CS222:ComputerOrganization
and Architecture andArchitecture
Dr.A.Sahu
Dept of Comp. Sc. & Engg. DeptofComp.Sc.&Engg.
IndianInstituteofTechnologyGuwahati
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Outline Outline
Course Attendance Reference Book Course,Attendance,ReferenceBook
Whatdowestudyinthiscourse?
Whyshouldthisbestudied?
What is Computer Architecture ? Whatis ComputerArchitecture ?
Howisthecoursestructured?
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CS222 Course CS222Course
75% A d i M d 75%AttendanceisMandatory
Manual&ElectronicsAttendanceSystem y
4Programmingassignment+2Takehome
A ki d f C /Pl i i l d t `F AnykindofCopy/Plagiarismleadto`F
Grade
3
CS222 Course CS222Course
TextBook
StallingW.,ComputerOrganization&Architecture,
7
th
Edition,PearsonEducationIndia,2010
Hamacher C.etal,ComputerOrganization,5
th
Edition,McGrawHill,2002
ReferenceBook
Henneyssy J.L.,PattersonD.,Computer
OrganizationAndDesign:TheHardware/Software
Interface,MorganKaufmann,2008
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CS222Course
Coursewebsite:
http://jatinga iitg ernet in/~asahu/cs222/ http://jatinga.iitg.ernet.in/ asahu/cs222/
Markdistribution
% i k 15%:Assignment+Homework
40%:MidSemester
45%:EndSemester
ClassTiming&Venue
Venue:1201,Timing:SlotC
Mon:1011,Tue:1112,Thu:89MakeupSlot,Fri:910
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CS222 Course Objectives CS222CourseObjectives
To learn Tolearn
Howcomputerswork,basicprinciples
Howtoanalyzetheirperformance(or
hownotto!)
Howcomputersaredesignedandbuilt
Issues affecting modern processors Issuesaffectingmodernprocessors
(caches,pipelines,etc.)
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CS222 Course Motivation CS222CourseMotivation
Thisknowledgewillbeusefulifyouneedto
design/buildanewcomputer
rareopportunity
Design/buildanewversionofacomputer
Improvesoftwareperformance p p
Purchaseacomputer
Provide a solution with an embedded Provideasolutionwithanembedded
computer
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Course Pre requisite CoursePrerequisite
Require Knowledge of Require Knowledgeof
DigitalDesignFundamental
DataStructureandC/C++Programming
Basic10+2Standard
ProbabilityandMathematics
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What is Computer Architecture Whatis ComputerArchitecture
Building architecture : Structural design Buildingarchitecture: Structuraldesign
(CivilEngg)
::
Computer architecture : Circuit design Computerarchitecture: Circuitdesign
(Electronics/CSEngg)
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Abstraction Abstraction
Delving into the depths reveals more Delvingintothedepthsrevealsmore
information
Anabstractionomitsunneededdetail,
helpsuscopewithcomplexity
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Software Abstraction
0x401040 <sum>: 0x55
SoftwareAbstraction
intsum(intx,inty)
0x401040<sum>: 0x55
0x89
0xe5
0 8b
( , y)
{
intt=x+y;
return t;
C
0x8b
0x45
0x0c
returnt;
}
sum:
0x03
0x45
0x08
_sum:
pushl%ebp
movl%esp,%ebp
l 12(% b ) %
assembly
0x08
0x89
0xec
0 5d
movl12(%ebp),%eax
addl8(%ebp),%eax
movl%ebp,%esp
0x5d
0xc3
popl%ebp
ret
machine
code
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Hardware Abstraction HardwareAbstraction
Register file
ALU
CPU
System bus Memory bus
PC
Main
memory
bridge Bus interface
I/O bus
Expansion slots for
Disk
controller
Graphics
adapter
USB
controller
p
other devices such
as network adapters
Mouse Keyboard Display
Disk
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14
15
16
17
18
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Hardware/software interface Hardware/softwareinterface
software
C/C++
m/cinstr
our
reg,adder
our
focus
hardware
transistors
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Architecture levels Architecturelevels
Instruction set architecture (ISA) Instructionsetarchitecture(ISA)
Lowestlevelvisibletoaprogrammer
Operation(add/sub/mul/shift)
Micro architecture Microarchitecture
Fillsthegapbetweeninstructionsand
logic modules logicmodules
OperationVsMicroOperation
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Instruction Set Architecture
Assembly Language View
Application
InstructionSetArchitecture
AssemblyLanguageView
Processorstate(RF,mem)
Instruction set and encoding
Compiler OS
pp cat o
Program
Instructionsetandencoding
LayerofAbstraction
Ab h t
ISA
Compiler OS
Above:howtoprogram
machine HLL,OS
Below: what needs to be built
CPU
Design
Circuit
Below:whatneedstobebuilt
trickstomakeitrunfast
Circuit
Design
Chip Chip
Layout
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The Abstract Machine TheAbstractMachine
CPU
Memory
Add
PC
Registers
Code + Data
Addresses
Data
ALU PC
Instructions
Stack
Condition
Codes
ALU
ProgrammerVisibleState
PCProgramCounter
Memory
RegisterFile
Heavilyuseddata
Bytearray
Code+data
ConditionCodes
stack
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Some realities Somerealities
Ints arenotIntegers,FloatsarenotReals g ,
Youvegottoknowassembly
Chancesare,youllneverwriteprogramsin
assembly,butunderstandingassemblykeyto
machinelevelexecutionmodel
Memory Matters MemoryMatters
Memoryisnotunbounded
Memoryperformanceisnotuniform y p
Theresmoretoperformancethanasymptotic
complexity
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Embedded computers Embeddedcomputers
Processor as an intelligent electronic Processorasanintelligentelectronic
componentratherthanProcessorasa
computingengine
Real time operation Realtimeoperation
Requireshardwaresoftwarecodesign
Highlycustomized
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Why different processors? Whydifferentprocessors?
What is the difference between processors Whatisthedifferencebetweenprocessors
usedindesktops,laptops,mobilephones,
washing machines etc ? washingmachinesetc.?
Performance/speed
P i Powerconsumption
Cost
Generalpurpose/specialpurpose
DomainSpecific:Network,DSP,Image.Crypto
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Topics to be covered Topicstobecovered
Performanceissues
Aspecificinstructionsetarchitecture
ArithmeticandhowtobuildanALU
Constructingaprocessortoexecute
instructions
Pipeliningtoimproveperformance
Memory:cachesandvirtualmemory
Input/output
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