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Exsanguination: Exsanguination Is The Process of

Exsanguination is the process of bleeding out and losing enough blood to cause death. Depending on health and fitness levels, humans can die from losing half to two-thirds of their blood volume. Exsanguination is used as a method for slaughtering animals in the meat industry, where the animal's jugular veins and arteries are cut so it bleeds out quickly. In humans, exsanguination can result from traumatic injuries, medical conditions involving internal bleeding, or injuries to major blood vessels and organs.

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84 views2 pages

Exsanguination: Exsanguination Is The Process of

Exsanguination is the process of bleeding out and losing enough blood to cause death. Depending on health and fitness levels, humans can die from losing half to two-thirds of their blood volume. Exsanguination is used as a method for slaughtering animals in the meat industry, where the animal's jugular veins and arteries are cut so it bleeds out quickly. In humans, exsanguination can result from traumatic injuries, medical conditions involving internal bleeding, or injuries to major blood vessels and organs.

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Exsanguination

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


"Bleeding out" redirects here. For the Imagine Dragons song, see Bleeding Out (song). For the Korn song, see
The Path of Totality.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding
citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2006)
Exsanguination is the process of blood loss, to a degree sufficient to cause death. One does not have to lose all
of one's blood to cause death. Depending upon the age, health, and fitness level of the individual, people can die
from losing half or two-thirds of their blood; a loss of roughly one-third of the blood volume is considered very
serious. Even a single deep cut can warrant suturing and hospitalization, especially if trauma, a vein or artery,
or another comorbidity is involved. It is most commonly known as "bleeding to death" or colloquially as
"bleeding out". The word itself originated from Latin: ex ("out of") and sanguis ("blood").

Contents

1 The slaughtering of animals in the meat industry


2 Cause of human death
3 See also
4 References

The slaughtering of animals in the meat industry


Exsanguination is used as a method of slaughter. Before the fatal incision is made, the animal may be rendered
insensible to pain by various methods, including captive bolt, electricity or chemical. Without prior sedation,
stunning or anesthetic, this method of slaughter is understood by some to cause a high degree of anxiety,[1]
although other studies contradict these findings.[2] The captive bolt is placed against the skull of the animal, and
penetrates to cause tissue destruction in the brain, incapacitating the animal so that the procedure may take
place. Electricity is used mostly in porcine, poultry and domestic sheep, whereas chemical is used in injured
livestock.
Quickly after the animal is incapacitated it is hung upside down by its hind limbs and an extremely sharp knife,
in an orientation parallel to the ground, is fully inserted through the skin just behind the point of the jaw and
below the neck bones. From this position, the knife is drawn forward away from the spine to sever the jugular
veins, carotid arteries, and trachea. Properly performed, blood will flow freely and death will occur within
seconds. Sheep and swine will reach brain death in under 10 seconds; however, larger animals, notably cattle
may take up to 45 seconds to reach brain death. This period may extend to a couple of minutes if complications,
such as arterial occlusion, occur. However, the animal's inverted position allows blood to flow more
precipitously and thus makes an animal regaining consciousness before it is fully exsanguinated highly
unlikely. In any case, animal welfare advisory councils clearly emphasize that the time from incapacitation to
start of exsanguination should be prompt; recommending a time under 15 seconds. [3]
Beyond the initial cost of purchasing a captive bolt, continued usage of the method is very inexpensive. The
animal is incapacitated for the duration of the procedure, so it is one of the safest methods for the slaughterer.
Slaughter by exsanguination is mandated by Judaic kashrut (kosher) and Islamic dhabihah (halal) dietary laws.
The double edged pointed knife is prohibited. Instead, a long knife with a squared off end is used that in Jewish
law must be at least twice the width of the animal's neck. The operation of sticking or exsanguination is
executed faster than when using the pointed knife, as four large blood vessels in the neck are severed
simultaneously.

A 1978 study at the University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover indicates that these traditional methods, when
executed as prescribed by the religious authorities, gave results which proved "...pain and suffering to the extent
as has since long been generally associated in public with this kind of slaughter cannot be registered..." and that
"[a complete loss of consciousness] occurred generally within considerably less time than during the slaughter
method after captive bolt stunning."[2]
In Islamic and Jewish law, captive bolts and other methods of pre-slaughter paralysis are generally not
permissible, as consumption of animals found dead are regarded as carrion and stunned animals that are later
killed will come into this category.
Various halal food authorities have more recently permitted the use of a recently developed fail-safe system of
head-only stunning using a mushroom shaped hammer head that delivers a blow that is not fatal, proved by it
being possible to reverse the procedure and revive the animal after the shock.[4]

Cause of human death


This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding
citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2014)
Exsanguination is a relatively uncommon, but dramatic, cause of death in human beings. Traumatic injury can
cause exsanguination if bleeding is not promptly controlled, and is the most common cause of death in military
combat. Non-combat causes can include gunshot or stab wounds; motor vehicle crash injuries; suicide by
severing arteries, typically those in the wrists; and partial or total limb amputation, such as via accidental
contact with a circular or chain saw, or become entangled in operating machinery.
Patients can also develop catastrophic internal hemorrhages, such as from a bleeding peptic ulcer, postpartum
bleeding or splenic hemorrhage, which can cause exsanguination without any external signs of distress. Another
cause of exsanguination in the medical field is that of aneurysms. If a dissecting aortic aneurysm ruptures
through the adventitia, massive hemorrhage and exsanguination can result in a matter of minutes.
Blunt force trauma to the liver, kidneys, and spleen can cause severe internal bleeding as well, though the
abdominal cavity usually becomes visibly darkened as if bruised. Similarly, trauma to the lungs can cause
bleeding out, though without medical attention, blood can fill the lungs causing the effect of drowning, or in the
pleura causing suffocation, well before exsanguination would occur. In addition, serious trauma can cause
tearing of major blood vessels without external trauma indicative of the damage.
Alcoholics and others with liver disease can also suffer from exsanguination. Thin-walled, normally low
pressure dilated veins just below the lower esophageal mucosa called esophageal varices can become enlarged
in conditions with portal hypertension. These may begin to bleed, which with the high pressure in the portal
system can be fatal. The often causative impaired liver function also reduces the availability of clotting factors
(many of which are made in the liver), making any rupture in vessels more likely to cause a fatal loss of blood.

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