eA.erience in3/'encin- 0e 0ecno/o-* se/ec0ion 3or 0e 2010 "'0om"0ed e/ec0ions4
Accordin-/*, in e"r/* ="rc 200+, 0e Come/ec re/e"sed 0e Re?'es0 3or 6ro.os"/ $R)6&, "/so 2no1n "s 8erms o3
Re3erence $8(R&, 3or 0e n"0ion1ide "'0om"0ion o3 0e vo0in-, co'n0in-, 0r"nsmission, conso/id"0ion "nd c"nv"ssin-
o3 vo0es 3or 0e ="* 10, 2010 S*ncroni#ed N"0ion"/ "nd Koc"/ E/ec0ions4
8o "ddress 0e .ossibi/i0* o3 s*s0ems 3"i/'re, 0e R)6 re?'ired in0eres0ed bidders 0o s'bmi0, "mon- o0er 0in-s: "
con0in'i0* ./"n "nd " b"c2!'. ./"n4
;nder 0e 01o!enve/o.e s*s0em desi-ned 'nder 0e R)6, e"c ."r0ici."0in- bidder s"// s'bmi0, "s ."r0 o3 i0s bid, "n
E/i-ibi/i0* Enve/o.e 0"0 so'/d in0er "/i" es0"b/is 0e bidderEs e/i-ibi/i0* 0o bid4 (n 0e o0er "nd, 0e second
enve/o.e, or 0e Bid Enve/o.e i0se/3, s"// con0"in 01o enve/o.es 0"0, in 0'rn, s"// con0"in 0e 0ecnic"/ .ro.os"/ "nd
0e 3in"nci"/ .ro.os"/, res.ec0ive/*4
S'bse?'en0/*, 0e Come/ec S.eci"/ Bids "nd A1"rds Commi00ee $SBAC&, e"r/ier cons0i0'0ed .'r.ose/* 3or 0e
"3ores"id .ro7ec0, c"'sed 0e .'b/ic"0ion in di33eren0 ne1s.".ers o3 0e 5nvi0"0ion 0o A../* 3or E/i-ibi/i0* "nd 0o Bid 3or
0e .roc'remen0 o3 -oods "nd services 0o be 'sed in 0e "'0om"0ion .ro7ec04 =e"n1i/e, Con-ress en"c0ed RA +525
"..ro.ri"0in- some 66 1143 bi//ion "s s'../emen0"/ b'd-e0 3or 0e ="* 10, 2010 "'0om"0ed n"0ion"/ "nd /oc"/
e/ec0ions4
;nder 0e R)6, "mon- 0ose e/i-ib/e 0o ."r0ici."0e in 0e biddin- "re m"n'3"c0'rers, s'../iers "ndIor dis0rib'0ors
3ormin- 0emse/ves in0o " 7oin0 ven0're4 A 7oin0 ven0're is de3ined "s " -ro'. o3 01o or more m"n'3"c0'rers, s'../iers
"ndIor dis0rib'0ors 0"0 in0end 0o be 7oin0/* "nd sever"//* res.onsib/e or /i"b/e 3or " ."r0ic'/"r con0r"c04
Amon- 0e s'bmi00ed bids 1"s 0"0 o3 0e 7oin0 ven0're $%>& o3 85= "nd Sm"r0m"0ic, 0e 3ormer incor.or"0ed 'nder 0e
Cor.or"0ion Code o3 0e 6i/i..ines4 Sm"r0m"0ic, on 0e o0er "nd, 1"s or-"ni#ed 'nder 0e /"1s o3 B"rb"dos4 )or
" s0"0ed "mo'n0, s"id %> .ro.osed 0o 'nder0"2e 0e 1o/e "'0om"0ion .ro7ec0, inc/'sive o3 0e de/iver* o3 ,2,200
6C(S m"cines4 )o//o1in- 0e o.enin- o3 0e ."ssin- biddersE Bid Enve/o.e "nd ev"/'"0in- 0e 0ecnic"/ "nd
3in"nci"/ .ro.os"/s 0erein con0"ined, 0e SBAC, dec/"red 0e "bove!s0"0ed bid o3 0e %> o3 85=!Sm"r0m"0ic "s 0e
sin-/e com./*in- c"/c'/"0ed bid4 As re?'ired b* 0e R)6, 0e bid enve/o.e con0"ined "n o'0/ine o3 0e 7oin0 ven0'reEs
b"c2!'. "nd con0in'i0* or con0in-enc* ./"ns, in c"se o3 " s*s0ems bre"2do1n or "n* s'c even0'"/i0* 1ic s"//
res'/0 in 0e de/"*, obs0r'c0ion or non.er3orm"nce o3 0e e/ec0or"/ .rocess4
A30er dec/"rin- 85=!Sm"r0m"0ic "s 0e bes0 com./*in- bidder, 0e SBAC 0en direc0ed 0e 7oin0 ven0're 0o 'nder0"2e
.os0!?'"/i3ic"0ion screenin-, "nd i0s 6C(S .ro0o0*.e m"cinesHH0e Sm"rm"0ic A'di0"b/e E/ec0ronic S*s0em $SAES&
1,00HH0o 'nder-o end!0o!end 0es0in- 0o de0ermine com./i"nce 1i0 0e .re!se0 cri0eri"4
5n i0s =emor"nd'm o3 %'ne 01, 200+: S*s0ems Ev"/'"0ion Conso/id"0ed Re.or0 "nd S0"0's Re.or0 on 0e 6os0!
S'"/i3ic"0ion Ev"/'"0ion 6roced'res, 0e SBAC 8ecnic"/ For2in- Gro'. $8FG& s0"0ed 0"0 i0 1"s 'nder0"2in- " 4!
d"* $="* 2@ 0o ="* 30, 200+& 0es0 ev"/'"0ion o3 85= "nd Sm"r0m"0icEs .ro.osed 6C(S .ro7ec0 m"cines4 50s
conc/'sion: L8e demo s*s0ems .resen0ed 6ASSED "// 0es0s "s re?'ired in 0e 26!i0em cri0eri" s.eci3ied in 0e [R)6]L
1i0 100P "cc'r"c* r"0in-431 8e 8FG "/so v"/id"0ed 0e e/i-ibi/i0*, "nd 0ecnic"/ "nd 3in"nci"/ ?'"/i3ic"0ions o3 0e
85=! Sm"r0m"0ic 7oin0 ven0're4
(n %'ne +, 200+, Come/ec iss'ed Reso/'0ion No4 $Res4& ,60,32 "'0ori#in- 0e SBAC 0o iss'e, s'b7ec0 0o 1e//!
de3ined condi0ions, 0e no0ice o3 "1"rd "nd no0ice 0o .roceed in 3"vor o3 0e 1innin- 7oin0 ven0're4
85= "nd Sm"r0m"0ic, .'rs'"n0 0o 0e %oin0 >en0're A-reemen0 $%>A&, c"'sed 0e incor.or"0ion o3 " 7oin0 ven0're
cor.or"0ion $%>C& 0"0 1o'/d en0er in0o " con0r"c0 1i0 0e Come/ec4 (n %'/* ,, 200+, 0e Sec'ri0ies "nd EAc"n-e
Commission iss'ed " cer0i3ic"0e o3 incor.or"0ion in 3"vor o3 Sm"r0m"0ic 85= Cor.or"0ion4 (n %'/* 10, 200+, Come/ec
"nd Sm"r0m"0ic 85= Cor.or"0ion, "s .rovider, eAec'0ed " con0r"c0 3or 0e /e"se o3 -oods "nd services 'nder 0e
con0r"c0 3or 0e con0r"c0 "mo'n0 o3 66 @,1+1,4,4,@3+44,, ."*"b/e "s 0e LGoods "nd Services "re de/ivered "ndIor
.ro-ress is m"de in "ccord"nce [1i0 .re!se0] Sced'/e o3 6"*men0s4L (n 0e s"me d"0e, " No0ice 0o 6roceed 1"s
sen0 0o, "nd received b*, Sm"r0m"0ic 85= Cor.or"0ion4
=e"n1i/e, or on %'/* +, 200+, .e0i0ioners in0er.osed 0e ins0"n0 reco'rse 1ic, 3or "// in0en0s "nd .'r.oses,
im.'-ns 0e v"/idi0* "nd see2s 0o n'//i3* 0e %'/* 10, 200+ Come/ec!Sm"r0m"0ic!85= Cor.or"0ion "'0om"0ion con0r"c0
"dver0ed 0o4 Amon- o0ers, .e0i0ioners .r"* 0"0 res.onden0s be .erm"nen0/* en7oined 3rom im./emen0in- 0e
"'0om"0ion .ro7ec04
As " .re/imin"r* co'n0er.oin0, res.onden0s ?'es0ion 0e /e-"/ s0"ndin- or /oc's s0"ndi o3 .e0i0ioners4
6e0i0ioners de.ic0ed 0e coverin- "'0om"0ion con0r"c0 "s cons0i0'0in- "n "bdic"0ion b* 0e Come/ec o3 i0s e/ec0ion!
re/"0ed m"nd"0e 'nder 0e Cons0i0'0ion, 1ic is 0o en3orce "nd "dminis0er "// /"1s re/"0ive 0o 0e cond'c0 o3
e/ec0ions4 Forse s0i//, "ccordin- 0o 0e .e0i0ioners, 0e "bdic"0ion, is in 3"vor o3 " 3orei-n cor.or"0ion 0"0 1i// be
.rovidin- 0e "rd1"re "nd so301"re re?'iremen0s4 And 1en .ressed 3'r0er, .e0i0ioners c"me o'0 1i0 0e
observ"0ion 0"0, o1in- in ."r0 0o 0e seer /en-0 o3 0e b"//o0, 0e 6C(S 1o'/d no0 com./* 1i0 Ar04 >, Sec4 2 o3 0e
Cons0i0'0ion .rescribin- secrec* o3 vo0in- "nd s"nc0i0* o3 0e b"//o04
##(E#:
14 Fe0er or no0 .e0i0ioners "ve 0e /e-"/ s0"ndin- 0o s'e4
24 Fe0er or no0 0e "'0om"0ion cons0i0'0es " 1o/es"/e "bdic"0ion o3 0e C(=EKECGs cons0i0'0ion"/ m"nd"0e 3or
/"1 en3orcemen04
34 Fe0er or no0 0e mec"nism o3 0e 6C(S m"cines 1o'/d in3rin-e 0e cons0i0'0ion"/ ri-0 o3 0e .eo./e 0o 0e
secrec* o3 0e b"//o04
HEL$:
14 NES4 8o "ve /e-"/ s0"ndin-, one m's0, "s " r'/e, es0"b/is "vin- s'33ered some "c0'"/ or 0re"0ened in7'r* "s "
res'/0 o3 0e "//e-ed i//e-"/ -overnmen0 cond'c0J 0"0 0e in7'r* is 3"ir/* 0r"ce"b/e 0o 0e c"//en-ed "c0ionJ "nd 0"0 0e
in7'r* is /i2e/* 0o be redressed b* " 3"vor"b/e "c0ion4 8e .rescri.0ion on s0"ndin-, o1ever, is " m"00er o3 .roced're4
:ence, i0 m"* be re/"Aed, "s 0e Co'r0 "s o30en re/"Aed 0e r'/e 3or non!0r"di0ion"/ ./"in0i33s, /i2e ordin"r* ci0i#ens
"nd 0"A."*ers, 1en 0e .'b/ic in0eres0 so re?'ires, s'c "s 1en 0e m"00er is o3 im.or0"nce, o3 over"rcin-
si-ni3ic"nce 0o socie0*, or o3 ."r"mo'n0 .'b/ic in0eres04 Fere 0e iss'es o3 .'b/ic im.or0"nce "re .resen0ed, 0ere is
no necessi0* 0o so1 0"0 0e s'i0or "s eA.erienced or is in "c0'"/ d"n-er o3 s'33erin- direc0 "nd .erson"/ in7'r* "s
0e re?'isi0e in7'r* is "ss'med4
24 N(4 8ere is no "bdic"0ion o3 Come/ecEs m"nd"0e "nd res.onsibi/i0*4 8e 3irs0 3'nc0ion o3 0e Come/ec 'nder 0e
Cons0i0'0ion,6HH"nd 0e (mnib's E/ec0ion Code 3or 0"0 m"00erHHre/"0es 0o 0e en3orcemen0 "nd "dminis0r"0ion o3 "//
/"1s "nd re-'/"0ions re/"0in- 0o 0e cond'c0 o3 e/ec0ions 0o .'b/ic o33ice 0o ens're " 3ree, order/* "nd ones0 e/ec0or"/
eAercise4 And o1 did .e0i0ioners come 0o 0eir conc/'sion "bo'0 0eir "bdic"0ion 0eor*Q B* "ccedin- 0o Ar04 343 o3
0e "'0om"0ion con0r"c0, Come/ec re/in?'ised, so .e0i0ioners c/"im, s'.ervision "nd con0ro/ o3 0e s*s0em 0o be 'sed
3or 0e "'0om"0ed e/ec0ions4 8o " more s.eci3ic .oin0, 0e /oss o3 con0ro/ "rose 3rom 0e 3"c0 0"0 Come/ec 1o'/d no0
be o/din- .ossession o3 1"0 in 58 7"r-on "re 0e .'b/ic "nd .riv"0e 2e*s ."ir4
8e Co'r0 is no0 convinced4 8ere is 0o 's no0in- in Ar0 343 o3 0e "'0om"0ion con0r"c0, even i3 re"d se."r"0e/* 3rom
o0er s0i.'/"0ions "nd 0e .rovisions o3 0e bid doc'men0s "nd 0e Cons0i0'0ion i0se/3, 0o s'..or0 0e sim./is0ic
conc/'sion o3 "bdic"0ion o3 con0ro/ .ressed on 0e Co'r04 5nso3"r "s .er0inen0, Ar0 343 re"ds:
12
343 8e 6R(>5DER s"// be /i"b/e 3or "// i0s ob/i-"0ions 'nder 0is 6ro7ec0 "nd 0e .er3orm"nce o3 .or0ions 0ereo3 b*
o0er .ersons or en0i0ies no0 ."r0ies 0o 0is Con0r"c0 s"// no0 re/ieve 0e 6R(>5DER o3 s"id ob/i-"0ions "nd
concomi0"n0 /i"bi/i0ies4
S=AR8=A85C, "s 0e 7oin0 ven0're ."r0ner 1i0 0e -re"0er 0r"c2 record in "'0om"0ed
e/ec0ions, s"// be in c"r-e o3 0e 0ecnic"/ "s.ec0s o3 0e co'n0in- "nd c"nv"ssin- so301"re "nd "rd1"re, inc/'din-
0r"nsmission con3i-'r"0ion "nd s*s0em in0e-r"0ion4 S=AR8=A85C s"// "/so be .rim"ri/* res.onsib/e 3or .reven0in-
"nd 0ro'b/esoo0in- 0ecnic"/ .rob/ems 0"0 m"* "rise d'rin- 0e e/ec0ions4
8e .roviso desi-n"0in- Sm"r0m"0ic "s 0e 7oin0 ven0're ."r0ner in c"r-e o3 0e 0ecnic"/ "s.ec0 o3 0e co'n0in- "nd
c"nv"ssin- 1"res does no0 0o 's 0r"ns/"0e, 1i0o'0 more, 0o cedin- con0ro/ o3 0e e/ec0or"/ .rocess 0o Sm"r0m"0ic4 50
be"rs 0o s0ress 0"0 0e "3ores"id desi-n"0ion o3 Sm"r0m"0ic 1"s in 3"c0 "n e/i-ibi/i0* re?'iremen0 im.osed, so'/d 0e
bidder be " 7oin0 ven0're4
Ar04 64@ o3 0e "'0om"0ion con0r"c0, .rovidin-:
64@ S'b7ec0 0o 0e .rovisions o3 0e Gener"/ 5ns0r'c0ions 0o be iss'ed b* 0e Commission En B"nc, 0e en0ire
.rocesses o3 vo0in-, co'n0in-, 0r"nsmission, conso/id"0ion "nd c"nv"ssin- o3 vo0es s"// be cond'c0ed b*
C(=EKECEs .ersonne/ "nd o33ici"/s, "nd 0eir .er3orm"nce, com./e0ion "nd 3in"/ res'/0s "ccordin- 0o s.eci3ic"0ions
"nd 1i0in 0e s.eci3ied .eriods s"// be 0e s"red res.onsibi/i0* o3 C(=EKEC "nd 0e 6R(>5DER4 $Em."sis
"dded4&
B'0 no0 one 0o /e0 "n o..or0'ni0* 0o score .oin0s ."ss b*, .e0i0ioners re0oric"//* "s2: LFere does 6'b/ic Res.onden0
Come/ec in0end 0o -e0 0is /"r-e n'mber o3 .ro3ession"/s, m"n* o3 1om "re "/re"d* -"in3'//* em./o*ed "bro"dQL
8e Come/ec, ci0in- Sec4 3+0 "nd Sec4 5 o3 RA ,436,+1 "s "mended, ".0/* "ns1ered 0is .oser in 0e 3o//o1in- 1ise:
A A A C(=EKEC, in 0e im./emen0"0ion o3 0e "'0om"0ed .ro7ec0, 1i// 3or-e ."r0nersi.s 1i0 v"rio's en0i0ies in
di33eren0 3ie/ds 0o brin- "bo'0 0e s'ccess o3 0e 2010 "'0om"0ed e/ec0ions4
6'b/ic res.onden0 C(=EKEC 1i// ."r0ner 1i0 Sm"r0m"0ic 85= Cor.or"0ion 3or 0e 0r"inin- "nd irin- o3 0e 58
.ersonne/ "s 1e// "s 3or 0e m"ssive vo0er!ed'c"0ion c"m."i-n4 8ere is in 3"c0 " b'd-e0 "//oc"0ion A A A 3or 0ese
'nder0"2in-s4 A A A
As re-"rds 0e re?'iremen0 o3 RA +36+ 0"0 58!c"."b/e .ersonne/ s"// be de.'0i#ed "s " member o3 0e BE5 "nd 0"0
"no0er 58!c"."b/e .erson s"// "ssis0 0e B(C, .'b/ic res.onden0 C(=EKEC s"// ."r0ner 1i0 D(S8 "nd o0er
"-encies "nd ins0r'men0"/i0ies o3 0e -overnmen04
5n 0eir res.ec0ive =emor"nd", .'b/ic "nd .riv"0e res.onden0s c"0e-oric"//* re7ec0ed o'0ri-0 "//e-"0ions o3 "bdic"0ion
b* 0e Come/ec o3 i0s cons0i0'0ion"/ d'0*4 8e .e0i0ioners, 0o s0ress, "re s0r"n-ers 0o 0e "'0om"0ion con0r"c04 No0 one
."r0ici."0ed in 0e biddin- con3erence or 0e biddin- .ro.er or even .er".s eA"mined 0e biddin- doc'men0s "nd,
0ere3ore, none re"//* 2no1s 0e re"/ in0en0ion o3 0e ."r0ies4 As c"se /"1 0e//s 's, 0e co'r0 "s 0o 3erre0 o'0 0e re"/
in0en0 o3 0e ."r0ies4 F"0 is 3"ir/* c/e"r in 0is c"se, o1ever, is 0"0 .e0i0ioners 1o "re no0 even .riv* 0o 0e biddin-
.rocess 3ois0 '.on 0e Co'r0 0eir o1n vie1 on 0e s0i.'/"0ions o3 0e "'0om"0ion con0r"c0 "nd .resen0 0o 0e Co'r0
1"0 0e* 0in2 "re 0e ."r0iesE 0r'e in0en0ion4
8e R)6I8(R 'sed in 0e recen0 biddin- 3or 0e AES 0o be 'sed in 0e 2010 e/ec0ions s.eci3ic"//* m"nd"0ed 0e 'se
o3 .'b/ic 2e* cr*.0o-r".*4 :o1ever, i0 1"s /e30 0o 0e discre0ion o3 0e bidder 0o .ro.ose "n "cce.0"b/e m"nner o3
'0i/i#"0ion 3or "..rov"/I"cce.0"nce o3 0e Come/ec4 No1ere in 0e R)6I8(R 1"s i0 indic"0ed 0"0 C(=EKEC 1o'/d
de/e-"0e 0o 0e 1innin- bidder 0e 3'// discre0ion, s'.ervision "nd con0ro/ over 0e m"nner o3 6W5 [6'b/ic We*
5n3r"s0r'c0're] '0i/i#"0ion4
8e ro/e o3 Sm"r0m"0ic 85= Cor.or"0ion is b"sic"//* 0o s'../* 0e -oods necess"r* 3or 0e "'0om"0ion .ro7ec0, s'c
"s b'0 no0 /imi0ed 0o 0e 6C(S m"cines, 6Cs, e/ec0ronic 0r"nsmission devices "nd re/"0ed e?'i.men0, bo0 "rd1"re
"nd so301"re, "nd 0e 0ecnic"/ services .er0"inin- 0o 0eir o.er"0ion4 As /essees o3 0e -oods "nd 0e b"c2!'.
e?'i.men0, 0e cor.or"0ion "nd i0s o.er"0ors 1o'/d .rovide "ssis0"nce 1i0 res.ec0 0o 0e m"cines 0o be 'sed b* 0e
Come/ec 1ic, "0 0e end o3 0e d"*, 1i// be cond'c0in- 0e e/ec0ion 0r' i0s .ersonne/ "nd 1oever i0 de.'0i#es4
And i3 on/* 0o em."si#e " .oin0, Come/ecEs con0r"c0 is 1i0 Sm"r0m"0ic 85= Cor.or"0ion o3 1ic Sm"r0m"0ic is "
40P minori0* o1ner, .er 0e %>A o3 85= "nd Sm"r0m"0ic "nd 0e Ar0ic/es o3 5ncor.or"0ion o3 Sm"r0m"0ic 85=
Cor.or"0ion4 Accordin-/*, "n* decision on 0e ."r0 or on be"/3 o3 Sm"r0m"0ic 1i// no0 be bindin- on Come/ec4 As "
necess"r* coro//"r*, 0e bo"rd room vo0in- "rr"n-emen0 0"0 Sm"r0m"0ic "nd 85= m"* "ve "-reed '.on "s 7oin0
ven0're ."r0ners, inc/'sive o3 0e ve0o vo0e 0"0 one m"* "ve .o1er over 0e o0er, so'/d re"//* be 0e /e"s0
concern o3 0e Come/ec4
34 N(4 6"ren0e0ic"//*, 0e con0en0ion 0"0 0e 6C(S 1o'/d in3rin-e on 0e secrec* "nd s"nc0i0* o3 0e b"//o0 bec"'se,
"s .e0i0ioners 1o'/d .'0 i0, 0e vo0er 1o'/d be con3ron0ed 1i0 " L0ree 3ee0L /on- b"//o0, does no0 commend i0se/3 3or
conc'rrence4 S're/*, 0e Come/ec c"n .'0 '. s'c in3r"s0r'c0're "s 0o ins're 0"0 0e vo0er c"n 1ri0e is .re3erence in
re/"0ive .riv"c*4 And "s demons0r"0ed d'rin- 0e or"/ "r-'men0s, 0e vo0er imse/3 1i// .erson"//* 3eed 0e b"//o0 in0o
0e m"cine4 A vo0er, i3 so minded 0o .reserve 0e secrec* o3 is b"//o0, 1i// "/1"*s devise " 1"* 0o do so4 B* 0e
s"me 0o2en, one 1i0 /e"s0 re-"rd 3or secrec* 1i// /i2e1ise "ve " 1"* 0o m"2e is vo0e 2no1n4
8e Come/ec is "n inde.enden0 cons0i0'0ion"/ bod* 1i0 " dis0inc0 "nd .ivo0"/ ro/e in o'r sceme o3 -overnmen04 5n
0e disc"r-e o3 i0s "1esome 3'nc0ions "s overseer o3 3"ir e/ec0ions, "dminis0r"0or "nd /e"d im./emen0or o3 /"1s
re/"0ive 0o 0e cond'c0 o3 e/ec0ions, i0 so'/d no0 be s0*mied 1i0 res0ric0ions 0"0 1o'/d .er".s be 7's0i3ied in 0e
c"se o3 "n or-"ni#"0ion o3 /esser res.onsibi/i0*4 50 so'/d be "33orded "m./e e/bo1 room "nd eno'- 1ere1i0"/ in
devisin- me"ns "nd ini0i"0ives 0"0 1o'/d en"b/e i0 0o "ccom./is 0e -re"0 ob7ec0ive 3or 1ic i0 1"s cre"0edHH0o
.romo0e 3ree, order/*, ones0 "nd .e"ce3'/ e/ec0ions4 8is is "s i0 so'/d be 3or, 0oo o30en, Come/ec "s 0o m"2e
decisions 'nder di33ic'/0 condi0ions 0o "ddress 'n3oreseen even0s 0o .reserve 0e in0e-ri0* o3 0e e/ec0ion "nd in 0e
.rocess 0e voice o3 0e .eo./e4 8's, in 0e ."s0, 0e Co'r0 "s s0eered "1"* 3rom in0er3erin- 1i0 0e Come/ecEs
eAercise o3 i0s .o1er 1ic, b* /"1 "nd b* 0e n"0're o3 i0s o33ice .ro.er/* .er0"in 0o i04 Absen0, 0ere3ore, " c/e"r
so1in- o3 -r"ve "b'se o3 discre0ion on Come/ecEs ."r0, "s ere, 0e Co'r0 so'/d re3r"in 3rom '0i/i#in- 0e correc0ive
"nd o3 cer0ior"ri 0o revie1, /e0 "/one n'//i3*, 0e "c0s o3 0"0 bod*4
F:ERE)(RE, 0e ins0"n0 .e0i0ion is ereb* DEN5ED4
CASE 16:
G(NTAKES 555 vs4 ())5CE () 8:E 6RES5DEN8 $6@+ SCRA 614& 2012
)AC8S:
8ese 01o .e0i0ions "ve been conso/id"0ed no0 bec"'se 0e* s0em 3rom 0e s"me 3"c0'"/ mi/ie' b'0 bec"'se 0e*
r"ise " common 0re"d o3 iss'es re/"0in- 0o 0e 6residen0Gs eAercise o3 0e .o1er 0o remove 3rom o33ice erein
.e0i0ioners 1o c/"im 0e .ro0ec0ive c/o"2 o3 inde.endence o3 0e cons0i0'0ion"//*!cre"0ed o33ice 0o 1ic 0e* be/on- !
0e (33ice o3 0e (mb'dsm"n4
8e 3irs0 c"se is " 6e0i0ion 3or Cer0ior"ri $1i0 "../ic"0ion 3or iss'"nce o3 0em.or"r* res0r"inin- order or s0"0's ?'o
order& 1ic "ss"i/s on 7'risdic0ion"/ -ro'nds 0e Decision rendered b* 0e (33ice o3 0e 6residen0, dismissin-
.e0i0ioner Emi/io A4 Gon#"/es 555, De.'0* (mb'dsm"n 3or 0e =i/i0"r* "nd (0er K"1 En3orcemen0 (33ices $=(KE(&,
'.on " 3indin- o3 -'i/0 on 0e "dminis0r"0ive c"r-es o3 Gross Ne-/ec0 o3 D'0* "nd Gr"ve =iscond'c0 cons0i0'0in- "
Be0r"*"/ o3 6'b/ic 8r's04 8e .e0i0ion
.rim"ri/* see2s 0o dec/"re "s 'ncons0i0'0ion"/ Sec0ion ,$2& o3 Re.'b/ic Ac0 $R4A4& No4 6@@0, o0er1ise 2no1n "s 0e
(mb'dsm"n Ac0 o3 1+,+, 1ic -ives 0e 6residen0 0e .o1er 0o dismiss " De.'0* (mb'dsm"n o3 0e (33ice o3 0e
(mb'dsm"n4
8e second c"se is " 6e0i0ion 3or Cer0ior"ri "nd 6roibi0ion $1i0 "../ic"0ion 3or iss'"nce o3 " 0em.or"r* res0r"inin-
order or s0"0's ?'o order& see2in- 0o "nn'/, reverse "nd se0 "side 0e (rder re?'irin- .e0i0ioner Fende// B"rrer"s!
S'/i0 0o s'bmi0 " 1ri00en eA./"n"0ion 1i0 res.ec0 0o "//e-ed "c0s or omissions cons0i0'0in- serio'sI-r"ve o33enses in
re/"0ion 0o 0e 6/e" B"r-"inin- A-reemen0 $6KEBARA& en0ered in0o 1i0 ="7or Gener"/ C"r/os )4 G"rci"J "nd 0e
No0ice o3 6re/imin"r* 5nves0i-"0ion, bo0 iss'ed b* 0e (33ice o3 0e 6residen0, 0e "dminis0r"0ive c"se ini0i"0ed "-"ins0
.e0i0ioner "s " S.eci"/ 6rosec'0or o3 0e (33ice o3 0e (mb'dsm"n4 8e .e0i0ion /i2e1ise see2s 0o dec/"re "s
'ncons0i0'0ion"/ Sec0ion ,$2& o3 R4A4 No4 6@@0 -ivin- 0e 6residen0 0e .o1er 0o dismiss " S.eci"/ 6rosec'0or o3 0e
(33ice o3 0e (mb'dsm"n4
(n 23 A'-'s0 2010, " dismissed .o/ice o33icer, 3ormer ="ni/" 6o/ice Dis0ric0 6o/ice Senior 5ns.ec0or $C".0"in&
Ro/"ndo De/ Ros"rio =endo#", i7"c2ed " 0o'ris0 b's, "nd e/d os0"-e " -ro'. o3 01en0*!one 3orei-n 0o'ris0s "nd
3o'r )i/i.ino 0o'r "ssis0"n0s4=endo#" 1"s " bemed"/ed .o/ice o33ici"/ 1o served 0e 6i/i..ine N"0ion"/ 6o/ice $6N6&
3or 0ir0* *e"rs .rior 0o is 0ermin"0ion ordered b* 0e (33ice o3 0e
(mb'dsm"n4 )or 0e /iber0* o3 is os0"-es, =endo#"Es /one dem"nd 1"s is reins0"0emen0 in service4 =endo#"
c/"imed e 1"s i//e-"//* dismissed 3rom 0e .o/ice service48e 10!o'r os0"-e dr"m" ended 1i0 0e m'rder o3 ei-0
"nd 0e in7'r* o3 seven4 =endo#" 1"s so0 de"d b* " sni.er45n 0e "30erm"0 o3 0e os0"-e!0"2in- inciden0, 1ic
ended in 0e 0r"-ic m'rder o3 ei-0 :on-Won- Cinese n"0ion"/s, 0e in7'r* o3 seven o0ers "nd 0e de"0 o3 6IS 5ns.4
13
Ro/"ndo =endo#", " .'b/ic o'0cr* "-"ins0 0e b/'nderin- o3 -overnmen0 o33ici"/s .rom.0ed 0e cre"0ion o3 0e 5nciden0
5nves0i-"0ion "nd Revie1 Commi00ee $55RC&, c"ired b* %'s0ice Secre0"r* Kei/" de Kim" "nd vice!c"ired b* 5n0erior
"nd Koc"/ Governmen0 Secre0"r* %es's Robredo4 50 1"s 0"s2ed 0o de0ermine "cco'n0"bi/i0* 3or 0e inciden0 0ro'-
0e cond'c0 o3 .'b/ic e"rin-s "nd eAec'0ive sessions4 :o1ever, .e0i0ioner, "s 1e// "s 0e (mb'dsm"n erse/3,
re3'sed 0o ."r0ici."0e in 0e 55RC .roceedin-s on 0e "sser0ion 0"0 0e (33ice o3 0e (mb'dsm"n is "n inde.enden0
cons0i0'0ion"/ bod*4Si30in- 0ro'- 0es0imoni"/ "nd doc'men0"r* evidence, 0e 55RC even0'"//* iden0i3ied .e0i0ioner
Gon#"/es 0o be "mon- 0ose in 1om c'/."bi/i0* m's0 /ie4
8e 55RC m"de 0e 3o//o1in- 3indin-s:
De.'0* (mb'dsm"n Gon#"/es commi00ed serio's "nd ineAc's"b/e ne-/i-ence "nd -ross vio/"0ion o3 0eir o1n r'/es
o3 .roced're b* "//o1in- =endo#"Gs mo0ion 3or reconsider"0ion $1i0 re-"rd 0o is dismiss"/ 3or "vin- commi00ed
-r"ve miscond'c0& 0o /"n-'is 3or more 0"n nine $+& mon0s 1i0o'0 "n* 7's0i3ic"0ion, in vio/"0ion o3 0e (mb'dsm"n
.rescribed r'/es 0o reso/ve mo0ions 3or reconsider"0ion in "dminis0r"0ive disci./in"r* c"ses 1i0in 3ive $5& d"*s 3rom
s'bmission4 8e in"c0ion is -ross, considerin- 0ere is no o..osi0ion 0ere0o4 8e .ro/on-ed in"c0ion .reci.i0"0ed 0e
des.er"0e resor0 0o os0"-e!0"2in-4
Fen 0e 01o (mb'dsm"n o33ici"/s received =endo#"Gs dem"nd 3or 0e re/e"se o3 0e 3in"/ order reso/vin- is mo0ion
3or reconsider"0ion, 0e* so'/d "ve .er3ormed 0eir d'0* b* reso/vin- 0e reconsider"0ion 0"0 s"me d"* since i0 1"s
"/re"d* .endin- 3or nine mon0s "nd 0e .rescribed .eriod 3or i0s reso/'0ion is on/* 3ive d"*s4 (r i3 0e* c"nno0 reso/ve
i0 0"0 s"me d"*, 0en 0e* so'/d "ve "c0ed decisive/* b* iss'in- "n order .rovision"//* s's.endin- 0e 3'r0er
en3orcemen0 o3 0e 7'd-men0 o3 dismiss"/ s'b7ec0 0o revoc"0ion once 0e reconsider"0ion is denied "nd 1i0o'0
.re7'dice 0o 0e "rres0 "nd .rosec'0ion o3 =endo#" 3or 0e os0"-e!0"2in-4 :"d 0e* done so, 0e crisis m"* "ve
ended .e"ce3'//*, 1i0o'0 necess"ri/* com.romisin- 0e in0e-ri0* o3 0e ins0i0'0ion4 A30er "//, "s re/"*ed 0o 0e
ne-o0i"0ors, =endo#" did eA.ress 1i//in-ness 0o 0"2e 3'// res.onsibi/i0* 3or 0e os0"-e!0"2in- i3 is dem"nd 3or
re/e"se o3 0e 3in"/ decision or reins0"0emen0 1"s me04B'0 ins0e"d o3 "c0in- decisive/*, 0e 01o (mb'dsm"n o33ici"/s
mere/* o33ered 0o revie1 " .endin- mo0ion 3or revie1 o3 0e c"se, 0ereb* .ro/on-in- 0eir in"c0ion "nd "--r"v"0in-
0e si0'"0ion4 As eA.ec0ed, =endo#" ! 1o .revio's/* ber"0ed De.'0* Gon#"/es 3or "//e-ed/* dem"ndin- 6.150,000
in eAc"n-e 3or 3"vor"b/* reso/vin- 0e mo0ion 3or reconsider"0ion ! re7ec0ed "nd br"nded "s 0r"s $Lb"s'r"L& 0e
(mb'dsm"n [sic] /e00er .romisin- revie1, 0ri--erin- 0e co//".se o3 0e ne-o0i"0ions4 8o .reven0 0e si0'"0ion 3rom
-e00in- o'0 o3 "nd, 0e ne-o0i"0ors so'-0 0e "/0ern"0ive o.0ion o3 sec'rin- be3ore 0e 6N6!NCR6( "n order 3or
=endo#"Gs .rovision"/ reins0"0emen0 .endin- reso/'0ion o3 0e mo0ion 3or reconsider"0ion4 ;n3or0'n"0e/*, i0 1"s
"/re"d* 0oo /"0e4 B'0 "d 0e (mb'dsm"n o33ici"/s .er3ormed 0eir d'0* 'nder 0e /"1 "nd "c0ed decisive/*, 0e en0ire
crisis m"* "ve ended di33eren0/*4
5n " com./e0e/* se."r"0e inciden0 m'c e"r/ier in 0ime, more ."r0ic'/"r/* in December o3 2003, 2,!*e"r!o/d %'"n 6"o/o
G"rci" "nd 23!*e"r!o/d 5"n C"r/ G"rci" 1ere c"'-0 in 0e ;ni0ed S0"0es sm'--/in- Y100,000 3rom ="ni/" b*
conce"/in- 0e c"s in 0eir /'--"-e "nd m"2in- 3"/se s0"0emen0s 0o ;S C's0oms (33icers4 8e G"rci" bro0ers
./e"ded -'i/0* 0o b'/2 c"s sm'--/in- "nd "-reed 0o 3or3ei0 0e "mo'n0 in 3"vor o3 0e ;S Governmen0 in eAc"n-e 3or
0e dismiss"/ o3 0e res0 o3 0e c"r-es "-"ins0 0em "nd 3or bein- sen0enced 0o 0ime served4 5nevi0"b/*, o1ever, "n
inves0i-"0ion in0o 0e so'rce o3 0e sm'--/ed c'rrenc* cond'c0ed b* ;S )eder"/ A-en0s "nd 0e 6i/i..ine
Governmen0 'nr"ve/ed " sc"nd"/ o3 mi/i0"r* corr'.0ion "nd "m"ssed 1e"/0 !! 0e bo*sG 3"0er, Re0ired ="7or Gener"/
C"r/os )4 G"rci", 3ormer Cie3 6roc'remen0 (33icer o3 0e Armed )orces, "d "cc'm'/"0ed more 0"n 6 300 =i//ion
d'rin- is "c0ive mi/i0"r* service4 6/'nder "nd An0i!=one* K"'nderin- c"ses 1ere even0'"//* 3i/ed "-"ins0 ="7or
Gener"/ G"rci", is 1i3e "nd 0eir 01o sons be3ore 0e S"ndi-"nb"*"n4
5SS;E:
Fe0er or no0 0e (33ice o3 0e 6residen0 "s 7'risdic0ion 0o eAercise "dminis0r"0ive disci./in"r* .o1er over " De.'0*
(mb'dsm"n "nd " S.eci"/ 6rosec'0or 1o be/on- 0o 0e cons0i0'0ion"//*!cre"0ed (33ice o3 0e (mb'dsm"n4
:EKD:
1o* case GR %o. 23A?42:
Accordin- 0o R4A4 66@0, Sec0ion ,$2&, -r"n0s 0e 6residen0 eA.ress .o1er o3 remov"/ over " De.'0* (mb'dsm"n
"nd " S.eci"/ 6rosec'0or4 8's:
Sec0ion ,4Remov"/J )i//in- o3 >"c"nc*4!
A AAA
$2& A De.'0* or 0e S.eci"/ 6rosec'0or, m"* be removed 3rom o33ice b* 0e 6residen0 3or "n* o3 0e -ro'nds .rovided
3or 0e remov"/ o3 0e (mb'dsm"n, "nd "30er d'e .rocess4
50 is " b"sic c"non o3 s0"0'0or* cons0r'c0ion 0"0 in in0er.re0in- " s0"0'0e, c"re so'/d be 0"2en 0"0 ever* ."r0 0ereo3
be -iven e33ec0, on 0e 0eor* 0"0 i0 1"s en"c0ed "s "n in0e-r"0ed me"s're "nd no0 "s " od-e!.od-e o3 con3/ic0in-
.rovisions4 A cons0r'c0ion 0"0 1o'/d render " .rovision ino.er"0ive so'/d be "voidedJ ins0e"d, ".."ren0/*
inconsis0en0 .rovisions so'/d be reconci/ed 1enever .ossib/e "s ."r0s o3 " coordin"0ed "nd "rmonio's 1o/e4
(0er1ise s0"0ed, 0e /"1 m's0 no0 be re"d in 0r'nc"0ed ."r0s4 Ever* ."r0 0ereo3 m's0 be considered 0o-e0er 1i0
0e o0er ."r0s, "nd 2e.0 s'bservien0 0o 0e -ener"/ in0en0 o3 0e 1o/e en"c0men04
A "rmonio's cons0r'c0ion o3 0ese 01o ".."ren0/* con3/ic0in- .rovisions in R4A4 No4 6@@0 /e"ds 0o 0e inevi0"b/e
conc/'sion 0"0 Con-ress "d in0ended 0e (mb'dsm"n "nd 0e 6residen0 0o eAercise conc'rren0 disci./in"r*
7'risdic0ion over .e0i0ioners "s De.'0* (mb'dsm"n "nd S.eci"/ 6rosec'0or, res.ec0ive/*4
By g*anting e0p*ess statuto*y po>e* to the "*esi+ent to *emove a $eputy !m-u+sman an+ #pecial
"*osecuto*) Cong*ess me*ely ,ille+ an o-vious gap in the la>.
Sec0ion +, Ar0ic/e 95 o3 0e 1+,@ Cons0i0'0ion con3ers '.on 0e 6residen0 0e .o1er 0o "..oin0 0e (mb'dsm"n "nd
is De.'0ies, vi#:
Sec0ion +4 8e (mb'dsm"n "nd is De.'0ies s"// be "..oin0ed b* 0e 6residen0 3rom " /is0 o3 "0 /e"s0 siA nominees
.re."red b* 0e %'dici"/ "nd B"r Co'nci/, "nd 3rom " /is0 o3 0ree nominees 3or ever* v"c"nc* 0ere"30er4 S'c
"..oin0men0s s"// re?'ire no con3irm"0ion4 A// v"c"ncies s"// be 3i//ed 1i0in 0ree mon0s "30er 0e* occ'r4
Fi/e 0e remov"/ o3 0e (mb'dsm"n imse/3 is "/so eA.ress/* .rovided 3or in 0e Cons0i0'0ion, 1ic is b*
im.e"cmen0 'nder Sec0ion 244 o3 0e s"me Ar0ic/e, 0ere is, o1ever, no cons0i0'0ion"/ .rovision simi/"r/* de"/in-
1i0 0e remov"/ 3rom o33ice o3 " De.'0* (mb'dsm"n, or " S.eci"/ 6rosec'0or, 3or 0"0 m"00er4 B* en"c0in- Sec0ion
,$2& o3 R4A4 6@@0, Con-ress sim./* 3i//ed " -". in 0e /"1 1i0o'0 r'nnin- "3o'/ o3 "n* .rovision in 0e Cons0i0'0ion or
eAis0in- s0"0'0es4 5n 3"c0, 0e Cons0i0'0ion i0se/3, 'nder
Sec0ion 2, "'0ori#es Con-ress 0o .rovide 3or 0e remov"/ o3 "// o0er .'b/ic o33icers, inc/'din- 0e De.'0*
(mb'dsm"n "nd S.eci"/ 6rosec'0or, 1o "re no0 s'b7ec0 0o im.e"cmen04
The "o>e* o, the "*esi+ent to Remove a $eputy !m-u+sman an+ a #pecial "*osecuto* is mplie+ ,*om his
"o>e* to Appoint.
;nder 0e doc0rine o3 im./ic"0ion, 0e .o1er 0o "..oin0 c"rries 1i0 i0 0e .o1er 0o remove44, As " -ener"/ r'/e,
0ere3ore, "// o33icers "..oin0ed b* 0e 6residen0 "re "/so remov"b/e b* im44+ 8e eAce.0ion 0o 0is is 1en 0e /"1
eA.ress/* .rovides o0er1ise ! 0"0 is, 1en 0e .o1er 0o remove is eA.ress/* ves0ed in "n o33ice or "'0ori0* o0er
0"n 0e "..oin0in- .o1er4 5n some c"ses, 0e Cons0i0'0ion eA.ress/* se."r"0es 0e .o1er 0o remove 3rom 0e
6residen0Gs .o1er 0o "..oin04 ;nder Sec0ion +, Ar0ic/e >555 o3 0e 1+,@ Cons0i0'0ion, 0e =embers o3 0e S'.reme
Co'r0 "nd 7'd-es o3 /o1er co'r0s s"// be "..oin0ed b* 0e 6residen04 :o1ever, =embers o3 0e S'.reme Co'r0 m"*
be removed "30er im.e"cmen0 .roceedin-s ini0i"0ed b* Con-ress $Sec0ion 2, Ar0ic/e 95&, 1i/e 7'd-es o3 /o1er co'r0s
m"* be removed on/* b* 0e S'.reme Co'r0 b* vir0'e o3 i0s "dminis0r"0ive s'.ervision over "// i0s .ersonne/ $Sec0ions
6 "nd 11, Ar0ic/e >555&4 8e C"ir.ersons "nd Commissioners o3 0e Civi/ Service
Commission Sec0ion 1$2&, Ar0ic/e 59$B&, 0e Commission on E/ec0ions Sec0ion 1$2&, Ar0ic/e 59$C&, "nd 0e Commission
on A'di0 Sec0ion 1$2&, Ar0ic/e 59$D& s"// /i2e1ise be "..oin0ed b* 0e 6residen0, b'0 0e* m"* be removed on/* b*
im.e"cmen0 $Sec0ion 2, Ar0ic/e 95&4 As .rior/* s0"0ed, 0e (mb'dsm"n imse/3 s"// be "..oin0ed b* 0e 6residen0
$Sec0ion +, Ar0ic/e 95& b'0 m"* "/so be removed on/* b* im.e"cmen0 $Sec0ion 2, Ar0ic/e 95&4
5n -ivin- 0e 6residen0 0e .o1er 0o remove " De.'0* (mb'dsm"n "nd S.eci"/ 6rosec'0or, Con-ress sim./* /"id
do1n in eA.ress 0erms "n "'0ori0* 0"0 is "/re"d* im./ied 3rom 0e 6residen0Gs cons0i0'0ion"/ "'0ori0* 0o "..oin0 0e
"3ores"id o33ici"/s in 0e (33ice o3 0e (mb'dsm"n48e (33ice o3 0e (mb'dsm"n is c"r-ed 1i0 mon'men0"/ 0"s2s
0"0 "ve been -ener"//* c"0e-ori#ed in0o inves0i-"0or* .o1er, .rosec'0ori"/ .o1er, .'b/ic "ssis0"nce, "'0ori0* 0o
in?'ire "nd ob0"in in3orm"0ion "nd 0e 3'nc0ion 0o "do.0, ins0i0'0e "nd im./emen0 .reven0ive me"s'res450 5n order 0o
ens're 0e e33ec0iveness o3 is cons0i0'0ion"/ ro/e, 0e (mb'dsm"n 1"s .rovided 1i0 "n over!"// de.'0* "s 1e// "s "
de.'0* e"c 3or K'#on, >is"*"s "nd =ind"n"o4 :o1ever, 1e// in0o 0e de/iber"0ions o3 0e Cons0i0'0ion"/ Commission,
" .rovision 3or 0e "..oin0men0 o3 " se."r"0e de.'0* 3or 0e mi/i0"r* es0"b/ismen0 1"s necessi0"0ed b* Commissioner
(./eGs /"men0 "-"ins0 0e rise 1i0in 0e "rmed 3orces o3 L3r"0ern"/ "ssoci"0ions o'0side 0e c"in o3 comm"ndL 1ic
"ve become 0e common so/diersG Lin3orm"/ -riev"nce m"ciner*L "-"ins0 in7's0ice, corr'.0ion "nd ne-/ec0 in 0e
'ni3ormed service,51 0's:
5n o'r o1n 6i/i..ine Armed )orces, 0ere "s "risen in recen0 *e"rs " 0*.e o3 3r"0ern"/ "ssoci"0ion o'0side 0e c"in
o3 comm"nd .ro.osin- re3ormis0 ob7ec0ives4 8e* cons0i0'0e, in 3"c0, "n in3orm"/ -riev"nce m"ciner* "-"ins0
in7's0ices 0o 0e r"n2 "nd 3i/e so/dier* "nd .erceive -r"30 in i-er r"n2 "nd ne-/ec0 o3 0e needs o3 0roo.s in comb"0
#ones4 8e Re3orm 0e Armed )orces =ovemen0 o3 RA= "s 2e.0 .recinc0s 3or .'sin- /o-is0ics 0o 0e 3ie/d, 0e
im./ied "cc's"0ion bein- 0"0 mos0 o3 0e reso'rces "re 'sed '. in ="ni/" ins0e"d o3 sen0 0o so/diers in 0e 3ie/d4 8e
G'"rdi"ns, 0e E/ Di"b/o "nd o0er or-"ni#"0ions domin"0ed b* en/is0ed men 3'nc0ion, more or /ess, "s -riev"nce
co//ec0ors "nd "s m'0'"/ "id socie0ies48is .ro.osed "mendmen0 mere/* see2s 0o eA0end 0e o33ice o3 0e
(mb'dsm"n 0o 0e mi/i0"r* es0"b/ismen0, 7's0 "s i0 c"m.ions 0e common .eo./e "-"ins0 b're"'cr"0ic
indi33erence4 8e (mb'dsm"n c"n desi-n"0e " de.'0* 0o e/. 0e ordin"r* 3oo0 so/dier -e0 0ro'- 1i0 is -riev"nce
0o i-er "'0ori0ies4 8is de.'0* 1i//, o3 co'rse 1or2 in c/ose coo.er"0ion 1i0 0e =inis0er o3 N"0ion"/ De3ense
bec"'se o3 0e necessi0* 0o m"in0"in 0e in0e-ri0* o3 0e c"in o3 comm"nd4 (rdin"r* so/diers, 1en 0e* 2no1 0e*
14
c"n 0'rn 0o " mi/i0"r* (mb'dsm"n 3or 0eir com./"in0s, m"* no0 "ve 0o 3"// b"c2 on 0eir o1n in3orm"/ devices 0o
ob0"in redress 3or 0eir -riev"nces4 8e (mb'dsm"n 1i// e/. r"ise 0roo. mor"/e in "ccord"nce 1i0 " m"7or
.ro3essed -o"/ o3 0e 6residen0 "nd 0e mi/i0"r* "'0ori0ies 0emse/ves4 A AA
8e "dd!on no1 3orms ."r0 o3 Sec0ion 5, Ar0ic/e 95 1ic re"ds "s 3o//o1s:
Sec0ion 54 8ere is ereb* cre"0ed 0e inde.enden0 (33ice o3 0e (mb'dsm"n, com.osed o3 0e (mb'dsm"n 0o be
2no1n "s 8"nodb"*"n, one over!"// De.'0* "nd "0 /e"s0 one De.'0* e"c 3or K'#on, >is"*"s "nd =ind"n"o4 A
se."r"0e de.'0* 3or 0e mi/i0"r* es0"b/ismen0 s"// /i2e1ise be "..oin0ed4 $Em."sis s'../ied& 8e in0e-ri0* "nd
e33ec0iveness o3 0e De.'0* (mb'dsm"n 3or 0e =(KE( "s " mi/i0"r* 1"0cdo- /oo2in- in0o "b'ses "nd irre-'/"ri0ies
0"0 "33ec0 0e -ener"/ mor"/e "nd .ro3ession"/ism in 0e mi/i0"r* is cer0"in/* o3 .rimordi"/ im.or0"nce in re/"0ion 0o 0e
6residen0Gs o1n ro/e "sComm"nder!in!Cie3 o3 0e Armed )orces4 50 1o'/d no0 be incon-r'o's 3or Con-ress,
0ere3ore, 0o -r"n0 0e 6residen0 conc'rren0 disci./in"r* "'0ori0* over 0e De.'0* (mb'dsm"n 3or 0e mi/i0"r* "nd
o0er /"1 en3orcemen0 o33ices4
G*anting the "*esi+ent the "o>e* to Remove a $eputy !m-u+sman +oes not $iminish the n+epen+ence o,
the !,,ice o, the !m-u+sman4
8e c/"im 0"0 Sec0ion ,$2& o3 R4A4 No4 6@@0 -r"n0in- 0e 6residen0 0e .o1er 0o remove " De.'0* (mb'dsm"n 3rom
o33ice 0o0"//* 3r's0r"0es, i3 no0 res'/0"n0/* ne-"0es 0e inde.endence o3 0e (33ice o3 0e (mb'dsm"n is 0en'o's4 8e
inde.endence 1ic 0e (33ice o3 0e (mb'dsm"n is ves0ed 1i0 1"s in0ended 0o 3ree i0 3rom .o/i0ic"/ consider"0ions
in .'rs'in- i0s cons0i0'0ion"/ m"nd"0e 0o be " .ro0ec0or o3 0e .eo./e4 F"0 0e Cons0i0'0ion sec'res 3or 0e (33ice o3
0e (mb'dsm"n is, essen0i"//*, .o/i0ic"/
inde.endence4 8is me"ns no0in- more 0"n 0"0 L0e 0erms o3 o33ice, 0e s"/"r*, 0e "..oin0men0s "nd disci./ine o3
"// .ersons 'nder 0e o33iceL "re Lre"son"b/* ins'/"0ed 3rom 0e 1ims o3 .o/i0ici"ns4L52 And so i0 1"s 0"0 Sec0ion 5,
Ar0ic/e 95 o3 0e 1+,@ Cons0i0'0ion "d dec/"red 0e cre"0ion o3 0e inde.enden0 (33ice o3 0e (mb'dsm"n, com.osed
o3 0e (mb'dsm"n "nd is De.'0ies, 1o "re described "s L.ro0ec0ors o3 0e .eo./eL "nd cons0i0'0ion"//* m"nd"0ed
0o "c0 .rom.0/* on com./"in0s 3i/ed in "n* 3orm or m"nner "-"ins0 .'b/ic o33ici"/s or em./o*ees o3 0e Governmen0
Sec0ion 12, Ar0ic/e 954 6er0inen0 .rovisions 'nder Ar0ic/e 95 .rescribes " 0erm o3 o33ice o3 seven *e"rs 1i0o'0
re"..oin0men0 Sec0ion 11, .roibi0s " decre"se in s"/"ries d'rin- 0e 0erm o3 o33ice Sec0ion 10, .rovides s0ric0
?'"/i3ic"0ions 3or 0e o33ice Sec0ion ,, -r"n0s 3isc"/ "'0onom* Sec0ion 14 "nd ens'res 0e eAercise o3 cons0i0'0ion"/
3'nc0ions Sec0ion 12 "nd 134 8e c/o"2 o3 inde.endence is me"n0 0o b'i/d '. 0e (33ice o3 0e (mb'dsm"nGs
ins0i0'0ion"/ s0ren-0 0o e33ec0ive/* 3'nc0ion "s o33ici"/ cri0ic, mobi/i#er o3 -overnmen0, cons0i0'0ion"/ 1"0cdo-53 "nd
.ro0ec0or o3 0e .eo./e4 50 cer0"in/* c"nno0 be m"de 0o eA0end 0o 1ron-doin-s "nd .ermi0 0e 'nbrid/ed "c0s o3 i0s
o33ici"/s 0o esc".e "dminis0r"0ive disci./ine4
Bein- "1"re o3 0e cons0i0'0ion"/ im.er"0ive o3 sie/din- 0e (33ice o3 0e (mb'dsm"n 3rom .o/i0ic"/ in3/'ences "nd
0e discre0ion"r* "c0s o3 0e eAec'0ive, Con-ress /"id do1n 01o res0ric0ions on 0e 6residen0Gs eAercise o3 s'c .o1er
o3 remov"/ over " De.'0* (mb'dsm"n, n"me/*: $1& 0"0 0e remov"/ o3 0e De.'0* (mb'dsm"n m's0 be 3or "n* o3
0e -ro'nds .rovided 3or 0e remov"/ o3 0e (mb'dsm"n "nd $2& 0"0 0ere m's0 be observ"nce o3 d'e .rocess4
Rei0er"0in- 0e -ro'nds 3or im.e"cmen0 /"id do1n in Sec0ion 2, Ar0ic/e 95 o3 0e 1+,@ Cons0i0'0ion, ."r"-r". 1 o3
Sec0ion , o3 R4A4 No4 6@@0 s0"0es 0"0 0e De.'0* (mb'dsm"n m"* be removed 3rom o33ice 3or 0e s"me -ro'nds
0"0 0e (mb'dsm"n m"* be removed 0ro'- im.e"cmen0, n"me/*, Lc'/."b/e vio/"0ion o3 0e Cons0i0'0ion, 0re"son,
briber*, -r"30 "nd corr'.0ion, o0er i- crimes, or be0r"*"/ o3 .'b/ic 0r's04L 8's, i0 c"nno0 be ri-0/* s"id 0"0 -ivin-
0e 6residen0 0e .o1er 0o remove " De.'0* (mb'dsm"n, or " S.eci"/ 6rosec'0or
3or 0"0 m"00er, 1o'/d diminis or com.romise 0e cons0i0'0ion"/ inde.endence o3 0e (33ice o3 0e (mb'dsm"n4 50 is,
.recise/*, " me"s're o3 .ro0ec0ion o3 0e inde.endence o3 0e (mb'dsm"nGsDe.'0ies "nd S.eci"/ 6rosec'0or in 0e
disc"r-e o3 0eir d'0ies 0"0 0eir remov"/ c"n on/* be "d on -ro'nds .rovided b* /"14
5n Es.inos" v4 (33ice o3 0e (mb'dsm"n,54 0e Co'r0 e/'cid"0ed on 0e n"0're o3 0e (mb'dsm"nGs inde.endence in
0is 1ise !8e .rosec'0ion o3 o33enses commi00ed b* .'b/ic o33icers is ves0ed in 0e (33ice o3 0e (mb'dsm"n4 8o
ins'/"0e 0e (33ice 3rom o'0side .ress're "nd im.ro.er in3/'ence, 0e Cons0i0'0ion "s 1e// "s RA 6@@0 "s endo1ed i0
1i0 " 1ide /"0i0'de o3 inves0i-"0or* "nd .rosec'0or* .o1ers vir0'"//* 3ree 3rom /e-is/"0ive, eAec'0ive or 7'dici"/
in0erven0ion4 8is Co'r0 consis0en0/* re3r"ins 3rom in0er3erin- 1i0 0e eAercise o3 i0s .o1ers, "nd res.ec0s 0e ini0i"0ive
"nd inde.endence ineren0 in 0e (mb'dsm"n 1o, Gbeo/den 0o no one, "c0s "s 0e c"m.ion o3 0e .eo./e "nd 0e
.reserver o3 0e in0e-ri0* o3 .'b/ic service4
:o1ever, 0e s"me disc'ssion c"nno0 be "../ied 0o 0e 0r"-ic os0"-e!0"2in- inciden0, 1ic 1"s 0e res'/0 o3 "
con3/'ence o3 sever"/ 'n3or0'n"0e even0s inc/'din- s*s0em 3"i/'re o3 -overnmen0 res.onse4 50 c"nno0 be so/e/*
"00rib'0ed 0en 0o 1"0 .e0i0ioner Gon#"/es m"* "ve ne-/i-en0/* 3"i/ed 0o do 3or 0e ?'ic2, 3"ir "nd com./e0e
reso/'0ion o3 0e c"se, or 0o is error o3 7'd-men0 in 0e dis.osi0ion 0ereo34 Nei0er so'/d .e0i0ionerGs o33ici"/ "c0s in
0e reso/'0ion o3 6IS 5ns.4 =endo#"Gs c"se be 7'd-ed b"sed '.on 0e res'/0in- de"0s "0 0e S'irino Gr"nds0"nd4
8e 3"i/'re 0o immedi"0e/* "c0 '.on " ."r0*Gs re?'es0s 3or "n e"r/* reso/'0ion o3 is c"se is no0, b* i0se/3, -ross ne-/ec0
o3 d'0* "mo'n0in- 0o be0r"*"/ o3 .'b/ic 0r's04 Records so1 0"0 .e0i0ioner 0oo2 consider"b/* /ess 0ime 0o "c0 '.on 0e
dr"30 reso/'0ion "30er 0e s"me 1"s s'bmi00ed 3or is "..ro.ri"0e "c0ion com."red 0o 0e /en-0 o3 0ime 0"0 s"id dr"30
rem"ined .endin- "nd 'n"c0ed '.on in 0e (33ice o3 (mb'dsm"n =ercedi0"s N4 G'0ierre#4 :e revie1ed "nd denied
6IS 5ns.4 =endo#"Gs mo0ion 3or reconsider"0ion 1i0in nine $+& c"/end"r d"*s rec2oned 3rom 0e 0ime 0e dr"30
reso/'0ion 1"s s'bmi00ed 0o im on A.ri/ 2@, 2010 'n0i/ e 3or1"rded is recommend"0ion 0o 0e (33ice o3 (mb'dsm"n
G'0ierre# on ="* 6, 2010 3or 0e /"00erGs 3in"/ "c0ion4
C/e"r/*, 0e re/e"se o3 "n* 3in"/ order on 0e c"se 1"s no /on-er in is "nds4Even i3 0ere 1"s inordin"0e de/"* in 0e
reso/'0ion o3 6IS 5ns.4 =endo#"Gs mo0ion "nd "n 'neA./"ined 3"i/'re on .e0i0ionerGs ."r0 0o s'.ervise is s'bordin"0es
in i0s .rom.0 dis.osi0ion, 0e s"me c"nno0 be considered " vicio's "nd m"/evo/en0 "c0 1"rr"n0in- is remov"/ 3or
be0r"*"/ o3 .'b/ic 0r's04 =ore so bec"'se 0e ne-/ec0 im.'0ed
'.on .e0i0ioner "..e"rs 0o be "n iso/"0ed c"se4
Accordin-/*, 0e (6Gs .rono'ncemen0 o3 "dminis0r"0ive "cco'n0"bi/i0* "-"ins0 .e0i0ioner "nd 0e im.osi0ion '.on im
o3 0e corres.ondin- .en"/0* o3 dismiss"/ m's0 be reversed "nd se0 "side, "s 0e 3indin-s o3 ne-/ec0 o3 d'0* or
miscond'c0 in o33ice do no0 "mo'n0 0o " be0r"*"/ o3 .'b/ic 0r's04 :ence, 0e 6residen0, 1i/e e m"* be ves0ed 1i0
"'0ori0*, c"nno0 order 0e remov"/ o3 .e0i0ioner "s De.'0* (mb'dsm"n, 0ere bein- no in0en0ion"/ 1ron-doin- o3 0e
-r"ve "nd serio's 2ind "mo'n0in- 0o " be0r"*"/ o3 .'b/ic 0r's048is is no0 0o s"*, o1ever, 0"0 .e0i0ioner is re/ieved o3
"// /i"bi/i0* 3or is "c0s so1in- /ess 0"n di/i-en0 .er3orm"nce o3 o33ici"/ d'0ies4 A/0o'- 0e "dminis0r"0ive "c0s
im.'0ed 0o .e0i0ioner 3"// sor0 o3 0e cons0i0'0ion"/ s0"nd"rd o3 be0r"*"/ o3 .'b/ic 0r's0, considerin- 0e (6Gs 3"c0'"/
3indin-s o3 ne-/i-ence "nd miscond'c0 "-"ins0 .e0i0ioner, 0e Co'r0 deems i0 "..ro.ri"0e 0o re3er 0e c"se 0o 0e (33ice
o3 0e (mb'dsm"n 3or 3'r0er inves0i-"0ion o3 0e c"r-es in (6 C"se No4 10!%!460 "nd 0e im.osi0ion o3 0e
corres.ondin- "dminis0r"0ive s"nc0ions, i3 "n*4
5n"sm'c "s 0ere is "s *e0 no eAis0in- -ro'nd 7's0i3*in- is remov"/ 3rom o33ice, .e0i0ioner is en0i0/ed 0o reins0"0emen0
0o is 3ormer .osi0ion "s De.'0* (mb'dsm"n "nd 0o 0e ."*men0 o3 b"c21"-es "nd bene3i0s corres.ondin- 0o 0e
.eriod o3 is s's.ension4
1o* Case GR %o. 23A?4?:
The !,,ice o, the "*esi+ent is veste+ >ith statuto*y autho*ity to p*ocee+ a+minist*atively against petitione*
Ba**e*as;#ulit to +ete*mine the e0istence o, any o, the g*oun+s ,o* he* *emoval ,*om o,,ice as p*ovi+e+ ,o*
un+e* the Constitution an+ the !m-u+sman Act.
6e0i0ioner B"rrer"s!S'/i0, on 0e o0er "nd, "s been resis0in- 0e 6residen0Gs "'0ori0* 0o remove er 3rom o33ice
'.on 0e "vermen0 0"0 1i0o'0 0e S"ndi-"nb"*"nGs 3in"/ "..rov"/ "nd 7'd-men0 on 0e b"sis o3 0e 6KEBARA, i0
1o'/d be .rem"0're 0o c"r-e er 1i0 "c0s "ndIor omissions L0"n0"mo'n0 0o c'/."b/e vio/"0ions o3 0e Cons0i0'0ion
"nd be0r"*"/ o3 .'b/ic 0r's0,L 1ic "re -ro'nds 3or remov"/ 3rom o33ice 'nder Sec0ion ,, ."r"-r". $2& o3 0e
(mb'dsm"n Ac0 o3 1+,+J "nd 1ic "/so cons0i0'0e " vio/"0ion o3 Sec0ion 3, ."r"-r". $e& o3 Re.'b/ic Ac0 No4 301+
$An0i!Gr"30 "nd Corr'.0 6r"c0ices Ac0& ! c"'sin- 'nd'e in7'r* 0o 0e Governmen0 or -ivin- "n* .riv"0e ."r0* "n*
'n1"rr"n0ed bene3i0s, "dv"n0"-e or .re3erence 0ro'- m"ni3es0 ."r0i"/i0*, eviden0 b"d 3"i0 or -ross ineAc's"b/e
ne-/i-ence4 Fi0 re3erence 0o 0e doc0rine o3 .re7'dici"/ .roced'r"/ "n0eceden0, .e0i0ioner B"rrer"s!S'/i0 "sser0s 0"0
0e .ro.rie0* o3 0"2in- "nd con0in'in- 0o 0"2e "dminis0r"0ive disci./in"r* .roceedin- "-"ins0 er m's0 de.end on 0e
3in"/ dis.osi0ion b* 0e S"ndi-"nb"*"n o3 0e 6KEBARA, eA./"inin- 0"0 i3 0e S"ndi-"nb"*"n 1o'/d '.o/d 0e
6KEBARA, 0ere 1o'/d no /on-er be "n* c"'se o3 com./"in0 "-"ins0 erJ i3 no0, 0en 0e si0'"0ion becomes ri.e 3or
0e de0ermin"0ion o3 er 3"i/in-s4
8e "r-'men0 1i// no0 o/d 1"0er4 8e inciden0s 0"0 "ve 0"2en ./"ce s'bse?'en0 0o 0e s'bmission in co'r0 o3 0e
6KEBARA so1s 0"0 0e 6KEBARA "s been .r"c0ic"//* "..roved, "nd 0"0 0e on/* 0in- 1ic rem"ins 0o be done
b* 0e S"ndi-"nb"*"n is 0o .rom'/-"0e " 7'd-men0 im.osin- 0e .ro.er sen0ence on 0e "cc'sed ="7or Gener"/
G"rci" b"sed on is ne1 ./e"s 0o /esser o33enses4 (n ="* 4, 2010, 0e S"ndi-"nb"*"n iss'ed " reso/'0ion dec/"rin-
0"0 0e c"n-e o3 ./e" 'nder 0e 6KEBARA 1"s 1"rr"n0ed "nd 0"0 i0 com./ied 1i0 7'ris.r'den0i"/ -'ide/ines4 8e
S"ndi-"nb"*"n, 0ere"30er, direc0ed 0e "cc'sed ="7or Gener"/ G"rci" 0o immedi"0e/* conve* in 3"vor o3 0e S0"0e "//
0e .ro.er0ies, bo0 re"/ "nd .erson"/, en'mer"0ed 0erein4 (n A'-'s0 11, 2010, 0e S"ndi-"nb"*"n iss'ed "
reso/'0ion, 1ic, in order 0o .'0 in0o e33ec0 0e reversion o3 ="7or Gener"/ G"rci"Gs i//!-o00en .ro.er0ies, ordered 0e
corres.ondin- -overnmen0 "-encies 0o c"'se 0e 0r"ns3er o3 o1nersi. o3 s"id .ro.er0ies 0o 0e Re.'b/ic o3 0e
6i/i..ines4 5n 0e me"n0ime, 0e (33ice o3 0e S.eci"/ 6rosec'0or $(S6& in3ormed 0e S"ndi-"nb"*"n 0"0 "n
(rder@0 "d been iss'ed b* 0e Re-ion"/ 8ri"/ Co'r0 o3 ="ni/", Br"nc 21 on November 5, 2010 "//o1in- 0e 0r"ns3er
o3 0e "cc'sedGs 3ro#en "cco'n0s 0o 0e Re.'b/ic o3 0e 6i/i..ines .'rs'"n0 0o 0e 0erms o3 0e 6KEBARA "s
"..roved b* 0e S"ndi-"nb"*"n4 5mmedi"0e/* "30er 0e (S6 in3ormed 0e S"ndi-"nb"*"n 0"0 i0s ="* 4, 2010
Reso/'0ion "d been s'bs0"n0i"//* com./ied 1i0, ="7or Gener"/ G"rci" m"ni3es0ed@1 0o 0e S"ndi-"nb"*"n on
15
November 1+, 2010 is re"diness 3or sen0encin- "nd 3or 0e 1i0dr"1"/ o3 0e crimin"/ in3orm"0ion "-"ins0 is 1i3e
"nd 01o sons4
8e "..rov"/ or dis"..rov"/ o3 0e 6KEBARA b* 0e S"ndi-"nb"*"n is o3 no conse?'ence 0o "n "dminis0r"0ive
3indin- o3 /i"bi/i0* "-"ins0 .e0i0ioner B"rrer"s!S'/i04 Fi/e 0e co'r0Gs de0ermin"0ion o3 0e .ro.rie0* o3 " ./e" b"r-"in is
on 0e b"sis o3 0e eAis0in- .rosec'0ion evidence on record, 0e disci./in"r* "'0ori0*Gs de0ermin"0ion o3 0e
.rosec'0orGs "dminis0r"0ive /i"bi/i0* is b"sed on 1e0er 0e ./e" b"r-"in is consis0en0 1i0 0e conscien0io's
consider"0ion o3 0e -overnmen0Gs bes0 in0eres0 "nd 0e di/i-en0 "nd e33icien0 .er3orm"nce b* 0e .rosec'0ion o3 i0s
.'b/ic d'0* 0o .rosec'0e crimes "-"ins0 0e S0"0e4 Conse?'en0/*, 0e disci./inin- "'0ori0*Gs 3indin- o3 ine.0i0'de,
ne-/ec0 or 1i//3'/ness on 0e ."r0 o3 0e .rosec'0ion, more ."r0ic'/"r/* .e0i0ioner S.eci"/ 6rosec'0or B"rrer"s!S'/i0, in
3"i/in- 0o .'rs'e or b'i/d " s0ron- c"se 3or 0e -overnmen0 or, in 0is c"se, en0erin- in0o "n "-reemen0 1ic 0e
-overnmen0 3inds L-ross/* dis"dv"n0"-eo's,L co'/d res'/0 in "dminis0r"0ive /i"bi/i0*, no01i0s0"ndin- co'r0 "..rov"/ o3
0e ./e" b"r-"inin- "-reemen0 en0ered in0o4
No01i0s0"ndin- 0is e"r/ier r'/in- b* 0e S"ndi-"nb"*"n, 0e (S6, 'neA./"in"b/*, cose 0o ./e" b"r-"in 1i0 0e
"cc'sed ="7or Gener"/ G"rci" "s i3 i0s evidence 1ere s'dden/* ins'33icien0 0o sec're " convic0ion4 A0 0is 7'nc0're, i0 is
no0 "miss 0o em."si#e 0"0 0e Ls0"nd"rd o3 s0ron- evidence o3 -'i/0 1ic is s'33icien0 0o den* b"i/ 0o "n "cc'sed is
m"r2ed/* i-er 0"n 0e s0"nd"rd o3 7'dici"/ .rob"b/e c"'se 1ic is s'33icien0 0o ini0i"0e " crimin"/ c"se4L@6 :ence,
in /i-0 o3 0e ".."ren0/* s0ron- c"se "-"ins0 "cc'sed ="7or Gener"/ G"rci", 0e disci./inin- "'0ori0* 1o'/d be "rd!
.ressed no0 0o /oo2 in0o 0e 1*s "nd 1ere3ores o3 0e .rosec'0ionGs 0'rn"bo'0 in 0e c"se4
8e Co'r0 need no0 0o'c 3'r0er '.on 0e s'bs0"n0i"/ m"00ers 0"0 "re 0e s'b7ec0 o3 0e .endin- "dminis0r"0ive
.roceedin- "-"ins0 .e0i0ioner B"rrer"s!S'/i0 "nd "re, 0's, be00er /e30 0o 0e com./e0e "nd e33ec0ive reso/'0ion o3 0e
"dminis0r"0ive c"se be3ore 0e (33ice o3 0e 6residen04
F:ERE)(RE, in G4R4 No4 1+6231, 0e decision o3 0e (33ice o3 0e 6residen0 in (6 C"se No4 10!%!460 is
RE>ERSED "nd SE8 AS5DE4 6e0i0ioner Emi/io A4 Gon#"/es 555 is ordered RE5NS8A8ED 1i0 ."*men0 o3 b"c21"-es
corres.ondin- 0o 0e .eriod o3 s's.ension e33ec0ive immedi"0e/*, even "s 0e (33ice o3 0e (mb'dsm"n is direc0ed 0o
.roceed 1i0 0e inves0i-"0ion in connec0ion 1i0 0e "bove c"se "-"ins0 .e0i0ioner4 5n G4R4 No4 1+6232, Fe A))5R=
0e con0in'"0ion o3 (6!DC C"se No4 11!B!003 "-"ins0 S.eci"/ 6rosec'0or Fende// B"rrer"s!S'/i0 3or "//e-ed "c0s "nd
omissions 0"n0"mo'n0 0o c'/."b/e vio/"0ion o3 0e Cons0i0'0ion "nd " be0r"*"/ o3 .'b/ic 0r's0, in "ccord"nce 1i0
Sec0ion ,$2& o3 0e (mb'dsm"n Ac0 o3 1+,+4
16