12
Trail Making Tests
From the MOCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment
The Tests:
The trail making tests A and B from the MOCA requires immediate recognition of the
symbolic significance of number and letters, ability to scan the page continuously to
identify the next number or letter in sequence, flexibility in integrating the numerical and
alphabetical series, and completion of the these requirements under the pressure of time
(Reitan, 1992).
General Instructions
Trail Making Part A:
1. Provide the person with the sample trails A first. Once completed correctly then
move on to the actual Trails A.
2. Instruct the individual to, Please draw a line connecting the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4
etc. in order until you reach the end. Try to draw the lines as fast as you can.
3. If the person makes a mistake on the sample Trails A point it out to them and
explain the error. i.e. you skipped a circle; you started with the wrong number,
etc. Repeat the sample Trails A with correction instructions until they have
completed it correctly or it becomes evident that they are unable to do the task.
4. Once the sample trails A has been completed correctly give them the real Trails
A. Repeat the instructions as given in step one.
5. Start timing the test as soon as the instruction is given to begin the test.
Example
13
Trail Making Part B:
1. Provide the individual with the sample Trails B. Once they have
completed it correctly then move on to the actual Trails B.
2. Instruct the individual that this second part of the test is slightly more
difficult as it requires them to alternate between numbers and letters. Say
On this page are some numbers and letters. Begin at 1 and draw a line
from 1 to A, A to 2, 2 to B, and so forth until you reach the end.
Remember first you have a number, then a letter, then a number, and so
on. Draw the lines as fast as you can.
3. If the person makes a mistake on the sample Trails B, point out the error
and explain why it is incorrect. Repeat this procedure until the task is
performed correctly or it becomes apparent they cannot complete the
task.
4. After the person has completed the sample Trails B provide them with the
actual Trails B. Repeat the instruction given in point 2. Timing begins as
soon as the person is told to begin.
5. Be altert for mistakes. If the person makes a mistake point it out to them
immediately, return the person to the last correct circle and continue the
test from that point. Continue timing and record the number of errors
made until task is completed
Scoring Trails A and B
1. Part A and B are scored separately. The score for each part is the number of
seconds required to complete the task.
2. More than 1 error or scoring below the 10th percentile in the time (in seconds)
taken raises concerns (50th percentile is given for comparison).
3. Generally time over 3 minutes or > 1 error is a failure.
Norms for Trails A and B by age (in seconds) and education
Age
Percentiles
Trails A*
(education no
change)
Trails B
Grade 12 >Grade 12*
65-
69
50
10
37 seconds
53
86
137
68
77
70-
74
50
10
38
61
101
172
84
112
75-
79
50
10
46
70
120
189
81
178
80-
84
50
10
52
93
140
158
128
223
85+
50
10
54
120
143
319
121
240
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Trails A: Sample
15
Trials A
16
Trails B: Sample
17
Trails B
