Hana Nurhasanah, Dra. M.

Pd
Nama : Ajat
NIM : 41032122062216
UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NUSANTARA
( U N I N U S )
FAKULTAS KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN (FKIP)
Jl. Soekarno Hatta No. 530 Bandung 4026 !l"#$a% 022&'50(656
Testn! "ra# A$#t%
!)e a**um"t+on +* made +n t)+* ,)a"ter t)at t)e o-je,t+.e o/ tea,)+ng *"oken language +* t)e
de.elo"ment o/ t)e a-+l+t0 to +ntera,t *u,,e**/ull0 +n t)at language1 and t)at t)+* +n.ol.e*
,om"re)en*+on a* 2ell a* "rodu,t+on. It +* al*o a**umed tat at t)e earl+e*t *tage* o/ learn+ng /ormal
te*t+ng o/ t)+* a-+l+t0 2+ll not -e ,alled /or1 +n/ormal o-*er.at+on "ro.+d+ng an0 d+agno*t+, +n/ormat+on
t)at +* needed.
!)e -a*+, "ro-lem +n te*t+ng oral a-+l+t0 +* e**ent+all0 t)e *ame a* /or te*t+ng 2r+t+ng. 3e 2ant
to *et ta*k* t)at /rom a re"re*entat+.e *am"le o/ t)e "o"ulat+on o/ oral ta*k* 2)at 2e e%"e,t ,and+date*
to -e a-le to "er/orm. !)e ta*k* *)ould el+,+t -e)a.+our 2)+,) trul0 re"re*ent t)e ,and+date*4 a-+l+t0 and
2)+,) ,an -e *,ored .al+d+t0 and rel+a-l0.
Settn! the tas&s
S"e,+/0+ng t)e ta*k*
A* +n t)e "re.+ou* ,)a"ter1 2e *)all -eg+n -0 ,on*+der+ng te*t ,ontent. !)+* 2+ll -e /ollo2ed -0 a
d+*,u**+on o/ ,r+ter+a le.el* o/ "er/orman,e and o/ "o**+-le te*t /ormat*.
5ontent
3e ,an aga+n make u*e o/ t)e /rame2ork +ntrodu,ed +n ,)a"ter ': 6"erat+on*1 t0"e* o/ te%t1
Addre**ee*1 and !o"+,*. 7SA te*t *"e,+/+,at+on*1 t)+* t+me /or 86ral +ntera,t+on4 at t)e +ntermed+ate
le.el1 *er.e a* an +llu*trat+on.
6"erat+on* !)e o"erat+on +* to take "art In oral +ntera,t+on 2)+,) ma0 +n.ol.e t)e /ollo2+ng
language /un,t+on* :
9%"re**+ng : t)ank*1 re:u+rement*1 o"+n+on*1 ,omment1 att+tude1 ,on/+rmat+on1 a"olog01
2ant#need1 +n/ormat+on1 ,om"la+nt*1 rea*on*# ju*t+/+,at+on*.
Narrat+ng: *e:uen,e o/ e.ent*.
9l+,+t+ng: +n/ormat+on1 d+re,t+on*1 *er.+,e1 ,lar+/+,at+on1 )el"1 "erm+**+on1 ;and all area* a-o.e<
=+re,t+ng: order+ng1 +n*tru,t+ng ;)o2 to<1 "er*uad+ng1 ad.+*+ng1 2arn+ng.
7e"ort+ng: de*,r+"t+on1 ,omment1 de,+*+on*.
!e%t t0"e* d+alogue and mult+&"art+,+"ant +ntera,t+on* normall0 o/ a /a,e&to&/a,e nature -ut
tele")one ,on.er*at+on* not e%,luded.
Addre**e* and to"+,* Not&S"e,+/+ed e%,e"t a* under 8!o"+,* /or 2r+t+ng4.
'rtera #e(e#s )* +er*)r,an-e
!)e /a,t t)at "art+,ular grammat+,al *tru,ture* are not *"e,+/+ed a* ,ontent1 and t)at t)ere +* no
re/eren,e to .o,a-ular0 or "ronun,+at+on1 doe* not o/ ,our*e mean t)at t)ere are no
re:u+rement* 2+t) re*"e,t to t)e*e element* o/ oral "er/orman,e. !)e*e 2ould -e dealt 2+t)
*e"aratel0 a* "art o/ a *tatement o/ ,r+ter+a le.el*. !)u* /or t)e 7SA te*t at +ntermed+ate le.el:
A,,ura,0 >ronun,+at+on *t+ll o-.+ou*l0 +n/luen,ed -0 ?1 t)oug) ,learl0 +ntell+g+-le.
@rammat+,al# le%+,al a,,ura,0 +* generall0 )+g)1 t)oug) *ome error* 2)+,) do not de*tro0
,ommun+,at+on are a,,e"ta-le.
A""ro"r+a,0 A*e o/ language generall0 a""ro"r+ate to /un,t+on. !)e o.erall +ntent+on o/ t)e
*"eaker +* al2a0* ,lear.
7ange A /a+r range o/ language +* a.a+la-le to t)e ,and+date. He +* a-le to e%"re** )+m*el/
2+t)out o.ertl0 )a.+ng to *ear,) /or 2ord*.
$le%+-+l+t0: I* a-le to take t)e +n+t+at+.e +n a ,on.er*at+on and to ada"t to ne2 to"+,* or ,)ange*
o/ d+re,t+on t)oug) ne+t)er o/ t)e*e ma0 -e ,on*+*tentl0 man+/e*ted.
S+Be Mo*t ,ontr+-ut+on* ma0 -e *)ort1 -ut *ome e.+den,e o/ a-+l+t0 to "rodu,e more ,om"le%
utteran,e* and to de.elo" t)e*e +nto d+*,our*e *)ould -e man+/e*ted.
!)e reader ma0 2ell /eel t)at t)e*e de*,r+"t+on* o/ le.el* o/ a-+l+t0 are not *u//+,+entl0 "re,+*e
to u*e 2+t) an0 ,on*+*ten,0. In /a,t1 e.en 2)ere *"e,+/+,at+on +* more "re,+*e t)an t)+*1 t)e
o"erat+onal+*at+on o/ ,r+ter+a le.el* )a* to -e ,arr+ed out +n ,onjun,t+on 2+t) *am"le* o/ ,and+date*4
"er/orman,e*.
Anot)er a""roa,) to t)e *"e,+/+,at+on o/ *k+ll +* to ,om-+ne t)e element* o/ ,ontent 2+t) an
+nd+,at+on o/ ,r+ter+a le.el* o/ a-+l+t0. !)e rat+ng *,ale* aga+n*t 2)+,) ,and+date* 8"er/orman,e* are
judged "ro.+de t)e *"e,+/+,at+on*. 9%am"le* o/ t)e*e are t)e A5!$? @u+del+ne* and +nteragen,0
?anguage 7oundta-le ;I?7< "ro/+,+en,0 rat+ng* ;2)+,) 2ere +n /a,t u*ed +n t)e de.elo"ment o/ t)e
A5!$? @u+del+ne*<. !)u*1 t)e A5!$? de*,r+"t+on o/ 8Intermed+ate&M+d4 a-+l+t0:
Intermed+ate
!)e Intermed+ate le.el +* ,)ara,ter+Bed -0 t)e *"eaker4* a-+l+t0 to:
& ,reate 2+t) t)e language -0 ,om-+n+ng and re,om-+n+ng learned element*1 t)oug) "r+mar+l0
+n a ,reat+.e modeC
& +n+t+ate1 m+n+mall0 *u*ta+n1 and ,lo*e +n *+m"le 2a0 -a*+, ,ommun+,at+.e ta*k*C and
& a*k and an*2er :ue*t+on*.
Inter,edate.Md
A-le to )andle *u,,e**/ull0 a .ar+et0 o/ un,om"l+,ated1 -a*+, and ,ommun+,at+.e ta*k* and
*o,+al *+tuat+on*. 5an talk *+m"l0 a-out *el/ and /am+l0 mem-er*. 5an talk and an*2er :ue*t+on*
and "art+,+"ate +n *+m"le ,on.er*at+on* on to"+,* -e0ond t)e mo*t +mmed+ate need*1 /or
e%am"le "er*onal )+*tor0 and le+*ure t+me a,t+.+t+e*. Atteran,e lengt) +n,rea*e* *l+g)tl01 -ut
*"ee,) ma0 ,ont+nuo to -e ,)ara,ter+Bed -0 /re:uent long "au*e*1 *+n,e t)e *moot)
+n,or"orat+on o/ e.en -a*+, ,on.er*at+onal *trateg+e* +* o/ten )+ndered a* t)e *"eaker *truggle*
to ,reate a""ro"r+ate language /orm*. >ronun,+at+on ma0 ,ont+nue to -e *trongl0 +n/luen,ed -0
/+r*t language and /luen,0 ma0 *t+ll -e *tra+ned. Alt)oug) m+*under*tand+ng* *t+ll ar+*e1 t)e
Intermed+ate&M+d *"eaker ,an generall0 -e under*tood -0 *0m"at)et+, +nterlo,uter*.
!)e I?7 de*,r+"t+on o/ 8l+m+ted 2ork+ng "ro/+,+en,04 ;t)e I?7 *,ale* relate to t)e u*e o/ language /or a
*"e,+/+, "ur"o*e1 -e+ng u*ed /or a**e**+ng t)e /ore+gn language a-+l+t0 o/ AS @o.ernment agen,0 *ta//<
+* a* /ollo2*:
A-le to *at+*/0 rout+ne *o,+al demand* and l+m+ted 2ork re:u+rement*. 5an )andle 2+t)
,on/+den,e -ut not /a,+l+t0 mo*t *o,+al *+tuat+on* +n,lud+ng +ntrodu,t+on* and ,a*ual
,on.er*at+on* a-out ,urrent e.ent*1 a* 2ell a* 2ork1 /am+l01 and auto-+ogra")+,al +n/ormat+on*C
,an )andle l+m+ted 2ork re:u+rement*1 need+ng )el" +n )and+ng an0 ,om"l+,at+on* on non&
te,)n+,al *u-je,t* ;+. e. to"+, 2)+,) re:u+re no *"e,+al+Bed kno2ledge< and )a* a *"eak+ng
.o,a-ular0 *u//+,+ent to re*"ond *+m"l0 2+t) *ome ,+r,umlo,ut+on*C a,,ent1 t)oug) o/ten :u+te
/ault01 +* +ntell+g+-leC ,an u*uall0 )andle elementar0 ,on*tru,t+on* :u+te a,,uratel0 -ut doe* not
)a.e t)roug) or ,on/+dent ,ontrol o/ t)e grammar.
It 2+ll -e *een t)at t)e A5!$? and I?7 *,ale* are le** *"e,+/+, a-out ,ontent. In t)e ,a*e o/ I?7
+nter.+e2*1 *ome +nd+,at+on o/ "otent+al ,ontent +* to -e o-ta+ned /rom a,,ount* o/ t)e el+,+tat+on
"ro,edure* u*ed -0 t)e+r +nter.+e2er*. 3)ate.er a""roa,) +* ado"ted1 t)e +m"ortant t)+ng +* /or t)e
te*ter to -e a* ,lear a* "o**+-le a* t)e out*et;-e/ore t)e te*t +* 2r+tten< a-out t)e nature o/ t)e a-+l+t0
t)at +* to -e mea*ured.
F)r,at
?+*ted )ere are t)ree general /ormat* 2+t) -r+e/ ,omment* on t)em. More deta+led el+,+tat+on
"ro,edure* are to -e /ound +n t)e ne%t *e,t+on.
Interview !)e mo*t o-.+ou* /ormat /or t)e te*t+ng o/ oral +ntera,t+on +* t)e +nter.+e2. In +t*
trad+t+onal /orm1 )o2e.er1 +t )a* at lea*t one "otent+all0 *er+ou* dra2-a,k. !)e relat+on*)+" -et2een t)e
te*ter and t)e ,and+date +* u*uall0 *u,) t)at t)e ,and+date *"eak* a* to a *u"er+or and +* un2+ll+ng to
take t)e +n+t+at+.e. A* a re*ult1 onl0 one *t0le o/ *"ee,) +* el+,+ted1 and man0 /un,t+on* ;*u,) a* a*k+ng
/or +n/ormat+on< are not re"re*ented +n t)e ,and+date4* "er/orman,e. 3a0* o/ gett+ng round t)+* "ro-lem
-0 +ntrodu,+ng a .ar+et0 o/ te,)n+:ue* +nto t)e +nter.+e2 *+tuat+on are "re*ented +n t)e ne%t *e,t+on. !)e
2ord 8+nter.+e24 +* u*ed -elo2 +n t)+* e%tended ten*e.
Interaction with peers !2o or more ,and+date* ma0 -e a*ked to d+*,u** a to"+,1 make "lan*1 and *o on.
!)e "ro-lem 2+t) t)+* +* t)at t)e "er/orman,e o/ one ,and+date +* l+kel0 to -e e//e,ted -0 t)at o/ t)e
ot)er*. $or e%am"le1 an a**ert+.e and +n*en*+t+.e ,and+date ma0 dom+nate and not allo2 anot)er
,and+date to *)o2 2)at )e or *)e ,an do. I/ t)+* /ormat +* u*ed1 ,and+date* *)ould -e ,are/ull0 mat,)ed
2)ene.er "o**+-le.
7e*"on*e to ta"e&re,ord+ng* An+/orm+t0 o/ el+,+tat+on "ro,edure* ,an -e a,)+e.ed t)roug) "re*ent+ng
all ,and+date* onl0 2+t) t)e *ame aud+o& ;or .+deo&< ta"e&re,orded *t+mul+. !)+* oug)t to "romote
rel+a-+l+t0. !)ere ,an al*o -e e,onom0 2)ere a language la-orator0 +* a.a+la-le1 *+n,e large num-er* o/
,and+date* ,an -e te*ted at t)e *ame t+me. !)e o-.+ou* d+*ad.antage o/ t)+* /ormat +* +t* +n/le%+-+l+t0:
t)ere +* no 2a0 o/ /ollo2+ng u" ,and+date*4 re*"on*e.
6-ta+n+ng a *am"le t)at "ro"erl0 re"re*ent ea,) ,and+date4* a-+l+t0 and 2)+,) ,an -e rel+a-l0 judged.
!)+* *e,t+on -eg+n* 2+t) general ad.+,e and t)en goe* on to *ugge*t te,)n+:ue* /or d+//erent /ormat*.
A=DI59 6N >?ANNIN@ AN= 56N=A5!IN@ 67A? !9S!S
1. Make t)e oral te*t a* long a* +* /ea*+-le. It +* unl+kel0 t)at mu,) rel+a-le +n/ormat+on ,an -e
o-ta+ned +n le** t)an a-out 15 m+nute*1 2)+le 30 m+nute* ,an "ro-a-l0 "ro.+de all t)e +n/ormat+on
ne,e**ar0 /or mo*t "ur"o*e*. A* "art o/ a "la,ement te*t1 )o2e.er1 a /+.e or ten&m+nute +nter.+e2
*)ould -e *u//+,+ent to "re.ent gro** error* +n a**+gn+ng *tudent* to ,la**e*.
2. In,lude a* 2+de a *am"le o/ *"e,+/+ed ,ontent a* +* "o**+-le +n t)e t+me a.a+la-le. Sele,t 2)at 0ou
regard a* a re"re*entat+.e *am"le o/ t)e *"e,+/+ed ,ontent and t)en "lan )o2 0ou 2+ll el+,+t t)e
ne,e**ar0 -e)a.+our ;t)+* ma0 2ell demand t)e u*e o/ more t)an one /ormat<.
3. >lan t)e te*t ,are/ull0. 3)+le one o/ t)e ad.antage* o/ +nd+.+dual oral te*t+ng +* t)e 2a0+n 2)+,)
"ro,edure* ,an -e ada"ted +n re*"on*e to a ,and+date4* "er/orman,e1 t)e te*ter *)ould ne.ert)ele**
)a.e *ome "attern to /ollo2. It +* a m+*take to -eg+n1 /or e%am"le1 an +nter.+e2 2+t) no more t)an a
general +dea o/ t)e ,our*e t)at +t m+g)t take.
4. @+.e t)e ,and+date a* man0 8/re*) *tart*4 a* "o**+-le. !)+* mean* a num-er o/ t)+ng*. $+r*t1 +/
"o**+-le and +/ a""ro"r+ate1 more t)an one /ormat *)ould -e u*ed. Se,ondl01 aga+n +/ "o**+-le1 +t +*
de*+ra-le /or ,and+date* to +ntera,t 2+t) more t)an one te*ter. !)+rdl01 2+t)+n a /ormat t)ere *)ould
-e a* man0 *e"arate 8+tem*4 a* "o**+-le. >art+,ularl0 +/ a ,and+date get* +nto d+//+,ult01 not too mu,)
t+me *)ould -e *"ent on one "art+,ular /un,t+on or to"+,. At t)e *ame t+me1 ,and+date* *)ould not -e
d+*,ouraged /rom mak+ng a *e,ond attem"t to e%"re** 2)at t)e0 2ant to *a01 "o**+-l0 +n d+//erent
2ord*.
5. Sele,t +nter.+e2er* ,are/ull0 and tra+n t)em. Su,,e**/ull0 +nter.+e2+ng +* -0 no mean* ea*0 and not
e.er0one )a* great a"t+tude /or +t. Inter.+e2er* need to -e *0m")at+, and /le%+-le ,)ara,ter*1 2+t) a
good ,ommand o/ t)e language t)em*el.e*. But e.en t)e mo*t a"t need tra+n+ng. !)e0 ,an -e g+.en
ad.+,e1 *)o2n .+deo re,ord+ng* o/ *u,,e**/ul +nter.+e2*1 and ,an ,arr0 out +nter.+e2* t)em*el.e*
2)+,) ,an -e re,orded to /rom t)e -a*+* /or ,r+t+,al d+*,u**+on.
6. A*e a *e,ond te*ter /or +nter.+e2*. Be,au*e o/ t)e d+//+,ult0 o/ ,ondu,t+ng and +nter.+e2 and o/
kee"+ng tra,t o/ t)e ,and+date4* "er/orman,e1 +t +* .er0 )el"/ul to )a.e a *e,ond te*ter "re*ent. !)+*
"er*on ,annot onl0 g+.e more attent+on to )o2 t)e ,and+date +* "er/orm+ng -ut al*o el+,+t
"er/orman,e 2)+,) t)e0 t)+nk +* ne,e**ar0 +n order to ,ome to a rel+a-le judgement. 6ne o/ t)e
te,)n+:ue* *ugge*ted -elo2 need* t)e ,o&o"erat+on o/ a *e,ond te*ter.
7. *et onl0 ta*k* and to"+,* t)at 2ould -e e%"e,ted to ,au*e ,and+date* no d+//+,ult0 +n t)e+r o2n
language.
8. 5arr0 out t)e +nter.+e2 +n a :u+et room 2+t) good a,ou*t+,*.
9. >ut ,and+date* at t)e+r ea*e. Ind+.+dual oral te*t* 2+ll al2a0* -e "art+,ularl0 *tre**/ul /or ,and+date*.
It +* +m"ortant to "ut t)em at t)e+r ea*e -0 -e+ng "lea*ant and rea**ur+ng t)roug)out. It +* *"e,+all0
+m"ortant to make t)e +n+t+al *tage* o/ t)e te*t 2ell 2+t)+n t)e ,a"a,+t+e* o/ all rea*ona-le
,and+date*. Inter.+e2*1 /or e%am"le1 ,an -eg+n 2+t) *tra+g)t/or2ard re:ue*t "er*onal ;-ut not too
"er*onal< deta+l*1 remark* a-out t)e 2eat)er1 and *o on.
!e*ter* *)ould a.o+d ,on*tantl0 rem+nd+ng ,and+date* t)at t)e0 are -e+ng a**e**ed. In "art+,ular
t)e0 *)ould not -e *een to make note* on t)e ,and+date* 8"er/orman,e dur+ng t)e +nter.+e2 or ot)er
a,t+.+t0. $or t)e *ame rea*on1 tran*+t+on* -et2een to"+,* and -et2een te,)n+:ue* *)ould -e made a*
natural a* "o**+-le. !)e +nter.+e2 *)ould -e ended at a le.el at 2)+,) t)e ,and+date ,learl0 /eel*
,om/orta-le1 t)u* lea.+ng )+m or )er 2+t) a *en*e o/ a,,om"l+*)ment.
10. 5olle,t enoug) rele.ant +n/ormat+on. I/ t)e "ur"o*e o/ t)e te*t +* to determ+ne 2)et)er a ,and+date
,an "er/orm at a ,erta+n "redeterm+ned le.el1 t)en1 a/ter an +n+t+al ea*0 +ntrodu,t+on1 t)e te*t *)ould
-e ,arr+ed out 8at t)at le.el. I/ +t -e,ome* a""arent t)at a ,and+date +* ,learl0 .er0 2eak and )a* no
,)an,e o/ rea,)+ng t)e ,r+ter+on le.el1 t)en an +nter.+e2 *)ould -e -roug)t gentl0 to a ,lo*e1 *+n,e
not)+ng 2+ll -e learned /rom *u-je,t+ng )er or )+m to a longer ordeal. 3)ere1 on t)e ot)er )and1 t)e
"ur"o*e o/ t)e te*t +* to *ee what le.el t)e ,and+date +* at1 +n an +nter.+e2 t)e te*ter )a* to -eg+n -0
gue**+ng 2)at t)+* le.el +* on t)e -a*+* o/ earl0 re*"on*e*. !)e +nter.+e2 +* t)en ,ondu,ted at t)at
le.el1 e+t)er "ro.+d+ng ,on/+rmator0 e.+den,e or re.eal+ng t)at t)e +n+t+al gue** +* +na,,urate. In t)e
latter ,a*e t)e le.el +* *)+/ted u" or do2n unt+l +t -e,ome* ,lear 2)at t)e ,and+date4* le.el +*. A
*e,ond te*ter1 2)o*e ma+n role +* to a**e** t)e ,and+date4* "er/orman,e1 ,an el+,+t re*"on*e* at a
d+//erent le.el +/ +t +* *u*"e,ted t)at t)e "r+n,+"al +nter.+e2er ma0 -e m+*taken.
11. =o not talk too mu,). !)ere +* an un/ortunate tenden,0 /or +nter.+e2er* to talk too mu,)1 not
g+.+ng enoug) talk+ng t+me to ,and+date*. A.o+d t)e tem"tat+on to make lengt)0 or re"eated
e%"lanat+on* o/ *omet)+ng t)at t)e ,and+date )a* m+*under*tood.
9?I5!I!A!I6NS !95HNIEA9S
!)e a""ro"r+atene** o/ ea,) te,)n+:ue 2+ll de"end u"on t)e *"e,+/+,at+on* o/ t)e te*t. Mo*t o/ t)em ,an
-e /+tted ea*+l0 2+t)+n an +nter.+e2 /rame2ork.
Eue*t+on* and re:ue*t* /or +n/ormat+on Fe*#no :ue*t+on* *)ould generall0 -e a.o+ded. Dar+ou*
/un,t+on* ;o/ t)e k+nd l+*ted +n t)e 7SA *"e,+/+,at+on* a-o.e< ,an -e el+,+ted t)roug) re:ue*t* o/ t)e
k+nd: 85an 0ou e%"la+n to me )o2#2)0 G4 and 85an 0ou tell me 2)at 0ou t)+nk o/ G4
>+,ture* *+ngle "+,ture* are "art+,ularl0 u*e/ul /or el+,+t+ng de*,r+"t+on*. Ser+e* o/ "+,ture* ;or .+deo
*e:uen,e*< /rom a natural -a*+* /or narrat+on ;t)e *er+e* o/ "+,ture* on "age 41 /or e%am"le<.
7ole "la0 5and+date* ,an -e a*ked to a**ume a role +n a "art+,ular *+tuat+on. !)+* allo2* t)e read0
el+,+tat+on o/ ot)er language /un,t+on*. !)ere ,an -e a *er+e*o/ -r+e/ +tem*1 *u,) a*.
A /r+end +n.+te* 0ou to a "art0 on an e.en+ng 2)en 0ou 2ont to *ta0 at )ome and 2at,) t)e la*t
e"+*ode o/ a tele.+*+on *er+al. !)ank t)e /r+end ;"la0ed -0 t)e te*ter< and re/u*e "ol+tel0.
6r t)ere ,an -e more "rotra,ted e%,)ange:
Fou 2ant 0our mot)er ;"la0ed -0 t)e te*ter< to +n,rea*e 0our "o,ket mone0. S)e +* re*+*tant to t)e
+dea. !r0 to make )er ,)ange )er m+nd.
Fou 2ant to "l0 /rom ?ondon to >ar+* on 13
t)
Mar,)1 return+ng a 2eek later. @et all t)e +n/ormat+on
t)at 0ou need +n order to ,)oo*e 0our /l+g)t* /rom t)e tra.el agent ;"la0ed -0 t)e te*ter<.
7ole "la0 ,an -e ,arr+ed out -0 t2o ,and+date* 2+t) t)e te*ter an o-*er.er. $or *ome role* t)+* ma0 -e
more natural -ut1 a* "o+nted out a-o.e1 t)e "er/orman,e o/ one ,and+date ma0 -e a//e,ted -0 t)at o/ t)e
ot)er. S+m+larl01 t)e e%,)ange ma0 not /ollo2 t)e "attern "red+,ted -0 t)e te*ter ;and *o t)e +ntended
/un,t+on* ma0 not -e el+,+ted<.
Interpreting It +* not +ntended t)at ,and+date* *)ould -e a-le to a,t a* +nter"reter* ;unle** t)at +*
*"e,+/+ed<. Ho2e.er1 *+m"le +nter"ret+ng ta*k* ,an te*t -ot) "rodu,t+on and ,om"re)en*+on +n a
,ontrolled 2a0. 6ne o/ t)e te*ter* a,t* a* a monol+ngual *"eaker o/ t)e ,and+date4* nat+.e language1 t)e
ot)er a* a monol+ngual *"eaker o/ t)e language -e+ng te*ted. S+tuat+on* o/ t)e /ollo2+ng k+nd ,an -e *et
u":
!)e nat+.e language *"eaker 2ant* to +n.+te a /ore+gn .+*+tor to )+* or )er)ome /or a meal. !)e
,and+date* )a* to ,on.e0 t)e +n.+tat+on and a,t a* an +nter"reter /or a *u-*e:uen,e e%,)ange.
5om"re)en*+on ,an -e a**e**ed 2)en t)e ,and+date attem"t* to ,on.e0 2)at t)e .+*+tor +* *a0+ng1 and
+ndeed unle** *ome *u,) de.+,e +* u*ed1 +t +* d+//+,ult to o-ta+n *u//+,+ent +n/ormat+on on ,and+date*4
"o2er* o/ ,om"re)en*+on. >rodu,t+on +* te*ted 2)en t)e ,and+date tr+e* to ,on.e0 t)e mean+ng o/ 2)at
t)e nat+.e *"eaker *a0*.
=+*,u**+on =+*,u**+on* -et2een ,and+date* ,an -e a .alua-le *our,e o/ +n/ormat+on. !)e*e ma0
-ee d+*,u**+on* o/ a to"+, or +n order to ,ome to a de,+*+on. !)u* an e%am"le /rom t)e 7SA ;1(4<:
!)ere +* too mu,) *"ort on tele.+*+on.
6r
Four *,)ool )a* a *u-*tant+al -udget to *"end on +m"ro.+ng /a,+l+t+e*. !)e /ollo2+ng )a.e -een
*ugge*ted a* "o**+-le "ur,)a*e* /or t)e *,)oll.
1. D+deo e:u+"ment
2. A *2+mm+ng "ool ;+ndoor or outdoorH But )o2 mu,) 2ould t)+* ,o*tH<
3. A m+n+&-u*
4. 5om"uter e:u+"ment
5. A *auna
6. An0 ot)er *ugge*t+on
=+*,u** t)e ad.antage* o/ ea,) *ugge*t+on 2+t) 0our "artner and tr0 to rea,) agreement on t)e
mo*t *u+ta-le. Make ot)er *ugge*t+on +/ 0ou 2+*).
!)+* te,)n+:ue *u//er /rom t)e d+*ad.antage* atta,)ed to an0 met)od t)at de"end* on +ntera,t+on
-et2een ,and+date*. 3)+le an0 rea*ona-le num-er o/ ,and+date* ,ould -e +n.ol.ed +n *u,) d+*,u**+on*1
re*tr+,t+ng t)e num-er to t2o allo2* t)e te*ter t)e -e*t o""ortun+t0 o/ a**e**+ng t)e "er/orman,e more
d+//+dent ,and+date*. Ho2e.er1 at lea*t one nat+onal matr+,ulat+on e%am+nat+on +n 9ngl+*) u*e* larger
grou"*.
!a"e&re,orded *t+mul+ A* 2a* noted earl+er +n t)e ,)a"ter1 ,+r,um *tan,e* ma0 d+,tate t)at oral
a-+l+t0 -e te*ted +n t)e language la-orator0. A good *our,e o/ te,)n+:ue* +* t)e A79?S ;A**o,+at+on o/
7e,ogn+*ed 9ngl+*) ?anguage S,)ool*< e%am+nat+on +n S"oken 9ngl+*) and 5om"re)en*+on. !)e*e
+n,lude:
=e*,r+-e *+tuat+on*1 /or e%am"le:
Fou are 2alk+ng t)roug) to2n one da0 and 0ou meet t2o /r+end* 2)o 0ou 2ere *ure )ad gone
to l+.e +n t)e ASA. 3)at do 0ou *a0H
7emark* +n +*olat+on to re*"ond to1 /or e%am"le:
!)e ,and+date )ear*1 I4m a/ra+d )a.en4t managed to /+% t)at ,a**ette "la0er o/ 0our* 0et.
Sorr0. 8or !)ere4* a good /+lm on !D ton+g)t.4
S+mulated ,on.er*at+on1 /or e%am"le:
!)e ,and+date t)e g+.en +n/ormat+on a-out a "la0 2)+,) )e or *)e +* *u""o*ed to 2ant to *ee1
-ut not alone. !)e ,and+date +* told to talk to a /r+end1 Ann1 on t)e tele")one1 and a*k )er to
go to t)e t)eatre and an*2er )er :ue*t+on*. !)e ,and+date )ear*:
Ann : Hello. 3)at ,an I do /or 0ouH
Ann : Hold a moment. 3)at4* t)e name o/ t)e "la01 and 2)o4* -0H
Ann : Ne.er )eard o/ +t. 3)en4* *+t on e%a,tl0H
Ann : Sorr0 to ment+on +t1 -ut I )o"e +t +*n4t too e%"en*+.e.
Ann : 3ell 2)+,) n+g)t do 0ou 2ant to go1 and )o2 mu,) 2ould 0ou l+ke to "a*H
Ann : 6kI !)at4* all r+g)t. It4ll make a n+,e e.en+ng out. 4B0e.
Note t)at alt)oug) 2)at Ann *a0* +* *,r+"ted1 t)e *t0le o/ *"ee,) +* a""ro"r+atel0 normal.
$or all o/ t)e a-o.e1 an +nd+,at+on +* g+.en to ,and+date* o/ t)e t+me a.a+la-le ;/or e%am"le ten
*e,ond*< +n 2)+,) to re*"ond.
Imitation 5and+date* )ear a *er+e* o/ *enten,e*1 ea,) o/ 2)+,) t)e0 )a.e to re"eat +n turn. !)+*
o-.+ou*l0 doe* not +n +t*el/ re"re*ent a ,ro** *e,t+on o/ t)e oral *k+ll* t)at 2e are u*uall0 look+ng /or1
-ut t)ere +* re*ear,) e.+den,e t)at1 "ro.+ded t)e *enten,e* are not too *)ort ;*ee 2)at 2a* *a+d a-out
d+,tat+on +n ,)a"ter <1 learner* 2+ll make t)e *ame k+nd o/ error* +n "er/orm+ng t)+* ta*k a* t)e0 2+ll
2)en *"eak+ng /reel0. !)e ad.antage* o/ t)+* /ormat are t)e ,ontrol 2)+,) ,an -e e%er,+*ed +n ,)o+,e o/
*tru,ture* et,.1 and +t* e,onom0. 3)+le +t m+g)t "ro.+de *u//+,+ent +n/ormat+on a* "art o/ a "la,ement
te*t1 "ro-lem* +n +nter"retat+on1 a* 2ell a* a "otent+all0 un/ortunate -a,k2a*) e//e,t1 m+l+tate aga+n*t
g+.+ng +t a "rom+nent role +n a,)+e.ement or "ro/+,+en,0 te*t*.
!95HNIEA9S N6! 7956MM9N=9=
Prepared monologue Some e%am+nat+on* re:u+re ,and+date* to "re*ent a monologue on a to"+, a/ter
-e+ng g+.en a /e2 m+nute* to "re"are. I/ t)+* ta*k 2ere to -e ,arr+ed out +n t)e nat+.e language1 t)ere
2ould almo*t ,erta+nl0 -e ,on*+dera-le d+//eren,e* -et2een ,and+date*. $or t)+* rea*on1 and -e,au*e
lea.+ng t)e ,and+date alone to "re"are a monologue mu*t ,reate *tre**1 t)+* te,)n+:ue +* not
re,ommended.
Reading aloudAga+n1 t)ere 2+ll -e *+gn+/+,ant d+//eren,e* +n nat+.e *"eaker "er/orman,e1 and +ne.+ta-le
+nter/eren,e -et2een t)e read+ng and t)e *"eak+ng *k+ll*.
Obtaining valid and reliable scoring
S,or+ng 2+ll -e .al+d and rel+a-le anl0 +/:
5learl0 re,ogn+Ba-le and a""ro"r+ate de*,r+"t+on* o/ ,r+ter+al le.el* are
3r+tten and *,orer* are tra+ned to u*e t)em.
Irrele.ant /eature* o/ "er/orman,e are +gnored.
!)ere +* more t)an one *,orer /or ea,) "er/orman,e.
=9S57IBIN@ !H9 57I!97IA? ?9D9?S
=e*,r+"t+on* ma0 -e )ol+*t+, ;a* t)e A5!$? and I?7 *,ale* "re*ented a-o.e< or anal0t+, ;a* /or t)e
7SA te*t<. !)e ad.antage* and d+*ad.antage* o/ t)e t2o a""roa,)e* )a.e alread0 -een d+*,u**ed +n t)e
"re.+ou* ,)a"ter. It 2a* *a+d t)ere t)at +t +* "o**+-le to u*e one met)od a* a ,)e,k on t)e ot)er. An
e%am"le o/ t)+* +n oral te*t+ng +* t)e Amer+,an $SI ;$ore+gn Ser.+,e In*t+tute< +nter.+e2 "ro,edure1
2)+,) re:u+re t)e t2o te*ter* ,on,erned +n ea,) +nter.+e2 -ot) to a**+gn ,and+date* to a le.el
)ol+*t+,all0 and to rate t)em on a *+%&"o+nt *,ale /or ea,) o/ t)e /ollo2+ng: a,,ent1 grammar1
.o,a-ular01 /luen,01 ,om"re)en*+on. !)e*e rat+ng* are t)en 2e+g)ted and totaled. !)e re*ultant *,ore +*
t)en looked u" +n a ta-le 2)+,) ,on.ert* *,ore* +nto t)e )ol+*t+,all0 de*,r+-ed le.el*. !)e ,on.erted
*,ore *)ould g+.e t)e *ame le.el a* t)e one to 2)+,) t)e ,and+date 2a* /+r*t a**+gned. I/ not1 t)e te*ter*
2+ll )a.e to re,on*+der 2)et)er t)e+r /+r*t a**+gnment*1 2ere ,orre,t. !)e 2e+g)t+ng* and t)e
,on.er*+on ta-le* are -a*ed on re*ear,) 2)+,) re.ealed a .er0 )+g) le.el o/ agreement -et2een
)ol+*t+, and anal0t+, *,or+ng. Ha.+ng u*ed t)+* *0*tem m0*el/ 2)en te*t+ng -ank *ta//1 a ,an atte*t to +*
e//+,a,0. $or t)e reader4* +ntere*t I re"rodu,e t)e rat+ng *,ale* and t)e 2e+g)t+ng ta-le. It mu*t -e
remem-ered1 )o2e.er1 t)at t)e*e 2ere de.elo"ed /or a "art+,ular "ur"o*e and *)ould not -e e%"e,ted to
2ork 2ell +n a *+gn+/+,antl0 d+//erent *+tuat+on 2+t)out mod+/+,at+on. It +* "er)a"* al*o 2ort)
ment+on+ng t)at t)e u*e o/ a nat+.e&*"eaker *tandard aga+n*t 2)+,) to judge "er/orman,e )a* re,entl0
,ome on /or ,r+t+,+*m +n *ome language te*t+ng ,+r,le*.
A,,ent
1. >ronun,+at+on /re:uentl0 un+ntell+g+-le.
2. $re:uent gro** error* and a .er0 )ea.0 a,,ent make under*tand+ng d+//+,ult1 re:u+re /re:uent
re"et+t+on.
3. 8$ore+gn a,,ent4 re:u+re ,on,entrated l+*ten+ng1 and m+*"ronun,+at+on* lead to o,,a*+onal
m+*under*tand+ng and a""arent error* +n grammar or .o,a-ular0.
4. Marked 8/ore+gn a,,ent4 and o,,a*+onal m+*"ronun,+at+on* 2)+,) do not +nter/ere 2+t)
under*tand+ng.
5. No ,on*"+,uou* m+*"ronun,+at+on*1 -ut 2ould not -e taken /or a nat+.e *"eaker.
6. Nat+.e "ronun,+at+on1 2+t) no tra,e o/ J/ore+gn a,,entK
@rammar
1. @rammar almo*t ent+rel0 +na,,urate ")ra*e*.
2. 5on*tant error* *)o2+ng ,ontrol o/ .er0 /e2 major "attern* and /re:uentl0 "re.ent+ng
,ommun+,at+on.
3. $re:uent error* *)o2+ng *ome major "attern* un,ontrolled and ,au*+ng o,,a*+onal +rr+tat+on and
m+*under*tand+ng.
4. 6,,a*+onal error* *)o2+ng +m"er/e,t ,ontrol o/ *ome "attern* -ut no 2eakne** t)at ,au*e*
m+*under*tand+ng.
5. $e2 error*1 2+t) no "attern* o/ /a+lure.
6. No more t)an t2o error* dur+ng t)e +nter.+e2.
Do,a-ular0
1. Do,a-ular0 +nade:uate /or e.en t)e *+m"le*t ,on.er*at+on.
2. Do,a-ular0 l+m+ted to -a*+, "er*onal and *ur.+.al area* ;t+me1 /ood1 tran*"ortat+on1 /am+l0 et,.<
3. 5)o+,e o/ 2ord* *omet+me* +na,,urate1 l+m+tat+on* o/ .o,a-ular0 "re.ent d+*,u**+on o/ *ome
,ommon "ro/e**+onal and *o,+al to"+,*.
4. >ro/e**+onal .o,a-ular0 ade:uate to d+*,u** *"e,+al +ntere*t*C general .o,a-ular0 "erm+t*
d+*,u**+on o/ an0 non&te,)n+,al *u-je,t 2+t) *ome ,+r,umlo,ut+on*.
5. >ro/e**+onal .o,a-ular0 -oard and "re,+*e1 general .o,a-ular0 ade:uate to ,o"e 2+t) ,om"le%
"ra,t+,al "ro-lem* and .ar+ed *o,+al *+tuat+on*.
6. Do,a-ular0 a""arentl0 a* a,,urate and e%ten*+.e a* t)at o/ an edu,ated nat+.e *"eaker.
$luen,0
1. S"ee,) +* *o )alt+ng and /ragmentar0 t)at ,on.er*at+on +* .+rtuall0 +m"o**+-le.
2. S"ee,) +* .er0 *lo2 and une.en e%,e"t /or *)ort or rout+ne *enten,e*.
3. S"ee,) +* /re:uentl0 )e*+tant and jerk0: *enten,e* ma0 -e le/t un,om"leted.
4. S"ee,) +* o,,a*+onall0 )e*+tant1 2+t) *ome une.enne** ,au*ed -0 re"re**+ng and gro"+ng /or
2ord*.
5. S"ee,) +* e//ortle** and *moot)1 -ut "er,e"t+-l0 non&nat+.e +n *"ee,) and e.enne**.
6. S"ee,) on all "ro/e**+onal and general to"+,* a* e//ortle** and *moot) a* a nat+.e *"eaker4*.
5om"re)en*+on
1. Ander*tand too l+ttle /or t)e *+m"le*t t0"e o/ ,on.er*at+on.
2. Ander*tand onl0 *lo21 .er0 *+m"l0 *"ee,) on ,ommon *o,+al and tour+*t+, to"+,*: re:u+re*
,on*tant re"et+t+on and re"re**+ng.
3. Ander*tand ,are/ul1 *ome2)at *+m"l+/+ed *"ee,) 2)en engaged +n a d+alogue1 -ut ma0 re:u+re
,on*+dera-le re"et+t+on and re")ra*+ng.
4. Ander*tand :u+te 2ell normal edu,ated *"ee,) 2)en engaged +n a d+alogue1 -ut re:u+re
o,,a*+onal re"et+t+on or re")ra*+ng.
5. Ander*tand e.er0t)+ng +n normal edu,ated ,on.er*at+on e%,e"t /or .er0 ,ollo:u+al or lo2
/re:uen,0 +tem*1 or e%,e"t+onall0 ra"+d or *lurred *"ee,).
6. Ander*tand* e.er0t)+ng +n -ot) /ormal and ,ollo:u+al *"ee,) to -e e%"e,ted o/ an edu,ated
nat+.e *"eaker.
Note t)e relat+.e 2e+g)t+ng* /or t)e .ar+ou* ,om"onent*. !)e total o/ t)e 2e+g)ted *,ore* +* t)en
looked u" +n a ta-le ;not re"rodu,ed )ere< 2)+,) ,on.ert* +t +nto a rat+ng on a *,ale 0&5.
39I@H!IN@ !AB?9
1 2 3 4 5 6 ;A<
A,,ent 0 1 2 2 3 4 LLLLLLLLLLLLL
@rammar 6 12 1 24 30 36 LLLLLLLLLLLLL
Do,a-ular0 4 12 16 20 24 LLLLLLLLLLLLL
$luen,0 2 4 6 10 12 LLLLLLLLLLLLL
5om"re)en*+on 2 12 15 1( 23 LLLLLLLLLLLLL
!otal LLLLLLLLLLLLL
3)ere anal0t+, *,ale* o/ t)+* k+nd are u*ed to t)e e%,lu*+on o/ )ol+*t+, *,ale*1 t)e :ue*t+on ar+*e* ;a*
2+t) t)e te*t+ng o/ 2r+t+ng< a* to 2)at "attern o/ *,ore* ;/or an +nd+.+dual ,and+date< *)ould -e regarded
a* *at+*/a,tor0. !)+* +* reall0 t)e *ame "ro-lem ;t)oug) +n a more o-.+ou* /orm< a* t)e /a+lure o/
+nd+.+dual* to /+t )ol+*t+, de*,r+"t+on*. 6n,e aga+n +t +* a matter o/ agree+ng1 on t)e -a*+, o/ e%"er+en,e1
2)at /a+lure* to rea,) t)e e%"e,ted *tandard on "art+,ular "arameter* are a,,e"ta-le.
!7AININ@ 6$ S5679S
It 2a* ment+oned earl+er +n t)e ,)a"ter t)at t)e 7SA de*,r+"t+on o/ "er/orman,e m+g)t not -e t)oug)t
.er0 "re,+*e. !)e 2orka-+l+t0 o/ *u,) ,r+ter+a de"end* on t)e tra+n+ng o/ *,orer* ;2)o are o/ ,our*e
u*uall0 te*ter*# +nter.+e2er* too< to re,ogn+Be 2)at +t +ntended. !)+* +* +n /a,t true e.en /or t)e mo*t
"re,+*e de*,r+"t+on*. !)e u*ual met)od +* to /am+l+ar+Be t)e *,orer* 2+t) t)e rat+ng *0*tem and t)en "la0
t)em ;"re/era-l0 .+deo&< re,ord+ng* o/ "a*t +nter.+e2* et,. 2)+,) ,learl0 re"re*ent d+//erent ,r+ter+al
le.el* ;or are ,lear "a**e* and /a+l*<. 6n,e t)+* are ,on*+*tentl0 +dent+/+ed -0 t)e tra+nee*1 le** ,lear
,a*e* are "re*ented. 6nl0 2)en tra+nee* ,an -e rel+ed u"on to *,ore 2+t) ,on*+*tent a,,ura,0 *)ould
t)e0 -e entru*ted 2+t) 8l+.e4 *,or+ng.
Somet)+ng 2)+,) *,orer* *)ould -e made a 2are o/ +* t)e danger o/ not judg+ng ,and+date*
"urel0 on t)e+r l+ngu+*t+, a-+l+t0. It +* o-.+ou* t)at *,orer* *)ould not -e +n/luen,ed -0 *u,) /eature* a*
,and+date*4 "lea*antne**1 "rett+ne**1 or t)e ,ut t)e+r dre**. !)e trut) +* t)at t)+* are )ard to e%,lude /rom
one4* judgement&-ut an e//ort )a* to -e madeI
')n-#us)n
!)e a,,urate mea*urement o/ oral a-+l+t0 +* not ea*0. It take ,on*+dera-le t+me and e//ort to o-ta+n .al+d
and rel+a-le re*ult*. Ne.ert)ele**1 2)ere -a,k2a*) +* an +m"ortant ,on*+derat+on1 t)e +n.e*tment o/
*u,) t+me and e//ort ma0 -e ,on*+dered ne,e**ar0.
7eader* are rem+nded t)at t)e a""ro"r+atene** o/ ,ontent1 de*,r+"t+on* o/ ,r+ter+al le.el*1 and
el+,+tat+on te,)n+:ue* u*ed +n oral te*t+ng 2+ll de"end u"on t)e need* o/ +nd+.+dual +n*t+tut+on* or
organ+Bat+on*.
READER A'TIVITIES
!)e*e a,t+.+t+e* are -e*t ,arr+ed out 2+t) ,olleague*.
1. $or a grou" o/ *tudent* t)at 0ou are /am+l+ar 2+t)1 "re"are a )ol+*t+, rat+ng *,ale ;/+.e -and<
a""ro"r+ate to t)e+r range o/ a-+l+t0 o/ a-+l+t0. $rom 0our kno2ledge o/ t)e *tudent*1 "la,e ea,) o/
t)em on t)+* *,ale.
2. 5)oo*e t)ree met)od* o/ el+,+tat+on ;/or e%am"le role "la01 grou" d+*,u**+on1 +nter.+e2<. =e*+gn a
te*t +n 2)+,) ea,) o/ t)e*e met)od* +* u*ed /or /+.e to ten m+nute*.
3. Adm+n+*ter t)e te*t to a *+m"le o/ t)e *tudent* 0ou /+r*t )ad +n m+nd.
4. Note "ro-lem* +n adm+n+*trat+on and *,or+ng. Ho2 2ould 0ou a.o+d t)emH
5. $or ea,) *tudent 2)o take* t)e te*t1 ,om"are *,ore* on t)e d+//erent ta*k*. =o d+//erent *,ore*
re"re*ent real d+//eren,e* o/ a-+l+t0 -et2een ta*k*H Ho2 do t)e *,ore* ,om"are 2+t) 0our or+g+nal
rat+ng* o/ t)e *tudent*H
Further readn!
S)o)am0 et al. ;1(6< re"ort on t)e de.elo"ment o/ a ne2 nat+onal oral te*t 2)+,) a""ear* to *)o2
de*+ra-le "*0,)ometr+, :ual+t+e* and to )a.e -ene/+,al -a,k2a*). A re,ent -ook de.oted to oral te*t+ng
+* under)+ll ;1('<. !)e Amer+,an $SI "u-l+*)e* a 8te*t+ng M+t4 2)+,) "ro.+de* +n/ormat+on on *,ale*
and te,)n+:ue*1 and +n,lude* *am"le +nter.+e2* at t)e .ar+ou* le.el* ;-ut not +n 9ngl+*)<. !)e k+t +*
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