Form work, Scaffolding &
shoring
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN, DEPARTMENT OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
General
For the different construction activities like
Brick work above 5 ft
Surface finishing works like plastering, painting, walling
etc.
Renovation, repair and alteration works.
Roof and slab pouring
Some temporary nature supports and structures are required
like
Formwork (Supporting Structure)
Scaffoldings (arrangement for working plate forms)
Shoring (supporting method for unsafe structure)
Underpinning (Method of strengthening an existing
structure’s
MUHAMMAD footing) OF
ARSLAN, DEPARTMENT
CIVIL ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
Form work
Definition
Qualities of formwork
Types of formwork
Formwork detail for different structural
members
Removal of formwork
Maintenance of formwork
Cost of formwork
Advantages of steel form work
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN, DEPARTMENT OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
Definition
Its is an artificial support provided below and
around the precast or cast insitue concrete work.
Formwork is commonly made of
Steel
wood
Formwork construction & casting is of prime
importance in concrete industry. It share a
significant amount of concrete cost.
Formwork is designed according to The ACI
document SP-4. It can be purchased from
www.concrete.org
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN, DEPARTMENT OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
Qualities of formwork
It should be according to
ACI document SP-4
It should be water tight
It should be strong
It can be reusable
Its contact surface should be uniform
It should be according to the size of
member.
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN, DEPARTMENT OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
Types of formwork
Formwork are mainly of two types
Steel formwork
Wooden formwork
Steel formwork is made of
steel sheets
Angle Iron
Tee Iron
Wooden formwork consists of
Props
Planks battens
Ledgers
sheeting
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN, DEPARTMENT OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
Formwork detail for different
structural members
In concrete construction formwork is
commonly provided for the following
structural members.
Foundations
Wall
Column
Slabs & beams
Stairs
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN, DEPARTMENT OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
Formwork for Foundations
Wall foundations
It consists of
Plywood
Sheeting
Struts
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN, DEPARTMENT OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
Formwork for Foundations
Column
Foundations
It consists of
Side Supports
Side Planks
Cleats
Cleats
Side Support
Side Planks
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN, DEPARTMENT OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
Formwork
for Wall Vertical Posts
It consists of
Timber sheeting
Vertical posts Struts
Horizontal members
Rackers
Stakes
Wedges
After completing
one side of
formwork
reinforcement is
provided at the
place then the
second side
formwork is
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN, DEPARTMENT OF
provided. CIVIL ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
Formwork for
Column
It consists of the
following
Side & End Planks
Yoke
Nut & Bolts
Two end & two side
planks are joined by
the yokes and bolts.
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN, DEPARTMENT OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
Column
form work
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN, DEPARTMENT OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN, DEPARTMENT OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
Formwork for Slabs & beams
It consists of
Sole plates
Wedges
Props
Head tree
Planks
Batten
Ledgers
Beam formwork
rests on head tree
Slab form work rests
on battens and joists
If prop height are
more than 8’ provide
horizontal braces. MUHAMMAD ARSLAN, DEPARTMENT OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
Lintel or Beam Formwork
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN, DEPARTMENT OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
Formwork for Stairs
It consists of Riser Planks
Vertical & inclined
posts
Inclined members
Wooden Planks or
sheeting
Stringer
Riser Planks
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN, DEPARTMENT OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN, DEPARTMENT OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
Removal of formwork
Time of formwork removal depends on the
following factors
1. Type of Cement
1. Rapid hardening cements require lesser time as
compared to OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement)
2. Ratio of concrete mix
1. Rich ratio concrete gain strength earlier as
compared to weak ratio concrete.
3. Weather condition
1. Hydration process accelerates in hot weather
conditions as compared to cold and humid
weather conditions.
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN, DEPARTMENT OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
Time of Removal of formwork
Sr. OPC Rapid
No (Ordinary Portland Hardening
Structural Member
Cement)
Cement
1 Beam sides, walls & Columns 2-3 Days 2 Days
2 Slab (Vertical Supports remains intact) 4 Days 3 Days
3 Slab (Complete Formwork removal) 10 Days 5 Days
4 Beams (Removal of Sheeting, Props 8 Days 5 Days
remains intact)
5 Beams & Arches (Complete 14 Days 5-8 Days
formwork removal) (up to 6 m span)
6 Beams & Arches (Complete 21 Days 8-10 Days
formwork removal) (more than 6MUHAMMAD
m span) ARSLAN, DEPARTMENT OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
Maintenance of formwork
Due to continuous use wooden planks &
steel plates surfaces become uneven and
require maintenance.
For wooden formwork use cardboard or
plastic fiber board. Bolt hole places must
also be repaired.
For steel formwork plates must be leveled
by mallet and loose corners must be
welded.
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN, DEPARTMENT OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
Cost of formwork
For normal works cost of formwork is about
30%-40% of the concrete cost.
For special works cost of formwork is about
50%-60% of the concrete cost.
Formwork cost is controlled by the following
factors
Formwork Material cost
Formwork erecting cost
Formwork removal cost
Formwork jointing cost (Nails and Cables)
Labor charges.
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN, DEPARTMENT OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
Advantages of steel form work
It can be used for a no of times.
It is non absorbent.
Smooth finish surface obtained.
No shrinkage of formwork occurs.
Easy to use.
Its volume is less
Its strength is more.
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN, DEPARTMENT OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
Scaffolding
Definitions
– It’s a temporary structure to provide a platform at
different levels of a building for workers and
Materials.
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN,
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
Types of Scaffolding
Following are the types of scaffolds
1. Single Scaffolds
2. Double Scaffolds
3. Ladder Scaffolds
4. Cantilever Scaffolds
5. Suspended Scaffolds
6. Steel or Tubular Scaffolds
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN,
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
Definition
Scaffold
– It is the temporary support system provided for
the construction & maintenance purposes.
– It consists of supports and a working plate form
for workers and Materials.
Scaffolding
– Method of construction of scaffolds is called
scaffolding.
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN,
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
Single Scaffolds
It consists of
– Standards (v
posts)(10 cm)
– Putlogs (7.5 x 7.5)
– Ledgers ( 1.2 m
– Wooden boards
– Braces
Used for ordinary
buildings
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN,
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN,
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
Double Scaffolds
It consists of
– Two rows of standards.
– 15 cm, 1.5 m
– Shores are provided.
Used for superior
works
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN,
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN,
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
Ladder Scaffolds
It consists of
– Brackets for
Plate form.
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN,
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
Cantilever Scaffolds
It consists of
– Cantilever
– Struts
– Standards
– Putlogs
– Plate forms
It is used above
ground level
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN,
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
Suspended Scaffolds
It consists of
– Ropes
– Working platforms
Ropes can be raised
Manually or
mechanically
Used for light construction
and finishing works of
multistory buildings.
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN,
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
Steel or Tubular Scaffolds
It consists of
– Steel tubes (1-1/2” – 2-1/2” diameter)
– Coupler or Clamps (to hold pipes in different
positions)
– Prop nuts (to hold single pipes)
– Bolts, Nuts & washers
– Wedge & Clip
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN,
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
Scaffold pipes
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN,
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
Coupler or Clamps
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN,
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
Scaffold fittings
Double Coupler
– It joins ledgers and standards.
Swivel Coupler
– Composed of two single couplers and used to join two scaffolds at any angle.
Putlog Coupler
– Used to join putlogs with transom.
Base Plate
– Used at the base of the standards.
Split joint Pin
– It’s a connection fitting used to join scaffold tubes.
Reveal Pin
– It fit in to the end of a tube to form an adjustable strut.
Putlog end
– A flat plate used at the end of a scaffold to convert it in to a putlog.
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN,
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
Scaffold
fittings
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN,
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
Scaffold fittings
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN,
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
Prop nuts, clamp and fasteners
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN,
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
Wedge & Clip
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN,
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
Standards
BS 1139:Part 2:Section 2.1 (working scaffolds
and false work made of steel tubes )
NZ 3620 Scaffold Planks
AS 1576 Scaffolding
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN,
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
Web links for Scaffolding
http://www.advancescaffold.com/international
-standard.html
http://www.bhanuudyog.com/product.htm#
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN,
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
Shoring
Definition
It is the method of providing temporary support
(shores) to an unsafe structure.
Types of Shoring
Horizontal shoring or flying shoring
Vertical shoring or dead shoring
Inclined Shoring or flying shoring
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN, DEPARTMENT OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
Horizontal shoring
It consists of
Horizontal
beam or strut
Wall plates
Cleats
Straining
beams
Used to support
two adjacent
buildings.
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN, DEPARTMENT OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
Single Flying Shoring
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN, DEPARTMENT OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
Double Flying Shoring
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN, DEPARTMENT OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
Vertical shoring
It consists of
Dead
shores
Sole plates
Needles
Props
Used for
rebuilding of
walls.
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN, DEPARTMENT OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
Dead or Vertical
Shoring
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN, DEPARTMENT OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
Inclined Shoring
It consists of
Rackers
Needles
Cleats
Braces
Sole plate
Used to
strengthen a
wall.
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN, DEPARTMENT OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
Inclined or Raking Shoring
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN, DEPARTMENT OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
Inclined or Raking Shoring
(unsymmetrical)
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN, DEPARTMENT OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
Raking Shoring Details
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN, DEPARTMENT OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
Raking Shoring Details
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN, DEPARTMENT OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
Inclined Shoring
or Raking Shoring
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN, DEPARTMENT OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
Under-Pinning
Definition
Methods of Under-Pinning
Pit method
Pile method
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN, DEPARTMENT OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
Pit method
Old wall is supported by a
bearing plate, steel beam
and jacks.
Excavation up to new
depth is carried out.
Foundation is provided for
small 5’ (1.5 m) lengths.
P.C.C (1:2:4) is provided
for new foundation. Steel Bars
For proper joint b/w old
and new work,
strengthening and to avoid
settlement vertical steel
bars may be added. MUHAMMAD ARSLAN, DEPARTMENT OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
Pile method
P.C.C
P.C.C (1:2:4)
Pile Cap
P P P
I I I
L L L
E E E
Hard Strata
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN, DEPARTMENT OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN, DEPARTMENT OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
ACI Document SP-4
Back
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN, DEPARTMENT OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
Kicker or Starter
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN, DEPARTMENT OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
Inverted Beams
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN, DEPARTMENT OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING UET LAHORE
